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Li K, Liu W, Wu C, Wang L, Huang Y, Li Y, Zheng H, Shang Y, Zhang L, Chen Z. The anti-fatigue and sleep-aiding effects vary significantly among different recipes containing Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30907. [PMID: 38770283 PMCID: PMC11103526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aims to delve into the anti-fatigue and sleep-aiding effects of various formulations containing Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Materials and methods PGB [incorporating Ganoderma lucidum extract (GE), broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GB) and Paecilomyces hepiali mycelium (PH)] and GBS [composed of GE, GB, and Ganoderma sinense powder (GS)] were chosen as representative recipes for this study. Mice were treated with these recipes or key components of Ganoderma lucidum for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, a weight-bearing swimming experiment was conducted to assess the mice's exhaustion time and evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of the recipes. Sleep-aiding effects were analyzed by measuring the sleep latency and duration. Furthermore, levels of blood lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the livers and muscles. Key findings The anti-fatigue abilities of the tested mice were significantly improved after treatment with PGB and their sleep quality improved as well with GBS treatment. PGB treatment for 14 days could significantly prolong the exhaustion time in weight-bearing swimming (from 10.1 ± 0.5 min to 15.2 ± 1.3 min). Meanwhile, glycogen levels in the livers and muscles were significantly increased, while the levels of serum lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, and MDA in the livers and muscles were significantly decreased. In contrast, mice treated with GBS for 14 days experienced significant improvements in sleep quality, with shortened sleep latency (from 6.8 ± 0.7 min to 4.2 ± 0.4 min), extended sleep duration (from 88.3 ± 1.4 min to 152.5 ± 9.3 min), and decreased muscle MDA levels. These results indicated that Ganoderma lucidum extracts can be used for anti-fatigue and or aid in sleeping, depending on how they are prepared and administered. Significance This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical basis for the development of Ganoderma lucidum recipes that are specifically designed to help with anti-fatigue and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Changhui Wu
- Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ye Li
- Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yanyu Shang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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McNay EC. Diet-induced diabetes is associated with lower hippocampal glycogen and reduced glycogenolysis following local exogenous insulin. J Neurochem 2024; 168:760-764. [PMID: 37885343 PMCID: PMC11045660 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain fuel (specifically, glucose) supply and metabolism are well-established to be limiting factors for cognitive performance, with the largest body of data being for hippocampally mediated tasks. Consistent with this, disease states such as Alzheimer's disease and insulin-resistant diabetes, that impair cognitive metabolism, impair cognition with this being shown again most prominently for hippocampally mediated processes. In addition to glucose supplied from the blood, brain oxidative metabolism can use local glycogen stores (within astrocytes) as a fuel source via conversion to lactate; both lactate and glycogen have been shown to be important contributors to regulation of cognitive metabolism. Insulin has been shown to be a key regulator of hippocampal cognitive and metabolic processes; in the periphery, insulin facilitates glycogen synthesis and storage, but the impact on brain glycogen is unclear. Furthermore, the impact of diet-induced diabetes on hippocampal glycogen levels and/or metabolism is unknown. Here, we show that in rats with high-fat diet-induced diabetes, hippocampal glycogen is reduced and is less responsive to acute intrahippocampal administration of insulin, which significantly reduces glycogen in the hippocampi of control animals: Our data suggest that impaired fuel availability from glycogen may be a contributing factor to the cognitive impairment seen in disease states that include central insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan C. McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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3
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Luo D, Xu J, Tan S, Li Y, Qi W, Zhai Q, Wang Q. Activation of the Hippocampal DRD2 Alleviates Neuroinflammation, Synaptic Plasticity Damage and Cognitive Impairment After Sleep Deprivation. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7208-7221. [PMID: 37543530 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep loss is commonplace nowadays and profoundly impacts cognition. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) makes a specific contribution to cognition, although the precise mechanism underlying how DRD2 affects the cognitive process after sleep deprivation remains unclear. Herein, we observed cognitive impairment and impaired synaptic plasticity, including downregulation of synaptophysin and PSD95, decreased postsynaptic density thickness, neuron complexity, and spine density in chronic sleep restriction (CSR) mice. We also observed downregulated hippocampal DRD2 and Cryab expression in the CSR mice. Meanwhile, NF-κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus occurred, indicating that neuroinflammation ensued. However, hippocampal delivery of the DRD2 agonist quinpirole effectively rescued these changes. In vitro, quinpirole treatment significantly decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines in microglial supernatant, indicating a potential anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Drd2/Cryab/NF-κB in CSR mice. Our study provided the evidence that activation of the Drd2 may relieve neuroinflammation and improve sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Danlei Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wanling Qi
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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4
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Rodrigues NR, Macedo GE, Martins IK, Vieira PDB, Kich KG, Posser T, Franco JL. Sleep disturbance induces a modulation of clock gene expression and alters metabolism regulation in drosophila. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114334. [PMID: 37595818 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are catching attention worldwide as they can induce dyshomeostasis and health issues in all animals, including humans. Circadian rhythms are biological 24-hour cycles that influence physiology and behavior in all living organisms. Sleep is a crucial resting state for survival and is under the control of circadian rhythms. Studies have shown the influence of sleep on various pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases; however, the biological mechanisms involving the circadian clock, sleep, and metabolism regulation are not well understood. In previous work, we standardized a sleep disturbance protocol and, observed that short-time sleep deprivation and sleep-pattern alteration induce homeostatic sleep regulation, locomotor deficits, and increase oxidative stress. Now, we investigated the relationship between these alterations with the circadian clock and energetic metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the circadian clock and drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) genes and metabolic markers glucose, triglycerides, and glycogen in fruit flies subjected to short-term sleep disruption protocols. The sleep disturbance altered the expression of clock genes and DILPs genes expression, and modulated glucose, triglycerides, and glycogen levels. Moreover, we demonstrated changes in mTor/dFoxo genes, AKT phosphorylation, and dopamine levels in nocturnal light-exposed flies. Thus, our results suggest a connection between clock genes and metabolism disruption as a consequence of sleep disruption, demonstrating the importance of sleep quality in health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Illana Kemmerich Martins
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Karen Gomes Kich
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Grupo de Pesquisa Estresse Oxidativo e Sinalização Celular, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, 97307-020, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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5
