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Azargoonjahromi A. A systematic review of the association between zinc and anxiety. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:612-621. [PMID: 37364014 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of anxiety, which stems from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, has been increasing worldwide. Various methods by which it can be treated or prevented have been reported thus far. One of the most popular and effective treatments is supplementation therapy. Zinc, which is an essential nutrient found in various plants, animal foods, and supplements, has been shown to be a potential nutrient in anxiety reduction by acting on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamatergic, serotonergic, neurogenesis, and immune systems. It can also influence important receptors, such as GPR39. Thus, zinc has received considerable attention with respect to its potential role as a therapeutic or detrimental factor for anxiety; yet, the available evidence needs to be analyzed systematically to reach a convergent conclusion. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically review any potential connection between adult human anxiety and zinc intake. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION Nine original human studies, of which 2 assessed the relationship between zinc consumption and anxiety (based on a questionnaire) and 7 assessed the relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety, were included based on specific selection criteria. Studies that had been written in English and published in peer-reviewed publications with no restrictions on the date of publication were searched in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. This project was also reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. DATA ANALYSIS As per the studies analyzed in this review, there was a noticeable relationship between serum zinc levels and anxiety, which means that patients with anxiety have lower levels of zinc in their serum, as compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, zinc consumption was inversely associated with anxiety. CONCLUSION The results provide plausible evidence for the positive role of zinc in the treatment of patients afflicted with anxiety, albeit with some limitations.
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2
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Hershfinkel M. Cross-talk between zinc and calcium regulates ion transport: A role for the zinc receptor, ZnR/GPR39. J Physiol 2024; 602:1579-1594. [PMID: 37462604 DOI: 10.1113/jp283834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for many physiological functions, with a major role in digestive system, skin health, and learning and memory. On the cellular level, zinc is involved in cell proliferation and cell death. A selective zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39 is a Gq-coupled receptor that acts via the inositol trisphosphate pathway to release intracellular Ca2+. The ZnR/GPR39 serves as a mediator between extracellular changes in Zn2+ concentration and cellular Ca2+ signalling. This signalling pathway regulates ion transporters activity and thereby controls the formation of transepithelial gradients or neuronal membrane potential, which play a fundamental role in the physiological function of these tissues. This review focuses on the role of Ca2+ signalling, and specifically ZnR/GPR39, with respect to the regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE1, and of the K+/Cl- cotransporters, KCC1-3, and also describes the physiological implications of this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and the School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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3
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Chen B, Yu P, Chan WN, Xie F, Zhang Y, Liang L, Leung KT, Lo KW, Yu J, Tse GMK, Kang W, To KF. Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:6. [PMID: 38169461 PMCID: PMC10761908 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Nok Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yigan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Fan YG, Wu TY, Zhao LX, Jia RJ, Ren H, Hou WJ, Wang ZY. From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107039. [PMID: 38123108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rong-Jun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wen-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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5
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Rychlik M, Starnowska-Sokol J, Mlyniec K. Chronic memantine disrupts spatial memory and up-regulates Htr1a gene expression in the hippocampus of GPR39 (zinc-sensing receptor) KO male mice. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148577. [PMID: 37716463 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
GPR39 is a receptor involved in zincergic neurotransmission, and its role in regulating psychological functions is an active area of research. The purported roles of GPR39 at the cellular level include regulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress response, and modulation of GABAergic and endocannabinoid neurotransmission. GPR39 knock-out (KO) mice exhibit episodic-like and spatial memory (ELM and SM, respectively) deficits throughout their lifetime, and are similar in that respect to senescent wild-type (WT) conspecifics. Since a role for zinc has been postulated in neurodegenerative disorders, in this study we investigated the possibility of a pharmacological rescue of both types of declarative memory with memantine - a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist used for slowing down dementia; or, a putative GPR39 agonist - TC-G 1008. First, we tested adult WT and GPR39KO male mice under acute 5 mg/kg memantine or vehicle treatment in an object recognition task designed to simultaneously probe the "what?", "where?" and "when?" components of ELM. Next, we investigated the impact of chronic memantine or TC-G 1008 on ELM and SM (Morris water maze, MWM) in both WT and GPR39KO mice. Following chronic experiments, we assessed with qRT-PCR hippocampal gene expression of targets previously associated with GPR39. We report: no effects of acute memantine on ELM; a tendency to improve the "where?" component of ELM in both WT and GPR39 KO mice following 12 days of memantine; and, a disruption of SM in GPR39KO mice after 24 days of memantine treatment. The latter result was associated with upregulation of Htr1a hippocampal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rychlik
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Starnowska-Sokol
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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6
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Olopade JO, Mustapha OA, Fatola OI, Ighorodje E, Folarin OR, Olopade FE, Omile IC, Obasa AA, Oyagbemi AA, Olude MA, Thackray AM, Bujdoso R. Neuropathological profile of the African Giant Rat brain (Cricetomys gambianus) after natural exposure to heavy metal environmental pollution in the Nigerian Niger Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120496-120514. [PMID: 37945948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by heavy metals is a threat to public health because of the adverse effects on multiple organ systems including the brain. Here, we used the African giant rat (AGR) as a novel sentinel host to assess the effect of heavy metal accumulation and consequential neuropathology upon the brain. For this study, AGR were collected from distinct geographical regions of Nigeria: the rain forest region of south-west Nigeria (Ibadan), the central north of Nigeria (Abuja), and in oil-polluted areas of south Nigeria (Port-Harcourt). We found that zinc, copper, and iron were the major heavy metals that accumulated in the brain and serum of sentinel AGR, with the level of iron highest in animals from Port-Harcourt and least in animals from Abuja. Brain pathology, determined by immunohistochemistry markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, was most severe in animals from Port Harcourt followed by those from Abuja and those from Ibadan were the least affected. The brain pathologies were characterized by elevated brain advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels, neuronal depletion in the prefrontal cortex, severe reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus and cerebellar white matter, demyelination in the subcortical white matter and cerebellar white matter, and tauopathies. Selective vulnerabilities of different brain regions to heavy metal pollution in the AGR collected from the different regions of the country were evident. In conclusion, we propose that neuropathologies associated with redox dyshomeostasis because of environmental pollution may be localized and contextual, even in a heavily polluted environment. This novel study also highlights African giant rats as suitable epidemiological sentinels for use in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Olukayode Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwaseun Ahmed Mustapha
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju Ifeoluwa Fatola
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ejiro Ighorodje
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabusayo Racheal Folarin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Irene Chizubelu Omile
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adedunsola Ajike Obasa
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Matthew Ayokunle Olude
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Alana Maureen Thackray
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raymond Bujdoso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Benarroch E. What Are the Functions of Zinc in the Nervous System? Neurology 2023; 101:714-720. [PMID: 37845046 PMCID: PMC10585682 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
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9
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Xu Y, Zhang WH, Allen EM, Fedorov LM, Barnes AP, Qian ZY, Bah TM, Li Y, Wang RK, Shangraw RE, Alkayed NJ. GPR39 Knockout Worsens Microcirculatory Response to Experimental Stroke in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:766-775. [PMID: 36181628 PMCID: PMC10065946 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2022]
Abstract
