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Paynter M, Heggie C, Low C, McKibbon S, Martin-Misener R. Community-based models of health care for women, trans and nonbinary people released from prisons: An international scoping review with implications for Canada. J Clin Nurs 2022. [PMID: 35941807 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To illustrate the scope of different types of transitional, community-based health interventions for formerly incarcerated women, trans and nonbinary people, the eligibility criteria for these interventions, and associated health outcomes. BACKGROUND Meeting the health needs of formerly incarcerated people in community, rather than through the criminal justice system, may prevent further experiences of criminalization. Research is needed to understand what community-based health interventions have been implemented internationally to inform the design of an intervention in Canada. DESIGN Scoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. METHODS In consultation with a medical research librarian, key databases and journals were searched for English language articles, from any country, with no specified date range. Three authors independently screened titles and abstracts to identify articles for full-text review. The study adheres to PRISMA-EQUATOR guidelines. RESULTS Thirty-six studies met the present criteria and were reviewed in full text. Method, setting, participants, sample, relevant outcomes and relevant findings were extracted from each study for synthesis. Included studies had varied methods and were published from 1999 to 2020. Thirty-one studies were based in the United States, one in Puerto Rico and two each in Canada and the United Kingdom. The most common health issue focus was human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis c virus. The most common outcome was uptake of offered services, such as a transitional clinic. CONCLUSIONS Gaps in the research pertain to a lack of attention to clinical outcomes and patient experience, and a lack of consideration of sexual and reproductive health concerns. Women were the minority population in all studies that included both men and women; transgender participants were mentioned in only four of thirty-six studies. The specific needs of women, trans and nonbinary people must be taken into consideration. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses must be conscious of the elevated health risks associated with exposure to correctional institutions and the risks associated with the period of transition. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION A member of the research team brings lived experience expertise with respect to the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Paynter
- Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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2
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Willoughby M, Young JT, Hail-Jares K, Spittal MJ, Borschmann R, Patton G, Sawyer SM, Janca E, Teplin L, Heffernan E, Kinner SA. Circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system: a data linkage study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2207. [PMID: 34861851 PMCID: PMC8642952 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people who have had contact with the youth justice system have an increased risk of dying from violence. Examining the context of violence-related deaths is essential in informing prevention strategies. We examined the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system in Queensland, Australia. Methods This data linkage study linked youth justice records from Queensland, Australia (30 June 1993-1 July 2014) on 48,670 young people to national death and coroner records (1 July 2000-1 January 2017). Circumstances and toxicology of deaths were coded from coroner’s records. We calculated the incidence of violence-related deaths that were reported to a coroner. Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine crude differences in the circumstances and toxicology of violence-related death, according to sex and Indigenous status. Results There were 982 deaths reported to a coroner in the cohort. Of which, 36 (4%) were from violence-related causes (incidence: 6 per 100,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval: 4-8). People who died from violence were most frequently male (n = 28/36; 78%), and almost half were Indigenous (n = 16/36; 44%). The majority of violence-related deaths involved a weapon (n = 24/36; 67%), most commonly a knife (n = 17/36; 47%). Compared to men where the violent incident was most frequently preceded by an altercation (n = 12/28; 43%), for women it was frequently preceded by a relationship breakdown or argument (n < 5; p = 0.004). Substances most commonly present in toxicology reports were cannabis (n = 16/23; 70%) and alcohol (n = 15/23; 65%). Conclusions Therapeutic alcohol and other drug programs, both in the community and detention, are likely important for reducing violence-related deaths among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system. The majority of violence-related deaths among women were in the context of intimate partner violence, indicating the urgent need for interventions that prevent intimate partner violence in this population. Diversion programs and increased investment in health and social services may reduce the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the youth justice system and in violence-related deaths. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12244-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Willoughby
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Hail-Jares