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Carvalhas-Almeida C, Serra J, Moita J, Cavadas C, Álvaro AR. Understanding neuron-glia crosstalk and biological clocks in insomnia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105100. [PMID: 36804265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about one-third of the population experiences insomnia symptoms, and about 10-15% suffer from chronic insomnia, the most common sleep disorder. Sleeping difficulties associated with insomnia are often linked to chronic sleep deprivation, which has a negative health impact partly due to disruption in the internal synchronisation of biological clocks. These are regulated by clock genes and modulate most biological processes. Most studies addressing circadian rhythm regulation have focused on the role of neurons, yet glial cells also impact circadian rhythms and sleep regulation. Chronic insomnia and sleep loss have been associated with glial cell activation, exacerbated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, altered neuronal metabolism and synaptic plasticity, accelerated age-related processes and decreased lifespan. It is, therefore, essential to highlight the importance of glia-neuron interplay on sleep/circadian regulation and overall healthy brain function. Hence, in this review, we aim to address the main neurobiological mechanisms involved in neuron-glia crosstalk, with an emphasis on microglia and astrocytes, in both healthy sleep, chronic sleep deprivation and chronic insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Carvalhas-Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Serra
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Moita
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Álvaro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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Moldakozhayev A, Gladyshev VN. Metabolism, homeostasis, and aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:158-169. [PMID: 36681595 PMCID: PMC11096277 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose a two-mode (pursuit/maintenance) model of metabolism defined by usable resource availability. Pursuit, consisting of anabolism and catabolism, dominates when usable resources are plentiful and leads to the generation of metabolic waste. In turn, maintenance of a system is activated by elevated metabolic waste during resource depletion. Interaction with the environment results in pendulum-like swings between these metabolic states in thriveless attempts to maintain the least deleterious organismal state - ephemeral homeostasis. Imperfectness of biological processes during these attempts supports the accumulation of the deleteriome, driving organismal aging. We discuss how metabolic adjustment by the environment and resource stabilization may modulate healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibek Moldakozhayev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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8
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Dienel GA, Gillinder L, McGonigal A, Borges K. Potential new roles for glycogen in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:29-53. [PMID: 36117414 PMCID: PMC10952408 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Seizures often originate in epileptogenic foci. Between seizures (interictally), these foci and some of the surrounding tissue often show low signals with 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in many epileptic patients, even when there are no radiologically detectable structural abnormalities. Low FDG-PET signals are thought to reflect glucose hypometabolism. Here, we review knowledge about metabolism of glucose and glycogen and oxidative stress in people with epilepsy and in acute and chronic rodent seizure models. Interictal brain glucose levels are normal and do not cause apparent glucose hypometabolism, which remains unexplained. During seizures, high amounts of fuel are needed to satisfy increased energy demands. Astrocytes consume glycogen as an additional emergency fuel to supplement glucose during high metabolic demand, such as during brain stimulation, stress, and seizures. In rodents, brain glycogen levels drop during induced seizures and increase to higher levels thereafter. Interictally, in people with epilepsy and in chronic epilepsy models, normal glucose but high glycogen levels have been found in the presumed brain areas involved in seizure generation. We present our new hypothesis that as an adaptive response to repeated episodes of high metabolic demand, high interictal glycogen levels in epileptogenic brain areas are used to support energy metabolism and potentially interictal neuronal activity. Glycogenolysis, which can be triggered by stress or oxidative stress, leads to decreased utilization of plasma glucose in epileptogenic brain areas, resulting in low FDG signals that are related to functional changes underlying seizure onset and propagation. This is (partially) reversible after successful surgery. Last, we propose that potential interictal glycogen depletion in epileptogenic and surrounding areas may cause energy shortages in astrocytes, which may impair potassium buffering and contribute to seizure generation. Based on these hypotheses, auxiliary fuels or treatments that support glycogen metabolism may be useful to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Griffiths B, Xu L, Sun X, Greer M, Murray I, Stary C. Inhibition of microRNA-200c preserves astrocyte sirtuin-1 and mitofusin-2, and protects against hippocampal neurodegeneration following global cerebral ischemia in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1014751. [PMID: 36466801 PMCID: PMC9710226 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1014751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory impairment remains a leading disability in survivors of global cerebral ischemia, occurring secondary to delayed neurodegeneration of hippocampal cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) neurons. MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c) is induced following ischemic stress and we have previously demonstrated that pre-treatment with anti-miR-200c is protective against embolic stroke in mice. In the present study we assessed the role of miR-200c on CA1 neurodegeneration, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and mitochondrial dynamic protein expression in a mouse model of transient global cerebral ischemia and in vitro in primary mouse astrocyte cultures after simulated ischemia. Mice were subjected to 10 min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion plus hypotension with 5% isoflurane. After 2 h recovery mice were treated with intravenous injection of either anti-miR-200c or mismatch control. Memory function was assessed by Barnes maze at post-injury days 3 and 7. Mice were sacrificed at post-injury day 7 for assessment of brain cell-type specific expression of miR-200c, SIRT1, and the mitochondrial fusion proteins mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and OPA1 via complexed fluorescent in situ hybridization and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Global cerebral ischemia induced significant loss of CA1 neurons, impaired memory performance and decreased expression of CA1 SIRT1, MFN2, and OPA1. Post-injury treatment with anti-miR-200c significantly improved survival, prevented CA1 neuronal loss, improved post-injury performance in Barnes maze, and was associated with increased post-injury expression of CA1 SIRT1 and MFN2 in astrocytes. In vitro, primary mouse astrocyte cultures pre-treated with miR-200c inhibitor prior to oxygen/glucose deprivation preserved expression of SIRT1 and MFN2, and decreased reactive oxygen species generation, whereas pre-treatment with miR-200c mimic had opposite effects that could be reversed by co-treatment with SIRT1 activator. These results suggest that miR-200c regulates astrocyte mitochondrial homeostasis via targeting SIRT1, and that CA1 astrocyte mitochondria and SIRT1 represent potential post-injury therapeutic targets to preserve cognitive function in survivors of global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Griffiths
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Majesty Greer
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Isabella Murray
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Creed Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Creed Stary,
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10