No current treatments target microvascular reperfusion after stroke, which can contribute to poor outcomes even after successful clot retrieval. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR39 is expressed in brain peri-capillary pericytes, and has been implicated in microvascular regulation, but its role in stroke is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that GPR39 plays a protective role after stroke, in part due to preservation of microvascular perfusion. We generated GPR39 knockout (KO) mice and tested whether GPR39 gene deletion worsens capillary blood flow and exacerbates brain injury and functional deficit after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke was induced in male and female GPR39 KO and WT littermates by 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Microvascular perfusion was assessed via capillary red blood cell (RBC) flux in deep cortical layers in vivo using optical microangiography (OMAG). Brain injury was assessed by measuring infarct size by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 24 h or brain atrophy at 3 weeks after ischemia. Pole and cylinder behavior tests were conducted to assess neurological function deficit at 1 and 3 weeks post-stroke. Male but not female GPR39 KO mice exhibited larger infarcts and lower capillary RBC flux than WT controls after stroke. Male GPR39 KO mice also exhibited worse neurologic deficit at 1 week post-stroke, though functional deficit disappeared in both groups by 3 weeks. GPR39 deletion worsens brain injury, microvascular perfusion, and neurological function after experimental stroke. Results indicate that GPR39 plays a sex-dependent role in re-establishing microvascular flow and limiting ischemic brain damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Wenri H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Elyse M Allen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Lev M Fedorov
- Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- Department of Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Zu Yuan Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Thierno Madjou Bah
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Yuandong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert E Shangraw
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
- Department of Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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10
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Feng Y, Gao C, Xie D, Liu L, Chen B, Liu S, Yang H, Gao Z, Wilson DA, Tu Y, Peng F. Directed Neural Stem Cells Differentiation via Signal Communication with Ni-Zn Micromotors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301736. [PMID: 37402480 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs), with the capability of self-renewal, differentiation, and environment modulation, are considered promising for stroke, brain injury therapy, and neuron regeneration. Activation of endogenous NSCs, is attracting increasing research enthusiasm, which avoids immune rejection and ethical issues of exogenous cell transplantation. Yet, how to induce directed growth and differentiation in situ remain a major challenge. In this study, a pure water-driven Ni-Zn micromotor via a self-established electric-chemical field is proposed. The micromotors can be magnetically guided and precisely approach target NSCs. Through the electric-chemical field, bioelectrical signal exchange and communication with endogenous NSCs are allowed, thus allowing for regulated proliferation and directed neuron differentiation in vivo. Therefore, the Ni-Zn micromotor provides a platform for controlling cell fate via a self-established electrochemical field and targeted activation of endogenous NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Suyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Daniela A Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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11
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Byvaltcev E, Behbood M, Schleimer JH, Gensch T, Semyanov A, Schreiber S, Strauss U. KCC2 reverse mode helps to clear postsynaptically released potassium at glutamatergic synapses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112934. [PMID: 37537840 PMCID: PMC10480490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular potassium [K+]o elevation during synaptic activity retrogradely modifies presynaptic release and astrocytic uptake of glutamate. Hence, local K+ clearance and replenishment mechanisms are crucial regulators of glutamatergic transmission and plasticity. Based on recordings of astrocytic inward rectifier potassium current IKir and K+-sensitive electrodes as sensors of [K+]o as well as on in silico modeling, we demonstrate that the neuronal K+-Cl- co-transporter KCC2 clears local perisynaptic [K+]o during synaptic excitation by operating in an activity-dependent reversed mode. In reverse mode, KCC2 replenishes K+ in dendritic spines and complements clearance of [K+]o, therewith attenuating presynaptic glutamate release and shortening LTP. We thus demonstrate a physiological role of KCC2 in neuron-glial interactions and regulation of synaptic signaling and plasticity through the uptake of postsynaptically released K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Byvaltcev
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell- and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahraz Behbood
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Schleimer
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing 1 (IBI-1, Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhem-Jonen Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Zhejiang Pro, Jiaxing 314033, China
| | - Susanne Schreiber
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Cell- and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Doboszewska U, Socała K, Pieróg M, Nieoczym D, Sawicki J, Szafarz M, Gawel K, Rafało-Ulińska A, Sajnóg A, Wyska E, Esguerra CV, Szewczyk B, Maćkowiak M, Barałkiewicz D, Mlyniec K, Nowak G, Sowa I, Wlaź P. TC-G 1008 facilitates epileptogenesis by acting selectively at the GPR39 receptor but non-selectively activates CREB in the hippocampus of pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:133. [PMID: 37185787 PMCID: PMC10130118 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological activation of the GPR39 receptor has been proposed as a novel strategy for treating seizures; however, this hypothesis has not been verified experimentally. TC-G 1008 is a small molecule agonist increasingly used to study GPR39 receptor function but has not been validated using gene knockout. Our aim was to assess whether TC-G 1008 produces anti-seizure/anti-epileptogenic effects in vivo and whether the effects are mediated by GPR39. To obtain this goal we utilized various animal models of seizures/epileptogenesis and GPR39 knockout mice model. Generally, TC-G 1008 exacerbated behavioral seizures. Furthermore, it increased the mean duration of local field potential recordings in response to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in zebrafish larvae. It facilitated the development of epileptogenesis in the PTZ-induced kindling model of epilepsy in mice. We demonstrated that TC-G 1008 aggravated PTZ-epileptogenesis by selectively acting at GPR39. However, a concomitant analysis of the downstream effects on the cyclic-AMP-response element binding protein in the hippocampus of GPR39 knockout mice suggested that the molecule also acts via other targets. Our data argue against GPR39 activation being a viable therapeutic strategy for treating epilepsy and suggest investigating whether TC-G 1008 is a selective agonist of the GPR39 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pieróg
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Sawicki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rafało-Ulińska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Sajnóg
- Department of Trace Analysis, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Maćkowiak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Analysis, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Pajer K, Bellák T, Grósz T, Nógrádi B, Patai R, Sinkó J, Vinay L, Liabeuf S, Erdélyi M, Nógrádi A. Riluzole treatment modulates KCC2 and EAAT-2 receptor expression and Ca 2+ accumulation following ventral root avulsion injury. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151317. [PMID: 37099936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Avulsion injury results in motoneuron death due to the increased excitotoxicity developing in the affected spinal segments. This study focused on possible short and long term molecular and receptor expression alterations which are thought to be linked to the excitotoxic events in the ventral horn with or without the anti-excitotoxic riluzole treatment. In our experimental model the left lumbar 4 and 5 (L4, 5) ventral roots of the spinal cord were avulsed. Treated animals received riluzole for 2 weeks. Riluzole is a compound that acts to block voltage-activated Na+ and Ca2+ channels. In control animals the L4, 5 ventral roots were avulsed without riluzole treatment. Expression of astrocytic EAAT-2 and that of KCC2 in motoneurons on the affected side of the L4 spinal segment were detected after the injury by confocal and dSTORM imaging, intracellular Ca2+ levels in motoneurons were quantified by electron microscopy. The KCC2 labeling in the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the L4 ventral horn was weaker compared with the medial part of L4 ventral horn in both groups. Riluzole treatment dramatically enhanced motoneuron survival but was not able to prevent the down-regulation of KCC2 expression in injured motoneurons. In contrast, riluzole successfully obviated the increase of intracellular calcium level and the decrease of EAAT-2 expression in astrocytes compared with untreated injured animals. We conclude that KCC2 may not be an essential component for survival of injured motoneurons and riluzole is able to modulate the intracellular level of calcium and expression of EAAT-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bellák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Grósz
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernát Nógrádi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Sinkó
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laurent Vinay
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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15
