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de Sousa ME, Gusmao DO, Dos Santos WO, Moriya HT, de Lima FF, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Fasting and prolonged food restriction differentially affect GH secretion independently of GH receptor signaling in AgRP neurons. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13254. [PMID: 36964750 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) is abundantly expressed in neurons that co-release the agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). Since ARHAgRP/NPY neurons regulate several hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine axes, this neuronal population possibly modulates GH secretion via a negative feedback loop, particularly during food restriction, when ARHAgRP/NPY neurons are highly active. The present study aims to determine the importance of GHR signaling in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons on the pattern of GH secretion in fed and food-deprived male mice. Additionally, we compared the effect of two distinct situations of food deprivation: 16 h of fasting or four days of food restriction (40% of usual food intake). Overnight fasting strongly suppressed both basal and pulsatile GH secretion. Animals lacking GHR in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP∆GHR mice) did not exhibit differences in GH secretion either in the fed or fasted state, compared to control mice. In contrast, four days of food restriction increased GH pulse frequency, basal GH secretion, and pulse irregularity/complexity (measured by sample entropy), whereas pulsatile GH secretion was not affected in both control and AgRP∆GHR mice. Hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels were unaffected by fasting or food restriction, but Sst expression increased in acutely fasted mice, but decreased after prolonged food restriction in both control and AgRP∆GHR mice. Our findings indicate that short-term fasting and prolonged food restriction differentially affect the pattern of GH secretion, independently of GHR signaling in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Willian O Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Moriya
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Felipe F de Lima
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Eng PC, Phylactou M, Qayum A, Woods C, Lee H, Aziz S, Moore B, Miras AD, Comninos AN, Tan T, Franks S, Dhillo WS, Abbara A. Obesity-Related Hypogonadism in Women. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:171-189. [PMID: 37559411 PMCID: PMC10911953 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a well-characterized condition in men (termed male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism; MOSH); however, an equivalent condition has not been as clearly described in women. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to increase with obesity, but PCOS is more typically characterized by increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (and by proxy luteinizing hormone; LH) pulsatility, rather than by the reduced gonadotropin levels observed in MOSH. Notably, LH levels and LH pulse amplitude are reduced with obesity, both in women with and without PCOS, suggesting that an obesity-related secondary hypogonadism may also exist in women akin to MOSH in men. Herein, we examine the evidence for the existence of a putative non-PCOS "female obesity-related secondary hypogonadism" (FOSH). We précis possible underlying mechanisms for the occurrence of hypogonadism in this context and consider how such mechanisms differ from MOSH in men, and from PCOS in women without obesity. In this review, we consider relevant etiological factors that are altered in obesity and that could impact on GnRH pulsatility to ascertain whether they could contribute to obesity-related secondary hypogonadism including: anti-Müllerian hormone, androgen, insulin, fatty acid, adiponectin, and leptin. More precise phenotyping of hypogonadism in women with obesity could provide further validation for non-PCOS FOSH and preface the ability to define/investigate such a condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chia Eng
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549
| | - Maria Phylactou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambreen Qayum
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Casper Woods
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hayoung Lee
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Aziz
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benedict Moore
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steve Franks
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
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3
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Kerbus RI, Decourt C, Inglis MA, Campbell RE, Anderson GM. Androgen receptor actions on AgRP neurons are not a major cause of reproductive and metabolic impairments in peripubertally androgenized mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13370. [PMID: 38344844 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Excess levels of circulating androgens during prenatal or peripubertal development are an important cause of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with the brain being a key target. Approximately half of the women diagnosed with PCOS also experience metabolic syndrome; common features including obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Although a large amount of clinical and preclinical evidence has confirmed this relationship between androgens and the reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS, the mechanisms by which androgens cause this dysregulation are unknown. Neuron-specific androgen receptor knockout alleviates some PCOS-like features in a peripubertal dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mouse model, but the specific neuronal populations mediating these effects are undefined. A candidate population is the agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons, which are important for both reproductive and metabolic function. We used a well-characterised peripubertal androgenized mouse model and Cre-loxP transgenics to investigate whether deleting androgen receptors specifically from AgRP neurons can alleviate the induced reproductive and metabolic dysregulation. Androgen receptors were co-expressed in 66% of AgRP neurons in control mice, but only in <2% of AgRP neurons in knockout mice. The number of AgRP neurons was not altered by the treatments. Only 20% of androgen receptor knockout mice showed rescue of DHT-induced androgen-induced anovulation and acyclicity. Furthermore, androgen receptor knockout did not rescue metabolic dysfunction (body weight, adiposity or glucose and insulin tolerance). While we cannot rule out developmental compensation in our model, these results suggest peripubertal androgen excess does not markedly influence Agrp expression and does not dysregulate reproductive and metabolic function through direct actions of androgens onto AgRP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy I Kerbus