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McEwen BS, Karatsoreos IN. Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Disruption Stress, Allostasis, and Allostatic Load. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17:253-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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The Bidirectional Link Between Sleep Disturbances and Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms: A Role for Glymphatic Dysfunction? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:478-487. [PMID: 34481662 PMCID: PMC8758801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), often referred to as concussion, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sleep disturbances are common after mTBI. Moreover, subjects who develop subjective sleep complaints after mTBI also report more severe somatic, mental health, and cognitive impairment and take longer to recover from mTBI sequelae. Despite many previous studies addressing the role of sleep in post-mTBI morbidity, the mechanisms linking sleep to recovery after mTBI remain poorly understood. The glymphatic system is a brainwide network that supports fluid movement through the cerebral parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes and wastes from the brain. Notably, the glymphatic system is active primarily during sleep. Clearance of cellular byproducts related to somatic, mental health, and neurodegenerative processes (e.g., amyloid-β and tau, among others) depends in part on intact glymphatic function, which becomes impaired after mTBI. In this viewpoint, we review the current knowledge regarding the association between sleep disturbances and post-mTBI symptoms. We also discuss the role of glymphatic dysfunction as a potential link between mTBI, sleep disruption, and posttraumatic morbidity. We outline a model where glymphatic dysfunction and sleep disruption caused by mTBI may have an additive effect on waste clearance, leading to cerebral dysfunction and impaired recovery. Finally, we review the novel techniques being developed to examine glymphatic function in humans and explore potential interventions to alter glymphatic exchange that may offer a novel therapeutic approach to those experiencing poor sleep and prolonged symptoms after mTBI.
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12
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Gorina YV, Salmina AB, Erofeev AI, Can Z, Bolshakova AV, Balaban PM, Bezprozvanny IB, Vlasova OL. Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Maly IV, Morales MJ, Pletnikov MV. Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:173-227. [PMID: 34888836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research continues to add new elements to the emerging picture of involvement of astrocyte energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addictions. This review outlines what is known about the energy metabolism in astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, and summarizes the recent work on how specific perturbations of astrocyte bioenergetics may contribute to the neuropsychiatric conditions. The role of astrocyte energy metabolism in mental health and disease is reviewed on the organism, organ, and cell level. Data arising from genomic, metabolomic, in vitro, and neurobehavioral studies is critically analyzed to suggest future directions in research and possible metabolism-focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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14
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Napoli E, Panoutsopoulos AA, Kysar P, Satriya N, Sterling K, Shibata B, Imai D, Ruskin DN, Zarbalis KS, Giulivi C. Wdfy3 regulates glycophagy, mitophagy, and synaptic plasticity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3213-3231. [PMID: 34187232 PMCID: PMC8669292 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211027384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential to cell function, as it enables the recycling of intracellular constituents during starvation and in addition functions as a quality control mechanism by eliminating spent organelles and proteins that could cause cellular damage if not properly removed. Recently, we reported on Wdfy3's role in mitophagy, a clinically relevant macroautophagic scaffold protein that is linked to intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder. In this study, we confirm our previous report that Wdfy3 haploinsufficiency in mice results in decreased mitophagy with accumulation of mitochondria with altered morphology, but expanding on that observation, we also note decreased mitochondrial localization at synaptic terminals and decreased synaptic density, which may contribute to altered synaptic plasticity. These changes are accompanied by defective elimination of glycogen particles and a shift to increased glycogen synthesis over glycogenolysis and glycophagy. This imbalance leads to an age-dependent higher incidence of brain glycogen deposits with cerebellar hypoplasia. Our results support and further extend Wdfy3's role in modulating both brain bioenergetics and synaptic plasticity by including glycogen as a target of macroautophagic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Kysar
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Satriya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kira Sterling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bradley Shibata
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Denise Imai
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David N Ruskin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Bourdas DI, Souglis A, Zacharakis ED, Geladas ND, Travlos AK. Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:4223. [PMID: 34959776 PMCID: PMC8704222 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during prolonged exercise postpones fatigue. However, the optimum administration timing, dosage, type of CHO intake, and possible interaction of the ergogenic effect with athletes' cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are not clear. Ninety-six studies (from relevant databases based on predefined eligibility criteria) were selected for meta-analysis to investigate the acute effect of ≤20% CHO solutions on prolonged exercise performance. The between-subject standardized mean difference [SMD = ([mean post-value treatment group-mean post-value control group]/pooled variance)] was assessed. Overall, SMD [95% CI] of 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] was significant (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SMD was reduced as the subjects' CRF level increased, with a 6-8% CHO solution composed of GL:FRU improving performance (exercise: 1-4 h); administration during the event led to a superior performance compared to administration before the exercise, with a 6-8% single-source CHO solution increasing performance in intermittent and 'stop and start' sports and an ~6% CHO solution appearing beneficial for 45-60 min exercises, but there were no significant differences between subjects' gender and age groups, varied CHO concentrations, doses, or types in the effect measurement. The evidence found was sound enough to support the hypothesis that CHO solutions, when ingested during endurance exercise, have ergogenic action and a possible crossover interaction with the subject's CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Nickos D. Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Antonios K. Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Tripoli, Greece;
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16
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Scavuzzo CJ, Newman LA, Gold PE, Korol DL. Time-dependent changes in hippocampal and striatal glycogen long after maze training in male rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107537. [PMID: 34634434 PMCID: PMC8672440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting biological changes reflecting past experience have been studied in and typically attributed to neurons in the brain. Astrocytes, which are also present in large number in the brain, have recently been found to contribute critically to learning and memory processing. In the brain, glycogen is primarily found in astrocytes and is metabolized to lactate, which can be released from astrocytes. Here we report that astrocytes themselves have intrinsic neurochemical plasticity that alters the availability and provision of metabolic substrates long after an experience. Rats were trained to find food on one of two versions of a 4-arm maze: a hippocampus-sensitive place task and a striatum-sensitive response task. Remarkably, hippocampal glycogen content increased while striatal levels decreased during the 30 days after rats were trained to find food in the place version, but not the response version, of the maze tasks. A long-term consequence of the durable changes in glycogen stores was seen in task-by-site differences in extracellular lactate responses activated by testing on a working memory task administered 30 days after initial training, the time when differences in glycogen content were most robust. These results suggest that astrocytic plasticity initiated by a single experience may augment future availability of energy reserves, perhaps priming brain areas to process learning of subsequent experiences more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Scavuzzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Lori A Newman
- Psychological Science Department, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Box 713, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Paul E Gold
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Donna L Korol
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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17
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Heller HC. Astrocytes are more dynamic players in brain functions than previously recognized. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101520. [PMID: 34425376 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Craig Heller
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA.