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Starowicz G, Siodłak D, Nowak G, Mlyniec K. The role of GPR39 zinc receptor in the modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:609-622. [PMID: 36997827 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite our poor understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, a growing body of evidence indicates the role of both glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling behind the effects of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAADs). GPR39 is a zinc-sensing receptor whose activation leads to a prolonged antidepressant-like response in mice. Both GPR39 and zinc can modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, however, exact molecular mechanisms are still elusive. In this study, we aimed to research the role of glutamatergic and GABAergic system activation in TC-G 1008 antidepressant-like effects and the disruptions in this effect caused by a low-zinc diet. METHODS In the first part of our study, we investigated the role of joint administration of the GPR39 agonist (TC-G 1008) and ligands of the glutamatergic or GABAergic systems, in antidepressant-like response. To evaluate animal behaviour we used the forced swim test in mice. In the second part of the study, we assessed the effectiveness of TC-G 1008-induced antidepressant-like response in conditions of decreased dietary zinc intake and its molecular underpinning by conducting a Western Blot analysis of selected proteins involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. RESULTS The TC-G 1008-induced effect was blocked by the administration of NMDA or picrotoxin. The joint administration of TC-G 1008 along with muscimol or SCH50911 showed a trend toward decreased immobility time. Zinc-deficient diet resulted in dysregulation of GluN1, PSD95, and KCC2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the important role of glutamate/GABA signaling in the antidepressant-like effect of TC-G 1008 and imply that GPR39 regulates the balance between excitatory and inhibitory activity in the brain. Thus, we suggest the zinc-sensing receptor be considered an interesting new target for the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Starowicz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Siodłak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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16
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Cao B, Wang J, Feng J. Signaling pathway mechanisms of neurological diseases induced by G protein-coupled receptor 39. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1470-1483. [PMID: 36942516 PMCID: PMC10173710 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) is a transmembrane zinc receptor with two splice variants, which belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor growth hormone-releasing peptide family. Its expression is induced by zinc, which activates GPR39, and its activation mediates cell proliferation, ion homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pathophysiological effects via different signaling pathways. AIMS The article reviews the latest literature in this field. In particular, the role of GPR39 in nervous system is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS GPR39 can be a promising target in neurological diseases for targeted therapy, which will help doctors overcome the associated problems. DISCUSSION GPR39 is expressed in vivo at several sites. Increasing evidence suggests that GPR39 plays an important role as a neuroprotective agent in vivo and regulates various neurological functions, including neurodegeneration, neuroelectrophysiology, and neurovascular homeostasis. CONCLUSION This review aims to provide an overview of the functions, signal transduction pathways, and pathophysiological role of GPR39 in neurological diseases and summarize the GPR39 agonists that have been identified in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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17
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Rychlik M, Starowicz G, Starnowska-Sokol J, Mlyniec K. The Zinc-sensing Receptor (GPR39) Modulates Declarative Memory and Age-related Hippocampal Gene Expression in Male Mice. Neuroscience 2022; 503:1-16. [PMID: 36087899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a neuromodulator, zinc regulates synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Synaptic zinc is also a crucial factor in the development of toxic forms of amyloid beta protein and, subsequently, of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Therefore, efforts to pinpoint mechanisms underlying zinc-dependent cognitive functions might aid AD research, by providing potential novel targets for drugs. One of the most understudied proteins in this regard is a zinc-sensing metabotropic receptor: GPR39. In this study we investigated the impact of GPR39 knock-out (KO) on age-related memory decline in mice of both sexes, by comparing them to age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates. We also tested the effects of a GPR39 agonist (TC-G 1008) on declarative memory of old animals, and its disruption in adult mice. We observed episodic-like memory (ELM) and spatial memory (SM) deficits in male GPR39 KO mice, as well as intact procedural memory in GPR39 KO mice regardless of age and sex. ELM was also absent in old WT male mice, and all female mice regardless of their genotype. Acute application of TC-G 1008 (10 mg/kg) reversed a deficit in two of three ELM components in old WT male mice, and had no promnesic effect on consolidation interference of ELM in adult WT mice. We discuss the possible neurobiological mechanisms and the translational value of these results for potential add-on pharmacotherapy of AD aimed at the zinc-sensing receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rychlik
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Starowicz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Starnowska-Sokol
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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18
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Zhang C, Dischler A, Glover K, Qin Y. Neuronal signalling of zinc: from detection and modulation to function. Open Biol 2022; 12:220188. [PMID: 36067793 PMCID: PMC9448499 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that stabilizes protein structures and allosterically modulates a plethora of enzymes, ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Labile zinc (Zn2+) acts as an intracellular and intercellular signalling molecule in response to various stimuli, which is especially important in the central nervous system. Zincergic neurons, characterized by Zn2+ deposits in synaptic vesicles and presynaptic Zn2+ release, are found in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb and spinal cord. To provide an overview of synaptic Zn2+ and intracellular Zn2+ signalling in neurons, the present paper summarizes the fluorescent sensors used to detect Zn2+ signals, the cellular mechanisms regulating the generation and buffering of Zn2+ signals, as well as the current perspectives on their pleiotropic effects on phosphorylation signalling, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, as well as sensory and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Anna Dischler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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19
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Sterling K, Song W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer's disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:4. [PMID: 35090576 PMCID: PMC8796548 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic abnormalities are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are known to arise as the disease progresses. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological alterations to neuronal circuits and synapses may provide a mechanistic link between amyloid β (Aβ) and tau pathology and thus may serve as an obligatory relay of the cognitive impairment in AD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) play an important role in maintaining synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Considering AD as a synaptic disorder, BDNF has attracted increasing attention as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutical molecule for AD. Although depletion of BDNF has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of impaired BDNF signaling on AD are still unknown. Here, we present an overview of how BDNF genomic structure is connected to factors that regulate BDNF signaling. We then discuss the role of BDNF in AD and the potential of BDNF-targeting therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Asraf H, Bogdanovic M, Gottesman N, Sekler I, Aizenman E, Hershfinkel M. SNAP23 regulates KCC2 membrane insertion and activity following mZnR/GPR39 activation in hippocampal neurons. iScience 2022; 25:103751. [PMID: 35118363 PMCID: PMC8800107 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the neuronal K+/Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2) activity, which mediates Cl− export, is critical to neuronal function. Here, we demonstrate that KCC2 interacts with the SNARE protein synaptosome-associated protein 23, SNAP23, an essential component of membrane insertion machinery. Using KCC2 truncated mutants, we show that KCC2 C-terminal domain is essential for membrane targeting and SNAP23-dependent upregulation of KCC2 activity triggered by activation of the Zn2+-sensitive receptor mZnR/GPR39 in HEK293 cells. Expression of SNAP23 phosphorylation-insensitive mutants or inhibition of its upstream activator IκB kinase (IKK) prevents mZnR/GPR39 upregulation of KCC2 activity in mouse hippocampal neurons. We further find that SNAP23 interacts with Syntaxin 1A and KCC2, and that all three proteins exhibit increased membrane insertion following mZnR/GPR39 activation in neurons. Our results elucidate a G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent pathway for regulation of KCC activity, mediated via interaction with SNARE proteins. Neuronal K+/Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is regulated via interaction with SNAP23 Zn2+ enhances interaction and membrane insertion of SNAP23, Syntaxin 1A, and KCC2 Zn2+-dependent mZnR/GPR39 regulation of KCC2 requires SNAP23 phosphorylation Epithelial KCC3 regulation by ZnR/GPR39 also requires SNAP23
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ZnT1 is a neuronal Zn 2+/Ca 2+ exchanger. Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102505. [PMID: 34871934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1; SLC30A1) is present in the neuronal plasma membrane, critically modulating NMDA receptor function and Zn2+ neurotoxicity. The mechanism mediating Zn2+ transport by ZnT1, however, has remained elusive. Here, we investigated ZnT1-dependent Zn2+ transport by measuring intracellular changes of this ion using the fluorescent indicator FluoZin-3. In primary mouse cortical neurons, which express ZnT1, transient addition of extracellular Zn2+ triggered a rise in cytosolic Zn2+, followed by its removal. Knockdown of ZnT1 by adeno associated viral (AAV)-short hairpin RNA (shZnT1) markedly increased rates of Zn2+ rise, and decreased rates of its removal, suggesting that ZnT1 is a primary route for Zn2+ efflux in neurons. Although Zn2+ transport by other members of the SLC30A family is dependent on pH gradients across cellular membranes, altered H+ gradients were not coupled to ZnT1-dependent transport. Removal of cytoplasmic Zn2+, against a large inward gradient during the initial loading phase, suggests that Zn2+ efflux requires a large driving force. We therefore asked if Ca2+ gradients across the membrane can facilitate Zn2+ efflux. Elimination of extracellular Ca2+ abolished Zn2+ efflux, while increased extracellular Ca2+ levels enhanced Zn2+ efflux. Intracellular Ca2+ rises, measured in GCaMP6 expressing neurons, closely paralleled cytoplasmic Zn2+ removal. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that ZnT1 functions as a Zn2+/Ca2+ exchanger, thereby regulating the transport of two ions of fundamental importance in neuronal signaling.
