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Zolnourian A, Garland P, Holton P, Arora M, Rhodes J, Uff C, Birch T, Howat D, Franklin S, Galea I, Bulters D. A Randomised Controlled Trial of SFX-01 After Subarachnoid Haemorrhage - The SAS Study. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01278-1. [PMID: 39028412 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
SFX-01 is a novel drug for clinical delivery of sulforaphane (SFN). SFN is a potent nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activator that reduces inflammation and oxidation, improving outcomes after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in animal models. This was a multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomised clinical trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of 28 days of SFX-01 300 mg BD in patients aged 18-80 with spontaneous SAH and high blood load on CT. Primary outcomes were (1) safety, (2) plasma and CSF SFN and metabolite levels and (3) vasospasm on transcranial doppler ultrasound. Secondary outcomes included CSF haptoglobin and malondialdehyde and clinical outcome on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and SAH outcome tool (SAHOT). A total of 105 patients were randomised (54 SFX-01, 51 placebo). There were no differences in adverse events other than nausea (9 SFX-01 (16.7%), 1 placebo (2.0%)). SFN, SFN-glutathione and SFN-N-acetyl-cysteine AUClast were 16.2, 277 and 415 h × ng/ml. Plasma SFN was higher in GSTT1 null individuals (t = 2.40, p = 0.023). CSF levels were low with many samples below the lower limit of quantification and predicted by the CSF/serum albumin ratio (R2 = 0.182, p = 0.039). There was no difference in CSF haptoglobin (1.981 95%CI 0.992-3.786, p = 0.052) or malondialdehyde (1.12 95%CI 0.7477-1.687, p = 0.572) or middle cerebral artery flow velocity (1.04 95%CI 0.903-1.211, p = 0.545) or functional outcome (mRS 1.647 95%CI 0.721-3.821, p = 0.237, SAHOT 1.082 95%CI 0.464-2.525, p = 0.855). SFX-01 is safe and effective for the delivery of SFN in acutely unwell patients. SFN penetrated CSF less than expected and did not reduce large vessel vasospasm or improve outcome. Trial registration: NCT02614742 clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Garland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick Holton
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mukul Arora
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Neuro Intensive Care, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tony Birch
- Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Neurology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Pańczyszyn-Trzewik P, Stachowicz K, Misztak P, Nowak G, Sowa-Kućma M. Repeated Sulforaphane Treatment Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Exerts Antioxidant Effects in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Model in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:762. [PMID: 38931429 PMCID: PMC11206991 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that activators of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), such as sulforaphane, may represent promising novel pharmacological targets for conditions related to oxidative stress, including depressive disorder. Therefore, we conducted a study to explore the behavioral and biochemical effects of repeated (14 days) sulforaphane (SFN) treatment in the olfactory bulbectomy (OB) animal model of depression. An open field test (OFT), splash test (ST), and spontaneous locomotor activity test (LA) were used to assess changes in depressive-like behavior and the potential antidepressant-like activity of SFN. The OB model induced hyperactivity in mice during the OFT and LA as well as a temporary loss of self-care and motivation in the ST. The repeated administration of SFN (10 mg/kg) effectively reversed these behavioral changes in OB mice across all tests. Additionally, a biochemical analysis revealed that SFN (10 mg/kg) increased the total antioxidant capacity in the frontal cortex and serum of the OB model. Furthermore, SFN (10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in the serum of OB mice. Overall, the present study is the first to demonstrate the antidepressant-like effects of repeated SFN (10 mg/kg) treatment in the OB model and indicates that these benefits may be linked to improved oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20-900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Warzywna 1A, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
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Hu Y, Zhang F, Ikonomovic M, Yang T. The Role of NRF2 in Cerebrovascular Protection: Implications for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3833. [PMID: 38612642 PMCID: PMC11012233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) represents a broad spectrum of cognitive decline secondary to cerebral vascular aging and injury. It is the second most common type of dementia, and the prevalence continues to increase. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is enriched in the cerebral vasculature and has diverse roles in metabolic balance, mitochondrial stabilization, redox balance, and anti-inflammation. In this review, we first briefly introduce cerebrovascular aging in VCID and the NRF2 pathway. We then extensively discuss the effects of NRF2 activation in cerebrovascular components such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and perivascular macrophages. Finally, we summarize the clinical potential of NRF2 activators in VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, PA 15132, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
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Fadoul G, Ikonomovic M, Zhang F, Yang T. The cell-specific roles of Nrf2 in acute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14462. [PMID: 37715557 PMCID: PMC10916447 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the sudden loss of blood flow in a specific area of the brain. It is the fifth leading cause of mortality and the leading cause of permanent disability. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the production of several antioxidants and protective proteins and it has been investigated as a possible pharmaceutical target for reducing harmful oxidative events in brain ischemia. Each cell type exhibits different roles and behaviors in different phases post-stroke, which is comprehensive yet important to understand to optimize management strategies and goals for care for stroke patients. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the protective effects of Nrf2 in experimental ischemic stroke, emphasizing the role of Nrf2 in different cell types including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells during acute and chronic phases of stroke and providing insights on the neuroprotective role of Nrf2 on each cell type throughout the long term of stroke care. We also highlight the importance of targeting Nrf2 in clinical settings while considering a variety of important factors such as age, drug dosage, delivery route, and time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fadoul
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Vita SM, Cruise SC, Gilpin NW, Molina PE. Histological comparison of repeated mild weight drop and lateral fluid percussion injury models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in female and male rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.578177. [PMID: 38352449 PMCID: PMC10862833 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) heterogeneity has led to the development of several preclinical models, each modeling a distinct subset of outcomes. Selection of an injury model should be guided by the research question and the specific outcome measures of interest. Consequently, there is a need for conducting direct comparisons of different TBI models. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to directly compare the outcomes from two common models, lateral fluid percussion (LFP) and repeat mild weight drop (rmWD), on neuropathology in adult female and male Wistar rats. Specifically, we used immunohistochemistry to measure the effects of LFP and rmWD on cerebrovascular and tight junction disruption, inflammatory markers, mature neurons and perineuronal nets in the cortical site of injury, cortex adjacent to injury, dentate gyrus, and the CA2/3 area of the hippocampus. Animals were randomized into either LFP or rmWD groups. The LFP group received a craniotomy prior to LFP (or corresponding sham procedure) three days later, while rmWD animals underwent either weight drop or sham (isoflurane only) on each of those four days. After a recovery period of 7 days, animals were euthanized, and brains were harvested for analysis of RECA-1, claudin-5, GFAP, Iba-1, CD-68, NeuN, and wisteria floribunda lectin. Overall, our observations revealed that the most significant disruptions were evident in response to LFP, followed by craniotomy-only, while rmWD animals showed the least residual changes compared to isoflurane-only controls. These findings support consideration of rmWD as a mild, transient injury. LFP leads to longer-lasting disruptions that are more closely associated with a moderate TBI. We further show that both craniotomy and LFP produced greater disruptions in females relative to males at 7 days post-injury. These findings support the inclusion of a time-matched experimentally-naïve or anesthesia-only control group in preclinical TBI research to enhance the validity of data interpretation and conclusions.