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18
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Mednikova YS, Voronkov DN, Khudoerkov RM, Pasikova NV, Zakharova NM. The Active and Passive Components of Neuronal Excitation and its Glial Support. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Matsui T. Exhaustive endurance exercise activates brain glycogen breakdown and lactate production more than insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R500-R507. [PMID: 33533310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen localized in astrocytes produces lactate via cAMP signaling, which regulates memory functions and endurance capacity. Exhaustive endurance exercise with hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Since insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, this study tested the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates exercise-induced brain glycogen decrease. To test the hypothesis, the effects of insulin- and exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycemia on brain glycogen levels were compared using the microwave irradiation method in adult Wistar rats. The insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise induced similar levels of severe hypoglycemia. Glycogen in the hypothalamus and cerebellum decreased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise; however, glycogen in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were lower compared with the insulin group. Brain lactate and cAMP levels in the hypothalamus and cerebellum increased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise, but those in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were higher compared with the insulin group. Blood glucose correlated positively with brain glycogen, but the slope of regression lines was greater in the exercise group compared with the insulin group in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, but not the hypothalamus and cerebellum. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates the exercise-induced reduction in brain glycogen, at least in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. However, glycogen reduction during exhaustive endurance exercise in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem is not due to hypoglycemia alone, implicating the role of exercise-specific neuronal activity in brain glycogen decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Jansen RP. The Motor Neuron-Like Cell Line NSC-34 and Its Parent Cell Line N18TG2 Have Glycogen that is Degraded Under Cellular Stress. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1567-1576. [PMID: 33786720 PMCID: PMC8084819 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen has a long and versatile history: Primarily regarded as an evolutionary remnant, it was then thought of as an unspecific emergency fuel store. A dynamic role for glycogen in normal brain function has been proposed later but exclusively attributed to astrocytes, its main storage site. Neuronal glycogen had long been neglected, but came into focus when sensitive technical methods allowed quantification of glycogen at low concentration range and the detection of glycogen metabolizing enzymes in cells and cell lysates. Recently, an active role of neuronal glycogen and even its contribution to neuronal survival could be demonstrated. We used the neuronal cell lines NSC-34 and N18TG2 and could demonstrate that they express the key-enzymes of glycogen metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase and contain glycogen which is mobilized on glucose deprivation and elevated potassium concentrations, but not by hormones stimulating cAMP formation. Conditions of metabolic stress, namely hypoxia, oxidative stress and pH lowering, induce glycogen degradation. Our studies revealed that glycogen can contribute to the energy supply of neuronal cell lines in situations of metabolic stress. These findings shed new light on the so far neglected role of neuronal glycogen. The key-enzyme in glycogen degradation is glycogen phosphorylase. Neurons express only the brain isoform of the enzyme that is supposed to be activated primarily by the allosteric activator AMP and less by covalent phosphorylation via the cAMP cascade. Our results indicate that neuronal glycogen is not degraded upon hormone action but by factors lowering the energy charge of the cells directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Pfeiffer-Guglielmi
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ralf-Peter Jansen
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Dienel GA. Stop the rot. Enzyme inactivation at brain harvest prevents artifacts: A guide for preservation of the in vivo concentrations of brain constituents. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1007-1031. [PMID: 33636013 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem metabolism is widely recognized to cause rapid and prolonged changes in the concentrations of multiple classes of compounds in brain, that is, they are labile. Post-mortem changes from levels in living brain include components of pathways of metabolism of glucose and energy compounds, amino acids, lipids, signaling molecules, neuropeptides, phosphoproteins, and proteins. Methods that stop enzyme activity at brain harvest were developed almost 50 years ago and have been extensively used in studies of brain functions and diseases. Unfortunately, these methods are not commonly used to harvest brain tissue for mass spectrometry-based metabolomic studies or for imaging mass spectrometry studies (IMS, also called mass spectrometry imaging, MSI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MSI, MALDI-MSI). Instead these studies commonly kill animals, decapitate, dissect out brain and regions of interest if needed, then 'snap' freeze the tissue to stop enzymatic activity after harvest, with post-mortem intervals typically ranging from ~0.5 to 3 min. To increase awareness of the importance of stopping metabolism at harvest and preventing the unnecessary complications of not doing so, this commentary provides examples of labile metabolites and the magnitudes of their post-mortem changes in concentrations during brain harvest. Brain harvest methods that stop metabolism at harvest eliminate post-mortem enzymatic activities and can improve characterization of normal and diseased brain. In addition, metabolomic studies would be improved by reporting absolute units of concentration along with normalized peak areas or fold changes. Then reported values can be evaluated and compared with the extensive neurochemical literature to help prevent reporting of artifactual data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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Petit JM, Eren-Koçak E, Karatas H, Magistretti P, Dalkara T. Brain glycogen metabolism: A possible link between sleep disturbances, headache and depression. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101449. [PMID: 33618186 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The functions of sleep and its links with neuropsychiatric diseases have long been questioned. Among the numerous hypotheses on sleep function, early studies proposed that sleep helps to replenish glycogen stores consumed during waking. Later studies found increased brain glycogen after sleep deprivation, leading to "glycogenetic" hypothesis, which states that there is a parallel increase in synthesis and utilization of glycogen during wakefulness, whereas decrease in the excitatory transmission creates an imbalance causing accumulation of glycogen during sleep. Glycogen is a vital energy reservoir to match the synaptic demand particularly for re-uptake of potassium and glutamate during intense glutamatergic transmission. Therefore, sleep deprivation-induced transcriptional changes may trigger migraine by reducing glycogen availability, which slows clearance of extracellular potassium and glutamate, hence, creates susceptibility to cortical spreading depolarization, the electrophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Interestingly, chronic stress accompanied by increased glucocorticoid levels and locus coeruleus activity and leading to mood disorders in which sleep disturbances are prevalent, also affects brain glycogen turnover via glucocorticoids, noradrenaline, serotonin and adenosine. These observations altogether suggest that inadequate astrocytic glycogen turnover may be one of the mechanisms linking migraine, mood disorders and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Petit
- Lausanne University Hospital, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Prilly, Switzerland.