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Zinc Signaling in the Mammary Gland: For Better and for Worse. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091204. [PMID: 34572390 PMCID: PMC8469023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) plays an essential role in epithelial physiology. Among its many effects, most prominent is its action to accelerate cell proliferation, thereby modulating wound healing. It also mediates affects in the gastrointestinal system, in the testes, and in secretory organs, including the pancreas, salivary, and prostate glands. On the cellular level, Zn2+ is involved in protein folding, DNA, and RNA synthesis, and in the function of numerous enzymes. In the mammary gland, Zn2+ accumulation in maternal milk is essential for supporting infant growth during the neonatal period. Importantly, Zn2+ signaling also has direct roles in controlling mammary gland development or, alternatively, involution. During breast cancer progression, accumulation or redistribution of Zn2+ occurs in the mammary gland, with aberrant Zn2+ signaling observed in the malignant cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of in Zn2+ the mammary gland, and the proteins controlling cellular Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling, including Zn2+ transporters and the Gq-coupled Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39. Significant advances in our understanding of Zn2+ signaling in the normal mammary gland as well as in the context of breast cancer provides new avenues for identification of specific targets for breast cancer therapy.
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Sah A, Kharitonova M, Mlyniec K. Neuronal correlates underlying the role of the zinc sensing receptor (GPR39) in passive-coping behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108752. [PMID: 34390690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Zn2+ receptor GPR39 is proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. GPR39 knockout (KO) animals show depressive- and anxiety-like behaviour, and resistance to conventional monoamine-based antidepressants. However, it is unclear as to which brain regions are involved in the pro-depressive phenotype of GPR39KO mice and the resistance to monoamine-targeting antidepressant treatment. Our current study confirmed previous results, showing that mice lacking GPR39 display enhanced passive coping-like behaviour compared with their wild-type controls. Furthermore, this study shows for the first time that GPR39KO displayed aberrant challenge-induced neuronal activity in key brain regions associated with passive coping behaviour. Imipramine induced only a marginal reduction in the enhanced passive coping behaviour in GPR39KO mice, which was associated with attenuation of the hyperactive prefrontal cortex. Similarly, the aberrant activity within the amygdalar subregions was normalized following imipramine treatment in the GPR39KO mice, indicating that imipramine mediates these effects independently of GPR39 in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. However, imipramine failed to modulate the aberrant brain activity in other brain regions, such as the anterior CA3 and the dentate gyrus, in GPR39KO mice. Normalization of aberrant activity in these areas has been shown previously to accompany successful behavioural effects of antidepressants. Taken together, our data suggest that monoamine-based antidepressants such as imipramine exert their action via GPR39-dependent and -independent pathways. Failure to modulate passive-coping related aberrant activity in important brain areas of the depression circuitry is proposed to mediate/contribute to the greatly reduced antidepressant action of monoamine-based antidepressants in GPR39KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Kharitonova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/III, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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Xu Y, Barnes AP, Alkayed NJ. Role of GPR39 in Neurovascular Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8200. [PMID: 34360964 PMCID: PMC8346997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR39, a member of the ghrelin family of G protein-coupled receptors, is zinc-responsive and contributes to the regulation of diverse neurovascular and neurologic functions. Accumulating evidence suggests a role as a homeostatic regulator of neuronal excitability, vascular tone, and the immune response. We review GPR39 structure, function, and signaling, including constitutive activity and biased signaling, and summarize its expression pattern in the central nervous system. We further discuss its recognized role in neurovascular, neurological, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Anthony P. Barnes
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
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25
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Rahmati N, Normoyle KP, Glykys J, Dzhala VI, Lillis KP, Kahle KT, Raiyyani R, Jacob T, Staley KJ. Unique Actions of GABA Arising from Cytoplasmic Chloride Microdomains. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4957-4975. [PMID: 33903223 PMCID: PMC8197632 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3175-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental, cellular, and subcellular variations in the direction of neuronal Cl- currents elicited by GABAA receptor activation have been frequently reported. We found a corresponding variance in the GABAA receptor reversal potential (EGABA) for synapses originating from individual interneurons onto a single pyramidal cell. These findings suggest a similar heterogeneity in the cytoplasmic intracellular concentration of chloride ([Cl-]i) in individual dendrites. We determined [Cl-]i in the murine hippocampus and cerebral cortex of both sexes by (1) two-photon imaging of the Cl--sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon; (2) Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) of the Cl--sensitive fluorophore MEQ (6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium); and (3) electrophysiological measurements of EGABA by pressure application of GABA and RuBi-GABA uncaging. Fluorometric and electrophysiological estimates of local [Cl-]i were highly correlated. [Cl-]i microdomains persisted after pharmacological inhibition of cation-chloride cotransporters, but were progressively modified after inhibiting the polymerization of the anionic biopolymer actin. These methods collectively demonstrated stable [Cl-]i microdomains in individual neurons in vitro and in vivo and the role of immobile anions in its stability. Our results highlight the existence of functionally significant neuronal Cl- microdomains that modify the impact of GABAergic inputs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Microdomains of varying chloride concentrations in the neuronal cytoplasm are a predictable consequence of the inhomogeneous distribution of anionic polymers such as actin, tubulin, and nucleic acids. Here, we demonstrate the existence and stability of these microdomains, as well as the consequence for GABAergic synaptic signaling: each interneuron produces a postsynaptic GABAA response with a unique reversal potential. In individual hippocampal pyramidal cells, the range of GABAA reversal potentials evoked by stimulating different interneurons was >20 mV. Some interneurons generated postsynaptic responses in pyramidal cells that reversed at potentials beyond what would be considered purely inhibitory. Cytoplasmic chloride microdomains enable each pyramidal cell to maintain a compendium of unique postsynaptic responses to the activity of individual interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kieran P Normoyle
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Volodymyr I Dzhala
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kyle P Lillis
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Rehan Raiyyani
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Theju Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kevin J Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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26
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Sergeeva EG, Rosenberg PA, Benowitz LI. Non-Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Optic Nerve Regeneration by Amacrine Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:666798. [PMID: 33935656 PMCID: PMC8085350 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.666798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual information is conveyed from the eye to the brain through the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that course through the optic nerve and synapse onto neurons in multiple subcortical visual relay areas. RGCs cannot regenerate their axons once they are damaged, similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), and soon undergo cell death. These phenomena of neurodegeneration and regenerative failure are widely viewed as being determined by cell-intrinsic mechanisms within RGCs or to be influenced by the extracellular environment, including glial or inflammatory cells. However, a new concept is emerging that the death or survival of RGCs and their ability to regenerate axons are also influenced by the complex circuitry of the retina and that the activation of a multicellular signaling cascade involving changes in inhibitory interneurons - the amacrine cells (AC) - contributes to the fate of RGCs. Here, we review our current understanding of the role that interneurons play in cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Sergeeva
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Larry I. Benowitz
- Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Laitakari A, Liu L, Frimurer TM, Holst B. The Zinc-Sensing Receptor GPR39 in Physiology and as a Pharmacological Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083872. [PMID: 33918078 PMCID: PMC8070507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor GPR39 is abundantly expressed in various tissues and can be activated by changes in extracellular Zn2+ in physiological concentrations. Previously, genetically modified rodent models have been able to shed some light on the physiological functions of GPR39, and more recently the utilization of novel synthetic agonists has led to the unraveling of several new functions in the variety of tissues GPR39 is expressed. Indeed, GPR39 seems to be involved in many important metabolic and endocrine functions, but also to play a part in inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, saliva secretion, bone formation, male fertility, addictive and depression disorders and cancer. These new discoveries offer opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic approaches against many diseases where efficient therapeutics are still lacking. This review focuses on Zn2+ as an endogenous ligand as well as on the novel synthetic agonists of GPR39, placing special emphasis on the recently discovered physiological functions and discusses their pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laitakari
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.L.); (T.M.F.)
