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Yang X, Zhou B. Unleashing metabolic power for axonal regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00182-6. [PMID: 39069446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Axon regeneration requires the mobilization of intracellular resources, including proteins, lipids, and nucleotides. After injury, neurons need to adapt their metabolism to meet the biosynthetic demands needed to achieve axonal regeneration. However, the exact contribution of cellular metabolism to this process remains elusive. Insights into the metabolic characteristics of proliferative cells may illuminate similar mechanisms operating in axon regeneration; therefore, unraveling previously unappreciated roles of metabolic adaptation is critical to achieving neuron regrowth, which is connected to the therapeutic strategies for neurological conditions necessitating nerve repairs, such as spinal cord injury and stroke. Here, we outline the metabolic role in axon regeneration and discuss factors enhancing nerve regrowth, highlighting potential novel metabolic treatments for restoring nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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2
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Kanemoto S. G protein-coupled receptor 84 gene expression is regulated by the ER stress response in the liver. J Biochem 2024; 176:55-68. [PMID: 38471516 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 84 (Gpr84) is reportedly activated by medium-chain fatty acids and is involved in the pathology of liver fibrosis. Inflammatory stimulants, such as lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α, upregulate Gpr84 expression. However, the detailed molecular mechanism by which Gpr84 is induced remains unknown. Inflammatory stimulation also evokes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but there has been no direct evidence to link Gpr84 expression and the ER stress response. Administration of tunicamycin (Tm) provokes ER stress and acute steatosis in the liver tissue of mice. Here, in situ hybridization analysis revealed that induction of Gpr84 expression occurred in parenchymal cells in the liver tissue following Tm administration. Gene expression analysis using a reporter assay showed that the intron 1 region of Gpr84 was involved in induction of the gene under ER stress conditions. Furthermore, Tm-dependent upregulation of Gpr84 was blocked by the small chemical compound AEBSF, an inhibitor of ER stress transducers, in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the current study marks the discovery that the ER stress agent Tm induces the expression of Gpr84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Kanemoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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3
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Gordon T. Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes Recovery after Surgical Repair of Injured Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:665. [PMID: 38203836 PMCID: PMC10779324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their axons in contrast to those in the central nervous system. Yet, functional recovery after surgical repair is often disappointing. The basis for poor recovery is progressive deterioration with time and distance of the growth capacity of the neurons that lose their contact with targets (chronic axotomy) and the growth support of the chronically denervated Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve stumps. Nonetheless, chronically denervated atrophic muscle retains the capacity for reinnervation. Declining electrical activity of motoneurons accompanies the progressive fall in axotomized neuronal and denervated SC expression of regeneration-associated-genes and declining regenerative success. Reduced motoneuronal activity is due to the withdrawal of synaptic contacts from the soma. Exogenous neurotrophic factors that promote nerve regeneration can replace the endogenous factors whose expression declines with time. But the profuse axonal outgrowth they provoke and the difficulties in their delivery hinder their efficacy. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) proximal to the injury site promotes the expression of endogenous growth factors and, in turn, dramatically accelerates axon outgrowth and target reinnervation. The latter ES effect has been demonstrated in both rats and humans. A conditioning ES of intact nerve days prior to nerve injury increases axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate. Thereby, this form of ES is amenable for nerve transfer surgeries and end-to-side neurorrhaphies. However, additional surgery for applying the required electrodes may be a hurdle. ES is applicable in all surgeries with excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1X8, Canada
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4
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Krishnan A, Verge VMK, Zochodne DW. Hallmarks of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 201:1-17. [PMID: 38697733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90108-6.00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are functional networks in the body. Disruption of these networks induces varied functional consequences depending on the types of nerves and organs affected. Despite the advances in microsurgical repair and understanding of nerve regeneration biology, restoring full functions after severe traumatic nerve injuries is still far from achieved. While a blunted growth response from axons and errors in axon guidance due to physical barriers may surface as the major hurdles in repairing nerves, critical additional cellular and molecular aspects challenge the orderly healing of injured nerves. Understanding the systematic reprogramming of injured nerves at the cellular and molecular levels, referred to here as "hallmarks of nerve injury regeneration," will offer better ideas. This chapter discusses the hallmarks of nerve injury and regeneration and critical points of failures in the natural healing process. Potential pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention points for repairing nerves are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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5
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Yuxiong W, Faping L, Bin L, Yanghe Z, Yao L, Yunkuo L, Yishu W, Honglan Z. Regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein 3 (CREB3) family in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115335. [PMID: 37595431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The CREB3 family of proteins, encompassing CREB3 and its four homologs (CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, and CREB3L4), exerts pivotal control over cellular protein metabolism in response to unfolded protein reactions. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the CREB3 family occurs through regulated intramembrane proteolysis within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Perturbations in the function and expression of the CREB3 family have been closely associated with the development of diverse diseases, with a particular emphasis on cancer. Recent investigations have shed light on the indispensable role played by CREB3 family members in modulating the onset and progression of various human cancers. This comprehensive review endeavors to provide an in-depth examination of the involvement of CREB3 family members in distinct human cancer types, accentuating their significance in the pathogenesis of cancer and the manifestation of malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yuxiong
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Faping
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Liu Bin
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Zhang Yanghe
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yunkuo
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Wang Yishu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China.
| | - Zhou Honglan
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China,.