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Murray KE, Ratliff WA, Delic V, Citron BA. Gulf War toxicant-induced reductions in dendritic arbors and spine densities of dentate granule cells are improved by treatment with a Nrf2 activator. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148682. [PMID: 37989436 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multi-symptom disorder affecting approximately 30 % of Veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf from 1990 to 91. GWI encompasses a wide spectrum of symptoms which frequently include neurological problems such as learning and memory impairments, mood disorders, and an increased incidence of neurodegenerative disorders. Combined exposure to both reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors has been identified as a likely risk factor for GWI. It is possible that the exposures affected connectivity in the brain, and it was also unknown whether this could benefit from treatment. We assessed chronic changes in dendritic architecture in granule cells of the dentate gyrus following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB, 0.7 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (CPF, 12.5 mg/kg), and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET, 7.5 mg/kg) in male C57Bl/6J mice. We also evaluated the therapeutic effects of dietary administration for eight weeks of 1 % tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a Nrf2 activator, on long-term neuronal morphology. We found that Gulf War toxicant exposure resulted in reduced dendritic length and branching as well as overall spine density in dentate granule cells at 14 weeks post-exposure and that these effects were ameliorated by treatment with tBHQ. These findings indicate that Gulf War toxicant exposure results in chronic changes to dentate granule cell morphology and that modulation of neuroprotective transcription factors such as Nrf2 may improve long-term neuronal health in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Murray
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research & Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA; School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Whitney A Ratliff
- Research & Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - Vedad Delic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research & Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA; School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research & Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA; School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Smith FM, Kosman DJ. Loss of filamentous actin, tight junction protein expression, and paracellular barrier integrity in frataxin-deficient human brain microvascular endothelial cells-implications for blood-brain barrier physiology in Friedreich's ataxia. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1299201. [PMID: 38274097 PMCID: PMC10808331 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1299201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is the most prevalent inherited ataxia. FRDA results from loss of Frataxin (FXN), an essential mitochondrial iron trafficking protein. FRDA starts with an early burst of neurodegeneration of the dorsal root ganglion and cerebellar dentate nuclei, followed by progressive brain iron accumulation in the latter. End stage disease includes cardiac fibrosis that contributes to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The microvasculature plays an essential barrier role in both brain and heart homeostasis, thus an investigation of this tissue system in FRDA is essential to the delineation of the cellular dysfunction in this genetic disorder. Previous reports have identified cytoskeletal alterations in non-barrier forming FRDA cell models, but physiological consequences are limited. Methods: We investigated brain microvascular endothelial cell integrity in FRDA in a model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have knocked down FXN in immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC), which compose the microcapillaries of the BBB, by using shRNA. We confirmed known cellular pathophysiologies of FXN-knockdown including decreased energy metabolism, markers of oxidative stress, and increased cell size. Results: We investigated cytoskeletal architecture, identifying decreased filamentous actin and Occludin and Claudin-5 tight junction protein expression in shFXN hBMVECs. This was consistent with decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased paracellular tracer flux during early barrier formation. shFXN hBMVEC start with only 67% barrier integrity of the controls, and flux a paracellular tracer at 800% of physiological levels. Discussion: We identified that insufficient FXN levels in the hBMVEC BBB model causes changes in cytoskeletal architecture and tight junction protein abundance, co-incident with increased barrier permeability. Changes in the integrity of the BBB may be related to patient brain iron accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and stroke. Furthermore, our findings implicate other barrier cells, e.g., the cardiac microvasculature, loci of disease pathology in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Smith
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Yuhan L, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. Impact of NQO1 dysregulation in CNS disorders. J Transl Med 2024; 22:4. [PMID: 38167027 PMCID: PMC10762857 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, cellular adaptation to oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes, and tumorigenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). Impairment of the NQO1 activity in the CNS can result in abnormal neurotransmitter release and clearance, increased oxidative stress, and aggravated cellular injury/death. Furthermore, it can cause disturbances in neural circuit function and synaptic neurotransmission. The abnormalities of NQO1 enzyme activity have been linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, and brain malignancy. NQO1 contributes to various dimensions of tumorigenesis and treatment response in various brain tumors. The precise mechanisms through which abnormalities in NQO1 function contribute to these neurological disorders continue to be a subject of ongoing research. Building upon the existing knowledge, the present study reviews current investigations describing the role of NQO1 dysregulations in various neurological disorders. This study emphasizes the potential of NQO1 as a biomarker in diagnostic and prognostic approaches, as well as its suitability as a target for drug development strategies in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuhan
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Münster University, Münster, Germany.
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Li E, Li C, Horn N, Ajuwon KM. Quercetin attenuates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells and weaned piglets. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100122. [PMID: 37720305 PMCID: PMC10500468 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most frequently occurring mycotoxin, in food and feed has been considered a risk factor to both human and animal health. Molecular mechanisms that regulate DON effects in tissues are still poorly understood. However, recent evidence suggests that nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) may be a major target during mycotoxin-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Although quercetin, a plant-derived flavonoid, is known to induce the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway, its potential to mitigate effects of DON and the implication of Nrf2 in its physiological effects is poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of quercetin in alleviating the DON-induced barrier loss and intestinal injuries in IPEC-J2 cells and weaned piglets and determine the potential role of Nrf2. Quercetin treatment dose-dependently increased mRNA expression of Nrf2 target gene, NQO-1, and concomitantly increased the expression of claudin-4 at both mRNA and protein levels. Quercetin supplementation also reversed the reduction of claudin-4 caused by DON exposure in vivo and in vitro. The decreased membrane presence of claudin-4 and ZO-1 induced by DON was also blocked by quercetin. Furthermore, quercetin attenuated the endocytosis and degradation of claudin-4 caused by DON exposure. The effects of quercetin also included the restoration of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and reduction of FITC-dextran permeability that have been perturbed by DON. However, the protective effects of quercetin against DON exposure were abolished by a specific Nrf2 inhibitor (brusatol), confirming the importance of Nrf2 in the regulation of TJP expression and barrier function by quercetin. In vivo study in weaned pigs showed that DON exposure impaired villus-crypt morphology as indicated by diffuse apical villus necrosis, villus atrophy and fusion. Notably, intestinal injuries caused by DON administration were partly mitigated by quercetin supplementation. Collectively, this study shows that quercetin could be used to prevent the DON-induced gut barrier dysfunction in humans and animals and the protective effects of quercetin against DON-induced intestinal barrier disruption is partly through Nrf2-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkai Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan Horn
- United Animal Health, 322 S Main St #1113, Sheridan, IN 46069, USA
| | - Kolapo M. Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Pyun J, Koay H, Runwal P, Mawal C, Bush AI, Pan Y, Donnelly PS, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Cu(ATSM) Increases P-Glycoprotein Expression and Function at the Blood-Brain Barrier in C57BL6/J Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2084. [PMID: 37631298 PMCID: PMC10458578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is critical in preventing brain access to substrate drugs and effluxing amyloid beta (Aβ), a contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strategies to regulate P-gp expression therefore may impact central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery and brain Aβ levels. As we have demonstrated that the copper complex copper diacetyl bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) (Cu(ATSM)) increases P-gp expression and function in human brain endothelial cells, the present study assessed the impact of Cu(ATSM) on expression and function of P-gp in mouse brain endothelial cells (mBECs) and capillaries in vivo, as well as in peripheral organs. Isolated mBECs treated with Cu(ATSM) (100 nM for 24 h) exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in P-gp expression and a 20% reduction in accumulation of the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123. Oral administration of Cu(ATSM) (30 mg/kg/day) for 28 days led to a 1.5 & 1.3-fold increase in brain microvascular and hepatic expression of P-gp, respectively, and a 20% reduction in BBB transport of [3H]-digoxin. A metallomic analysis showed a 3.5 and 19.9-fold increase in Cu levels in brain microvessels and livers of Cu(ATSM)-treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that Cu(ATSM) increases P-gp expression and function at the BBB in vivo, with implications for CNS drug delivery and clearance of Aβ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pyun
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - HuiJing Koay
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia (P.S.D.)
| | - Pranav Runwal
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Celeste Mawal
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.M.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.M.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia (P.S.D.)