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.L.); (T.M.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.L.); (T.M.F.)
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.L.); (T.M.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Siodłak D, Nowak G, Mlyniec K. Interaction between zinc, the GPR39 zinc receptor and the serotonergic system in depression. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:146-154. [PMID: 33549699 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc signalling has a crucial impact on the proper functioning of the brain. Disturbances within the zincergic system may lead to neuropsychological disorders, including major depression. Studying this disease and designing effective treatment is hampered by its heterogeneous etiology and the diversified nature of the symptoms. Over the years, studies have shown that zinc deficiency and disturbances in the expression profile of the zinc receptor - GPR39 - might be a useful neurobiological indicator of a pathological state. Zinc levels and the zinc receptor are altered by classic antidepressant treatment, which indicates possible reciprocity between the monoaminergic system and zinc signalling. Disruptions in this specific interplay might be a cause of a pathological depressive state, and restoring balance and cooperation between those systems might be key to a successful form of pharmacotherapy. In this review, we aim to describe interactions between the serotonergic and zincergic systems and to highlight their significance in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Siodłak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL, 30-688, Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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29
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Chakraborty M, Asraf H, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. ZnR/GPR39 controls cell migration by orchestrating recruitment of KCC3 into protrusions, re-organization of actin and activation of MMP. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102330. [PMID: 33465674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Actin re-organization and degradation of extracellular matrix by metalloproteases (MMPs) facilitate formation of cellular protrusions that are required for cell proliferation and migration. We find that Zn2+ activation of the Gq-coupled receptor ZnR/GPR39 controls these processes by regulating K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC3, which modulates cell volume. Silencing of KCC3 expression or activity reverses ZnR/GPR39 enhancement of cell proliferation, migration and invasion through Matrigel. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 recruits KCC3 into F-actin rich membrane protrusions, suggesting that it can locally control volume changes. Immunofluorescence analysis indicates that Zn2+ activation of ZnR/GPR39 and KCC3 are required to enhance formation of F-actin stress fibers and cellular protrusions. In addition, ZnR/GPR39 upregulation of KCC3-dependent transport increases the activity of matrix metalloproteases MMP2 and MMP9. Our study establishes a mechanism in which ZnR/GPR39 orchestrates localization and activation of KCC3, formation of F-actin rich cell protrusions and activation of MMPs, and thereby controls cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Krall RF, Tzounopoulos T, Aizenman E. The Function and Regulation of Zinc in the Brain. Neuroscience 2021; 457:235-258. [PMID: 33460731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nearly sixty years ago Fredrich Timm developed a histochemical technique that revealed a rich reserve of free zinc in distinct regions of the brain. Subsequent electron microscopy studies in Timm- stained brain tissue found that this "labile" pool of cellular zinc was highly concentrated at synaptic boutons, hinting a possible role for the metal in synaptic transmission. Although evidence for activity-dependent synaptic release of zinc would not be reported for another twenty years, these initial findings spurred decades of research into zinc's role in neuronal function and revealed a diverse array of signaling cascades triggered or regulated by the metal. Here, we delve into our current understanding of the many roles zinc plays in the brain, from influencing neurotransmission and sensory processing, to activating both pro-survival and pro-death neuronal signaling pathways. Moreover, we detail the many mechanisms that tightly regulate cellular zinc levels, including metal binding proteins and a large array of zinc transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Krall
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thanos Tzounopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Elias Aizenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA.
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31
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Kitayama T. The Role of Astrocytes in the Modulation ofK +-Cl --Cotransporter-2 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9539. [PMID: 33333849 PMCID: PMC7765297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is characterized by spontaneous pain, pain sensations, and tactile allodynia. The pain sensory system normally functions under a fine balance between excitation and inhibition. Neuropathic pain arises when this balance is lost for some reason. In past reports, various mechanisms of neuropathic pain development have been reported, one of which is the downregulation of K+-Cl--cotransporter-2 (KCC2) expression. In fact, various neuropathic pain models indicate a decrease in KCC2 expression. This decrease in KCC2 expression is often due to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is released from microglia. However, a similar reaction has been reported in astrocytes, and it is unclear whether astrocytes or microglia are more important. This review discusses the hypothesis that astrocytes have a crucial influence on the alteration of KCC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitayama
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
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32
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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33
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The Role of Zinc in Male Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207796. [PMID: 33096823 PMCID: PMC7589359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies proposed the importance of zinc ion in male fertility. Here, we describe the properties, roles and cellular mechanisms of action of Zn2+ in spermatozoa, focusing on its involvement in sperm motility, capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis, three functions that are crucial for successful fertilization. The impact of zinc supplementation on assisted fertilization techniques is also described. The impact of zinc on sperm motility has been investigated in many vertebrate and invertebrate species. It has been reported that Zn2+ in human seminal plasma decreases sperm motility and that Zn2+ removal enhances motility. Reduction in the intracellular concentration of Zn2+ during epididymal transit allows the development of progressive motility and the subsequent hyper activated motility during sperm capacitation. Extracellular Zn2+ affects intracellular signaling pathways through its interaction with the Zn2+ sensing receptor (ZnR), also named GPR39. This receptor was found in the sperm tail and the acrosome, suggesting the possible involvement of Zn2+ in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. Our studies showed that Zn2+ stimulates bovine sperm acrosomal exocytosis, as well as human sperm hyper-activated motility, were both mediated by GPR39. Zn2+ binds and activates GPR39, which activates the trans-membrane-adenylyl-cyclase (tmAC) to catalyze cAMP production. The NHE (Na+/H+-exchanger) is activated by cAMP, leading in increased pHi and activation of the sperm-specific Ca2+ channel CatSper, resulting in an increase in [Ca2+]i, which, together with HCO3−, activates the soluble adenylyl-cyclase (sAC). The increase in [cAMP]i activates protein kinase A (PKA), followed by activation of the Src-epidermal growth factor receptor-Pphospholipase C (Src-EGFR-PLC) cascade, resulting in inositol-triphosphate (IP3) production, which mobilizes Ca2+ from the acrosome, causing a further increase in [Ca2+]i and the development of hyper-activated motility. PKA also activates phospholipase D1 (PLD1), leading to F-actin formation during capacitation. Prior to the acrosomal exocytosis, PLC induces phosphadidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis, leading to the release of the actin-severing protein gelsolin to the cytosol, which is activated by Ca2+, resulting in F-actin breakdown and the occurrence of acrosomal exocytosis.