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6
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Rzasa P, Whelan S, Farahmand P, Cai H, Guterman I, Palacios-Gallego R, Undru SS, Sandford L, Green C, Andreadi C, Mintseva M, Parrott E, Jin H, Hey F, Giblett S, Sylvius NB, Allcock NS, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Feuda R, Tufarelli C, Brown K, Pritchard C, Rufini A. BRAF V600E-mutated serrated colorectal neoplasia drives transcriptional activation of cholesterol metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:962. [PMID: 37735514 PMCID: PMC10514332 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations occur early in serrated colorectal cancers, but their long-term influence on tissue homeostasis is poorly characterized. We investigated the impact of short-term (3 days) and long-term (6 months) expression of BrafV600E in the intestinal tissue of an inducible mouse model. We show that BrafV600E perturbs the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells, with impaired differentiation of enterocytes emerging after prolonged expression of the oncogene. Moreover, BrafV600E leads to a persistent transcriptional reprogramming with enrichment of numerous gene signatures indicative of proliferation and tumorigenesis, and signatures suggestive of metabolic rewiring. We focused on the top-ranking cholesterol biosynthesis signature and confirmed its increased expression in human serrated lesions. Functionally, the cholesterol lowering drug atorvastatin prevents the establishment of intestinal crypt hyperplasia in BrafV600E-mutant mice. Overall, our work unveils the long-term impact of BrafV600E expression in intestinal tissue and suggests that colorectal cancers with mutations in BRAF might be prevented by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rzasa
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sarah Whelan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Pooyeh Farahmand
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hong Cai
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Inna Guterman
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Shanthi S Undru
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lauren Sandford
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caleb Green
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Catherine Andreadi
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Maria Mintseva
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Emma Parrott
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hong Jin
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fiona Hey
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan Giblett
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicolas B Sylvius
- NUCLEUS Genomics, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Natalie S Allcock
- University of Leicester Core Biotechnology Services Electron Microscopy Facility, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Cristina Tufarelli
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Proprotein convertases regulate trafficking and maturation of key proteins within the secretory pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:1-54. [PMID: 36707198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertases (PCs) are serine endoproteases that regulate the homeostasis of protein substrates in the cell. The PCs family counts 9 members-PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, PC7, Furin, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9. The first seven PCs are known as Basic Proprotein Convertases due to their propensity to cleave after polybasic clusters. SKI-1/S1P requires the additional presence of hydrophobic residues for processing, whereas PCSK9 is catalytically dead after autoactivation and exerts its functions using mechanisms alternative to direct cleavage. All PCs traffic through the canonical secretory pathway, reaching different compartments where the various substrates reside. Despite PCs members do not share the same subcellular localization, most of the cellular organelles count one or more Proprotein Convertases, including ER, Golgi stack, endosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membranes. The widespread expression of these enzymes at the systemic level speaks for their importance in the homeostasis of a large number of biological functions. Among others, PCs cleave precursors of hormones and growth factors and activate receptors and transcription factors. Notably, dysregulation of the enzymatic activity of Proprotein Convertases is associated to major human pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infections, inflammation, autoimmunity diseases, and Parkinson. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Furin has further attracted the attention as a key player for conferring high pathogenicity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review the Proprotein Convertases family and their most important substrates along the secretory pathway. Knowledge about the complex functions of PCs is important to identify potential drug strategies targeting this class of enzymes.
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8
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Maguire AD, Friedman TN, Villarreal Andrade DN, Haq F, Dunn J, Pfeifle K, Tenorio G, Buro K, Plemel JR, Kerr BJ. Sex differences in the inflammatory response of the mouse DRG and its connection to pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20995. [PMID: 36470947 PMCID: PMC9722825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with notable sex differences. Women are not only more likely to develop MS but are also more likely than men to experience neuropathic pain in the disease. It has been postulated that neuropathic pain in MS can originate in the peripheral nervous system at the level of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which houses primary pain sensing neurons (nociceptors). These nociceptors become hyperexcitable in response to inflammation, leading to peripheral sensitization and eventually central sensitization, which maintains pain long-term. The mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a good model for human MS as it replicates classic MS symptoms including pain. Using EAE mice as well as naïve primary mouse DRG neurons cultured in vitro, we sought to characterize sex differences, specifically in peripheral sensory neurons. We found sex differences in the inflammatory profile of the EAE DRG, and in the TNFα downstream signaling pathways activated intracellularly in cultured nociceptors. We also found increased cell death with TNFα treatment. Given that TNFα signaling has been shown to initiate intrinsic apoptosis through mitochondrial disruption, this led us to investigate sex differences in the mitochondria's response to TNFα. Our results demonstrate that male sensory neurons are more sensitive to mitochondrial stress, making them prone to neuronal injury. In contrast, female sensory neurons appear to be more resistant to mitochondrial stress and exhibit an inflammatory and regenerative phenotype that may underlie greater nociceptor hyperexcitability and pain. Understanding these sex differences at the level of the primary sensory neuron is an important first step in our eventual goal of developing sex-specific treatments to halt pain development in the periphery before central sensitization is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D. Maguire
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Timothy N. Friedman
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Dania N. Villarreal Andrade
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Fajr Haq
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Jacob Dunn
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Keiana Pfeifle
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Buro
- grid.418296.00000 0004 0398 5853Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
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9
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Membrane Progesterone Receptor α (mPRα/PAQR7) Promotes Survival and Neurite Outgrowth of Human Neuronal Cells by a Direct Action and Through Schwann Cell-like Stem Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2067-2080. [PMID: 35974286 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that membrane progesterone receptor α (mPRα/PAQR7) promotes pro-regenerative effects in Schwann cell-like adipose stem cells (SCL-ASC), an alternative model to Schwann cells for the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, we investigated how mPRα activation with the mPR-specific agonist Org OD 02-0 in SCL-ASC affected regenerative parameters in two neuronal cell lines, IMR-32 and SH-SY-5Y. In a series of conditioned medium experiments, we found that mPR activation of SCL-ASC led to increased neurite outgrowth, protection from cell death and increased expression of peripheral nerve regeneration markers (CREB3, ATF3, GAP43) in neuronal cell lines. These effects were stronger than the ones observed with the conditioned medium from untreated SCL-ASC. The addition of Org OD 02-0 to the untreated cell medium mimicked the effects of mPR activation of SCL-ASC on cell death, but not on neurite outgrowth. Therefore, the effect of Org OD 02-0 on neurite outgrowth is SCL-ASC-dependent, while its effect on cell survivability is likely due to the direct activation of mPRs on neuronal cells. SCL-ASC transfection with mPRα siRNA showed that this isoform is responsible for the beneficial effect on neurite outgrowth. Further experiments showed that SCL-ASC-dependent outcomes likely involved the release of BDNF and IGF-2 from these cells. The beneficial mPRα effect on neurite outgrowth was confirmed in co-culture conditions. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that mPRα could play a pro-regenerative role in SCL-ASC and be a therapeutic target for the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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10