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Decourt
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan A Inglis
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Anderson GM, Hill JW, Kaiser UB, Navarro VM, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Prevot V, Tena-Sempere M, Elias CF. Metabolic control of puberty: 60 years in the footsteps of Kennedy and Mitra's seminal work. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:111-123. [PMID: 38049643 PMCID: PMC10843588 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
An individual's nutritional status has a powerful effect on sexual maturation. Puberty onset is delayed in response to chronic energy insufficiency and is advanced under energy abundance. The consequences of altered pubertal timing for human health are profound. Late puberty increases the chances of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal and neurocognitive disorders, whereas early puberty is associated with increased risks of adult obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancer. Kennedy and Mitra's trailblazing studies, published in 1963 and using experimental models, were the first to demonstrate that nutrition is a key factor in puberty onset. Building on this work, the field has advanced substantially in the past decade, which is largely due to the impressive development of molecular tools for experimentation and population genetics. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in basic and translational sciences underlying the nutritional and metabolic control of pubertal development, with a focus on perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Balapattabi K, Yavuz Y, Jiang J, Deng G, Mathieu NM, Ritter ML, Opichka MA, Reho JJ, McCorvy JD, Nakagawa P, Morselli LL, Mouradian GC, Atasoy D, Cui H, Hodges MR, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Angiotensin AT 1A receptor signal switching in Agouti-related peptide neurons mediates metabolic rate adaptation during obesity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112935. [PMID: 37540598 PMCID: PMC10530419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) adaptation occurs during obesity and is hypothesized to contribute to failed weight management. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) type 1 (AT1A) receptors in Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons contribute to the integrative control of RMR, and deletion of AT1A from AgRP neurons causes RMR adaptation. Extracellular patch-clamp recordings identify distinct cellular responses of individual AgRP neurons from lean mice to Ang-II: no response, inhibition via AT1A and Gαi, or stimulation via Ang-II type 2 (AT2) receptors and Gαq. Following diet-induced obesity, a subset of Ang-II/AT1A-inhibited AgRP neurons undergo a spontaneous G-protein "signal switch," whereby AT1A stop inhibiting the cell via Gαi and instead begin stimulating the cell via Gαq. DREADD-mediated activation of Gαi, but not Gαq, in AT1A-expressing AgRP cells stimulates RMR in lean and obese mice. Thus, loss of AT1A-Gαi coupling within the AT1A-expressing AgRP neuron subtype represents a molecular mechanism contributing to RMR adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yavuz Yavuz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Natalia M Mathieu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - McKenzie L Ritter
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Megan A Opichka
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John J Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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6
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Uğurlu AK, Bideci A, Demirel AM, Kaplanoğlu GT, Dayanır D, Gülbahar Ö, Bulut TSD, Döğer E, Çamurdan MO. Is blue light exposure a cause of precocious puberty in male rats? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1190445. [PMID: 37409230 PMCID: PMC10319012 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1190445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to examine the effects of blue light exposure on prepubertal male rats' puberty and testis tissue. Methods Eighteen 21-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups consisting of six rats in each group: Control Group (CG), Blue Light-6 hours (BL-6), and Blue Light-12 hours (BL-12). CG rats were maintained with 12/12-hour light-dark cycles. The rats of BL-6 and BL-12 were exposed to blue light (450-470nm/irradiance level 0.03uW/cm2) for 6 hours and 12 hours, respectively. Rats were exposed to blue light until the first signs of puberty. The ELISA method was used to analyze the serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, DHEA-S, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. Testes were dissected for histomorphological examination. Results The medians of the pubertal entry days of the CG, BL-6, and BL-12 were 38th, 30th, and 28th days, respectively. (p:0.001) The FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations of all groups were similar. The FSH concentration increased as the LH concentration increased (r: 0.82 p: 0.001). The serum LH concentration increased as serum testosterone, and DHEAS decreased, respectively (r: -0.561, p: 0.01) (r:-0.55 p:0.01). Testicular lengths and weights of the BL groups were smaller compared to CG (p: 0.03),(p: 0.04). GPx was higher for BL-6 and BL-12 than the CG (p:0.021, p:0.024). Testis tissue was compatible with the pubertal period in all groups. As the blue light exposure time increased, spermatogenesis was suppressed, and capillary dilatation and edema in the testis tissue increased. Conclusion Our study is the first to show the effects of blue light exposure on male rats' puberty process. And we showed that exposure to blue light and the duration of exposure lead to precocious puberty in male rats. The blue light exposure suppressed spermatogenesis, marked vasodilatation in the interstitial area of the testis, and disrupted the integrity of the basement membrane. These findings intensified with increasing exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysun Bideci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Mürşide Demirel