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Rychlik M, Mlyniec K. Zinc-mediated Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease: A Potential Role of the GPR39 in Dementia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:2-13. [PMID: 31272355 PMCID: PMC7327932 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190704153807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With more people reaching an advanced age in modern society, there is a growing need for strategies to slow down age-related neuropathology and loss of cognitive functions, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroprotective drugs and candidate drug compounds target one or more processes involved in the neurodegenerative cascade, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, misfolded protein aggregation and/or ion dyshomeostasis. A growing body of research shows that a G-protein coupled zinc (Zn2+) receptor (GPR39) can modulate the abovementioned processes. Zn2+ itself has a diverse activity profile at the synapse, and by binding to numerous receptors, it plays an important role in neurotransmission. However, Zn2+ is also necessary for the formation of toxic oligomeric forms of amyloid beta, which underlie the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, the binding of Zn2+ by amyloid beta causes a disruption of zincergic signaling, and recent studies point to GPR39 and its intracellular targets being affected by amyloid pathology. In this review, we present neurobiological findings related to Zn2+ and GPR39, focusing on its signaling pathways, neural plasticity, interactions with other neurotransmission systems, as well as on the effects of pathophysiological changes observed in Alzheimer's disease on GPR39 function. Direct targeting of the GPR39 might be a promising strategy for the pharmacotherapy of zincergic dyshomeostasis observed in Alzheimer’s disease. The information presented in this article will hopefully fuel further research into the role of GPR39 in neurodegeneration and help in identifying novel therapeutic targets for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Rychlik
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Jager A, Amiri H, Bielczyk N, van Heukelum S, Heerschap A, Aschrafi A, Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Kozicz T, Glennon JC. Cortical control of aggression: GABA signalling in the anterior cingulate cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:5-16. [PMID: 29274996 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced top-down control by cortical areas is assumed to underlie pathological forms of aggression. While the precise underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive, it seems that balancing the excitatory and inhibitory tones of cortical brain areas has a role in aggression control. The molecular mechanisms underpinning aggression control were examined in the BALB/cJ mouse model. First, these mice were extensively phenotyped for aggression and anxiety in comparison to BALB/cByJ controls. Microarray data was then used to construct a molecular landscape, based on the mRNAs that were differentially expressed in the brains of BALB/cJ mice. Subsequently, we provided corroborating evidence for the key findings from the landscape through 1H-magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative polymerase chain reactions, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The molecular landscape predicted that altered GABA signalling may underlie the observed increased aggression and anxiety in BALB/cJ mice. This was supported by a 40% reduction of 1H-MRS GABA levels and a 20-fold increase of the GABA-degrading enzyme Abat in the ventral ACC. As a possible compensation, Kcc2, a potassium-chloride channel involved in GABA-A receptor signalling, was found increased. Moreover, we observed aggressive behaviour that could be linked to altered expression of neuroligin-2, a membrane-bound cell adhesion protein that mediates synaptogenesis of mainly inhibitory synapses. In conclusion, Abat and Kcc2 seem to be involved in modulating aggressive and anxious behaviours observed in BALB/cJ mice through affecting GABA signalling in the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jager
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Bielczyk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina van Heukelum
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Dershem R, Metpally RPR, Jeffreys K, Krishnamurthy S, Smelser DT, Hershfinkel M, Carey DJ, Robishaw JD, Breitwieser GE. Rare-variant pathogenicity triage and inclusion of synonymous variants improves analysis of disease associations of orphan G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18109-18121. [PMID: 31628190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pace of deorphanization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has slowed, and new approaches are required. Small molecule targeting of orphan GPCRs can potentially be of clinical benefit even if the endogenous receptor ligand has not been identified. Many GPCRs lack common variants that lead to reproducible genome-wide disease associations, and rare-variant approaches have emerged as a viable alternative to identify disease associations for such genes. Therefore, our goal was to prioritize orphan GPCRs by determining their associations with human diseases in a large clinical population. We used sequence kernel association tests to assess the disease associations of 85 orphan or understudied GPCRs in an unselected cohort of 51,289 individuals. Using rare loss-of-function variants, missense variants predicted to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic, and a subset of rare synonymous variants that cause large changes in local codon bias as independent data sets, we found strong, phenome-wide disease associations shared by two or more variant categories for 39% of the GPCRs. To validate the bioinformatics and sequence kernel association test analyses, we functionally characterized rare missense and synonymous variants of GPR39, a family A GPCR, revealing altered expression or Zn2+-mediated signaling for members of both variant classes. These results support the utility of rare variant analyses for identifying disease associations for GPCRs that lack impactful common variants. We highlight the importance of rare synonymous variants in human physiology and argue for their routine inclusion in any comprehensive analysis of genomic variants as potential causes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridge Dershem
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Raghu P R Metpally
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Kirk Jeffreys
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Sarathbabu Krishnamurthy
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Diane T Smelser
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
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- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591
| | - David J Carey
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
| | - Janet D Robishaw
- Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431
| | - Gerda E Breitwieser
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger, Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822.
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Mero M, Asraf H, Sekler I, Taylor KM, Hershfinkel M. ZnR/GPR39 upregulation of K +/Cl --cotransporter 3 in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. Cell Calcium 2019; 81:12-20. [PMID: 31146164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the zinc receptor, ZnR/GPR39, is increased in higher grade breast cancer tumors and cells. Zinc, its ligand, is accumulated at larger concentrations in the tumor tissue and can therefore activate ZnR/GPR39-dependent Ca2+ signaling leading to tumor progression. The K+/Cl- co-transporters (KCC), activated by intracellular signaling, enhance breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We asked if ZnR/GPR39 enhances breast cancer cell malignancy by activating KCC. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 by Zn2+ upregulated K+/Cl- co-transport activity, measured using NH4+ as a surrogate to K+ while monitoring intracellular pH. Upregulation of NH4+ transport was monitored in tamoxifen resistant cells with functional ZnR/GPR39-dependent Ca2+ signaling but not in MCF-7 cells lacking this response. The NH4+ transport was Na+-independent, and we therefore focused on KCC family members. Silencing of KCC3, but not KCC4, expression abolished Zn2+-dependent K+/Cl- co-transport, suggesting that KCC3 is mediating upregulated NH4+ transport. The ZnR/GPR39-dependent KCC3 activation accelerated scratch closure rate, which was abolished by inhibiting KCC transport with [(DihydroIndenyl) Oxy] Alkanoic acid (DIOA). Importantly, silencing of either ZnR/GPR39 or KCC3 attenuated Zn2+-dependent scratch closure. Thus, a novel link between KCC3 and Zn2+, via ZnR/GPR39, promotes breast cancer cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Mero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Cuzon Carlson VC, Ford MM, Carlson TL, Lomniczi A, Grant KA, Ferguson B, Cervera-Juanes RP. Modulation of Gpr39, a G-protein coupled receptor associated with alcohol use in non-human primates, curbs ethanol intake in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1103-1113. [PMID: 30610192 PMCID: PMC6461847 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition with devastating health and socioeconomic effects. Still, pharmacotherapies to treat AUD are scarce. In a prior study aimed at identifying novel AUD therapeutic targets, we investigated the DNA methylome of the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) of rhesus macaques after chronic alcohol use. The G-protein coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) gene was hypermethylated and its expression downregulated in heavy alcohol drinking macaques. GPR39 encodes a Zn2+-binding metabotropic receptor known to modulate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, the balance of which is altered in AUD. These prior findings suggest that a GPR39 agonist would reduce alcohol intake. Using a drinking-in-the-dark two bottle choice (DID-2BC) model, we showed that an acute 7.5 mg/kg dose of the GPR39 agonist, TC-G 1008, reduced ethanol intake in mice without affecting total fluid intake, locomotor activity or saccharin preference. Furthermore, repeated doses of the agonist prevented ethanol escalation in an intermittent access 2BC paradigm (IA-2BC). This effect was reversible, as ethanol escalation followed agonist "wash out". As observed during the DID-2BC study, a subsequent acute agonist challenge during the IA-2BC procedure reduced ethanol intake by ~47%. Finally, Gpr39 activation was associated with changes in Gpr39 and Bdnf expression, and in glutamate release in the NAcc. Together, our findings suggest that GPR39 is a promising target for the development of prevention and treatment therapies for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verginia C Cuzon Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Timothy L Carlson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rita P Cervera-Juanes