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Perner C, Krüger E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Role in Homeostasis and Immunity of Central and Peripheral Neurons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859703. [PMID: 35572517 PMCID: PMC9092946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Unfolded protein response-induced expression of long noncoding RNA Ngrl1 supports peripheral axon regeneration by activating the PI3K-Akt pathway. Exp Neurol 2022; 352:114025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Sampieri L, Funes Chabán M, Di Giusto P, Rozés-Salvador V, Alvarez C. CREB3L2 Modulates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Cell Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:650338. [PMID: 34421533 PMCID: PMC8370844 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.650338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates numerous cellular physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and survival, and maintains the phenotype of several neuronal types. Most of these NGF-induced processes require adaptation of the secretory pathway since they involve extensive remodeling of membranes and protein redistribution along newly formed neuritic processes. CREB3 transcription factors have emerged as signaling hubs for the regulation of numerous genes involved in the secretory pathway and Golgi homeostasis, integrating stimuli from multiple sources to control secretion, posttranslational modifications and trafficking of proteins. Although recent studies have focused on their role in the central nervous system, little is known about their participation in cell differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression and signaling mechanism of CREB3 transcription factor family members, using the NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation model. Results show that NGF treatment causes Golgi enlargement and a parallel increased expression of proteins and mRNAs encoding for proteins required for membrane transport (transport factors). Additionally, a significant increase in CREB3L2 protein and mRNA levels is detected in response to NGF. Both MAPK and cAMP signaling pathways are required for this response. Interestingly, CREB3L2 overexpression hampers the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth while its inhibition enhances the morphological changes driven by NGF. In agreement, CREB3L2 overexpressing cells display higher immunofluorescence intensity of Rab5 GTPase (a negative regulator of PC12 differentiation) than control cells. Also, Rab5 immunofluorescence levels decrease in CREB3L2-depleted cells. Taken together, our findings imply that CREB3L2 is an important downstream effector of NGF-activated pathways, leading to neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sampieri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Funes Chabán
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Di Giusto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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13
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Oh-Hashi K, Hasegawa T, Mizutani Y, Takahashi K, Hirata Y. Elucidation of brefeldin A-induced ER and Golgi stress responses in Neuro2a cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3869-3877. [PMID: 34129155 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA) disrupts the structure of the Golgi apparatus to trigger ER stress signaling pathways. On the other hand, treatment with BFA induces the activation of CREB3, the protein structure of which is similar to that of ATF6. In this study, we established Neuro2a cells in which three different transcription factors, namely, ATF4, ATF3 and CREB3, were deficient using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach, and we investigated the BFA-induced ER and Golgi stress response in these cells. BFA treatment rapidly induced ATF4, ATF3, Herp and GADD153 protein expression in Neuro2a cells. ATF4-deficient Neuro2a cells exhibited significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of ATF3 and Herp but not GADD153; however, cells deficient in ATF3 exhibited minimal effects on GADD34, GADD153 and Herp expression. The cleavage of CREB3 in Neuro2a cells was triggered by BFA; however, the expression of several ER and Golgi stress-related factors was hardly influenced by the CREB3 deficiency in these Neuro2a cells. This study shows that CREB3 minimally associates with typical ER stress-inducible responses in Neuro2a cells. Therefore, identification and characterization of the downstream transcriptional targets of CREB3 is required to clarify not only Golgi stress response but also its relationship with ER stress signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuri Mizutani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kanto Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Dalla Costa I, Buchanan CN, Zdradzinski MD, Sahoo PK, Smith TP, Thames E, Kar AN, Twiss JL. The functional organization of axonal mRNA transport and translation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:77-91. [PMID: 33288912 PMCID: PMC8161363 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons extend for tremendously long distances from the neuronal soma and make use of localized mRNA translation to rapidly respond to different extracellular stimuli and physiological states. The locally synthesized proteins support many different functions in both developing and mature axons, raising questions about the mechanisms by which local translation is organized to ensure the appropriate responses to specific stimuli. Publications over the past few years have uncovered new mechanisms for regulating the axonal transport and localized translation of mRNAs, with several of these pathways converging on the regulation of cohorts of functionally related mRNAs - known as RNA regulons - that drive axon growth, axon guidance, injury responses, axon survival and even axonal mitochondrial function. Recent advances point to these different regulatory pathways as organizing platforms that allow the axon's proteome to be modulated to meet its physiological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dalla Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Courtney N Buchanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thames
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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15
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The Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Preconditioning Injury on Promoting Axonal Regeneration. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6648004. [PMID: 33505458 PMCID: PMC7806370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major factors contribute to the failure of axonal regrowth in the central nervous system (CNS), namely, the neuronal intrinsic regenerative capacity and the extrinsic local inhibitory microenvironments. However, a preconditioning peripheral nerve lesion could substantially enhance the regeneration of central axons following a subsequent spinal cord injury. In the present review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the preconditioning injury effect on promoting axonal regeneration. The injury signal transduction resulting from preconditioning peripheral nerve injury regulates the RAG expression to enhance axonal regeneration. Importantly, preconditioning peripheral nerve injury triggers interactions between neurons and nonneuronal cells to amplify and maintain their effects. Additionally, the preconditioning injury impacts mitochondria, protein, and lipid synthesis. All these coordinated changes endow axonal regeneration.
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16
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Hrstka SCL, Ankam S, Agac B, Klein JP, Moore RA, Narapureddy B, Schneider I, Hrstka RF, Dasari S, Staff NP. Proteomic analysis of human iPSC-derived sensory neurons implicates cell stress and microtubule dynamics dysfunction in bortezomib-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113520. [PMID: 33129842 PMCID: PMC7750199 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agent bortezomib on dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons are well documented, yet the mechanistic underpinnings that govern these cellular processes remain incompletely understood. In this study, system-wide proteomic changes were identified in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons (iSNs) exposed to a clinically relevant dose of bortezomib. Label-free mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of approximately 2800 iSN proteins that exhibited differential levels in the setting of bortezomib. A significant proportion of these proteins affect the cellular processes of microtubule dynamics, cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic organization, and molecular transport, and pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of proteins in signaling pathways attributable to the unfolded protein response and the integrated stress response. Alterations in microtubule-associated proteins suggest a multifaceted relationship exists between bortezomib-induced proteotoxicity and microtubule cytoskeletal architecture, and MAP2 was prioritized as a topmost influential candidate. We observed a significant reduction in the overall levels of MAP2c in somata without discernable changes in neurites. As MAP2 is known to affect cellular processes including axonogenesis, neurite extension and branching, and neurite morphology, its altered levels are suggestive of a prominent role in bortezomib-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil C L Hrstka
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Soneela Ankam
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Busranur Agac
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jon P Klein
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Raymond A Moore
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Bhavya Narapureddy
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Isabella Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ronald F Hrstka
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Nathan P Staff
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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17
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Luman/CREB3 knock-down inhibit hCG induced MLTC-1 apoptosis. Theriogenology 2020; 161:140-150. [PMID: 33310232 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Luman has been reported to be involved in the formation of COP II-mediated transport vesicles that affect protein transportation and secretion. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and RT-qPCR indicated that Luman is widely expressed in the male mouse reproductive system. In sperm, Luman was mainly located in the sperm tail, and the expression level increased with sperm maturity. In the testis, Luman was located in Leydig cells. In MLTC-1, a high-concentration hCG treatment significantly increased GRP78, ATF6, p-IRE1, and p-EIF2S1 expression but had no effect on Luman expression. To investigate the role of Luman in hCG-induced ER stress (ERS), experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated Luman knockdown in MLTC-1 cells. Luman knockdown decreased the percentage of S phase cells and up-regulated Cyclin A1, Cyclin B1, and Cyclin D2 expression. ELISA and WB results showed that with Luman knockdown, Cyp11a1, p-IRE1, and p-EIF2S1 expression and testosterone secretion were significantly increased, while GRP78 and CHOP expression were decreased. Flow cytometry results showed that Luman knockdown reduced MLTC-1 cell apoptosis. RT-qPCR and WB results showed that Luman knockdown significantly up-regulated BCL-2 expression and decreased Caspase-3 and BAX expression. These data suggest that Luman is widely expressed in the male mouse reproductive system. In MLTC-1 cells, Luman knockdown up-regulated p-IRE1, p-EIF2S1, and BCL-2 expression and decreased GRP78, CHOP, BAX, and Caspase-3 expression. We propose that Luman knockdown reduces cell apoptosis through the ERS pathway, thereby promoting cell survival and testosterone secretion. These findings provide new insights into the role of Luman in hCG-induced ERS.