| | - Jennifer L. Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
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12
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Buga AM, Padureanu V, Riza AL, Oancea CN, Albu CV, Nica AD. The Gut-Brain Axis as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:1872. [PMID: 37508537 PMCID: PMC10378521 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The CNS is very susceptible to oxidative stress; the gut microbiota plays an important role as a trigger of oxidative damage that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. In the current review, we discuss recent findings on oxidative-stress-related inflammation mediated by the gut-brain axis in multiple sclerosis (MS). Growing evidence suggests targeting gut microbiota can be a promising strategy for MS management. Intricate interaction between multiple factors leads to increased intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity, frequently painting a different picture in vivo from that obtained under controlled conditions. Following an evidence-based approach, all proposed interventions should be validated in clinical trials with cohorts large enough to reach significance. Our review summarizes existing clinical trials focused on identifying suitable interventions, the suitable combinations, and appropriate timings to target microbiota-related oxidative stress. Most studies assessed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS); only a few studies with very limited cohorts were carried out in other MS stages (e.g., secondary progressive MS-SPMS). Future trials must consider an extended time frame, perhaps starting with the perinatal period and lasting until the young adult period, aiming to capture as many complex intersystem interactions as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Buga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Vlad Padureanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca-Lelia Riza
- Laboratory of Human Genomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, Emergency County Hospital Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Nicoleta Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Nica
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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13
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Neuroprotective effects of carnosine in a mice stroke model concerning oxidative stress and inflammatory response. J Neurol Sci 2023; 447:120608. [PMID: 36906993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a natural dipeptide with multiple neuroprotective properties. Previous studies have advertised that carnosine scavenges free radicals and displays anti-inflammatory activity. However, the underlying mechanism and the efficacies of its pleiotropic effect on prevention remained obscure. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammative, and anti-pyroptotic effects of carnosine in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. After a daily pre-treatment of saline or carnosine (1000 mg / kg / day) for 14 days, mice (n = 24) were subjected to tMCAO for 60 min and continuously treated with saline or carnosine for additional 1 and 5 days after reperfusion. The administration of carnosine significantly decreased infarct volume 5 days after the tMCAO (*p < 0.05) and effectively suppressed the expression of 4-HNE, 8-OHdG, Nitrotyrosine 5 days, and RAGE 5 days after tMCAO. Moreover, the expression of IL-1β was also significantly suppressed 5 days after tMCAO. Our present findings demonstrated that carnosine effectively relieves oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke and significantly attenuates neuroinflammatory responses related to IL-1β, suggesting that carnosine can be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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14
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Fock E, Parnova R. Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Protection by Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040657. [PMID: 36831324 PMCID: PMC9954192 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is implicated in the numerous neurological disorders associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and aging. It is now evident that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, butyrate and propionate, produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of the dietary fiber in the intestine, have a key role in the communication between the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system and are critically important for the preservation of the BBB integrity under different pathological conditions. The effect of SCFAs on the improvement of the compromised BBB is mainly based on the decrease in paracellular permeability via restoration of junctional complex proteins affecting their transcription, intercellular localization or proteolytic degradation. This review is focused on the revealed and putative underlying mechanisms of the direct and indirect effects of SCFAs on the improvement of the barrier function of brain endothelial cells. We consider G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated effects of SCFAs, SCFAs-stimulated acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins via inhibition of histone deacetylases, and crosstalk of these signaling pathways with transcriptional factors NF-κB and Nrf2 as mainstream mechanisms of SCFA's effect on the preservation of the BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rimma Parnova
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-552-79-01; Fax: +7-812-552-30-12
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15
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Smith FM, Kosman DJ. Frataxin-deficient human brain microvascular endothelial cells lose polymerized actin and are paracellularly permeable -implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in Friedreich's Ataxia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527936. [PMID: 36798283 PMCID: PMC9934603 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is the most prevalent inherited ataxia; the disease results from loss of Frataxin, an essential mitochondrial iron trafficking protein. FRDA presents as neurodegeneration of the dorsal root ganglion and cerebellar dentate nuclei, followed by brain iron accumulation in the latter. End stage disease includes cardiac fibrosis that contributes to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The microvasculature plays an essential barrier role in both the brain and heart, thus an investigation of this tissue system in FRDA is essential to the delineation of the cellular dysfunction in this genetic disorder. Here, we investigate brain microvascular endothelial cell integrity in FRDA in a model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Methods We used lentiviral mediated shRNA delivery to generate a novel FRDA model in immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC) that compose the microcapillaries of the BBB. We verified known cellular pathophysiologies of FXN knockdown including increased oxidative stress, loss of energy metabolism, and increased cell size. Furthermore, we investigated cytoskeletal architecture including the abundance and organization of filamentous actin, and barrier physiology via transendothelial electrical resistance and fluorescent tracer flux. Results shFXN hBMVEC display the known FRDA cell morbidity including increased oxidative stress, decreased energy metabolism, and an increase in cell size. We demonstrate that shFXN hBMVEC have less overall filamentous actin, and that filamentous actin is lost at the cell membrane and cortical actin ring. Consistent with loss of cytoskeletal structure and anchorage, we found decreased barrier strength and increased paracellular tracer flux in the shFXN hBMVEC transwell model. Conclusion We identified that insufficient FXN levels in the hBMVEC BBB model causes changes in cytoskeletal architecture and increased barrier permeability, cell pathologies that may be related to patient brain iron accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and stroke. Our findings implicate other barrier cells, e.g., the cardiac microvasculature, likely contributory also to disease pathology in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New York at Buffalo
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16
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Shahlaei M, Saeidifar M, Zamanian A. Sustained release of sulforaphane by bioactive extracellular vesicles for neuroprotective effect on chick model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2636-2648. [PMID: 35785470 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel studies have shown neurological treatment possibilities with extracellular vesicles (EVs) as natural particles with a special composition that are produced by different cell types. Their stability, natural structure, composition, and bioavailability make them good candidates as drug vehicles. Here, EVs were isolated from amniotic fluid (AF) through differential centrifugation, and characterized for size (<200 nm), structure, and composition, their effectiveness on the human PC12 cell line, and brain of chick embryos exposed to sodium valproate (animal autistic model). Sulforaphane (SFN) was employed as a bioactive compound and then encapsulated into Evs using three methods including passive (incubation), active (sonication), and active-passive (sonication-incubation). Further, the loading and in vitro releases of SFN fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas (R2 = 0.99) kinetic model by non-Fickian diffusion case II (n = 0.44, passive loading) and Fickian diffusion case I (n = 0.41, active and active-passive loading). SFN-loaded EVs (SFN@EVs; 11 μM: 103 nM) stimulated hPC-12 cell proliferation. The gene expression analysis revealed that SFN@EVs could upregulate Nrf2 and reduce IL-6 expression. Eventually, histopathological results of the coronal cross-section of the chick embryos brain showed treatment with SFN@EVs. This treatment illustrated normality in the gray and white matter and the orientation of the bipolar neurons. Our findings showed EVs' potentially acting as a gene expression regulator in autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shahlaei
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Centre, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Saeidifar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Centre, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Zamanian
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Centre, Karaj, Iran
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17
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Chai AB, Callaghan R, Gelissen IC. Regulation of P-Glycoprotein in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314667. [PMID: 36498995 PMCID: PMC9740459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the tightly regulated homeostatic environment of the brain is facilitated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter, is expressed on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells in the BBB, and actively exports a wide variety of substrates to limit exposure of the vulnerable brain environment to waste buildup and neurotoxic compounds. Downregulation of P-gp expression and activity at the BBB have been reported with ageing and in neurodegenerative diseases. Upregulation of P-gp at the BBB contributes to poor therapeutic outcomes due to altered pharmacokinetics of CNS-acting drugs. The regulation of P-gp is highly complex, but unravelling the mechanisms involved may help the development of novel and nuanced strategies to modulate P-gp expression for therapeutic benefit. This review summarises the current understanding of P-gp regulation in the brain, encompassing the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms that have been identified to affect P-gp expression and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ingrid C. Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8627-0357
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18
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Tregub PP, Averchuk AS, Baranich TI, Ryazanova MV, Salmina AB. Physiological and Pathological Remodeling of Cerebral Microvessels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012683. [PMID: 36293539 PMCID: PMC9603917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the remodeling of cerebral microvessels plays an important role in plastic changes in the brain associated with development, experience, learning, and memory consolidation. At the same time, abnormal neoangiogenesis, and deregulated regulation of microvascular regression, or pruning, could contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, stroke, and neurodegeneration. Aberrant remodeling of microvesselsis associated with blood-brain barrier breakdown, development of neuroinflammation, inadequate microcirculation in active brain regions, and leads to the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and progressive neurological deficits. In this review, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of blood vessel regression and pruning in brain plasticity and in Alzheimer's-type neurodegeneration. We discuss some novel approaches to modulating cerebral remodeling and preventing degeneration-coupled aberrant microvascular activity in chronic neurodegeneration.