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animals Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gülnur Take Kaplanoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Dayanır
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Esra Döğer
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Orhun Çamurdan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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7
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Li H, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Otiz-Guzman J, Morrill JC, Cai J, Mao Z, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Huang C, Tong Q. The melanocortin action is biased toward protection from weight loss in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2200. [PMID: 37069175 PMCID: PMC10110624 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin action is well perceived for its ability to regulate body weight bidirectionally with its gain of function reducing body weight and loss of function promoting obesity. However, this notion cannot explain the difficulty in identifying effective therapeutics toward treating general obesity via activation of the melanocortin action. Here, we provide evidence that altered melanocortin action is only able to cause one-directional obesity development. We demonstrate that chronic inhibition of arcuate neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or paraventricular hypothalamic neurons expressing melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) causes massive obesity. However, chronic activation of these neuronal populations failed to reduce body weight. Furthermore, gain of function of the melanocortin action through overexpression of MC4R, POMC or its derived peptides had little effect on obesity prevention or reversal. These results reveal a bias of the melanocortin action towards protection of weight loss and provide a neural basis behind the well-known, but mechanistically ill-defined, predisposition to obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua Otiz-Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessie C Morrill
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, 77030, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, 77030, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengmei Mao
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, 77030, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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8
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Han Y, He Y, Harris L, Xu Y, Wu Q. Identification of a GABAergic neural circuit governing leptin signaling deficiency-induced obesity. eLife 2023; 12:e82649. [PMID: 37043384 PMCID: PMC10097419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin is known to robustly suppress food intake by acting upon the leptin receptor (LepR) signaling system residing within the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamus. However, clinical studies indicate that leptin is undesirable as a therapeutic regiment for obesity, which is at least partly attributed to the poorly understood complex secondary structure and key signaling mechanism of the leptin-responsive neural circuit. Here, we show that the LepR-expressing portal neurons send GABAergic projections to a cohort of α3-GABAA receptor expressing neurons within the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) for the control of leptin-mediated obesity phenotype. We identified the DMH as a key brain region that contributes to the regulation of leptin-mediated feeding. Acute activation of the GABAergic AgRP-DMH circuit promoted food intake and glucose intolerance, while activation of post-synaptic MC4R neurons in the DMH elicited exactly opposite phenotypes. Rapid deletion of LepR from AgRP neurons caused an obesity phenotype which can be rescued by blockage of GABAA receptor in the DMH. Consistent with behavioral results, these DMH neurons displayed suppressed neural activities in response to hunger or hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we identified that α3-GABAA receptor signaling within the DMH exerts potent bi-directional regulation of the central effects of leptin on feeding and body weight. Together, our results demonstrate a novel GABAergic neural circuit governing leptin-mediated feeding and energy balance via a unique α3-GABAA signaling within the secondary leptin-responsive neural circuit, constituting a new avenue for therapeutic interventions in the treatment of obesity and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yang He
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Lauren Harris
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Qi Wu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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9
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Stimulation of GHRH Neuron Axon Growth by Leptin and Impact of Nutrition during Suckling in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051077. [PMID: 36904077 PMCID: PMC10005278 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during the early postnatal period can program the growth trajectory and adult size. Nutritionally regulated hormones are strongly suspected to be involved in this physiological regulation. Linear growth during the postnatal period is regulated by the neuroendocrine somatotropic axis, whose development is first controlled by GHRH neurons of the hypothalamus. Leptin that is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to fat mass is one of the most widely studied nutritional factors, with a programming effect in the hypothalamus. However, it remains unclear whether leptin stimulates the development of GHRH neurons directly. Using a Ghrh-eGFP mouse model, we show here that leptin can directly stimulate the axonal growth of GHRH neurons in vitro in arcuate explant cultures. Moreover, GHRH neurons in arcuate explants harvested from underfed pups were insensitive to the induction of axonal growth by leptin, whereas AgRP neurons in these explants were responsive to leptin treatment. This insensitivity was associated with altered activating capacities of the three JAK2, AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These results suggest that leptin may be a direct effector of linear growth programming by nutrition, and that the GHRH neuronal subpopulation may display a specific response to leptin in cases of underfeeding.