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
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Garand D, Mahadevan V, Woodin MA. Ionotropic and metabotropic kainate receptor signalling regulates Cl - homeostasis and GABAergic inhibition. J Physiol 2019; 597:1677-1690. [PMID: 30570751 PMCID: PMC6418771 DOI: 10.1113/jp276901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) plays a critical role in regulating chloride homeostasis, which is essential for hyperpolarizing inhibition in the mature nervous system. KCC2 interacts with many proteins involved in excitatory neurotransmission, including the GluK2 subunit of the kainate receptor (KAR). We show that activation of KARs hyperpolarizes the reversal potential for GABA (EGABA ) via both ionotropic and metabotropic signalling mechanisms. KCC2 is required for the metabotropic KAR-mediated regulation of EGABA , although ionotropic KAR signalling can hyperpolarize EGABA independent of KCC2 transporter function. The KAR-mediated hyperpolarization of EGABA is absent in the GluK1/2-/- mouse and is independent of zinc release from mossy fibre terminals. The ability of KARs to regulate KCC2 function may have implications in diseases with disrupted excitation: inhibition balance, such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, autism spectrum disorders and Down's syndrome. ABSTRACT Potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) plays a critical role in the regulation of chloride (Cl- ) homeostasis within mature neurons. KCC2 is a secondarily active transporter that extrudes Cl- from the neuron, which maintains a low intracellular Cl- concentration [Cl- ]. This results in a hyperpolarized reversal potential of GABA (EGABA ), which is required for fast synaptic inhibition in the mature central nervous system. KCC2 also plays a structural role in dendritic spines and at excitatory synapses, and interacts with 'excitatory' proteins, including the GluK2 subunit of kainate receptors (KARs). KARs are glutamate receptors that display both ionotropic and metabotropic signalling. We show that activating KARs in the hippocampus hyperpolarizes EGABA , thus strengthening inhibition. This hyperpolarization occurs via both ionotropic and metabotropic KAR signalling in the CA3 region, whereas it is absent in the GluK1/2-/- mouse, and is independent of zinc release from mossy fibre terminals. The metabotropic signalling mechanism is dependent on KCC2, although the ionotropic signalling mechanism produces a hyperpolarization of EGABA even in the absence of KCC2 transporter function. These results demonstrate a novel functional interaction between a glutamate receptor and KCC2, a transporter critical for maintaining inhibition, suggesting that the KAR:KCC2 complex may play an important role in excitatory:inhibitory balance in the hippocampus. Additionally, the ability of KARs to regulate chloride homeostasis independently of KCC2 suggests that KAR signalling can regulate inhibition via multiple mechanisms. Activation of kainate-type glutamate receptors could serve as an important mechanism for increasing the strength of inhibition during periods of strong glutamatergic activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorides/metabolism
- Female
- Homeostasis
- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal/physiology
- Pyramidal Cells/metabolism
- Pyramidal Cells/physiology
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Symporters/metabolism
- K Cl- Cotransporters
- GluK2 Kainate Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Garand
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Vivek Mahadevan
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Melanie A. Woodin
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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Starowicz G, Jarosz M, Frąckiewicz E, Grzechnik N, Ostachowicz B, Nowak G, Mlyniec K. Long-lasting antidepressant-like activity of the GPR39 zinc receptor agonist TC-G 1008. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:325-334. [PMID: 30419533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of the zinc-sensing receptor, has provided new possibilities for explaining the neurobiology of zinc. Recent studies indicate that the GPR39 zinc receptor may play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression as well as in the antidepressant mechanism of action. METHODS In this study we evaluated the time-course of the antidepressant response of the GPR39 agonist (TC-G 1008), imipramine, ZnCl2 and MK-801 in the forced swim test in mice 30 min, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h after acute drug administration as well as after 14-day treatment. Zinc level was measured in serum of mice. BDNF protein level was evaluated in hippocampus following both acute and chronic TC-G 1008 treatment. RESULTS A single administration of the GPR39 agonist caused an antidepressant-like effect lasting up to 24 h following the injection, which is longer than the effect of imipramine, ZnCl2 and MK-801. Chronic treatment with these compounds caused a decrease in immobility time in the FST. Serum zinc concentrations showed an increased level following chronic ZnCl2 administration, but not following administration of TC-G 1008, imipramine or MK-801. We also observed some tendencies for increased BDNF following acute TC-G 1008 treatment. LIMITATIONS TC-G 1008 is new drug designed to study GPR39 therefore additional pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical studies are required. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time the long-lasting antidepressant effect of the GPR39 agonist in comparison with imipramine, ZnCl2 and MK-801. Our findings suggest that GPR39 should be considered as a target in efforts to develop new antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Starowicz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jarosz
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Frąckiewicz
- Department of Radioligands, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Grzechnik
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Ostachowicz
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mlyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract
Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggest the importance of zinc homeostasis in seizures/epilepsy. Undoubtedly, zinc, via modulation of a variety of targets, is necessary for maintaining the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, while an imbalance between excitation and inhibition underlies seizures. However, the relationship between zinc signaling and seizures/epilepsy is complex as both extracellular and intracellular zinc may produce either protective or detrimental effects. This review provides an overview of preclinical/behavioral, functional and molecular studies, as well as clinical data on the involvement of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of seizures/epilepsy. Furthermore, the potential of targeting elements associated with zinc signaling or homeostasis and zinc levels as a therapeutic strategy for epilepsy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Młyniec
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wlaź
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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How cellular Zn 2+ signaling drives physiological functions. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:53-63. [PMID: 30145429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient affecting many aspects of human health. Cellular Zn2+ homeostasis is critical for cell function and survival. Zn2+, acting as a first or second messenger, triggers signaling pathways that mediate the physiological roles of Zn2+. Transient changes in Zn2+ concentrations within the cell or in the extracellular region occur following its release from Zn2+ binding metallothioneins, its transport across membranes by the ZnT or ZIP transporters, or release of vesicular Zn2+. These transients activate a distinct Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, or modulate numerous proteins and signaling pathways. Importantly, Zn2+ signaling regulates cellular physiological functions such as: proliferation, differentiation, ion transport and secretion. Indeed, novel therapeutic approaches aimed to maintain Zn2+ homeostasis and signaling are evolving. This review focuses on recent findings describing roles of Zn2+ and its transporters in regulating physiological or pathological processes.