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19
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Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42-16-00-00
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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20
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Satyam SM, Bairy LK. Neuronutraceuticals Combating Neuroinflammaging: Molecular Insights and Translational Challenges—A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153029. [PMID: 35893883 PMCID: PMC9330442 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathologies, such as neuroinflammaging, have arisen as a serious concern for preserving the quality of life due to the global increase in neurodegenerative illnesses. Nowadays, neuronutraceuticals have gained remarkable attention. It is necessary to investigate the bioavailability, off-target effects, and mechanism of action of neuronutraceuticals. To comprehend the comprehensive impact on brain health, well-designed randomized controlled trials testing combinations of neuronutraceuticals are also necessary. Although there is a translational gap between basic and clinical research, the present knowledge of the molecular perspectives of neuroinflammaging and neuronutraceuticals may be able to slow down brain aging and to enhance cognitive performance. The present review also highlights the key emergent issues, such as regulatory and scientific concerns of neuronutraceuticals, including bioavailability, formulation, blood–brain permeability, safety, and efficacy.
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22
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Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112228. [PMID: 35684025 PMCID: PMC9183194 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A wide range of natural compounds has been investigated because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The citrus flavonoid hesperetin (HPT), an aglycone of hesperidin found in oranges, mandarins, and lemons, has been extensively reported to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurogenerative diseases. This review has compiled multiple studies on HPT in both in vivo and in vitro models to study neurodegeneration. We focused on the modulatory effects of hesperetin on the release of cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mediators. Additionally, this review discusses the hesperetin effect in maintaining the levels of microRNA (miRNA) and modulating autophagy as it relates to hesperetin’s protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Moreover, this review is focused on providing experimental data for hesperetin’s potential as a neuroprotective compound and discusses reported evidence that HPT crosses the blood–brain barrier. In summary, this review shows the evidence available in the literature to indicate the efficacy of hesperetin in delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.
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23
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Fakhri S, Piri S, Moradi SZ, Khan H. Phytochemicals Targeting Oxidative Stress, Interconnected Neuroinflammatory, and Neuroapoptotic Pathways Following Radiation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:836-856. [PMID: 34370636 PMCID: PMC9881105 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210809103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation for therapeutic purposes has shown positive effects in different contexts; however, it can increase the risk of many age-related and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). These different outcomes highlight a dose-response phenomenon called hormesis. Prevailing studies indicate that high doses of radiation could play several destructive roles in triggering oxidative stress, neuroapoptosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in combating radiation-induced neurodegeneration, and the present drugs suffer from some drawbacks, including side effects and drug resistance. Among natural entities, polyphenols are suggested as multi-target agents affecting the dysregulated pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. This review discusses the destructive effects of radiation on the induction of neurodegenerative diseases by dysregulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. We also describe the promising effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals in preventing and treating radiation-induced neurodegenerative disorders, aiming to find novel/potential therapeutic compounds against such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
| | - Sana Piri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
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Targeting Nrf2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1015791. [PMID: 35419162 PMCID: PMC9001080 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1015791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), known as mechanical damage to the brain, impairs the normal function of the brain seriously. Its clinical symptoms manifest as behavioral impairment, cognitive decline, communication difficulties, etc. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI are complex and involve inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and so on. Among them, oxidative stress, one of the important mechanisms, occurs at the beginning and accompanies the whole process of TBI. Most importantly, excessive oxidative stress causes BBB disruption and brings injury to lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to the generation of lipid peroxidation, damage of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response. Transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a basic leucine zipper protein, plays an important role in the regulation of antioxidant proteins, such as oxygenase-1(HO-1), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), to protect against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Recently, emerging evidence indicated the knockout (KO) of Nrf2 aggravates the pathology of TBI, while the treatment of Nrf2 activators inhibits neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammatory responses via reducing oxidative damage. Phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, grains, and other medical herbs have been demonstrated to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and exert neuroprotective effects in TBI. In this review, we emphasized the contributive role of oxidative stress in the pathology of TBI and the protective mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for the treatment of TBI. In addition, we summarized the research advances of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenoids, natural pigments, and otherwise, in the activation of Nrf2 signaling and their potential therapies for TBI. Although there is still limited clinical application evidence for these natural Nrf2 activators, we believe that the combinational use of phytochemicals such as Nrf2 activators with gene and stem cell therapy will be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI in the future.
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25
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Qian X, Zhang C, Zhou Z, Cao X, Zhang C, Chen T, Wang Y. Controlled decompression attenuates brain damage in a rat model of epidural extreme intracranial hypertension: Partially via inhibiting necroptosis and inflammatory response. Neurochem Int 2021; 153:105257. [PMID: 34952103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial hypertension (IH) remains a common symptom of neurological diseases, and requires stepwise treatments to release intracranial pressure (ICP). In the present study, we built a rat model of epidural extreme intracranial hypertension (EEIH) and verified the effectiveness of a surgery method called controlled decompression on attenuating brain injury induced by EEIH. For the model part, we determined the level of EEIH of rats via recording ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and the variation tendency of survival rates, mean blood artery pressure and mean velocity (Vm) of left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) as ICP ascending. SD rats were assigned into 4 groups: Sham group, Controlled decompression group (Con group), Rapid decompression group (Rap group) and Rapid decompression + Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) group (Rap+Nec-1 group). The results suggested that controlled decompression lowered cerebral water content, improved neurological function, and attenuated EEIH-induced inflammation response and ROS generation to a greater extent than rapid decompression. Meanwhile, controlled decompression functioned to preserve more Nissl bodies, indicating alleviated neuron injury after EEIH. Additionally, the permeability of blood brain barrier (BBB) was also safeguarded in the Con group. Western blotting (WB) and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rt-PCR) assays consistently determined lower protein and mRNA levels of necroptosis-related molecules receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) (WB only) in the Con and Rap+Nec-1 group. Double immunofluorescent staining found weaker fluorescence intensity of RIPK3 in the compressed cortex of the Con and Rap+Nec-1 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Zhaopeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China.
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China.
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26
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Fan XD, Yao MJ, Yang B, Han X, Zhang YH, Wang GR, Li P, Xu L, Liu JX. Chinese Herbal Preparation SaiLuoTong Alleviates Brain Ischemia via Nrf2 Antioxidation Pathway-Dependent Cerebral Microvascular Protection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748568. [PMID: 34795584 PMCID: PMC8593255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide. The Chinese herbal preparation SaiLuoTong (SLT) capsule showed outstanding therapeutic effects on stroke and its sequelae. The aim of this study was to further elucidate its therapeutic mechanism. We duplicated a permanent cerebral ischemia model in rats by MCAO and used SLT (33 and 16.5 mg/kg) to intervene. The results showed SLT dose dependently decreased infarction volumes, relieved neuron degeneration and loss, and ameliorated neurological functions, and the dose of 33 mg/kg had statistical significance (compared with the model group, p < 0.05); SLT of 33 mg/kg also significantly inhibited the elevation in brain water content and the loss in claudin-1 and occludin expressions; additionally, it significantly increased nucleus translocation of Nrf2, elevated the expression of HO-1, and raised the activity of SOD and content of GSH (compared with the model group, p < 0.05 or 0.01). These results testified SLT’s anti-brain ischemia effect and hint this effect may be related to the protection of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that is dependent on the Nrf2 pathway. To further testify, we cultured hCMEC/D3 cells, duplicated OGD/R model to simulate ischemia, and used SLT (3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/L) to treat. SLT dose dependently and significantly inhibited the drop in cell viabilities, and activated the Nrf2 pathway by facilitating Nrf2 nucleus translocation, and increasing HO-1 expression, SOD activity, and GSH content (compared with the model group, p < 0.05 or 0.01); last, the anti-OGD/R effects of SLT, including raising cell viabilities, inhibiting the elevation in dextran permeability, and preserving expressions of claudin-1 and occludin, were all abolished by Nrf2 siRNA interference. The in vitro experiment undoubtedly confirmed the direct protective effect of SLT on BMECs and the obligatory role of the Nrf2 pathway in it. Collectively, data of this study suggest that SLT’s therapeutic effect on brain ischemia is related to its Nrf2-dependent BMECs protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Yao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Department of Pathology, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Rui Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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27
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Mu X, Wang J, He H, Li Q, Yang B, Wang J, Liu H, Gao Y, Ouyang L, Sun S, Ren Q, Shi X, Hao W, Fei Q, Yang J, Li L, Vest R, Wyss-Coray T, Luo J, Zhang XD. An oligomeric semiconducting nanozyme with ultrafast electron transfers alleviates acute brain injury. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk1210. [PMID: 34757781 PMCID: PMC8580303 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial enzymes have attracted wide interest in disease diagnosis and biotechnology due to high stability, easy synthesis, and cost effectiveness. Unfortunately, their catalytic rate is limited to surface electron transfer, affecting the catalytic and biological activity. Here, we report an oligomeric nanozyme (O-NZ) with ultrafast electron transfer, achieving ultrahigh catalytic activity. O-NZ shows electron transfer of 1.8 nanoseconds in internal cores and 1.2 picoseconds between core and ligand molecule, leading to ultrahigh superoxidase dismutase–like and glutathione peroxidase–like activity (comparable with natural enzyme, Michaelis constant = 0.87 millimolars). Excitingly, O-NZ can improve the 1-month survival rate of mice with acute brain trauma from 50 to 90% and promote the recovery of long-term neurocognition. Biochemical experiments show that O-NZ can decrease harmful peroxide and superoxide via in vivo catalytic chain reaction and reduce acute neuroinflammation via nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2–mediated up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haile Liu
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lufei Ouyang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinjuan Ren
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinjian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Wenting Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiaoman Fei
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lulin Li
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ryan Vest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding author.