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10
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Evans MC, Campbell RE, Anderson GM. Physiological regulation of leptin as an integrative signal of reproductive readiness. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102321. [PMID: 36427399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive function is tightly regulated by both environmental and physiological factors. The adipose-derived hormone leptin has been identified as one such critical factor that relays information about peripheral energy availability to the centrally-governed HPG axis to ensure there is sufficient energy availability to support the high energy demands of mammalian reproduction. In the absence of adequate central leptin signaling, reproductive function is suppressed. While leptin levels are predominantly regulated by adiposity, circulating leptin levels are also under the modulatory influence of other factors, such as stress system activation, circadian rhythmicity, and immune activation and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, changes in leptin sensitivity can affect the degree to which leptin exerts its influence on the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. This review will discuss the different mechanisms by which leptin serves to integrate and relay information about metabolic, psychological, environmental and immune conditions to the central neuronal network that governs reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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11
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Wang X, Cui X, Li Y, Li F, Li Y, Dai J, Hu H, Wang X, Sun J, Yang Y, Zhang S. MC4R Deficiency Causes Dysregulation of Postsynaptic Excitatory Synaptic Transmission as a Crucial Culprit for Obesity. Diabetes 2022; 71:2331-2343. [PMID: 35926095 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) shows bidirectional characterization in modulating food intake and energy homeostasis. We demonstrate that MC4R knockdown (KD) in the PVH can attenuate AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated postsynaptic responses by altering the phosphorylation of AMPAR GluA1 subunit through the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent signaling cascade and simultaneously lead to rapid body weight gain. Furthermore, PKA KD in the PVH engendered similar electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes as in MC4R KD mice. Importantly, we observed that the reduction of AMPAR GluA1 expression not only led to attenuated synaptic responses but also caused body weight gain, suggesting that the aberration of synaptic responses may be one of the crucial pathogeny of obesity. Our study provides the synaptic and molecular explanations of how body weight is regulated by MC4R in the PVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Guangwai Community Health Service Center of Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jinye Dai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Decourt C, Connolly GADP, Ancel C, Inglis MA, Anderson GM. Agouti-related peptide neuronal silencing overcomes delayed puberty in neonatally underfed male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13190. [PMID: 36306199 PMCID: PMC9788270 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are thought to indirectly regulate the activity of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons which control fertility. AgRP neurons also drive caloric intake and are modulated by metabolically-relevant hormones, providing a link to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In mice expressing Cre-dependant designer receptors (DREADDs) in AgRP neurons, we activated or silenced these neurons in vivo using the synthetic ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) to observe the effect of AgRP neuron activity on timing of puberty. To validate these animals, we chronically treated both stimulatory (hM3Dq) and inhibitory (hM4Di) DREADD × AgRP-Cre mice with CNO, observing a pronounced increase and decrease of food intake, respectively, consistent with the known orexigenic effects of these neurons. RNAscope was performed to visually confirm the activation of AgRP neurons. Puberty onset was assessed in males and females. There was no effect on preputial separation in males or vaginal opening and first oestrus in females after CNO treatment from day 26 to 30 to chronically modulate AgRP neurons. Next, to determine whether the delay in puberty onset occurring in response to neonatal underfeeding could be overcome by inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity, mice were raised in large (neonatally underfed) or normal litter sizes. The delay in puberty from underfeeding was completely reversed in CNO-treated AgRP-hM4Di male mice. These data highlight the inhibitory role of AgRP neurons to delay puberty onset when undernutrition occurs during the neonatal period, at least in male mice. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: JNE-22-0081-OA.R2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George A. D. P. Connolly
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Biomedical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Caroline Ancel
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Biomedical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Megan A. Inglis
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Biomedical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Greg M. Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of AnatomyUniversity of Otago School of Biomedical SciencesDunedinNew Zealand
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13
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Al-Nawd EA, Alshowafi FK, Abdullateef AA, Noman MMA, Albadani RH, Al-Mansoub MA. Serum leptin correlates in fertile and idiopathic infertile Yemeni males: a comparative cross-sectional study. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2022; 68:348-356. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2022.2113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebraheem A. Al-Nawd
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jibla University for Medical and Health Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The High Institute of Health Sciences, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Fairouz K. Alshowafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed A. Abdullateef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mohammad M. Abdulgabbar Noman
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Rashad H. Albadani
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Althawra Hospital, Ibb, Yemen
- The Consultant Medical Centre for Dermatology, Andrology and Infertility, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Mansoub
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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14
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Wang N, Chen L, Yi K, Zhang B, Li C, Zhou X. The effects of microbiota on reproductive health: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1486-1507. [PMID: 36066460 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive issues are becoming an increasing global problem. There is increasing interest in the relationship between microbiota and reproductive health. Stable microbiota communities exist in the gut, reproductive tract, uterus, testes, and semen. Various effects (e.g., epigenetic modifications, nervous system, metabolism) of dysbiosis in the microbiota can impair gamete quality; interfere with zygote formation, embryo implantation, and embryo development; and increase disease susceptibility, thus adversely impacting reproductive capacity and pregnancy. The maintenance of a healthy microbiota can protect the host from pathogens, increase reproductive potential, and reduce the rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In conclusion, this review discusses microbiota in the male and female reproductive systems of multiple animal species. It explores the effects and mechanisms of microbiota on reproduction, factors that influence microbiota composition, and applications of microbiota in reproductive disorder treatment and detection. The findings support novel approaches for managing reproductive diseases through microbiota improvement and monitoring. In addition, it will stimulate further systematic explorations of microbiota-mediated effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kangle Yi