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Linda Teplin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Justice Health Unit, Level 4, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Parkville, Victoria, 3053, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Knittel AK, Shook-Sa BE, Rudolph JE, Edmonds A, Ramirez C, Cohen MH, Adedimeji A, Taylor TN, Michel KG, Milam J, Cohen J, Donohue JD, Foster A, Fischl M, Konkle-Parker D, Adimora AA. Incidence and Prevalence of Incarceration in a Longitudinal Cohort of Women at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States, 2007-2017. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:694-704. [PMID: 33544023 PMCID: PMC8112715 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To estimate the incidence, prevalence, frequency, and duration of incarceration and to identify risk factors for incarceration among women at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States. Methods: During semiannual study visits in a multicenter cohort study, 970 HIV sero-negative participants at risk for HIV were asked about their own incarceration (10/2007-09/2017) and incarceration of sexual partners (10/2013-09/2017). We used descriptive statistics and multivariable log-binomial regression to identify baseline predictors of incident incarceration. Results: Median follow-up time across the 970 participants was 5.5 years (IQR 3.5-9.5). Nearly half (n = 453, 46.7%) of participants were incarcerated during or before the study, and the incarceration rate was 5.5 per 100 person-years. In multivariable models, incident incarceration was associated with prior incarceration (RR 5.20, 95% CI: 3.23-8.41) and noninjection drug use (RR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.10-2.25). Conclusions: Incarceration is common for women at risk for HIV. Prevention interventions that address the complex interplay of drug use, sex exchange, and housing instability for women who have experienced incarceration have the potential to reach an important group of U.S. women at risk of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Shook-Sa
- Department of Biostatistics and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Edmonds
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tonya N. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Katherine G. Michel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joel Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica D. Donohue
- WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonina Foster
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret Fischl
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah Konkle-Parker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Ely GE, Linn BK, Staton M, Hales TW, Agbemenu K, Maguin E. Contraceptive use in Appalachian women who use drugs and were recruited from rural jails. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2020; 59:365-386. [PMID: 32614736 PMCID: PMC7337968 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2020.1769249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a secondary data analysis of contraceptive use across the lifetime and within the six months prior to incarceration in a sample of 400 currently incarcerated women recruited from rural, Appalachian jails, who were using drugs prior to incarceration. Phase 1 (baseline) data from an NIH funded study were used to examine rates of contraceptive use, reasons for nonuse of condoms, and correlates of condom use. Results indicate that the majority (96.5%) of respondents reported lifetime use of contraceptives, and most (70.5%) had a history of using multiple methods, with male condoms, oral contraceptive pills, and contraceptive injections being the most commonly used methods. Almost 69% of respondents reported nonuse of contraceptives within the last six months, despite high rates of involvement in risky, intimate male partnerships prior to incarceration. Contraceptive use was found to be historically acceptable in this sample, in stark contrast to rates of use within the last six months prior to incarceration, suggesting that reproductive justice-informed, social work interventions to help improve current contraceptive use are warranted as a harm-reduction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Ely
- School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Braden K Linn
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Travis W Hales
- School of Social Work, University at North Carolina-Charlotte , Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Eugene Maguin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY, USA
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5
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Staton M, Strickland JC, Webster JM, Leukefeld C, Oser C, Pike E. HIV Prevention in Rural Appalachian Jails: Implications for Re-entry Risk Reduction Among Women Who Use Drugs. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:4009-4018. [PMID: 29959722 PMCID: PMC6475200 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rural women are at risk for health consequences (such as HIV) associated with substance misuse, but targeted interventions are limited for this population. Jails provide an underutilized opportunity for outreach to high-risk women in rural Appalachian communities. Rural women were randomized to either the NIDA Standard education intervention (n = 201) or the NIDA Standard plus motivational interviewing (MI-HIV; n = 199) while in jail. Outcomes focused on HIV risk behaviors 3 months post-release from jail. Decreases in HIV risk behaviors were observed at follow-up across conditions. Although participants in the MI-HIV group showed reductions in outcomes compared to the NIDA Standard group (OR = 0.82-0.93), these estimates did not reach significance (p values > .57). HIV education interventions can be associated with risk-reduction behaviors. These findings support the need for increased access to prevention education in criminal justice venues, particularly in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Staton
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK.