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28
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Archie SR, Al Shoyaib A, Cucullo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111779. [PMID: 34834200 PMCID: PMC8622070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system (CNS). Its functional and structural integrity is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment by controlling the passage of substances and regulating the trafficking of immune cells between the blood and the brain. The BBB is primarily composed of highly specialized microvascular endothelial cells. These cells’ special features and physiological properties are acquired and maintained through the concerted effort of hemodynamic and cellular cues from the surrounding environment. This complex multicellular system, comprising endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons, is known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). The BBB strictly controls the transport of nutrients and metabolites into brain parenchyma through a tightly regulated transport system while limiting the access of potentially harmful substances via efflux transcytosis and metabolic mechanisms. Not surprisingly, a disruption of the BBB has been associated with the onset and/or progression of major neurological disorders. Although the association between disease and BBB disruption is clear, its nature is not always evident, specifically with regard to whether an impaired BBB function results from the pathological condition or whether the BBB damage is the primary pathogenic factor prodromal to the onset of the disease. In either case, repairing the barrier could be a viable option for treating and/or reducing the effects of CNS disorders. In this review, we describe the fundamental structure and function of the BBB in both healthy and altered/diseased conditions. Additionally, we provide an overview of the potential therapeutic targets that could be leveraged to restore the integrity of the BBB concomitant to the treatment of these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3884; Fax: +1-248-370-4060
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29
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Kyyriäinen J, Kajevu N, Bañuelos I, Lara L, Lipponen A, Balosso S, Hämäläinen E, Das Gupta S, Puhakka N, Natunen T, Ravizza T, Vezzani A, Hiltunen M, Pitkänen A. Targeting Oxidative Stress with Antioxidant Duotherapy after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10555. [PMID: 34638900 PMCID: PMC8508668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effect of antioxidant therapy using the Food and Drug Administration-approved respiratory drug N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or sulforaphane (SFN) as monotherapies or duotherapy in vitro in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures and validated the results in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. As in vitro measures, we assessed neuronal viability by microtubule-associated-protein 2 immunostaining, neuroinflammation by monitoring tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels, and neurotoxicity by measuring nitrite levels. In vitro, duotherapy with NAC and SFN reduced nitrite levels to 40% (p < 0.001) and neuroinflammation to -29% (p < 0.001) compared with untreated culture. The treatment also improved neuronal viability up to 72% of that in a positive control (p < 0.001). The effect of NAC was negligible, however, compared with SFN. In vivo, antioxidant duotherapy slightly improved performance in the beam walking test. Interestingly, duotherapy treatment decreased the plasma interleukin-6 and TNF levels in sham-operated controls (p < 0.05). After TBI, no treatment effect on HMGB1 or plasma cytokine levels was detected. Also, no treatment effects on the composite neuroscore or cortical lesion area were detected. The robust favorable effect of duotherapy on neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures translated to modest favorable in vivo effects in a severe TBI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Natallie Kajevu
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivette Bañuelos
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Leonardo Lara
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (N.K.); (I.B.); (L.L.); (A.L.); (E.H.); (S.D.G.); (N.P.)
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30
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Bodnar CN, Watson JB, Higgins EK, Quan N, Bachstetter AD. Inflammatory Regulation of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Tale Directed by Interleukin-1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688254. [PMID: 34093593 PMCID: PMC8176952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several barriers separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the rest of the body. These barriers are essential for regulating the movement of fluid, ions, molecules, and immune cells into and out of the brain parenchyma. Each CNS barrier is unique and highly dynamic. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and other cellular constituents each have intricate functions that are essential to sustain the brain's health. Along with damaging neurons, a traumatic brain injury (TBI) also directly insults the CNS barrier-forming cells. Disruption to the barriers first occurs by physical damage to the cells, called the primary injury. Subsequently, during the secondary injury cascade, a further array of molecular and biochemical changes occurs at the barriers. These changes are focused on rebuilding and remodeling, as well as movement of immune cells and waste into and out of the brain. Secondary injury cascades further damage the CNS barriers. Inflammation is central to healthy remodeling of CNS barriers. However, inflammation, as a secondary pathology, also plays a role in the chronic disruption of the barriers' functions after TBI. The goal of this paper is to review the different barriers of the brain, including (1) the blood-brain barrier, (2) the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, (3) the meningeal barrier, (4) the blood-retina barrier, and (5) the brain-lesion border. We then detail the changes at these barriers due to both primary and secondary injury following TBI and indicate areas open for future research and discoveries. Finally, we describe the unique function of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 as a central actor in the inflammatory regulation of CNS barrier function and dysfunction after a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James B. Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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31
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Huang Z, Ng TK, Chen W, Sun X, Huang D, Zheng D, Yi J, Xu Y, Zhuang X, Chen S. Nattokinase Attenuates Retinal Neovascularization Via Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Glial Activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:25. [PMID: 34036312 PMCID: PMC8164371 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nattokinase (NK), an active ingredient extracted from traditional food Natto, has been studied for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to various vasoprotective effects, including fibrinolytic, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we reported an antineovascular effect of NK against experimental retinal neovascularization. METHODS The inhibitory effect of NK against retinal neovascularization was evaluated using an oxygen-induced retinopathy murine model. Expressions of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and glial activation in the NK-treated retinae were measured. We also investigated cell proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after NK administration. RESULTS NK treatment significantly attenuated retinal neovascularization in the OIR retinae. Consistently, NK suppressed VEGF-induced cell proliferation and migration in a concentration-dependent manner in cultured vascular endothelial cells. NK ameliorated ischemic retinopathy partially via activating Nrf2/HO-1. In addition, NK orchestrated reactive gliosis and promoted microglial activation toward a reparative phenotype in ischemic retina. Treatment of NK exhibited no cell toxicity or anti-angiogenic effects in the normal retina. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the anti-angiogenic effect of NK against retinal neovascularization via modulating Nrf2/HO-1, glial activation and neuroinflammation, suggesting a promising alternative treatment strategy for retinal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dingguo Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingsheng Yi
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Zhuang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wang B, Kulikowicz E, Lee JK, Koehler RC, Yang ZJ. Sulforaphane Protects Piglet Brains from Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. Dev Neurosci 2020; 42:124-134. [PMID: 33302269 DOI: 10.1159/000511888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatal, primary sensorimotor cortical, and thalamic neurons are highly vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in term newborns. In a piglet model of HI that exhibits similar selective regional vulnerability, we tested the hypothesis that early treatment with sulforaphane, an activator of the Nrf2 transcription factor, protects vulnerable neurons from HI injury. Anesthetized piglets (aged 3-7 days) were subjected to 45 min of hypoxia and 7 min of airway occlusion. At 15 min after resuscitation, the piglets received intravenous vehicle or sulforaphane. At 4 days of recovery, the density of viable neurons in the putamen of vehicle-treated piglets was 31 ± 34% (±SD) that of sham-operated controls. Treatment with sulforaphane significantly increased viability to 77 ± 31%. In the sensorimotor cortex, neuronal viability was also increased; it was 59 ± 35% in the vehicle-treated and 89 ± 15% in the sulforaphane-treated animals. Treatment with sulforaphane increased the nuclear Nrf2 and γ-glu-tamylcysteine synthetase expression at 6 h of recovery in these regions. We conclude that systemic administration of sulforaphane 15 min after HI can induce the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, increase expression of an enzyme involved in glutathione synthesis, and salvage neurons in the highly vulnerable putamen and sensorimotor cortex in a large-animal model of HI. Therefore, targeting Nrf2 activation soon after recovery from HI is a feasible approach for neuroprotection in the newborn brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ewa Kulikowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zeng-Jin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