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Baizhong Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Mishra I, Xie WR, Bournat JC, He Y, Wang C, Silva ES, Liu H, Ku Z, Chen Y, Erokwu BO, Jia P, Zhao Z, An Z, Flask CA, He Y, Xu Y, Chopra AR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ serves as the orexigenic asprosin receptor. Cell Metab 2022; 34:549-563.e8. [PMID: 35298903 PMCID: PMC8986618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asprosin is a fasting-induced glucogenic and centrally acting orexigenic hormone. The olfactory receptor Olfr734 is known to be the hepatic receptor for asprosin that mediates its effects on glucose production, but the receptor for asprosin's orexigenic function has been unclear. Here, we have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ (Ptprd) as the orexigenic receptor for asprosin. Asprosin functions as a high-affinity Ptprd ligand in hypothalamic AgRP neurons, regulating the activity of this circuit in a cell-autonomous manner. Genetic ablation of Ptprd results in a strong loss of appetite, leanness, and an inability to respond to the orexigenic effects of asprosin. Ablation of Ptprd specifically in AgRP neurons causes resistance to diet-induced obesity. Introduction of the soluble Ptprd ligand-binding domain in the circulation of mice suppresses appetite and blood glucose levels by sequestering plasma asprosin. Identification of Ptprd as the orexigenic asprosin receptor creates a new avenue for the development of anti-obesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Mishra
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Rose Xie
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juan C Bournat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hailan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bernadette O Erokwu
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chris A Flask
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atul R Chopra
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Liu Y, Li Y, Liang J, Sun Z, Wu Q, Liu Y, Sun C. Leptin: an entry point for the treatment of peripheral tissue fibrosis and related diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108608. [PMID: 35180626 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a small peptide mainly secreted by adipocyte, which acts on the central nervous system of the hypothalamus to regulate the body's energy balance by inhibiting food intake, it also can directly act on specific cells through leptin receptors (for example, ObRa, which exists in the blood-brain barrier or kidneys), thereby affect cell metabolism. Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) causes damage to normal tissues or destruction of organ structure, which will eventually lead to tissue or organ fibrosis. The sustainable development of fibrosis can lead to structural damage and functional decline of organs, and even exhaustion, which seriously threatens human health and life. In recent years, studies have found that leptin directly alleviates the fibrosis process of various tissues and organs in mammals. Therefore, we speculate that leptin may become a significant treatment for fibrosis of various tissues and organs in the future. So, the main purpose of this review is to explore the specific mechanism of leptin in the process of fibrosis in multiple tissues and organs, and to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of various tissues and organs fibrosis and related diseases caused by it, which is of great significance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yizhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Juntong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhuwen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| | - Yongnian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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17
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Merhi Z, Du XQ, Charron MJ. Postnatal weaning to different diets leads to different reproductive phenotypes in female offspring following perinatal exposure to high levels of dietary advanced glycation end products. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:95-105. [PMID: 35559999 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine, following perinatal exposure to a diet high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs), whether the use of standard AGE-free mouse chow during the postweaning period alters metabolism and reproduction differently than exposure to a diet low in AGEs. DESIGN Experimental animal study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Female CD1 mice. INTERVENTION(S) Seven-week-old mice were placed on a diet either low or high in AGEs perinatally, before mating and then during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were weaned onto an AGE-free normal chow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Growth curve, liver and abdominal fat weight, insulin and glucose tolerance tests, vaginal opening, estrous cyclicity, and serum levels of antimüllerian hormone, leptin, and adiponectin were assessed. Ovarian histologic examination for follicular count and gene expression was also performed. RESULT(S) Compared with the mice exposed to a diet low in AGEs, the mice exposed to a diet high in AGEs showed lower body weight in pups, lower liver weight, delayed vaginal opening, higher serum antimüllerian hormone levels, lower primordial and secondary follicle pools, and higher ovarian Fshr messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSION(S) Following weaning, perinatal AGEs can target puberty onset and folliculogenesis differently to standard mouse chow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Merhi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Xiu Quan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Medicine and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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18
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Inverse age-related changes between hypothalamic NPY and KISS1 gene expression during pubertal initiation in male rhesus monkey. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100599. [PMID: 35033902 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the sinusoidal wave nature of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity from infantile to adult age still needs to be meticulously defined. Direct inhibition of kisspeptin neurons by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and close intimacy between the two rekindle the importance of these two neuropeptides controlling reproductive axis activity. Thus, the present study was undertaken to decipher simultaneous fluctuations and to profile correlative changes in the relative expression of KISS1, NPY, and their receptor genes from the mediobasal hypothalamus of infant (n = 3), juvenile, pre-pubertal, and adult (n = 4 in each stage) male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) by RT-qPCR. Significant elevation (p < 0.05-0.01) in KISS1 and KISS1R and low (p < 0.05) expression in NPY and NPY1R mRNA in the adult group as compared to the pre-pubertal group was observed. Moreover, significantly high (p < 0.05) expression of NPY and NPY1R mRNA with non-significant (p> 0.05) decline in KISS1 and KISS1R in pre-pubertal animals in comparison to infants describe inverse correlative age-associated changes during pubertal development. Current findings imply that NPY may contribute as a neurobiological brake for the dormancy of kisspeptin neurons before pubertal onset, while dwindling of this brake is likely to occasion kisspeptin dependent hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation at puberty. These findings may help in the development of clinical and therapeutic strategies to regulate fertility in humans.