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, 40536-0086, UK.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - J Matthew Webster
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Carl Leukefeld
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Carrie Oser
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
| | - Erika Pike
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, UK
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6
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Peteet B, Staton M, Miller-Roenigk B, Carle A, Oser C. Rural Incarcerated Women: HIV/HCV Knowledge and Correlates of Risky Behavior. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018; 45:977-986. [PMID: 29627991 PMCID: PMC11195302 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118763879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rural incarcerated women have an increased risk of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) due to prevalent engagement in drug use and sexual behaviors. Limited research has investigated HIV and HCV knowledge in this high-risk population. Furthermore, the interplay of sociodemographic factors (i.e., education, age, income, and sexual orientation) and risky behavior is understudied in this population. The present study evaluated a sample of adult, predominately White women from rural Kentucky ( n = 387) who were recruited from local jails. The sample had high HIV and HCV knowledge but also reported extensive risk behaviors including 44% engaging in sex work and 75.5% reporting a history of drug injection. The results of multiple regression analysis for risky sexual behavior indicated that sexual minority women and those with less HIV knowledge were more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. The regression model identifying the significant correlates of risky drug behavior indicated that HIV knowledge, age, and income were negative correlates and that sexual minority women were more likely to engage in high-risk drug use. When HCV knowledge was added to the regression models already including HIV knowledge, the interaction was significant for drug risk. Interventions for rural imprisoned women should consider the varied impact of sociodemographic background and prioritize HIV education to more effectively deter risky sexual and drug behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam Carle
- 1 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- 3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carrie Oser
- 2 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Rowan GA, Joe GW, Lehman WEK, Knight K. A Brief Assessment for HIV Risk: The TCU HVHP Form. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 22:225-39. [PMID: 27302708 DOI: 10.1177/1078345816653871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted HIV screens may help identify some risk-related concerns of drug-using offenders. The present study describes the Texas Christian University HIV/Hepatitis Risk Assessment (TCU HVHP) form, a 19-item self-report instrument measuring HIV and hepatitis risks based on a sample (N = 1,056) of offenders in eight prisons. Principal components analysis indicated four scales (Injection Risk, Condom Attitudes, Sex Risk, and AIDS Concern) with reliable psychometric properties with coefficient α reliabilities ranging from .72 to .88. Concurrent validities indicated the four scales were related to motivation for treatment, level of drug use, psychosocial functioning, and criminal thinking, although the patterns varied by gender. The TCU HVHP Form should be attractive to programs needing a brief assessment measuring HIV risk behaviors, attitudes toward condom use, and concerns about acquiring and transmitting HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Rowan
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Wayne E K Lehman
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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8
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Senkowski V, Norris K, McGaughey A, Branscum P. A Review of the Effectiveness of HIV Sexual Risk Prevention Interventions in Adult Prison Inmates. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2018; 22:309-321. [PMID: 27742855 DOI: 10.1177/1078345816669377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the effectiveness of HIV sexual risk prevention programs among adult prison inmates. A database search was performed to identify studies that used HIV sexual risk prevention programs with incarcerated adults. Of the 234 articles identified, 9 met the inclusion criteria. In addition, 5 articles were found containing supporting information for the 9 studies reviewed, increasing the number of articles reviewed to 14. All studies reported a significant increase in knowledge or a decrease in high-risk behaviors among the inmates at the conclusion of the interventions. Common limitations included a lack of a theoretical framework used in developing the interventions, a lack of process evaluations to measure program fidelity, and a lack of validity and reliability reporting for the study surveys. However, programs and interventions targeting HIV and sexual risk reduction appear to improve the knowledge of HIV prevention and reduce risk in the adult prison inmate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Senkowski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Katherine Norris
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Anthony McGaughey
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Paul Branscum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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9
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Abstract
The criminal justice (CJ) system can be leveraged to access women for HIV prevention and treatment programs. Research is lacking on effective implementation strategies tailored to the specific needs of CJ-involved women. We conducted a scoping review of published studies in English from the United States that described HIV interventions, involved women or girls, and used the CJ system as an access point for sampling or intervention delivery. We identified 350 studies and synthesized data from 42 unique interventions, based in closed (n = 26), community (n = 7), or multiple/other CJ settings (n = 9). A minority of reviewed programs incorporated women-specific content or conducted gender-stratified analyses. CJ systems are comprised of diverse access points, each with unique strengths and challenges for implementing HIV treatment and prevention programs for women. Further study is warranted to develop women-specific and trauma-informed content and evaluate program effectiveness.