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Hershfinkel M. The Zinc Sensing Receptor, ZnR/GPR39, in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020439. [PMID: 29389900 PMCID: PMC5855661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct G-protein coupled receptor that senses changes in extracellular Zn2+, ZnR/GPR39, was found in cells from tissues in which Zn2+ plays a physiological role. Most prominently, ZnR/GPR39 activity was described in prostate cancer, skin keratinocytes, and colon epithelial cells, where zinc is essential for cell growth, wound closure, and barrier formation. ZnR/GPR39 activity was also described in neurons that are postsynaptic to vesicular Zn2+ release. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 triggers Gαq-dependent signaling and subsequent cellular pathways associated with cell growth and survival. Furthermore, ZnR/GPR39 was shown to regulate the activity of ion transport mechanisms that are essential for the physiological function of epithelial and neuronal cells. Thus, ZnR/GPR39 provides a unique target for therapeutically modifying the actions of zinc in a specific and selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, POB 653, Ben-Gurion Ave. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Kitayama T. The Role of K +-Cl --Cotransporter-2 in Neuropathic Pain. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:110-115. [PMID: 28677029 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pain sensory system normally functions under a fine balance between excitation and inhibition. When this balance is perturbed for some reason, it leads to neuropathic pain. There is accumulating evidence that attributes this pain generation to specific dysfunctions of the inhibitory system in the spinal cord. One possible mechanism leading to the induction of these dysfunctions is the down-regulation of K+-Cl--cotransporter-2 (KCC2) expression. In fact, various neuropathic pain models indicate a decrease of KCC2 expression in the spinal cord. The alteration of KCC2 expression affects GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmissions, because KCC2 is a potassium-chloride exporter and serves to maintain intracellular chloride concentration. When there is a low level of KCC2 expression, GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmissions transform from inhibitory signals to excitatory signals. In this review, the hypothesis that an alteration of KCC2 expression has a crucial influence on the initiation/development or maintenance of neuropathic pain is discussed. In addition, it is suggested that the alteration of inhibitory signals is dependent on the time after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kitayama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien-Kyubanmachi, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8179, Japan.
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Parallel in vivo and in vitro transcriptomics analysis reveals calcium and zinc signalling in the brain as sensitive targets of HBCD neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1189-1203. [PMID: 29177809 PMCID: PMC5866835 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant (BFR) that accumulates in humans and affects the nervous system. To elucidate the mechanisms of HBCD neurotoxicity, we used transcriptomic profiling in brains of female mice exposed through their diet to HBCD (199 mg/kg body weight per day) for 28 days and compared with those of neuronal N2A and NSC-19 cell lines exposed to 1 or 2 µM HBCD. Similar pathways and functions were affected both in vivo and in vitro, including Ca2+ and Zn2+ signalling, glutamatergic neuron activity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Release of cytosolic free Zn2+ by HBCD was confirmed in N2A cells. This Zn2+ release was partially quenched by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine indicating that, in accordance with transcriptomic analysis, free radical formation is involved in HBCD toxicity. To investigate the effects of HBCD in excitable cells, we isolated mouse hippocampal neurons and monitored Ca2+ signalling triggered by extracellular glutamate or zinc, which are co-released pre-synaptically to trigger postsynaptic signalling. In control cells application of zinc or glutamate triggered a rapid rise of intracellular [Ca2+]. Treatment of the cultures with 1 µM of HBCD was sufficient to reduce the glutamate-dependent Ca2+ signal by 50%. The effect of HBCD on zinc-dependent Ca2+ signalling was even more pronounced, resulting in the reduction of the Ca2+ signal with 86% inhibition at 1 µM HBCD. Our results show that low concentrations of HBCD affect neural signalling in mouse brain acting through dysregulation of Ca2+ and Zn2+ homeostasis.
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Abstract
K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2/SLC12A5) is a neuronal specific cation chloride co-transporter which is active under isotonic conditions, and thus a key regulator of intracellular Cl- levels. It also has an ion transporter-independent structural role in modulating the maturation and regulation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. KCC2 levels are developmentally regulated, and a postnatal upregulation of KCC2 generates a low intracellular chloride concentration that allows the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine to exert inhibitory neurotransmission through its Cl- permeating channel. Functional expression of KCC2 at the neuronal cell surface is necessary for its activity, and impairment in KCC2 cell surface transport and/or internalization may underlie a range of neuropathological conditions. Although recent advances have shed light on a range of cellular mechanisms regulating KCC2 activity, little is known about its membrane trafficking itinerary and regulatory proteins. In this review, known membrane trafficking signals, pathways and mechanisms pertaining to KCC2's functional surface expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- a Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University Health System , Singapore.,b NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Paul A, Crow M, Raudales R, He M, Gillis J, Huang ZJ. Transcriptional Architecture of Synaptic Communication Delineates GABAergic Neuron Identity. Cell 2017; 171:522-539.e20. [PMID: 28942923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the organizational logic of neural circuits requires deciphering the biological basis of neuronal diversity and identity, but there is no consensus on how neuron types should be defined. We analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of a set of anatomically and physiologically characterized cortical GABAergic neurons and conducted a computational genomic screen for transcriptional profiles that distinguish them from one another. We discovered that cardinal GABAergic neuron types are delineated by a transcriptional architecture that encodes their synaptic communication patterns. This architecture comprises 6 categories of ∼40 gene families, including cell-adhesion molecules, transmitter-modulator receptors, ion channels, signaling proteins, neuropeptides and vesicular release components, and transcription factors. Combinatorial expression of select members across families shapes a multi-layered molecular scaffold along the cell membrane that may customize synaptic connectivity patterns and input-output signaling properties. This molecular genetic framework of neuronal identity integrates cell phenotypes along multiple axes and provides a foundation for discovering and classifying neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Paul
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Megan Crow
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ricardo Raudales
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Miao He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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McAllister BB, Dyck RH. Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) and vesicular zinc in central nervous system function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chwiej J, Patulska A, Skoczen A, Matusiak K, Janeczko K, Ciarach M, Simon R, Setkowicz Z. Various ketogenic diets can differently support brain resistance against experimentally evoked seizures and seizure-induced elemental anomalies of hippocampal formation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 42:50-58. [PMID: 28595792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the influence of two different ketogenic diets (KDs) on the seizure-evoked elemental anomalies of hippocampal formation was examined. To achieve this purpose normal and pilocarpine treated rats previously fed with one of the two high fat and carbohydrate restricted diets were compared with animals on standard laboratory diet. The ketogenic ratios of the examined KDs were equal to 5:1 (KD1) and 9:1 (KD2). KD1 and standard diet fed animals presented similar patterns of seizure-evoked elemental changes in hippocampal formation. Also the analysis of behavioral data recorded after pilocarpine injection did not show any significant differences in intensity and duration of seizures between KD1 and standard diet fed animals. Higher ketogenic ratio KD2 introduced in the normal hippocampal formation prolonged changes in the accumulation of P, K, Zn and Ca. Despite this, both the intensity and duration of seizures were significantly reduced in rats fed with KD2 which suggests that its saving action on the nerve tissue may protect brain from seizure propagation. Also seizure-evoked elemental anomalies in KD2 animals were different than those observed for rats both on KD1 and standard diets. The comparison of seizure experiencing and normal rats on KD2, did not show any statistically significant differences in elemental composition of CA1 and H hippocampal areas whilst in CA3 area only Zn level changed as a result of seizures. DG was the area mostly affected by seizures in KD2 fed rats but areal densities of all examined elements increased in this hippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chwiej
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Patulska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Skoczen
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Matusiak
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Janeczko
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Zoology, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Ciarach
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Zoology, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Simon
- Institut fur Synchrotronstrahlung, Research Centre Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Z Setkowicz
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Zoology, Krakow, Poland
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