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19
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Meadows JD, Breuer JA, Lavalle SN, Hirschenberger MR, Patel MM, Nguyen D, Kim A, Cassin J, Gorman MR, Welsh DK, Mellon PL, Hoffmann HM. Deletion of Six3 in post-proliferative neurons produces weakened SCN circadian output, improved metabolic function, and dwarfism in male mice. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101431. [PMID: 34974160 PMCID: PMC8810556 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing prevalence of obesity makes it important to increase the understanding of the maturation and function of the neuronal integrators and regulators of metabolic function. METHODS Behavioral, molecular, and physiological analyses of transgenic mice with Sine oculis 3 (Six3) deleted in mature neurons using the Synapsincreallele. RESULTS Conditional deletion of the homeodomain transcription factor Six3 in mature neurons causes dwarfism and weakens circadian wheel-running activity rhythms but increases general activity at night, and improves metabolic function, without impacting pubertal onset or fertility in males. The reduced growth in 6-week-old Six3fl/fl:Synapsincre (Six3syn) males correlates with increased somatostatin (SS) expression in the hypothalamus and reduced growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary. In contrast, 12-week-old Six3syn males have increased GH release, despite an increased number of the inhibitory SS neurons in the periventricular nucleus. GH is important in glucose metabolism, muscle function, and bone health. Interestingly, Six3syn males have improved glucose tolerance at 7, 12, and 18 weeks of age, which, in adulthood, is associated with increased % lean mass and increased metabolic rates. Further, 12-week-old Six3syn males have reduced bone mineralization and a lower bone mineral density, indicating that reduced GH levels during early life cause a long-term reduction in bone mineralization. CONCLUSION Our study points to the novel role of Six3 in post-proliferative neurons to regulate metabolic function through SS neuron control of GH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Meadows
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph A. Breuer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shanna N. Lavalle
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael R. Hirschenberger
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Meera M. Patel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Duong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Alyssa Kim
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, and CANR Statistical Consulting Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica Cassin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael R. Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David K. Welsh
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hanne M. Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, 766 Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA,Corresponding author. Michigan State University Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building #3010 766 Service Road, East Lansing, MI 48224, USA.
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20
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Quaresma PGF, Wasinski F, Mansano NS, Furigo IC, Teixeira PDS, Gusmao DO, Frazao R, Donato J. Leptin Receptor Expression in GABAergic Cells is Not Sufficient to Normalize Metabolism and Reproduction in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6353267. [PMID: 34402859 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that leptin receptor (LepR) expression in GABAergic neurons is necessary for the biological effects of leptin. However, it is not clear whether LepR expression only in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to prevent the metabolic and neuroendocrine imbalances caused by LepR deficiency. In the present study, we produced mice that express the LepR exclusively in GABAergic cells (LepRVGAT mice) and compared them with wild-type (LepR+/+) and LepR-deficient (LepRNull/Null) mice. Although LepRVGAT mice showed a pronounced reduction in body weight and fat mass, as compared with LepRNull/Null mice, male and female LepRVGAT mice exhibited an obese phenotype relative to LepR+/+ mice. Food intake was normalized in LepRVGAT mice; however, LepRVGAT mice still exhibited lower energy expenditure in both sexes and reduced ambulatory activity in the females, compared with LepR+/+ mice. The acute anorexigenic effect of leptin and hedonic feeding were normalized in LepRVGAT mice despite the hyperleptinemia they present. Although LepRVGAT mice showed improved glucose homeostasis compared with LepRNull/Null mice, both male and female LepRVGAT mice exhibited insulin resistance. In contrast, LepR expression only in GABAergic cells was sufficient to normalize the density of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and α-MSH immunoreactive fibers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, LepRVGAT mice exhibited reproductive dysfunctions, including subfertility in males and alterations in the estrous cycle of females. Taken together, our findings indicate that LepR expression in GABAergic cells, although critical to the physiology of leptin, is insufficient to normalize several metabolic aspects and the reproductive function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Naira S Mansano
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela O Gusmao
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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21
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The Association between Disordered Eating Behavior and Body Image Biological Maturation and Levels of Adipocytokines in Preadolescent Girls: The Healthy Growth Study. WOMEN 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/women1040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During puberty, rapid, complex hormonal, physical and cognitive changes occur that affect body image and eating behavior. The aim of this cross-sectional study, a secondary analysis of data from the Greek Healthy Growth Study, was to explore associations of disordered eating behaviors and body image in 1206 10–12-year-old girls during pubertal maturation, with serum leptin and adiponectin levels, according to body mass index (BMI). Eating behavior and disordered eating were assessed with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the Children Eating Attitudes Test Questionnaire (ChEAT), respectively. Associations of components of DEBQ and ChEAT with maturation according to Tanner Stage (TS) and levels of leptin and adiponectin were explored by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Adiponectin levels in girls at TS 1 were positively associated with the “social pressure to eat” score of ChEAT. Leptin levels in girls at TS 4 were positively correlated with the “restraint eating” score of DEBQ, and the “dieting”, “body image” and “food awareness” scores of ChEAT. After adjustment for TS and BMI, only “body image” and leptin remained significant. Further research may shed light on how these hormonal changes affect eating behaviors at various pubertal stages, contributing to “TS-specific” preventive strategies for eating disorders in girls.