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10
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Staton M, Strickland JC, Tillson M, Leukefeld C, Webster JM, Oser CB. Partner Relationships and Injection Sharing Practices among Rural Appalachian Women. Womens Health Issues 2017; 27:652-659. [PMID: 28882550 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of relationships in initiating and maintaining women's risk behaviors has been established. However, understanding factors that may underlie partner relationships and women's risky drug use, particularly in rural contexts, is limited. This study is the first to examine the association between injecting partners and women's risky injection practices as a function of relationship power perception. METHODS Female participants were recruited from three rural jails in the Appalachian region. Women were selected randomly, provided informed consent, and screened for study eligibility criteria. This cross-sectional analysis focuses on women who inject drugs during the year before entering jail (n = 199). MAIN FINDINGS Approximately three-quarters (76%) reported having a recent main male sexual partner with a history of injection drug use. Although having a risky partner independently increased the likelihood of women reporting shared injection practices, perceptions of relationship power significantly moderated the effect on shared needle (adjusted odds ratio, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.003-0.23; p = .001) and shared works (adjusted odds ratio, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.95; p = .04) use. CONCLUSIONS This interaction indicated that, for women who inject drugs with a recent injecting male partner, greater perception of relationship power was associated with a decreased likelihood of shared injection practices. Implications for clinical assessment and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Staton
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Martha Tillson
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Carl Leukefeld
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J Matthew Webster
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Carrie B Oser
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Nolte K, Kim T, Guthrie B. "Taking Care of Ourselves": The Experiences of Black Women Approaching and Encouraging Male Partners to Test for HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2016; 28:327-341. [PMID: 27890322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sixty percent of young adults living with HIV in the United States are unaware of their status despite recommendations to screen everyone. Effective approaches to encourage partner testing may increase status awareness. The purpose of our study was to understand young Black women's experiences when encouraging a partner to test for HIV, preferred approaches, and whether interpersonal context influenced the approach. Black women (n = 26) participated in the study in Boston-area focus groups (n = 6). Discussions ranged from difficult and stressful to positive and empowering. A variety of approaches (expressing caring, seeking understanding, leveraging the relationship, ultimatums, subtlety) were described in varied interpersonal contexts. Testing and sharing results fostered trust and relationship growth. If a partner was resistant, some ended relationships while others tested themselves and interpreted their results as their partners' status. Our findings could encourage HIV prevention initiatives to consider varied interpersonal contexts and enhance partner testing.
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Gupta N, Schmidt H, Buisker T, Dufour MSK, Goldenson J, Myers J, Tulsky J. After the Fact: A Brief Educational Program on HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis for Female Detainees in a Local Jail. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2016; 21:140-51. [PMID: 25788609 DOI: 10.1177/1078345815572335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Women who have been in jail are at increased risk of acquiring HIV when they are in the community. Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) reduces HIV transmission following high-risk behaviors and is an effective HIV prevention strategy. The authors designed a 15-minute interactive educational program to increase inmates' knowledge of nPEP. Before the program, participants self-reported high HIV risk yet low risk perception and lack of nPEP awareness. After the program, nPEP knowledge scores increased by 40% regardless of demographic or HIV-risk characteristics. This study demonstrates that a brief, easy-to-deliver educational intervention can be carried out in a jail, is effective at raising awareness of both HIV risk and nPEP, and may be useful for others seeking to increase use of this prevention strategy for high-risk women during incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Buisker
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mi-Suk Kang Dufour
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe Goldenson
- Jail Health Services, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet Myers
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Tulsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV/AIDS (Positive Health Program), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Snell-Rood C, Staton-Tindall M, Victor G. Incarcerated women's relationship-based strategies to avoid drug use after community re-entry. Women Health 2015; 56:843-58. [PMID: 26643029 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2015.1118732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While recent research has stressed the supportive role that family and friends play for incarcerated persons as they re-enter the community, drug-using incarcerated women re-entering the community often have to rely on family, community, and intimate relationships that have played a role in their substance abuse and criminalization. In this study the authors conducted qualitative analysis of clinical sessions with rural, drug-using women (N = 20) in a larger prison-based HIV risk reduction intervention in Kentucky during 2012-2014 to examine incarcerated women's perceptions of the role of their family, community, and intimate relationships in their plans to decrease their substance abuse upon community re-entry. Women stressed the obstacles to receiving support in many of their family and drug-using relationships after community re-entry. Nonetheless, they asserted that changes in their relationships could support their desires to end their substance abuse by setting limits on and using their positive relationships, particularly with their children, to motivate them to change. Interventions to promote incarcerated women's health behavior changes-including substance abuse-must acknowledge the complex social environments in which they live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Snell-Rood