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18
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Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Samra N, Terenzio M, Patel P, Lee SJ, Miller S, Thames E, Jones B, Kawaguchi R, Coppola G, Fainzilber M, Twiss JL. A Ca 2+-Dependent Switch Activates Axonal Casein Kinase 2α Translation and Drives G3BP1 Granule Disassembly for Axon Regeneration. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4882-4895.e6. [PMID: 33065005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main limitation on axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the slow rate of regrowth. We recently reported that nerve regeneration can be accelerated by axonal G3BP1 granule disassembly, releasing axonal mRNAs for local translation to support axon growth. Here, we show that G3BP1 phosphorylation by casein kinase 2α (CK2α) triggers G3BP1 granule disassembly in injured axons. CK2α activity is temporally and spatially regulated by local translation of Csnk2a1 mRNA in axons after injury, but this requires local translation of mTor mRNA and buffering of the elevated axonal Ca2+ that occurs after axotomy. CK2α's appearance in axons after PNS nerve injury correlates with disassembly of axonal G3BP1 granules as well as increased phospho-G3BP1 and axon growth, although depletion of Csnk2a1 mRNA from PNS axons decreases regeneration and increases G3BP1 granules. Phosphomimetic G3BP1 shows remarkably decreased RNA binding in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons compared with wild-type and non-phosphorylatable G3BP1; combined with other studies, this suggests that CK2α-dependent G3BP1 phosphorylation on Ser 149 after axotomy releases axonal mRNAs for translation. Translation of axonal mRNAs encoding some injury-associated proteins is known to be increased with Ca2+ elevations, and using a dual fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) reporter assay for axonal translation, we see that translational specificity switches from injury-associated protein mRNA translation to CK2α translation with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release versus cytoplasmic Ca2+ chelation. Our results point to axoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations as a determinant for the temporal specificity of sequential translational activation of different axonal mRNAs as severed axons transition from injury to regenerative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nitzan Samra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
| | - Marco Terenzio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel; Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| | - Priyanka Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sharmina Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thames
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Blake Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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19
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McCurdy EP, Chung KM, Benitez-Agosto CR, Hengst U. Promotion of Axon Growth by the Secreted End of a Transcription Factor. Cell Rep 2020; 29:363-377.e5. [PMID: 31597097 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth is regulated externally by attractive and repulsive cues generated in the environment. In addition, intrinsic pathways govern axon development, although the extent to which axons themselves can influence their own growth is unknown. We find that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons secrete a factor supporting axon growth and identify it as the C terminus of the ER stress-induced transcription factor CREB3L2, which is generated by site 2 protease (S2P) cleavage in sensory neurons. S2P and CREB3L2 knockdown or inhibition of axonal S2P interfere with the growth of axons, and C-terminal CREB3L2 is sufficient to rescue these effects. C-terminal CREB3L2 forms a complex with Shh and stabilizes its association with the Patched-1 receptor on developing axons. Our results reveal a neuron-intrinsic pathway downstream of S2P that promotes axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P McCurdy
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kyung Min Chung
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carlos R Benitez-Agosto
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ulrich Hengst
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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20
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A Functional Non-coding RNA Is Produced from xbp-1 mRNA. Neuron 2020; 107:854-863.e6. [PMID: 32640191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The xbp-1 mRNA encodes the XBP-1 transcription factor, a critical part of the unfolded protein response. Here we report that an RNA fragment produced from xbp-1 mRNA cleavage is a biologically active non-coding RNA (ncRNA) essential for axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that the xbp-1 ncRNA acts independently of the protein-coding function of the xbp-1 transcript as part of a dual output xbp-1 mRNA stress response axis. Structural analysis indicates that the function of the xbp-1 ncRNA depends on a single RNA stem; this stem forms only in the cleaved xbp-1 ncRNA fragment. Disruption of this stem abolishes the non-coding, but not the coding, function of the endogenous xbp-1 transcript. Thus, cleavage of the xbp-1 mRNA bifurcates it into a coding and a non-coding pathway; modulation of the two pathways may allow neurons to fine-tune their response to injury and other stresses.