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22
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Leon S, Talbi R, McCarthy EA, Ferrari K, Fergani C, Naule L, Choi JH, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB, Aylwin CF, Lomniczi A, Navarro VM. Sex-specific pubertal and metabolic regulation of Kiss1 neurons via Nhlh2. eLife 2021; 10:e69765. [PMID: 34494548 PMCID: PMC8439651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons control gonadotropin-releasing hormone release through the secretion of kisspeptin. Kiss1 neurons serve as a nodal center that conveys essential regulatory cues for the attainment and maintenance of reproductive function. Despite this critical role, the mechanisms that control kisspeptin synthesis and release remain largely unknown. Using Drop-Seq data from the arcuate nucleus of adult mice and in situ hybridization, we identified Nescient Helix-Loop-Helix 2 (Nhlh2), a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix family, to be enriched in Kiss1 neurons. JASPAR analysis revealed several binding sites for NHLH2 in the Kiss1 and Tac2 (neurokinin B) 5' regulatory regions. In vitro luciferase assays evidenced a robust stimulatory action of NHLH2 on human KISS1 and TAC3 promoters. The recruitment of NHLH2 to the KISS1 and TAC3 promoters was further confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation. In vivo conditional ablation of Nhlh2 from Kiss1 neurons using Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice induced a male-specific delay in puberty onset, in line with a decrease in arcuate Kiss1 expression. Females retained normal reproductive function albeit with irregular estrous cycles. Further analysis of male Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice revealed higher susceptibility to metabolic challenges in the release of luteinizing hormone and impaired response to leptin. Overall, in Kiss1 neurons, Nhlh2 contributes to the metabolic regulation of kisspeptin and NKB synthesis and release, with implications for the timing of puberty onset and regulation of fertility in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Leon
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Rajae Talbi
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A McCarthy
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Kaitlin Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Chrysanthi Fergani
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Lydie Naule
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Ji Hae Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Carlos F Aylwin
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonUnited States
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonUnited States
| | - Víctor M Navarro
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Program in NeuroscienceBostonUnited States
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23
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Multiple Leptin Signalling Pathways in the Control of Metabolism and Fertility: A Means to Different Ends? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179210. [PMID: 34502119 PMCID: PMC8430761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived ‘satiety promoting’ hormone, leptin, has been identified as a key central regulator of body weight and fertility, such that its absence leads to obesity and infertility. Plasma leptin levels reflect body adiposity, and therefore act as an ‘adipostat’, whereby low leptin levels reflect a state of low body adiposity (under-nutrition/starvation) and elevated leptin levels reflect a state of high body adiposity (over-nutrition/obesity). While genetic leptin deficiency is rare, obesity-related leptin resistance is becoming increasingly common. In the absence of adequate leptin sensitivity, leptin is unable to exert its ‘anti-obesity’ effects, thereby exacerbating obesity. Furthermore, extreme leptin resistance and consequent low or absent leptin signalling resembles a state of starvation and can thus lead to infertility. However, leptin resistance occurs on a spectrum, and it is possible to be resistant to leptin’s metabolic effects while retaining leptin’s permissive effects on fertility. This may be because leptin exerts its modulatory effects on energy homeostasis and reproductive function through discrete intracellular signalling pathways, and these pathways are differentially affected by the molecules that promote leptin resistance. This review discusses the potential mechanisms that enable leptin to exert differential control over metabolic and reproductive function in the contexts of healthy leptin signalling and of diet-induced leptin resistance.