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | | | - Grant Victor
- b College of Social Work , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
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Hearn LE, Whitehead NE, Khan MR, Latimer WW. Time Since Release from Incarceration and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Women: The Potential Protective Role of Committed Partners During Re-entry. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:1070-7. [PMID: 25183019 PMCID: PMC6941428 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-014-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
After release from incarceration, former female inmates face considerable stressors, which may influence drug use and other risk behaviors that increase risk for HIV infection. Involvement in a committed partnership may protect women against re-entry stressors that may lead to risky behaviors. This study measured the association between time since release from incarceration (1-6 months ago, and >6 months ago versus never incarcerated) and HIV risk behaviors and evaluated whether these associations differed by involvement in a committed partnership. Women released within the past 6 months were significantly more likely to have smoked crack cocaine, used injection drugs and engaged in transactional sex in the past month compared to never-incarcerated women and women released more distally. Stratified analyses indicated that incarceration within the past 6 months was associated with crack cocaine smoking, injection drug use and transactional sex among women without a committed partner yet unassociated with these risk behaviors among those with a committed partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hearn
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, P.O. Box 100165, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0165, USA,
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15
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Evaluation of WaySafe: A Disease-Risk Reduction Curriculum for Substance-Abusing Offenders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2015; 58:25-32. [PMID: 26059002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With a focus on reducing disease risk behavior in the community, a six-session curriculum, WaySafe, was developed to increase positive decision-making skills among soon-to-be-released inmates participating in a therapeutic community substance abuse treatment program. The intervention used TCU Mapping-Enhanced Counseling as an approach to focus on cognitive aspects of risky sexual and drug use behaviors in an effort to improve problem recognition, commitment to change, and strategies for avoiding behavioral risks of infections. A total of 1393 inmates from eight different institutions in two states were randomly assigned to receive WaySafe or treatment as usual (TAU). Baseline and follow-up surveys measured knowledge, confidence, and motivation regarding general HIV information, risky sex and drug use, HIV testing, and risk reduction skills. WaySafe participants had significantly better scores on all measures at follow-up than did TAU participants, supporting the efficacy of WaySafe in improving knowledge, motivation, and confidence in avoiding risky behaviors.
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16
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McMahon JM, Volpe EM, Klostermann K, Trabold N, Xue Y. A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the Sexual Relationship Power Scale in HIV/AIDS research. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:267-94. [PMID: 25331613 PMCID: PMC4324007 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS) was developed over a decade ago to address the lack of reliable and valid measures of relationship power in social, behavioral and medical research. The SRPS and its two subscales (relationship control [RC], decision-making dominance [DMD]) have been used extensively in the field of HIV prevention and sexual risk behavior. We performed a systematic review of the psychometric properties of the SRPS and subscales as reported in the HIV/AIDS literature from 2000 to 2012. A total of 54 published articles were identified, which reported reliability or construct validity estimates of the scales. Description of the psychometric properties of the SRPS and subscales is reported according to study population, and several cross-population trends were identified. In general, the SRPS and RC subscale exhibited sound psychometric properties across multiple study populations and research settings. By contrast, the DMD subscale had relatively weak psychometric properties, especially when used with specific populations and research settings. Factors that influenced the psychometric properties of the various scales and subscales included the study population, mean age of the sample, number of items retained in the scale, and modifications to the original scales. We conclude with recommendations for (1) the application and use of the SRPS and subscales, (2) reporting of psychometric properties of the scales in the literature, and (3) areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M McMahon
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box SON, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,
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17