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21
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Hasmatali JCD, De Guzman J, Zhai R, Yang L, McLean NA, Hutchinson C, Johnston JM, Misra V, Verge VMK. Axotomy Induces Phasic Alterations in Luman/CREB3 Expression and Nuclear Localization in Injured and Contralateral Uninjured Sensory Neurons: Correlation With Intrinsic Axon Growth Capacity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:348-364. [PMID: 30863858 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Luman/CREB3 is an important early retrograde axotomy signal regulating acute axon outgrowth in sensory neurons through the adaptive unfolded protein response. As the injury response is transcriptionally multiphasic, a spatiotemporal analysis of Luman/CREB3 localization in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) with unilateral L4-L6 spinal nerve injury was conducted to determine if Luman/CREB3 expression was similarly regulated. Biphasic alterations in Luman/CREB3 immunofluorescence and nuclear localization occurred in neurons ipsilateral to 1-hour, 1-day, 2-day, 4-day, and 1-week injury, with a largely parallel, but less avid response contralaterally. This biphasic response was not observed at the transcript level. To assess whether changes in neuronal Luman expression corresponded with an altered intrinsic capacity to grow an axon/neurite in vitro, injury-conditioned and contralateral uninjured DRG neurons underwent a 24-hour axon growth assay. Two-day injury-conditioned neurons exhibited maximal outgrowth capacity relative to naïve, declining at later injury-conditioned timepoints. Only neurons contralateral to 1-week injury exhibited significantly higher axon growth capacity than naïve. In conclusion, alterations in neuronal injury-associated Luman/CREB3 expression support that a multiphasic cell body response occurs and reveal a novel contralateral plasticity in axon growth capacity at 1-week post-injury. These adaptive responses have the potential to inform when repair or therapeutic intervention may be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan C D Hasmatali
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jolly De Guzman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Ruiling Zhai
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Lisa Yang
- Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Nikki A McLean
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Catherine Hutchinson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Jayne M Johnston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center
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22
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Smith TP, Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Twiss JL. Intra-axonal mechanisms driving axon regeneration. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146864. [PMID: 32360100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems very often causes axotomy, where an axon loses connections with its target resulting in loss of function. The axon segments distal to the injury site lose connection with the cell body and degenerate. Axotomized neurons in the periphery can spontaneously mount a regenerative response and reconnect to their denervated target tissues, though this is rarely complete in humans. In contrast, spontaneous regeneration rarely occurs after axotomy in the spinal cord and brain. Here, we concentrate on the mechanisms underlying this spontaneous regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, focusing on events initiated from the axon that support regenerative growth. We contrast this with what is known for axonal injury responses in the central nervous system. Considering the neuropathy focus of this special issue, we further draw parallels and distinctions between the injury-response mechanisms that initiate regenerative gene expression programs and those that are known to trigger axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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23
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Hasmatali JCD, De Guzman J, Johnston JM, Noyan H, Juurlink BH, Misra V, Verge VMK. FOXO3a as a sensor of unilateral nerve injury in sensory neurons ipsilateral, contralateral and remote to injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2353-2361. [PMID: 32594060 PMCID: PMC7749464 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports that the stress response to peripheral nerve injury extends beyond the injured neuron, with alterations in associated transcription factors detected both locally and remote to the lesion. Stress-induced nuclear translocation of the transcription factor forkhead class box O3a (FOXO3a) was initially linked to activation of apoptotic genes in many neuronal subtypes. However, a more complex role of FOXO3a has been suggested in the injury response of sensory neurons, with the injured neuron expressing less FOXO3a. To elucidate this response and test whether non-injured sensory neurons also alter FOXO3a expression, the temporal impact of chronic unilateral L4–6 spinal nerve transection on FOXO3a expression and nuclear localization in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons ipsilateral, contralateral or remote to injury relative to naïve controls was examined. In naïve neurons, high cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of FOXO3a colocalized with calcitonin gene related peptide, a marker of the nociceptive subpopulation. One hour post-injury, an acute increase in nuclear FOXO3a in small size injured neurons occurred followed by a significant decrease after 1, 2 and 4 days, with levels increasing toward pre-injury levels by 1 week post-injury. A more robust biphasic response to the injury was observed in uninjured neurons contralateral to and those remote to injury. Nuclear levels of FOXO3a peaked at 1 day, decreased by 4 days, then increased by 1 week post-injury, a response mirrored in C4 dorsal root ganglion neurons remote to injury. This altered expression contralateral and remote to injury supports that spinal nerve damage has broader systemic impacts, a response we recently reported for another stress transcription factor, Luman/CREB3. The early decreased expression and nuclear localization of FOXO3a in the injured neuron implicate these changes in the cell body response to injury that may be protective. Finally, the broader systemic changes support the existence of stress/injury-induced humeral factor(s) influencing transcriptional and potentially behavioral changes in uninjured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Approval to conduct this study was obtained from the University of Saskatchewan Animal Research Ethics Board (protocol #19920164).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan C D Hasmatali
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK; Current affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jolly De Guzman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jayne M Johnston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hossein Noyan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK; Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernhard H Juurlink
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Verge VMK, Hasmatali JCD, Misra V. When the left side knows something happened to the right - sensing injury in neurons contralateral and remote to injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1854-1855. [PMID: 32246633 PMCID: PMC7513984 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jovan C D Hasmatali
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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25
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Yousuf MS, Maguire AD, Simmen T, Kerr BJ. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interplay in chronic pain: The calcium connection. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920946889. [PMID: 32787562 PMCID: PMC7427143 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920946889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects roughly a third to a half of the world's population. Despite its substantial effect on society, treatment for chronic pain is modest, at best, notwithstanding its side effects. Hence, novel therapeutics are direly needed. Emerging evidence suggests that calcium plays an integral role in mediating neuronal plasticity that underlies sensitization observed in chronic pain states. The endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria are the largest calcium repositories in a cell. Here, we review how stressors, like accumulation of misfolded proteins and oxidative stress, influence endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria function and contribute to chronic pain. We further examine the shuttling of calcium across the mitochondrial-associated membrane as a mechanism of cross-talk between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. In addition, we discuss how endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial impairment, and calcium dyshomeostasis are implicated in various models of neuropathic pain. We propose a novel framework of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signaling in mediating pain hypersensitivity. These observations require further investigation in order to develop novel therapies for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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26
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Abstract
Permanent disabilities following CNS injuries result from the failure of injured axons to regenerate and rebuild functional connections with their original targets. By contrast, injury to peripheral nerves is followed by robust regeneration, which can lead to recovery of sensory and motor functions. This regenerative response requires the induction of widespread transcriptional and epigenetic changes in injured neurons. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding how peripheral axon injury elicits these widespread changes through the coordinated actions of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers and, to a lesser extent, microRNAs. Although many questions remain about the interplay between these mechanisms, these new findings provide important insights into the pivotal role of coordinated gene expression and chromatin remodelling in the neuronal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mahar