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Bicker J, Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Nose-to-brain Delivery of Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:594-619. [PMID: 31939728 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several natural compounds have demonstrated potential for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic cerebrovascular disease, glioblastoma, neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis and migraine. This is due to their well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-tumor, anti-ischemic and analgesic properties. Nevertheless, many of these molecules have poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and extensive gastrointestinal and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to a quick elimination as well as low serum and tissue concentrations. Thus, the intranasal route emerged as a viable alternative to oral or parenteral administration, by enabling a direct transport into the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. With this approach, the blood-brain barrier is circumvented and peripheral exposure is reduced, thereby minimizing possible adverse effects. OBJECTIVE Herein, brain-targeting strategies for nose-to-brain delivery of natural compounds, including flavonoids, cannabinoids, essential oils and terpenes, will be reviewed and discussed. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetics of these molecules will be analyzed and related to their physicochemical characteristics and formulation properties. CONCLUSION Natural compounds constitute relevant alternatives for the treatment of brain diseases but often require loading into nanocarrier systems to reach the central nervous system in sufficient concentrations. Future challenges lie in a deeper characterization of their therapeutic mechanisms and in the development of effective, safe and brain-targeted delivery systems for their intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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Yang T, Zhang F. Targeting Transcription Factor Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) for the Intervention of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:97-116. [PMID: 33054394 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is an age-related, mild to severe mental disability due to a broad panel of cerebrovascular disorders. Its pathobiology involves neurovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter damage, microRNAs, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota alterations, etc. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is the master regulator of redox status and controls the transcription of a panel of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory genes. By interacting with NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), Nrf2 also fine-tunes the cellular oxidative and inflammatory balance. Aging is associated with Nrf2 dysfunction, and increasing evidence has proved the role of Nrf2 in mitigating the VCID process. Based on VCID pathobiologies and Nrf2 studies from VCID and other brain diseases, we point out several hypothetical Nrf2 targets for VCID management, including restoration of endothelial function and neurovascular coupling, preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity, reduction of amyloidopathy, promoting white matter integrity, and mitigating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Collectively, the Nrf2 pathway could be a promising direction for future VCID research. Targeting Nrf2 would shed light on VCID managing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Ekstrand B, Scheers N, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Ross AB, Landberg R. Brain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:693-708. [PMID: 32989449 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, including diet. Food and nutrition, essential in maintenance of brain performance, also aid in prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Both the overall composition of the human diet and specific dietary components have been shown to have an impact on brain function in various experimental models and epidemiological studies. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of diet in 5 key areas of brain function related to mental health and performance, including: (1) brain development, (2) signaling networks and neurotransmitters in the brain, (3) cognition and memory, (4) the balance between protein formation and degradation, and (5) deteriorative effects due to chronic inflammatory processes. Finally, the role of diet in epigenetic regulation of brain physiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ekstrand
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Scheers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Liu ZH, Chen NY, Tu PH, Wu CT, Chiu SC, Huang YC, Lim SN, Yip PK. DHA Attenuates Cerebral Edema Following Traumatic Brain Injury via the Reduction in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176291. [PMID: 32878052 PMCID: PMC7503959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) could result in edema and cause an increase in intracranial pressure of the brain resulting in mortality and morbidity. Although there is hyperosmolarity therapy available for this pathophysiological event, it remains controversial. Recently, several groups have shown docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to improve functional and histological outcomes following brain injury based on reduction of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. However, the effect of DHA on blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after brain injury has not been fully studied. Here, a controlled cortical impact rat model was used to test the effect of a single dose of DHA administered 30 min post injury. Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and forelimb asymmetry were used to determine the functional outcomes. Neuroimaging and histology were used to characterize the edema and BBB dysfunction. The study showed that DHA-treated TBI rats had better mNSS and forelimb asymmetry score than vehicle-treated TBI rats. Temporal analysis of edema using MRI revealed a significant reduction in edema level with DHA treatment compared to vehicle in TBI rats. Histological analysis using immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation showed that there was less extravasation, which corresponded with a reduction in aquaporin 4 and astrocytic metalloprotease 9 expression, and greater endothelial occludin expression in the peri-contusional site of the TBI rat brain treated with DHA in comparison to vehicle treatment. In conclusion, the study shows that DHA can exert its functional improvement by prevention of the edema formation via prevention of BBB dysfunction after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-H.L.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Nan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Po-hsun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Shao-Chieh Chiu
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: (Z.-H.L.); (P.K.Y.)
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Mou Y, Wen S, Li YX, Gao XX, Zhang X, Jiang ZY. Recent progress in Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112532. [PMID: 32668381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its main regulator, Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1 (Keap1) has been emerged as a feasible way to combat oxidative stress related diseases, due to the key role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress regulation. In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop potent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors with new chemical structures. Various molecules with diverse chemical structures have been reported and some compounds exhibit high potency. This review summarizes peptide and small molecule Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors reported recently. We also highlight the pharmacological effects and discuss the possible therapeutic application of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin-Xing Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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He P, Talukder MAH, Gao F. Oxidative Stress and Microvessel Barrier Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32536875 PMCID: PMC7268512 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that increased vascular permeability contributes to many disease-associated vascular complications. Oxidative stress with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions, including inflammation and many cardiovascular diseases. It is thus important to identify the role of ROS and their mechanistic significance in microvessel barrier dysfunction under pathological conditions. The role of specific ROS and their cross talk in pathological processes is complex. The mechanisms of ROS-induced increases in vascular permeability remain poorly understood. The sources of ROS in diseases have been extensively reviewed at enzyme levels. This review will instead focus on the underlying mechanisms of ROS release by leukocytes, the differentiate effects and signaling mechanisms of individual ROS on endothelial cells, pericytes and microvessel barrier function, as well as the interplay of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and nitrogen species in ROS-mediated vascular barrier dysfunction. As a counter balance of excessive ROS, nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-sensitive cell-protective transcription factor, will be highlighted as a potential therapeutic target for antioxidant defenses. The advantages and limitations of different experimental approaches used for the study of ROS-induced endothelial barrier function are also discussed. This article will outline the advances emerged mainly from in vivo and ex vivo studies and attempt to consolidate some of the opposing views in the field, and hence provide a better understanding of ROS-mediated microvessel barrier dysfunction and benefit the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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Eser Ocak P, Ocak U, Sherchan P, Gamdzyk M, Tang J, Zhang JH. Overexpression of Mfsd2a attenuates blood brain barrier dysfunction via Cav-1/Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113203. [PMID: 31954682 PMCID: PMC7038791 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent cerebral edema formation is one of the major adverse effects of brain surgery, leading to postoperative neurological dysfunction. Recently, Mfsd2a has been shown to have a crucial role for the maintenance of BBB functions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of Mfsd2a on BBB disruption following surgical brain injury (SBI) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to SBI by partial resection of the right frontal lobe. To evaluate the effect of Mfsd2a on BBB permeability and neurobehavior outcome following SBI, Mfsd2a was either overexpressed or downregulated in the brain by administering Mfsd2a CRISPR activation or knockout plasmids, respectively. The potential mechanism of Mfsd2a-mediated BBB protection through the cav-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway was evaluated. RESULTS Mfsd2a levels were significantly decreased while cav-1, Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels were increased in the right frontal perisurgical area following SBI. When overexpressed, Mfsd2a attenuated brain edema and abolished neurologic impairment caused by SBI while downregulation of Mfsd2a expression further deteriorated BBB functions and worsened neurologic performance following SBI. The beneficial effect of Mfsd2a overexpression on BBB functions was associated with diminished expression of cav-1, increased Keap-1/Nrf-2 dissociation and further augmented levels of Nrf-2 and HO-1 in the right frontal perisurgical area, leading to enhanced levels of tight junction proteins following SBI. The BBB protective effect of Mfsd2a was blocked by selective inhibitors of Nrf-2 and HO-1. CONCLUSIONS Mfsd2a attenuates BBB disruption through cav-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway in rats subjected to experimental SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Eser Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa 16120, Turkey