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Underhill K, Dumont D, Operario D. HIV prevention for adults with criminal justice involvement: a systematic review of HIV risk-reduction interventions in incarceration and community settings. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e27-53. [PMID: 25211725 PMCID: PMC4202946 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We summarized and appraised evidence regarding HIV prevention interventions for adults with criminal justice involvement. We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that evaluated an HIV prevention intervention, enrolled participants with histories of criminal justice involvement, and reported biological or behavioral outcomes. We used Cochrane methods to screen 32,271 citations from 16 databases and gray literature. We included 37 trials enrolling n = 12,629 participants. Interventions were 27 psychosocial, 7 opioid substitution therapy, and 3 HIV-testing programs. Eleven programs significantly reduced sexual risk taking, 4 reduced injection drug risks, and 4 increased testing. Numerous interventions may reduce HIV-related risks among adults with criminal justice involvement. Future research should consider process evaluations, programs involving partners or families, and interventions integrating biomedical, psychosocial, and structural approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Underhill
- At the time of the study, Kristen Underhill was with Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS and Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Dora Dumont was with The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, Miriam Hospital, Providence, and Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence. Don Operario is with Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University
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Majer JM, Glantsman O, Palmer JS, Jason LA. Predictors of Abstinence Self-Efficacy: Examining the role of HIV-risk Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE RESEARCH 2014; 41:39-48. [PMID: 27226672 PMCID: PMC4876641 DOI: 10.1080/01488376.2014.935559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstinence self-efficacy, or the confidence in ones' beliefs in one's ability to effectively engage in behaviors to maintain substance use abstinence, is a crucial recovery resource. However, little research has been conducted on what predicts increases in this recovery resource. Understanding predictors of abstinence self-efficacy could help social service practitioners in creating effective treatment plans/interventions while extending what is presently known in this small body of research. Predictors of abstinence self-efficacy were analyzed among a sample of ex-offenders (224 men and 46 women) who were completing inpatient treatment for substance use disorders. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to examine changes in participants' abstinence self-efficacy in relation to factors directly related (HIV-risk drug use behaviors, substance use, 12-step meeting attendance) and indirectly related (HIV-risk sexual behaviors, incarceration histories) to substance use. HIV-risk sexual behaviors and substance use predicted significant decreases in abstinence self-efficacy whereas 12-step meeting attendance predicted significant increases. However, incarceration histories and HIV-risk drug use behaviors were not significant predictors of abstinence self-efficacy. Findings suggest HIV-risk sexual behavior should be considered when assessing relapse prevention for persons with substance use disorders, and that researchers should examine behaviors that are not directly related to substance use when investigating recovery resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Majer
- Social Sciences Department, Harry S. Truman College, 1145 W. Wilson Ave., Chicago IL, 60640, USA
| | - Olya Glantsman
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University, 990 W. Fullerton Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 USA
| | - John S. Palmer
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University, 990 W. Fullerton Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 USA
| | - Leonard A. Jason
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University, 990 W. Fullerton Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 USA
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Peabody ME, Choung A, Rosen R, Kuo C, Wechsberg W, Fernandes K, Zlotnick C, Johnson J. Effects of incarceration on risky Sex: focus group data from Two New England states. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2014; 2:8. [PMCID: PMC5151510 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7899-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) risk and interpersonal violence are interconnected public health problems facing incarcerated women. Prison may provide an opportune time to conduct HIV prevention activities with high-risk women. Methods This study used qualitative analysis to explore how incarceration affected women’s experiences of and thoughts about sex and sex risk. Twenty-one incarcerated women who had engaged in unprotected sex with a male in the 90 days prior to incarceration and experienced interpersonal violence in their lifetime participated in semi-structured focus groups at four women’s prison facilities in two New England States. Results Themes that emerged from these focus groups include: a) incarceration increased sexual desire for some women but decreased it for others, b) education and exposure to women with HIV during incarceration increased women’s intentions to use condoms after release, c) women recognized that partners were often unfaithful while women were incarcerated, d) women felt empowered by mental health/substance use treatment and sobriety in prison, and e) practical difficulties of re-entry challenged women’s resolve to practice safe sex after release. Conclusion Themes illuminate possible directions for public health interventions for this population at high risk for HIV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2194-7899-2-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Choung
- Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Rochelle Rosen
- The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Coro West, Suite 309164 Summit Ave, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Caroline Kuo