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Poitras T, Chandrasekhar A, McCoy L, Komirishetty P, Areti A, Webber CA, Zochodne DW. Selective Sensory Axon Reinnervation and TRPV1 Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7144-7158. [PMID: 30989631 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies to enhance regeneration of peripheral neurons involve broad activation of sensory, autonomic, and motor axons. Peripheral neuron regeneration is limited in persons with damage or disease of peripheral axons. Here, we provide evidence that subtoxic activation of TRPV1 channels in sensory neurons is associated with activation of growth and subtle changes in skin reinnervation. We identify a bidirectional, dose-related impact of capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, on sensory neurons and their axons with rises in their outgrowth plasticity at low doses and toxic neurodegeneration at high doses. Moreover, its impact on growth added to that of preconditioning. Neither outcome was observed in TRPV1 null neurons. We confirmed that low dose activation was associated with rises in neuronal calcium, as well as rises in TRPV1 mRNA transcripts. In mice with a sciatic nerve crush followed by a single application of capsaicin directly to the injury site, there was no impact on motor or myelinated axon recovery but there was evidence of better recovery of thermal sensation toward baseline with hyperalgesia. Moreover, skin reinnervation by epidermal axons approached contralateral levels. TRPV1 null mice displayed loss of thermal sensation during later recovery. In sensory axons innervating the pinna of the ear, local capsaicin rendered early axon loss followed by later hyperinnervation. Taken together, TRPV1 activation alters the regenerative behavior of adult neurons and their axons both in vitro and during epidermal reinnervation in vivo. The findings identify a selective manipulation that augments cutaneous innervation by thermosensitive axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poitras
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - A Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - L McCoy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - P Komirishetty
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - A Areti
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - C A Webber
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 132A-Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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28
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Farley MM, Watkins TA. Intrinsic Neuronal Stress Response Pathways in Injury and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:93-116. [PMID: 29414247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From injury to disease to aging, neurons, like all cells, may face various insults that can impact their function and survival. Although the consequences are substantially dictated by the type, context, and severity of insult, distressed neurons are far from passive. Activation of cellular stress responses aids in the preservation or restoration of nervous system function. However, stress responses themselves can further advance neuropathology and contribute significantly to neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Here we explore the recent advances in defining the cellular stress responses within neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injury, and we emphasize axonal injury as a well-characterized model of neuronal insult. We highlight key findings and unanswered questions about neuronal stress response pathways, from the initial detection of cellular insults through the underlying mechanisms of the responses to their ultimate impact on the fates of distressed neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Farley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Trent A Watkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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29
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Zhou MF, Feng ZP, Ou YC, Peng JJ, Li K, Gong HD, Qiu BH, Liu YW, Wang YJ, Qi ST. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces apoptosis of arginine vasopressin neurons in central diabetes insipidus via PI3K/Akt pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:562-574. [PMID: 30677238 PMCID: PMC6488892 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Central diabetes insipidus (CDI), a typical complication caused by pituitary stalk injury, often occurs after surgery, trauma, or tumor compression around hypothalamic structures such as the pituitary stalk and optic chiasma. CDI is linked to decreased arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, along with a deficit in circulating AVP and oxytocin. However, little has been elucidated about the changes in AVP neurons in CDI. Hence, our study was designed to understand the role of several pathophysiologic changes such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis of AVP neurons in CDI. Methods In a novel pituitary stalk electric lesion (PEL) model to mimic CDI, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were used to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Results We reported that in CDI condition, generated by PEL, ER stress induced apoptosis of AVP neurons via activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways. Furthermore, application of N‐acetylcysteine protected hypothalamic AVP neurons from ER stress‐induced apoptosis through blocking the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways. Conclusion Our findings showed that AVP neurons underwent apoptosis induced by ER stress, and ER stress might play a vital role in CDI condition through the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chao Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Dong Gong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Hui Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jia Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Tao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Yamaguchi Y, Oh-hashi K, Matsuoka Y, Takemura H, Yamakita S, Matsuda M, Sawa T, Amaya F. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Dorsal Root Ganglion Contributes to the Development of Pain Hypersensitivity after Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 394:288-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Saito A, Imaizumi K. The broad spectrum of signaling pathways regulated by unfolded protein response in neuronal homeostasis. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Yang D, Jiang T, Liu J, Hong J, Lin P, Chen H, Zhou D, Tang K, Wang A, Jin Y. Interferon-τ regulates prostaglandin release in goat endometrial stromal cells via JAB1 - unfolded protein response pathway. Theriogenology 2018; 113:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Sahoo PK, Smith DS, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Twiss JL. Axonal mRNA transport and translation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs196808. [PMID: 29654160 PMCID: PMC6518334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization and translation of mRNAs within different subcellular domains provides an important mechanism to spatially and temporally introduce new proteins in polarized cells. Neurons make use of this localized protein synthesis during initial growth, regeneration and functional maintenance of their axons. Although the first evidence for protein synthesis in axons dates back to 1960s, improved methodologies, including the ability to isolate axons to purity, highly sensitive RNA detection methods and imaging approaches, have shed new light on the complexity of the transcriptome of the axon and how it is regulated. Moreover, these efforts are now uncovering new roles for locally synthesized proteins in neurological diseases and injury responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of how axonal mRNA transport and translation are regulated, and discuss their emerging links to neurological disorders and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Deanna S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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34
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Poplawski G, Ishikawa T, Brifault C, Lee-Kubli C, Regestam R, Henry KW, Shiga Y, Kwon H, Ohtori S, Gonias SL, Campana WM. Schwann cells regulate sensory neuron gene expression before and after peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2018. [PMID: 29520865 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons in the PNS demonstrate substantial capacity for regeneration following injury. Recent studies have identified changes in the transcriptome of sensory neurons, which are instrumental for axon regeneration. The role of Schwann cells (SCs) in mediating these changes remains undefined. We tested the hypothesis that SCs regulate expression of genes in sensory neurons before and after PNS injury by comparing mice in which LDL Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP1) is deleted in SCs (scLRP1-/- mice) with wild-type (scLRP1+/+ ) littermates. LRP1 is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor that is necessary for normal SC function and the SC response to nerve injury. scLRP1-/- mice represent a characterized model in which the SC response to nerve injury is abnormal. Adult DRG neurons, isolated from scLRP1-/- mice, with or without a conditioning nerve lesion, demonstrated increased neurite outgrowth when cultured ex vivo, compared with neurons from wild-type mice. Following sciatic nerve crush injury, nerve regeneration was accelerated in vivo in scLRP1-/- mice. These results were explained by transcriptional activation of RAGs in DRG neurons in scLRP1-/- mice prior to nerve injury. Although the presence of abnormal SCs in scLRP1-/- mice primed DRG neurons for repair, nerve regeneration in scLRP1-/- mice resulted in abnormalities in ultrastructure, principally in Remak bundles, and with the onset of neuropathic pain. These results demonstrate the importance of SCs in controlling RAG expression by neurons and the potential for this process to cause chronic pain when abnormal. The SC may represent an important target for preventing pain following PNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Tetsuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - HyoJun Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Wendy M Campana
- Program in Neuroscience, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
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35
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Axonal Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Promotes Axonal Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 375:34-48. [PMID: 29438804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian peripheral neurons have an intrinsic regrowth capacity in response to axonal injury. The induction of calcium ion (Ca2+) oscillations at an injured site is critical for the regulation of regenerative responses. In polarized neurons, distal axonal segments contain a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network that is responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis. Although these characteristics implicate the relevance among injury-induced Ca2+ dynamics, axonal ER-derived signaling, and regenerative responses propagated along the axons, the details are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that Ca2+ release from the axonal ER was accelerated in response to injury. Additionally, axonal injury-dependent Ca2+ release from the ER activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling at injured sites. Inhibition of axonal UPR signaling led to fragmentation of the axonal ER and disrupted growth cone formation, suggesting that activation of axonal UPR branches following axonal injury promotes regeneration via regulation of ER reconstruction and formation of growth cones. Our studies revealed that local activation of axonal UPR signaling by injury-induced Ca2+ release from the ER is critical for regeneration. These findings provide a new concept for the link between injury-induced signaling at a distant location and regulation of organelle and cytoskeletal formation in the orchestration of axonal regeneration.