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa 16310, Turkey; Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, Bursa 16110, Turkey
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Geng W, Long SL, Chang YJ, Saxton AM, Joyce SA, Lin J. Evaluation of bile salt hydrolase inhibitor efficacy for modulating host bile profile and physiology using a chicken model system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4941. [PMID: 32188876 PMCID: PMC7080769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial enzymes, bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) are the gateway enzymes for bile acid (BA) modification in the gut. This activity is a promising target for developing innovative non-antibiotic growth promoters to enhance animal production and health. Compelling evidence has shown that inhibition of BSH activity should enhance weight gain by altering the BA pool, host signalling and lipid metabolism. We recently identified a panel of promising BSH inhibitors. Here, we address the potential of them as alternative, effective, non-antibiotic feed additives, for commercial application, to promote animal growth using a chicken model. In this study, the in vivo efficacy of three BSH inhibitors (caffeic acid phenethylester, riboflavin, carnosic acid) were evaluated. 7-day old chicks (10 birds/group) were either untreated or they received one of the specific BSH inhibitors (25 mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage for 17 days. The chicks in treatment groups consistently displayed higher body weight gain than the untreated chicks. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that BSH inhibitor treatment led to significant changes in both circulating and intestinal BA signatures in support of blunted intestinal BSH activity. Consistent with this finding, liver and intestinal tissue RNA-Seq analysis showed that carnosic acid treatment significantly altered expression of genes involved in lipid and bile acid metabolism. Taken together, this study validates microbial BSH activity inhibition as an alternative target and strategy to antibiotic treatment for animal growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Geng
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506, River Drive, Knoxville, USA
| | - Sarah L Long
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- Department of High Performance Computing and Research, University of Rutgers, Newark, USA
| | - Arnold M Saxton
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506, River Drive, Knoxville, USA
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, 2506, River Drive, Knoxville, USA.
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Uddin MS, Mamun AA, Jakaria M, Thangapandiyan S, Ahmad J, Rahman MA, Mathew B, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L. Emerging promise of sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 signaling cascade against neurological disorders. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135624. [PMID: 31784171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a great challenge and are the leading cause of death and disability globally. Although numerous complicated mechanisms are involved in the progressions of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders, most of the diseases share mutual pathogenic features such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, excitotoxicity, and neuronal damage, all of these are the common targets of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade. No cure has yet been discovered to tackle these disorders, so, intervention approaches targeting phytochemicals have been recommended as an alternative form of treatment. Sulforaphane is a sulfur-rich dietary phytochemical which has several activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor via multiple targets and various mechanisms. Given its numerous actions, sulforaphane has drawn considerable attention for neurological disorders in recent years. Nrf2 is one of the most crucial targets of sulforaphane which has potential in regulating the series of cytoprotective enzyme expressions that have neuroprotective, antioxidative, and detoxification actions. Neurological disorders are auspicious candidates for Nrf2-targeted treatment strategy. Sulforaphane protects various neurological disorders by regulating the Nrf2 pathway. In this article, we recapitulate current studies of sulforaphane-mediated Nrf2 activation in the treatment of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France.
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Wang G, Han B, Shen L, Wu S, Yang L, Liao J, Wu F, Li M, Leng S, Zang F, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Mao Y, Chen B, Yao H. Silencing of circular RNA HIPK2 in neural stem cells enhances functional recovery following ischaemic stroke. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102660. [PMID: 32062357 PMCID: PMC7016383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to be involved in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and to have a close connection with neuronal development. However, the role of circRNAs in neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and the treatment of ischaemic stroke remains unknown. Methods Ischaemic stroke was induced in mice using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). NSCs were transducted with circHIPK2 siRNA (si-circHIPK2-NSCs) or vehicle control (si-circCon-NSCs) and microinjected into lateral ventricle of brain at 7 d post-tMCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect brain damage, and functional deficits were evaluated with sensorimotor behavioural tests. The distribution of the transplanted NSCs was investigated by near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIF) and immunofluorescence. The neural plasticity of si-circHIPK2-NSCs was verified by western blot and immunofluorescence in vivo and in vitro. Findings We investigated the role of circHIPK2 in NCS differentiation. In vitro, silencing of circHIPK2 facilitated NSCs directionally differentiated to neurons but had no effect on the differentiation to astrocytes. In vivo, microinjected NSCs could migrate to the ischaemic hemisphere after stroke induction. Si-circHIPK2-NSCs increased neuronal plasticity in the ischaemic brain, conferred long-lasting neuroprotection, and significantly reduced functional deficits. Interpretations Si-circHIPK2 regulates NSC differentiation, and microinjection of si-circHIPK2-NSCs exhibits a promising therapeutic strategy to neuroprotection and functional recovery after stroke. Funding The National Key Research and Development Program of China; the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China; the National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Jiangsu Innovation & Entrepreneurship Team Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiefeng Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuo Leng
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengchao Zang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Materials Science and Devices Institute, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Co-innovation Centre of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Leichtle SW, Sarma AK, Strein M, Yajnik V, Rivet D, Sima A, Brophy GM. High-Dose Intravenous Ascorbic Acid: Ready for Prime Time in Traumatic Brain Injury? Neurocrit Care 2020; 32:333-339. [PMID: 31440996 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading public health problems in the USA and worldwide. It is the number one cause of death and disability in children and adults between ages 1-44. Despite efforts to prevent TBIs, the incidence continues to rise. Secondary brain injury occurs in the first hours and days after the initial impact and is the most effective target for intervention. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathomechanism of TBI and are exacerbated by impaired endogenous defense mechanisms, including depletion of antioxidants. As a reducing agent, free radical scavenger, and co-factor in numerous biosynthetic reactions, ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) is an essential nutrient that rapidly becomes depleted in states of critical illness. The administration of high-dose intravenous (IV) AA has demonstrated benefits in numerous preclinical models in the areas of trauma, critical care, wound healing, and hematology. A safe and inexpensive treatment, high-dose IV AA administration gained recent attention in studies demonstrating an associated mortality reduction in septic shock patients. High-quality data on the effects of high-dose IV AA on TBI are lacking. Historic data in a small number of patients demonstrate acute and profound AA deficiency in patients with central nervous system pathology, particularly TBI, and a strong correlation between low AA concentrations and poor outcomes. While replenishing deficient AA stores in TBI patients should improve the brain's ability to tolerate oxidative stress, high-dose IV AA may prove an effective strategy to prevent or mitigate secondary brain injury due to its ability to impede lipid peroxidation, scavenge reactive oxygen species, suppress inflammatory mediators, stabilize the endothelium, and reduce brain edema. The existing preclinical data and limited clinical data suggest that high-dose IV AA may be effective in lowering oxidative stress and decreasing cerebral edema. Whether this translates into improved clinical outcomes will depend on identifying the ideal target patient population and possible treatment combinations, factors that need to be evaluated in future clinical studies. With its excellent safety profile and low cost, high-dose IV AA is ready to be evaluated in the early treatment of TBI patients to mitigate secondary brain injury and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Leichtle
- Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA.