| | - E Eren-Koçak
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - H Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - P Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia.
| | - T Dalkara
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
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23
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Bheemanapally K, Alhamyani A, Alshamrani AA, Napit PR, Ali MH, Uddin MM, Mahmood A, Ibrahim MM, Briski KP. Hypoglycemic and post-hypoglycemic patterns of glycogen phosphorylase isoform expression in the ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: impact of sex and estradiol. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Agnihotri S, Halligan K, Kulandaimanuvel A, Cruz A, Felker J, Daniels C, Taylor M. Pediatric posterior fossa ependymoma and metabolism: A narrative review. GLIOMA 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_17_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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25
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Bheemanapally K, Alhamyani A, Alshamrani AA, Napit PR, Ali MH, Uddin MM, Mahmood A, Ibrahim MM, Briski KP. Hypoglycemic and post‑hypoglycemic patterns of glycogen phosphorylase isoform expression in the ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: impact of sex and estradiol. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:196-206. [PMID: 34170267 PMCID: PMC8244535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen metabolism shapes ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) control of glucose homeostasis. Brain glycogen mass undergoes compensatory expansion post‑recovery from insulin‑induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Current research utilized combinatory high‑resolution microdissection/high‑sensitivity Western blotting to investigate whether IIH causes residual adjustments in glycogen metabolism within the metabolic‑sensory ventrolateral VMN (VMNvl). Micropunch‑dissected tissue was collected from rostral, middle, and caudal levels of the VMNvl in each sex for analysis of glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP)‑muscle type (GPmm; norepinephrine‑sensitive) and GP‑brain type (GPbb; glucoprivic‑sensitive) isoform expression during and after IIH. Hypoglycemic suppression of VMNvl GS levels in males disappeared or continued after reestablishment of euglycemia, according to sampled segment. Yet, reductions in female VMNvl GS persisted after IIH. Males exhibited reductions in GPmm content in select rostro‑caudal VMNvl segments, but this protein declined in each segment post‑hypoglycemia. Females, rather, showed augmented or diminished GPmm levels during IIH, but no residual effects of IIH on this protein. In each sex, region‑specific up‑ or down‑regulation of VMNvl GPbb profiles during glucose decrements were undetected post‑recovery from IIH. Results provide novel proof of estradiol‑dependent sex‑dimorphic patterns of VMNvl GP variant expression at specific rostro‑caudal levels of this critical gluco‑regulatory structure. Sex differences in persistence of IIH‑associated GS and GPmm patterns of expression after restoration of euglycemia infer that VMNvl recovery from this metabolic stress may involve dissimilar glycogen accumulation in male versus female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaggeswar Bheemanapally
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Alhamyani
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Ayed A Alshamrani
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Prabhat R Napit
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Md Haider Ali
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Md Main Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Asmh Mahmood
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Mostafa Mh Ibrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - Karen P Briski
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA;
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26
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Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5764017. [PMID: 33381558 PMCID: PMC7755475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5764017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions. SD impairs the cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxin proteins like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and tau which are involved in major neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In addition, SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline. Also, SD affects the immunological and redox system resulting in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular and biochemical alterations that are the causative factors leading to these pathophysiological effects on the neuronal system. This review is an attempt in this direction. It provides up-to-date information on the alterations in the key processes, pathways, and proteins that are negatively affected by SD and become reasons for neurological disorders over a prolonged period of time, if left unattended.
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27
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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28
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Metabolomic and Imaging Mass Spectrometric Assays of Labile Brain Metabolites: Critical Importance of Brain Harvest Procedures. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2586-2606. [PMID: 32949339 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic technologies including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS; also called mass spectrometry imaging, MSI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, MALDI MSI) are important methods to evaluate levels of many compounds in brain with high spatial resolution, characterize metabolic phenotypes of brain disorders, and identify disease biomarkers. ATP is central to brain energetics, and reports of its heterogeneous distribution in brain and regional differences in ATP/ADP ratios reported in IMS studies conflict with earlier studies. These discordant data were, therefore, analyzed and compared with biochemical literature that used rigorous methods to preserve labile metabolites. Unequal, very low regional ATP levels and low ATP/ADP ratios are explained by rapid metabolism during postmortem ischemia. A critical aspect of any analysis of brain components is their stability during and after tissue harvest so measured concentrations closely approximate their physiological levels in vivo. Unfortunately, the requirement for inactivation of brain enzymes by freezing or heating is not widely recognized outside the neurochemistry discipline, and procedures that do not prevent postmortem autolysis, including decapitation, brain removal/dissection, and 'snap freezing' are commonly used. Strong emphasis is placed on use of supplementary approaches to calibrate metabolite abundance in units of concentration in IMS studies and comparison of IMS results with biochemical data obtained by different methods to help identify potential artifacts.