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36
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Conte C, Herdegen S, Kamal S, Patel J, Patel U, Perez L, Rivota M, Calin-Jageman RJ, Calin-Jageman IE. Transcriptional correlates of memory maintenance following long-term sensitization of Aplysia californica. Learn Mem 2017; 24:502-515. [PMID: 28916625 PMCID: PMC5602346 DOI: 10.1101/lm.045450.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the transcriptional response accompanying maintenance of long-term sensitization (LTS) memory in the pleural ganglia of Aplysia californica using microarray (N = 8) and qPCR (N = 11 additional samples). We found that 24 h after memory induction there is strong regulation of 1198 transcripts (748 up and 450 down) in a pattern that is almost completely distinct from what is observed during memory encoding (1 h after training). There is widespread up-regulation of transcripts related to all levels of protein production, from transcription (e.g., subunits of transcription initiation factors) to translation (e.g., subunits of eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, eIF4, eIF5, and eIF2B) to activation of components of the unfolded protein response (e.g., CREB3/Luman, BiP, AATF). In addition, there are widespread changes in transcripts related to cytoskeleton function, synaptic targeting, synaptic function, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuronal signaling. Many of the transcripts identified have previously been linked to memory and plasticity (e.g., Egr, menin, TOB1, IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1/ZBP-1), though the majority are novel and/or uncharacterized. Interestingly, there is regulation that could contribute to metaplasticity potentially opposing or even eroding LTS memory (down-regulation of adenylate cyclase and a putative serotonin receptor, up-regulation of FMRFa and a FMRFa receptor). This study reveals that maintenance of a "simple" nonassociative memory is accompanied by an astonishingly complex transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Conte
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Samantha Herdegen
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Saman Kamal
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Jency Patel
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Ushma Patel
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Leticia Perez
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
| | - Marissa Rivota
- Neuroscience Program, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, USA
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37
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Salvadores N, Sanhueza M, Manque P, Court FA. Axonal Degeneration during Aging and Its Functional Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:451. [PMID: 28928628 PMCID: PMC5591337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging constitutes the main risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This represents a major health issue worldwide that is only expected to escalate due to the ever-increasing life expectancy of the population. Interestingly, axonal degeneration, which occurs at early stages of neurodegenerative disorders (ND) such as Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, also takes place as a consequence of normal aging. Moreover, the alteration of several cellular processes such as proteostasis, response to cellular stress and mitochondrial homeostasis, which have been described to occur in the aging brain, can also contribute to axonal pathology. Compelling evidence indicate that the degeneration of axons precedes clinical symptoms in NDs and occurs before cell body loss, constituting an early event in the pathological process and providing a potential therapeutic target to treat neurodegeneration before neuronal cell death. Although, normal aging and the development of neurodegeneration are two processes that are closely linked, the molecular basis of the switch that triggers the transition from healthy aging to neurodegeneration remains unrevealed. In this review we discuss the potential role of axonal degeneration in this transition and provide a detailed overview of the literature and current advances in the molecular understanding of the cellular changes that occur during aging that promote axonal degeneration and then discuss this in the context of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salvadores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
| | - Mario Sanhueza
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Manque
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
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38
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Hao Y, Collins C. Intrinsic mechanisms for axon regeneration: insights from injured axons in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 44:84-91. [PMID: 28232273 PMCID: PMC5447494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axonal damage and loss are common and negative consequences of neuronal injuries, and also occur in some neurodegenerative diseases. For neurons to have a chance to repair their connections, they need to survive the damage, initiate new axonal growth, and ultimately establish new synaptic connections. This review discusses how recent work in Drosophila models have informed our understanding of the cellular pathways used by neurons to respond to axonal injuries. Similarly to mammalian neurons, Drosophila neurons appear to be more limited in their capacity regrow (regenerate) damaged axons in the central nervous system, but can undergo axonal regeneration to varying extents in the peripheral nervous system. Conserved cellular pathways are activated by axonal injury via mechanisms that are specific to axons but not dendrites, and new unanticipated inhibitors of axon regeneration can be identified via genetic screening. These findings, made predominantly via genetic and live imaging methods in Drosophila, emphasize the utility of this model organism for the identification and study of basic cellular mechanisms used for neuronal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Catherine Collins
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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39
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Larhammar M, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Jiang Z, Solanoy H, Sengupta Ghosh A, Wang B, Kaminker JS, Huang K, Eastham-Anderson J, Siu M, Modrusan Z, Farley MM, Tessier-Lavigne M, Lewcock JW, Watkins TA. Dual leucine zipper kinase-dependent PERK activation contributes to neuronal degeneration following insult. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28440222 PMCID: PMC5404924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) arm of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) is implicated in neurodegenerative disease, although the regulators and consequences of PERK activation following neuronal injury are poorly understood. Here we show that PERK signaling is a component of the mouse MAP kinase neuronal stress response controlled by the Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK) and contributes to DLK-mediated neurodegeneration. We find that DLK-activating insults ranging from nerve injury to neurotrophin deprivation result in both c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling and the PERK- and ISR-dependent upregulation of the Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4). Disruption of PERK signaling delays neurodegeneration without reducing JNK signaling. Furthermore, DLK is both sufficient for PERK activation and necessary for engaging the ISR subsequent to JNK-mediated retrograde injury signaling. These findings identify DLK as a central regulator of not only JNK but also PERK stress signaling in neurons, with both pathways contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Zhiyu Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Bei Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Kevin Huang
- Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Michael Siu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | - Madeline M Farley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States.,Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
| | - Trent A Watkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,OMNI Biomarkers Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, United States
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40