- 121 S. Main St., 4th Floor, Rm 406, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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Majer JM, Rodriguez J, Bloomer C, Jason LA. Predictors of HIV-risk sexual behavior: examining lifetime sexual and physical abuse histories in relation to substance use and psychiatric problem severity among ex-offenders. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2014; 20:138-46. [PMID: 24717831 PMCID: PMC4307926 DOI: 10.1177/1078390314527552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifetime histories of sexual and physical abuse have been associated with increased HIV-risk sexual behavior, and some studies have identified other variables associated with these relationships. However, there is a dearth of literature that has critically examined abuse histories and HIV-risk sexual behavior in relation to these other variables. OBJECTIVES Predictors of HIV-risk sexual behavior were analyzed among a sample of ex-offenders who were completing inpatient substance dependence treatment to identify factors related to increases in HIV-risk sexual behavior beyond that of abuse histories. DESIGN Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to examine sociodemographic characteristics, recent substance use, and current psychiatric problem severity in addition to lifetime histories of sexual/physical abuse in a cross-sectional design. RESULTS Gender, substance use, and psychiatric problem severity predicted increases in HIV-risk sexual behavior beyond what was predicted by abuse histories. Proportionately more women than men reported abuse histories. In addition, significantly more unprotected sexual than safer sexual practices were observed, but differences in these practices based on lifetime abuse histories and gender were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest recent substance use and current psychiatric problem severity are greater risk factors for HIV-risk sexual behavior than lifetime abuse histories among persons who have substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Majer
- John M. Majer, PhD, Harry S. Truman College, Chicago, IL, USA
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Knudsen HK, Staton-Tindall M, Oser CB, Havens JR, Leukefeld CG. Reducing risky relationships: a multisite randomized trial of a prison-based intervention for reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among women with a history of drug use. AIDS Care 2014; 26:1071-9. [PMID: 24410251 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2013.878779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Women involved in the criminal justice system, particularly those with a history of drug use, are at elevated risk of HIV infection, yet few HIV prevention interventions have been tailored for delivery to incarcerated women. Drawing on the Relational Model, the Reducing Risky Relationships for HIV (RRR-HIV) intervention was developed and evaluated in a multisite randomized clinical trial. Women with weekly drug use prior to incarceration (n = 444) who were incarcerated within correctional institutions in four states were randomized to (1) the RRR-HIV intervention consisting of an HIV educational video, five group sessions, and one postrelease booster session or (2) a control condition consisting of the HIV educational video. The RRR-HIV intervention combined didactic and interactive content regarding seven "thinking myths" about intimate relationships that may result in decisions to engage in risky sexual behaviors. Data were collected while women were still incarcerated and approximately 90 days following release from prison by trained interviewers. A negative binomial regression (NBR) model of unprotected sexual behaviors at the 90-day follow-up indicated that RRR-HIV participants reported fewer unprotected sexual behaviors than women in the control condition once the analysis was adjusted for study site. Future studies should examine the sustainability of the RRR-HIV intervention's effect on risk reduction. Implementation research is needed to determine whether delivery of this intervention by correctional staff or peers, rather than research staff, yields similar reductions in unprotected sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Knudsen
- a Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug & Alcohol Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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Abad N, Carry M, Herbst JH, Fogel CI. Motivation to Reduce Risk Behaviors While in Prison: Qualitative Analysis of Interviews with Current and Formerly Incarcerated Women. JOURNAL OF QUALITATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CRIMINOLOGY : JQCJC 2013; 1:347-363. [PMID: 26693183 PMCID: PMC4675167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prison is an environment in which programs can be implemented to change harmful behaviors among high-risk populations. Incarcerated women experience high rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), yet little research has examined women's motivation to reduce risky behaviors during incarceration. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with former and current women prisoners in two North Carolina correctional facilities and analyzed to identify barriers and facilitators of behavior change while in prison. Analyses revealed key motivators of behavior change: Viewing prison as a place to recover from past trauma, removing oneself from negative social networks, gaining access to needed mental and physical health services, and engaging in self-care and self-reflection. Barriers to behavior change include fear of recidivism, stigma of being in prison, and return to undesirable social networks post-release. Moreover, women noted that the provision of mental health services, educational enhancement and housing assistance could help them reduce engagement in high-risk behaviors after their incarceration. These findings can be incorporated into HIV/STD risk reduction interventions to facilitate positive behavior change among incarcerated women prisoners. Prison itself is a tremendous education in the need for patience and perseverance. It is above all a test of one's commitment.-Nelson Mandela, 1995.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Abad
- Corresponding Author: Neetu Abad, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA,
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