| | - Anand K Sarma
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Micheal Strein
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, USA
| | - Vishal Yajnik
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Dennis Rivet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Adam Sima
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Gretchen M Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
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Brandes MS, Gray NE. NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091419899782. [PMID: 31964153 PMCID: PMC6977098 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419899782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions including among others Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Friedrich’s ataxia, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. The endogenous antioxidant response pathway protects cells from oxidative stress by increasing the expression of cytoprotective enzymes and is regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). In addition to regulating the expression of antioxidant genes, NRF2 has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and modulate both mitochondrial function and biogenesis. This is because mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are features of many neurodegenerative diseases as well NRF2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Here, we review evidence for a beneficial role of NRF2 in neurodegenerative conditions and the potential of specific NRF2 activators as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikah S. Brandes
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nora E. Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 following traumatic brain injury in the human brain. Neuroreport 2019; 30:344-349. [PMID: 30724850 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secondary brain injury imposes great effects on the prognosis of patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Accumulating evidence suggests that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) could play a neuroprotective role in experimental TBI models by regulating the expression of numerous antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective proteins. However, whether Nrf2 is activated in patients following TBI is still unknown. In this study, human brain tissues were obtained during surgery from patients suffering from TBI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated gene products, NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1, and glutathione S-transferase in human injured brain tissue after TBI. Our results revealed that the nuclear level of Nrf2 was significantly increased in injured brain tissues, whereas the cytoplasmic level of Nrf2 was markedly decreased. In addition, the expression of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase was significantly upregulated. Nrf2 may be activated and confer neuroprotection against secondary brain injury following TBI. Therefore, Nrf2 could serve as a promising molecular target for the treatment of TBI.
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Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Kiss T, Yabluchanskiy A, Csipo T, Balasubramanian P, Lipecz A, Benyo Z, Csiszar A. Nrf2 dysfunction and impaired cellular resilience to oxidative stressors in the aged vasculature: from increased cellular senescence to the pathogenesis of age-related vascular diseases. GeroScience 2019; 41:727-738. [PMID: 31655958 PMCID: PMC6925097 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased oxidative stress in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases affecting the circulatory system in older adults. There is growing evidence that in addition to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), aging critically impairs pathways determining cellular resilience to oxidative stressors. In young organisms, the evolutionarily conserved nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response pathway maintains cellular reduction-oxidation homeostasis and promotes a youthful cellular phenotype by regulating the transcription of an array of cytoprotective (antioxidant, pro-survival, anti-inflammatory and macromolecular damage repair) genes. A critical mechanism by which increased ROS production and Nrf2 dysfunction promote vascular aging and exacerbate pathogenesis of age-related vascular diseases is induction of cellular senescence, an evolutionarily conserved cellular stress response mechanism. Senescent cells cease dividing and undergo distinctive phenotypic alterations, contributing to impairment of angiogenic processes, chronic sterile inflammation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and barrier dysfunction. Herein, we review mechanisms contributing to dysregulation of Nrf2-driven cytoprotective responses in the aged vasculature and discuss the multifaceted role of Nrf2 dysfunction in the genesis of age-related pathologies affecting the circulatory system, including its role in induction of cellular senescence. Therapeutic strategies that restore Nrf2 signaling and improve vascular resilience in aging are explored to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma HSC, 975 N. E. 10th Street - BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Kiss
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tamas Csipo
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, Kalman Laki Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Agnes Lipecz
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Zoltan Benyo
- Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lipponen A, Natunen T, Hujo M, Ciszek R, Hämäläinen E, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Paananen J, Poulsen D, Kansanen E, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Levonen AL, Pitkänen A. In Vitro and In Vivo Pipeline for Validation of Disease-Modifying Effects of Systems Biology-Derived Network Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury-Lessons Learned. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215395. [PMID: 31671916 PMCID: PMC6861918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a pipeline for the discovery of transcriptomics-derived disease-modifying therapies and used it to validate treatments in vitro and in vivo that could be repurposed for TBI treatment. Desmethylclomipramine, ionomycin, sirolimus and trimipramine, identified by in silico LINCS analysis as candidate treatments modulating the TBI-induced transcriptomics networks, were tested in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures, using tumour necrosis factor α as a monitoring biomarker for neuroinflammation, nitrite for nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity and microtubule associated protein 2-based immunostaining for neuronal survival. Based on (a) therapeutic time window in silico, (b) blood-brain barrier penetration and water solubility, (c) anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in vitro (p < 0.05) and (d) target engagement of Nrf2 target genes (p < 0.05), desmethylclomipramine was validated in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. Despite the favourable in silico and in vitro outcomes, in vivo assessment of clomipramine, which metabolizes to desmethylclomipramine, failed to demonstrate favourable effects on motor and memory tests. In fact, clomipramine treatment worsened the composite neuroscore (p < 0.05). Weight loss (p < 0.05) and prolonged upregulation of plasma cytokines (p < 0.05) may have contributed to the worsened somatomotor outcome. Our pipeline provides a rational stepwise procedure for evaluating favourable and unfavourable effects of systems-biology discovered compounds that modulate post-TBI transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Hujo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St, 6071 CTRC, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Time-dependent hemeoxygenase-1, lipocalin-2 and ferritin induction after non-contusion traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2019; 1725:146466. [PMID: 31539545 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often presents with focal contusion and parenchymal bleeds, activating heme oxygenase (HO) to degrade released hemoglobin. Here we show that diffuse, midline fluid percussion injury causes time-dependent induction of HO-1 and iron binding proteins within both hemorrhagic neocortex and non-hemorrhagic hippocampus. Rats subjected to midline fluid percussion injury (FPI) survived 1-15d postinjury and tissue was collected for Western blot and immunohistochemical assays. HO-1 was elevated 1d after FPI, peaked at 3d, and returned to control baseline 7-15d. Iron management proteins lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and ferritin (FTL) exhibited distinct postinjury time courses, where peak LCN2 response preceded, and FTL followed that of HO-1. LCN2 elevation supported not only its role in iron transport, but also mediation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity. Upregulation of FTL for intracellular iron sequestration was delayed relative to both HO-1 and LCN2 induction. In the neocortex IBA-1+ microglia around the injury core expressed HO-1, but astrocytes co-localized with HO-1 in perilesional parenchyma. Non-hemorrhagic dentate gyrus showed predominant HO-1 labeling in hilar microglia and in molecular layer astrocytes. At 1d postinjury, LCN2 and HO-1 co-localized in a subpopulation of reactive glia within both brain regions. Notably, FTL was distributed within cells around injured vessels, damaged subcortical white matter, and along vessels of the hippocampal fissure. Together these results confirm that even the moderate, non-contusional insult of diffuse midline FPI can significantly activate postinjury HO-1 heme processing pathways and iron management proteins. Moreover, this activation is time-dependent and occurs in the absence of overt hemorrhage.
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50
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Xu Y, He Q, Wang M, Wang X, Gong F, Bai L, Zhang J, Wang W. Quantifying blood-brain-barrier leakage using a combination of evans blue and high molecular weight FITC-Dextran. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 325:108349. [PMID: 31283939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evans blue (EB) is the most widely used tracer to assess BBB leakage. However, a well-established method to obtain visualized and quantitative results of EB extravasation is presently unavailable. NEW METHOD We reported a novel method to quantify BBB leakage by combining EB and high molecular weight FITC-Dextran (2000 kDa). EB was used for a long circulation duration (60 min) to detect BBB leakage. FITC-Dextran was used for a short circulation duration (10 min) to outline vascular contours. Confocal microscope imaging was used to obtain visualized images of BBB leakage. The result of dividing integrated optical density of EB by vascular areas outlined by FITC-Dextran was treated as the quantification of BBB leakage. RESULTS This method proved workable in quantifying BBB leakage of specific regions in lipopolysaccharide-induced BBB disruption mice and apoE-/- mice. Sections processed with this method enabled further immunofluorescence staining. Through combining the results of EB extravasation and immunofluorescence staining, the colocalization of specific proteins and BBB disruption was achieved. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods provide us with quantitative results of EB extravasation but fail to locate the specific regions. Fluorescence microscopy imaging can locate specific regions of EB extravasation but a well-established quantitative method is presently unavailable. Our method combines advantages of above two classic methods, providing us with visualized and quantitative information of BBB leakage based on EB extravasation in specific cerebral regions. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method proved powerful in quantifying BBB leakage of specific regions, which may benefit studies regarding BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Neonatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feilong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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