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29
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Reevaluation of Astrocyte-Neuron Energy Metabolism with Astrocyte Volume Fraction Correction: Impact on Cellular Glucose Oxidation Rates, Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Energetics, Glycogen Levels and Utilization Rates vs. Exercising Muscle, and Na +/K + Pumping Rates. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2607-2630. [PMID: 32948935 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of cellular contributions to rates of substrate utilization in resting, activated, and diseased brain is essential for interpretation of data from studies using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) and [13C]glucose/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A generally-accepted dogma is that neurons have the highest energy demands of all brain cells, and calculated neuronal rates of glucose oxidation in awake, resting brain accounts for 70-80%, with astrocytes 20-30%. However, these proportions do not take cell type volume fractions into account. To evaluate the conclusion that neuron-astrocyte glucose oxidation rates are similar when adjusted for astrocytic volume fraction (Hertz, Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29, 1319), the present study analyzed data from 31 studies. On average, astrocytes occupy 6.1, 9.6, and 15% of tissue volume in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, respectively, and regional astrocytic metabolic rates are adjusted for volume fraction by multiplying by 17.6, 11.4, and 6.8, respectively. After adjustment, astrocytic glucose oxidation rates in resting awake rat brain are 4-10 fold higher than neuronal oxidation rates. Volume-fraction adjustment also increases brain glycogen concentrations and utilization rates to be similar to or exceed exercising muscle. Ion flux calculations to evaluate sodium/potassium homeostasis during neurotransmission are not correct if astrocyte-neuron volume fractions are assumed to be equal. High rates of glucose and glycogen utilization after adjustment for volume fraction indicate that astrocytic energy demands are much greater than recognized, with most of the ATP being used for functions other than glutamate processing in the glutamate-glutamine cycle, challenging the notion that astrocytes 'feed hungry neurons'.
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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31
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van der Kooij MA. The impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103525. [PMID: 32629109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is exceptionally demanding in terms of energy metabolism. Approximately 20% of the calories consumed are devoted to our cerebral faculties, with the lion's share provided in the form of glucose. The brain's stringent energy dependency requires a high degree of harmonization between the elements responsible for supplying- and metabolizing energetic substrates. However, chronic stress may jeopardize this homeostatic energy balance by disruption of critical metabolic processes. In agreement, stress-related mental disorders have been linked with perturbations in energy metabolism. Prominent stress-induced metabolic alterations include the actions of hormones, glucose uptake and mitochondrial adjustments. Importantly, fundamental stress-responsive metabolic adjustments in humans and animal models bear a striking resemblance. Here, an overview is provided of key findings, demonstrating the pervasive impact of chronic stress on energy metabolism. Furthermore, I argue that medications, aimed primarily at restoring metabolic homeostasis, may constitute a novel approach to treat mental disorders.
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Rault C, Sangaré A, Diaz V, Ragot S, Frat JP, Raux M, Similowski T, Robert R, Thille AW, Drouot X. Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Respiratory Motor Output and Endurance. A Physiological Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:976-983. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201904-0819oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rault
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service d’Explorations fonctionnelles, Physiologie respiratoire et de l’exercice
| | | | - Véronique Diaz
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service d’Explorations fonctionnelles, Physiologie respiratoire et de l’exercice
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique, Unité de méthodologie biostatistique, and
| | - Jean-Pierre Frat
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Raux
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, SSIAP, Département d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, SSIAP, Service de Pneumologie, Medecine Intensive et Réanimation, Département R3S, Paris, France; and
| | - René Robert
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud W. Thille
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Réanimation Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Drouot
- INSERM, CIC 1402, Equipe Alive, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Service d’Explorations fonctionnelles, Physiologie respiratoire et de l’exercice
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique
- INSERM U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuroplasticity and Neuro-development Group, Poitiers, France
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Garofalo S, Picard K, Limatola C, Nadjar A, Pascual O, Tremblay MÈ. Role of Glia in the Regulation of Sleep in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:687-712. [PMID: 32163207 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a naturally occurring physiological state that is required to sustain physical and mental health. Traditionally viewed as strictly regulated by top-down control mechanisms, sleep is now known to also originate locally. Glial cells are emerging as important contributors to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, locally and among dedicated neural circuits. A few pioneering studies revealed that astrocytes and microglia may influence sleep pressure, duration as well as intensity, but the precise involvement of these two glial cells in the regulation of sleep remains to be fully addressed, across contexts of health and disease. In this overview article, we will first summarize the literature pertaining to the role of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of sleep under normal physiological conditions. Afterward, we will discuss the beneficial and deleterious consequences of glia-mediated neuroinflammation, whether it is acute, or chronic and associated with brain diseases, on the regulation of sleep. Sleep disturbances are a main comorbidity in neurodegenerative diseases, and in several brain diseases that include pain, epilepsy, and cancer. Identifying the relationships between glia-mediated neuroinflammation, sleep-wake rhythm disruption and brain diseases may have important implications for the treatment of several disorders. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:687-712, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherine Picard
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Départment de médecine moleculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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35
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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36