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Cornejo VH, Luarte A, Couve A. Global and local mechanisms sustain axonal proteostasis of transmembrane proteins. Traffic 2017; 18:255-266. [PMID: 28220989 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The control of neuronal protein homeostasis or proteostasis is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally, assuring accurate and integrated responses to external or intrinsic stimuli. Local or autonomous responses in dendritic and axonal compartments are crucial to sustain function during development, physiology and in response to damage or disease. Axons are responsible for generating and propagating electrical impulses in neurons, and the establishment and maintenance of their molecular composition are subject to extreme constraints exerted by length and size. Proteins that require the secretory pathway, such as receptors, transporters, ion channels or cell adhesion molecules, are fundamental for axonal function, but whether axons regulate their abundance autonomously and how they achieve this is not clear. Evidence supports the role of three complementary mechanisms to maintain proteostasis of these axonal proteins, namely vesicular transport, local translation and trafficking and transfer from supporting cells. Here, we review these mechanisms, their molecular machineries and contribution to neuronal function. We also examine the signaling pathways involved in local translation and their role during development and nerve injury. We discuss the relative contributions of a transport-controlled proteome directed by the soma (global regulation) versus a local-controlled proteome based on local translation or cell transfer (local regulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Luarte
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Couve
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Luman contributes to brefeldin A-induced prion protein gene expression by interacting with the ERSE26 element. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42285. [PMID: 28205568 PMCID: PMC5304227 DOI: 10.1038/srep42285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP) is essential for transmissible prion diseases, but its exact physiological function remains unclear. Better understanding the regulation of the human prion protein gene (PRNP) expression can provide insight into this elusive function. Spliced XBP1 (sXBP1) was recently shown to mediate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced PRNP expression. In this manuscript, we identify Luman, a ubiquitous, non-canonical unfolded protein response (UPR), as a novel regulator of ER stress-induced PRNP expression. Luman activity was transcriptionally and proteolytically activated by the ER stressing drug brefeldin A (BFA) in human neurons, astrocytes, and breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Over-expression of active cleaved Luman (ΔLuman) increased PrP levels, while siRNA-mediated Luman silencing decreased BFA-induced PRNP expression. Site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that ΔLuman regulates PRNP expression by interacting with the ER stress response element 26 (ERSE26). Co-over-expression and siRNA-mediated silencing experiments showed that sXBP1 and ΔLuman both up-regulate ER stress-induced PRNP expression. Attempts to understand the function of PRNP up-regulation by Luman excluded a role in atorvastatin-induced neuritogenesis, ER-associated degradation, or proteasomal inhibition-induced cell death. Overall, these results refine our understanding of ER stress-induced PRNP expression and function.
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Brace EJ, DiAntonio A. Models of axon regeneration in Drosophila. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:310-317. [PMID: 26996133 PMCID: PMC5026866 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining neuronal connectivity in the face of injury and disease is a major challenge for the nervous system. The great length of axons makes them particularly vulnerable to insult with dire consequences for neuronal function. In the peripheral nervous system there is a program of axonal regeneration that can reestablish connectivity. In the mammalian central nervous system, however, injured axons have little or no capacity to regenerate. The molecular mechanisms that promote axon regeneration have begun to be identified and many of the implicated pathways are evolutionarily conserved. Here we discuss Drosophila models of axonal regrowth, describe insights derived from these studies, and highlight future directions in the use of the fly for dissecting the mechanisms of axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Brace
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63110
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63110.
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Oñate M, Court FA, Hetz C. Bursting the unfolded protein response accelerates axonal regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:892-3. [PMID: 27482204 PMCID: PMC4962573 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Oñate
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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There and back again: coordinated transcription, translation and transport in axonal survival and regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:62-8. [PMID: 27131422 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with axonal and dendritic projections that extend over long distances. Target-derived neurotrophins provide local axonal cues that function in developing neurons, while physical or chemical injuries to long axons initiate local environmental cues in mature neurons. In both instances initial responses at the location of stimulation or injury must be coordinated with changes in the transcriptional program and subsequent changes in axonal protein content. To achieve this coordination, intracellular signals move 'there and back again' between axons and the nucleus. Here, we review new findings on neuronal responses to growth factors and injury and highlight the coordination of transcription, translation and transport required to mediate communication between axons and cell bodies.
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Injury to the nervous system: A look into the ER. Brain Res 2016; 1648:617-625. [PMID: 27117870 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the central or peripheral nervous systems leads to the loss of cognitive and/or sensorimotor capabilities that still lack an effective treatment. Although injury to the nervous system involves multiple and complex molecular factors, alteration to protein homeostasis is emerging as a relevant pathological mechanism. In particular, chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is proposed as a possible driver of neuronal dysfunction in conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke and damage to peripheral nerves. Importantly, manipulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic pathway engaged by ER stress, has proved effective in improving cognitive and motor recovery after nervous system injury. Here we provide an overview on recent findings depicting a functional role of the UPR to the functional recovery after injury in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Activation of the unfolded protein response promotes axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21709. [PMID: 26906090 PMCID: PMC4764858 DOI: 10.1038/srep21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein-folding stress at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a driver of neuronal dysfunction in models of spinal cord injury and neurodegeneration, the contribution of this pathway to peripheral nerve damage remains poorly explored. Here we targeted the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive reaction against ER stress, in mouse models of sciatic nerve injury and found that ablation of the transcription factor XBP1, but not ATF4, significantly delay locomotor recovery. XBP1 deficiency led to decreased macrophage recruitment, a reduction in myelin removal and axonal regeneration. Conversely, overexpression of XBP1s in the nervous system in transgenic mice enhanced locomotor recovery after sciatic nerve crush, associated to an improvement in key pro-regenerative events. To assess the therapeutic potential of UPR manipulation to axonal regeneration, we locally delivered XBP1s or an shRNA targeting this transcription factor to sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia using a gene therapy approach and found an enhancement or reduction of axonal regeneration in vivo, respectively. Our results demonstrate a functional role of specific components of the ER proteostasis network in the cellular changes associated to regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.
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