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Matsui T, Soya M, Soya H. Endurance and Brain Glycogen: A Clue Toward Understanding Central Fatigue. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:331-346. [PMID: 31667814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen stored in astrocytes produces lactate as a neuronal energy source transported by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to maintain neuronal functions, such as hippocampus-regulated memory formation. Although exercise activates brain neurons, the role of astrocytic glycogen in the brain during exercise remains unknown. Since muscle glycogen fuels active muscles during exercise, we hypothesized that astrocytic glycogen plays an energetic role in the brain during exercise to maintain endurance capacity through lactate transport. To explore this hypothesis, we have used a rat model of prolonged exercise, microwave irradiation for the accurate detection of brain glycogen, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, and inhibitors of glycogenolysis (1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol; DAB) and lactate transport (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate; 4-CIN). During prolonged exhaustive exercise, muscle glycogen was depleted and brain glycogen decreased when associated with decreased blood glucose levels and increased serotonergic activity known as central fatigue factors, suggesting brain glycogen decrease as an integrative factor for central fatigue. Prolonged exhaustive exercise also increased MCT2 protein in the brain, which takes up lactate in neurons, just as muscle MCTs are increased. Metabolomics revealed that brain but not muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was maintained with lactate and other glycogenolytic and glycolytic sources. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of DAB suppressed brain lactate production and decreased hippocampal ATP levels at exhaustion. An icv injection of 4-CIN also decreased hippocampal ATP, resulting in lower endurance capacity. Our findings provide direct evidence that astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate fuels the brain to maintain endurance capacity during exhaustive exercise. Brain ATP levels maintained by glycogen might serve as a possible defense mechanism for neurons in the exhausted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Mariko Soya
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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37
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Alzheimer's disease: Neurotransmitters of the sleep-wake cycle. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:72-80. [PMID: 31377219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With aging, our sleeping pattern alters. Elderly often wake unrested because their sleep time and sleep efficacy is reduced. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, these alterations are even more pronounced and may further aggravate cognitive decline. Therefore, sleep disturbances greatly impact self-care ability, caregiver exhaustion and institutionalization rate. Reestablishing an effective sleep-wake cycle in these patients still remains an unresolved challenge, partly because sleep physiology is quite complex and multiple neurotransmitter systems contribute to a single process. Gaining a better understanding of sleep physiology will be crucial for further research. Conjointly, animal models, along with a multidisciplinary approach, will be of great value to establish a common ground between AD and sleep disturbances and work towards a potential therapeutic application.
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38
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Piantino J, Lim MM, Newgard CD, Iliff J. Linking Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep Disruption and Post-Traumatic Headache: a Potential Role for Glymphatic Pathway Dysfunction. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-019-0799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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39
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Soares AF, Nissen JD, Garcia‐Serrano AM, Nussbaum SS, Waagepetersen HS, Duarte JMN. Glycogen metabolism is impaired in the brain of male type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1004-1017. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisca Soares
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jakob D. Nissen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Alba M. Garcia‐Serrano
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Sakura S. Nussbaum
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Helle S. Waagepetersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - João M. N. Duarte
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden
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40
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Wu L, Wong CP, Swanson RA. Methodological considerations for studies of brain glycogen. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:914-922. [PMID: 30892752 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen stores in the brain have been recognized for decades, but the underlying physiological function of this energy reserve remains elusive. This uncertainty stems in part from several technical challenges inherent in the study of brain glycogen metabolism. These include low glycogen content in the brain, non-homogeneous labeling of glycogen by radiotracers, rapid glycogenolysis during postmortem tissue handling, and effects of the stress response on brain glycogen turnover. Here we briefly review the aspects of the glycogen structure and metabolism that bear on these technical challenges and present ways they can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Candance P Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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41
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Matsui T, Liu YF, Soya M, Shima T, Soya H. Tyrosine as a Mechanistic-Based Biomarker for Brain Glycogen Decrease and Supercompensation With Endurance Exercise in Rats: A Metabolomics Study of Plasma. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:200. [PMID: 30941004 PMCID: PMC6433992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glycogen, localized in astrocytes, produces lactate as an energy source and/or a signal factor to serve neuronal functions involved in memory formation and exercise endurance. In rodents, 4 weeks of chronic moderate exercise-enhancing endurance and cognition increases brain glycogen in the hippocampus and cortex, which is an adaption of brain metabolism achieved through exercise. Although this brain adaptation is likely induced due to the accumulation of acute endurance exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation, its molecular mechanisms and biomarkers are unidentified. Since noradrenaline synthesized from blood-borne tyrosine activates not only glycogenolysis but also glycogenesis in astrocytes, we hypothesized that blood tyrosine is a mechanistic-based biomarker of acute exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of endurance exercise, a microwave irradiation for accurate detection of glycogen in the brain (the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry–based metabolomics to observe the comprehensive metabolic profile of the blood. Endurance exercise induced fatigue factors such as a decrease in blood glucose, an increase in blood lactate, and the depletion of muscle glycogen, but those parameters recovered to basal levels within 6 h after exercise. Brain glycogen decreased during endurance exercise and showed supercompensation within 6 h after exercise. Metabolomics detected 186 metabolites in the plasma, and 110 metabolites changed significantly during and following exhaustive exercise. Brain glycogen levels correlated negatively with plasma glycogenic amino acids (serine, proline, threonine, glutamate, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) (r < −0.9). This is the first study to produce a broad picture of plasma metabolite changes due to endurance exercise–induced brain glycogen supercompensation. Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. In particular, plasma tyrosine as a precursor of brain noradrenaline might be a valuable mechanistic-based biomarker to predict brain glycogen dynamics in endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Morita M, Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Kreft M, Vardjan N, Zorec R, Noda M. Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes and Aging of the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040941. [PMID: 30795555 PMCID: PMC6413111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the blood-brain-barrier, astrocytes are ideally positioned between cerebral vasculature and neuronal synapses to mediate nutrient uptake from the systemic circulation. In addition, astrocytes have a robust enzymatic capacity of glycolysis, glycogenesis and lipid metabolism, managing nutrient support in the brain parenchyma for neuronal consumption. Here, we review the plasticity of astrocyte energy metabolism under physiologic and pathologic conditions, highlighting age-dependent brain dysfunctions. In astrocytes, glycolysis and glycogenesis are regulated by noradrenaline and insulin, respectively, while mitochondrial ATP production and fatty acid oxidation are influenced by the thyroid hormone. These regulations are essential for maintaining normal brain activities, and impairments of these processes may lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Metabolic plasticity is also associated with (re)activation of astrocytes, a process associated with pathologic events. It is likely that the recently described neurodegenerative and neuroprotective subpopulations of reactive astrocytes metabolize distinct energy substrates, and that this preference is supposed to explain some of their impacts on pathologic processes. Importantly, physiologic and pathologic properties of astrocytic metabolic plasticity bear translational potential in defining new potential diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets to mitigate neurodegeneration and age-related brain dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, 657-8501 Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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44
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Rubio-Villena C, Viana R, Bonet J, Garcia-Gimeno MA, Casado M, Heredia M, Sanz P. Astrocytes: new players in progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora type. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1290-1300. [PMID: 29408991 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy characterized by the accumulation of insoluble poorly branched glycogen-like inclusions named Lafora bodies (LBs) in the brain and peripheral tissues. In the brain, since its first discovery in 1911, it was assumed that these glycogen inclusions were only present in affected neurons. Mouse models of LD have been obtained recently, and we and others have been able to report the accumulation of glycogen inclusions in the brain of LD animals, what recapitulates the hallmark of the disease. In this work we present evidence indicating that, although in mouse models of LD glycogen inclusions co-localize with neurons, as originally established, most of them co-localize with astrocytic markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthase. In addition, we have observed that primary cultures of astrocytes from LD mouse models accumulate higher levels of glycogen than controls. These results suggest that astrocytes may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Lafora disease, as the accumulation of glycogen inclusions in these cells may affect their regular functionality leading them to a possible neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rubio-Villena
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Viana
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Bonet
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marta Casado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), (Group CB06/04/1069) Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Heredia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), (Group U742) Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), (Group U742) Valencia, Spain
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45
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Hirase H, Akther S, Wang X, Oe Y. Glycogen distribution in mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:923-932. [PMID: 30675919 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a limbic structure involved in the consolidation of episodic memory. In the recent decade, glycogenolysis in the rodent hippocampus has been shown critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Astrocytes are the primary cells that store glycogen which is subject to degradation in hypoglycemic conditions. Focused microwave application to the brain halts metabolic activities, and therefore preserves brain glycogen. Immunohistochemistry against glycogen on focused microwave-assisted brain samples is suitable for both macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glycogen distribution. Glycogen immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus showed a characteristic punctate signal pattern that depended on hippocampal layers. In particular, the hilus is the most glycogen-rich subregion of the hippocampus. Moreover, large glycogen puncta (>0.5 µm in diameter) observed in neuropil areas are organized in a patchy pattern consisting of puncta-rich and -poor astrocytes. These observations are discussed with respect to distinct hippocampal neural activity states observed in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirase
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonam Akther
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan.,Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Oe
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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46
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Glycogenolysis in Cerebral Cortex During Sensory Stimulation, Acute Hypoglycemia, and Exercise: Impact on Astrocytic Energetics, Aerobic Glycolysis, and Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:209-267. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Dienel GA, Carlson GM. Major Advances in Brain Glycogen Research: Understanding of the Roles of Glycogen Have Evolved from Emergency Fuel Reserve to Dynamic, Regulated Participant in Diverse Brain Functions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Pederson BA. Structure and Regulation of Glycogen Synthase in the Brain. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:83-123. [PMID: 31667806 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain glycogen synthesis is a regulated, multi-step process that begins with glucose transport across the blood brain barrier and culminates with the actions of glycogen synthase and the glycogen branching enzyme to elongate glucose chains and introduce branch points in a growing glycogen molecule. This review focuses on the synthesis of glycogen in the brain, with an emphasis on glycogen synthase, but draws on salient studies in mammalian muscle and liver as well as baker's yeast, with the goal of providing a more comprehensive view of glycogen synthesis and highlighting potential areas for further study in the brain. In addition, deficiencies in the glycogen biosynthetic enzymes which lead to glycogen storage diseases in humans are discussed, highlighting effects on the brain and discussing findings in genetically modified animal models that recapitulate these diseases. Finally, implications of glycogen synthesis in neurodegenerative and other diseases that impact the brain are presented.
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49
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DiNuzzo M, Walls AB, Öz G, Seaquist ER, Waagepetersen HS, Bak LK, Nedergaard M, Schousboe A. State-Dependent Changes in Brain Glycogen Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:269-309. [PMID: 31667812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of glycogen structure, concentration, polydispersity and turnover is critical to qualify the role of glycogen in the brain. These molecular and metabolic features are under the control of neuronal activity through the interdependent action of neuromodulatory tone, ionic homeostasis and availability of metabolic substrates, all variables that concur to define the state of the system. In this chapter, we briefly describe how glycogen responds to selected behavioral, nutritional, environmental, hormonal, developmental and pathological conditions. We argue that interpreting glycogen metabolism through the lens of brain state is an effective approach to establish the relevance of energetics in connecting molecular and cellular neurophysiology to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne B Walls
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Abstract
The cellular mechanisms governing the expression, regulation, and function of sleep are not entirely understood. The traditional view is that these mechanisms are neuronal. An alternative view is that glial brain cells may play important roles in these processes. Their ubiquity in the central nervous system makes them well positioned to modulate neuronal circuits that gate sleep and wake. Their ability to respond to chemical neuronal signals suggests that they form feedback loops with neurons that may globally regulate neuronal activity. Their potential role in detoxifying the brain, regulating neuronal metabolism, and promoting synaptic plasticity raises the intriguing possibility that glia mediate important functions ascribed to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA.
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