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24
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Merhi Z, Du XQ, Charron MJ. Perinatal exposure to high dietary advanced glycation end products affects the reproductive system in female offspring in mice. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:615-623. [PMID: 32609365 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition and the intrauterine environment are important in determining susceptibility to reproductive and metabolic disturbances. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are widely consumed in Western diet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perinatal exposure to a high levels of dietary AGEs affect metabolic and reproductive parameters in female mice offspring. Female CD1 mice, 7 weeks old, were placed on either a diet low (L-AGE) or high (H-AGE) in AGEs before mating and then during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were weaned onto the L-AGE diet and studied through to 16 weeks of age; they were counted and weighed at birth and then every week for a total of 11 weeks. Vaginal opening, litter size, growth curve, liver and abdominal fat weights, serum levels of anti-Mullerian hormone, leptin and adiponectin, as well as insulin and glucose tolerance tests were compared. Ovaries were harvested for follicular count and gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared to perinatal exposure to the L-AGE diet, perinatal exposure to the H-AGE diet caused lower body weight at birth, and adult offspring exhibited delayed growth, lower serum leptin and adiponectin levels, delayed vaginal opening, irregular oestrous cyclicity, arrested follicular development and significant alterations in the expression of genes involved in folliculogenesis (Amh and Amhr2) and steroidogenesis (Cyp19a1). These results indicate that perinatal exposure to a diet elevated in AGEs causes deficits in perinatal growth, pubertal onset, and reproductive organ development in female mice. Whether these findings translate to humans remains to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Merhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiu Quan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Medicine & the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes & Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Shaikat AH, Ochiai M, Sasaki A, Takeda M, Arima A, Ohkubo T. Leptin Modulates the mRNA Expression of Follicle Development Markers in Post-hatch Chicks in an Age-Dependent Manner. Front Physiol 2021; 12:657527. [PMID: 34305632 PMCID: PMC8293390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is involved in regulating reproductive function in chickens, and the development of the leptin system is initiated during the early embryonic stage; however, whether leptin has a specific role in regulating the ovarian development in early post-hatch days is still not fully understood. This study investigated the expression of ovarian functional markers in growing juvenile chickens, along with the effects of leptin on gene expression in the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis on specific ovarian-remodeling days. Leptin receptor (LEPR), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and the mRNA expression of aromatase (CYP19A1) tended to increase with age in the ovaries of growing chicks. In the ovaries of 7-day-old chicks, intraperitoneally injected leptin significantly increased the mRNA expressions of LEPR, FSHR, and CYP19A1, and this resulted in the increased serum estradiol levels. However, leptin had no effect on hypothalamic LEPR, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1), or gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) mRNAs; however, in the pituitary gland, leptin significantly increased the mRNA expression of luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LHB) but had no effect on the mRNA expression of follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHB). In 28-day-old chicks, hypothalamic and pituitary mRNAs were unaffected by leptin administration, except hypothalamic LEPR mRNA that was upregulated by a high dose of leptin. In the ovary, leptin dose-dependently decreased the mRNA expression of LEPR; low doses of leptin significantly increased the mRNA expression of FSHR, whereas high doses significantly decreased this expression; leptin did not affect the mRNA expression of CYP19A1; and high leptin doses significantly reduced the serum estradiol levels. Collectively, the results of this study show that leptin modulates ovarian development and folliculogenesis marker genes by primarily acting on ovaries on the specific ovarian-remodeling days in post-hatch chicks, which may alter folliculogenesis and ovarian development toward puberty in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossan Shaikat
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Masami Ochiai
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
| | - Akari Sasaki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
| | - Misa Takeda
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Akari Arima
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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26
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Fujikawa T. Central regulation of glucose metabolism in an insulin-dependent and -independent manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12941. [PMID: 33599044 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contributes significantly to glucose homeostasis. The available evidence indicates that insulin directly acts on the CNS, in particular the hypothalamus, to regulate hepatic glucose production, thereby controlling whole-body glucose metabolism. Additionally, insulin also acts on the brain to regulate food intake and fat metabolism, which may indirectly regulate glucose metabolism. Studies conducted over the last decade have found that the CNS can regulate glucose metabolism in an insulin-independent manner. Enhancement of central leptin signalling reverses hyperglycaemia in insulin-deficient rodents. Here, I review the mechanisms by which central insulin and leptin actions regulate glucose metabolism. Although clinical studies have shown that insulin treatment is currently indispensable for managing diabetes, unravelling the neuronal mechanisms underlying the central regulation of glucose metabolism will pave the way for the design of novel therapeutic drugs for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Merkley CM, Shuping SL, Sommer JR, Nestor CC. Evidence That Agouti-Related Peptide May Directly Regulate Kisspeptin Neurons in Male Sheep. Metabolites 2021; 11:138. [PMID: 33652696 PMCID: PMC7996775 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which relay information from peripheral metabolic signals, may constitute a key central regulator of reproduction. Given that AgRP inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and that nutritional suppression of LH elicits an increase in AgRP while suppressing kisspeptin expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, we sought to examine the degree to which AgRP could directly regulate ARC kisspeptin neurons. Hypothalamic tissue was collected from four castrated male sheep (10 months of age) and processed for the detection of protein (AgRP input to kisspeptin neurons) using immunohistochemistry and mRNA for melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3R; MC4R) in kisspeptin neurons using RNAscope. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the majority of ARC kisspeptin neurons are contacted by presumptive AgRP terminals. RNAscope analysis revealed that nearly two thirds of the ARC kisspeptin neurons express mRNA for MC3R, while a small percentage (<10%) colocalize MC4R. Taken together, this data provides neuroanatomical evidence for a direct link between orexigenic AgRP neurons and reproductively critical kisspeptin neurons in the sheep, and builds upon our current understanding of the central link between energy balance and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Casey C Nestor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (C.M.M.); (S.L.S.); (J.R.S.)
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28
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Oliveira V, Kwitek AE, Sigmund CD, Morselli LL, Grobe JL. Recent Advances in Hypertension: Intersection of Metabolic and Blood Pressure Regulatory Circuits in the Central Nervous System. Hypertension 2021; 77:1061-1068. [PMID: 33611936 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents the single greatest ongoing roadblock to improving cardiovascular health. Prolonged obesity is associated with fundamental changes in the integrative control of energy balance, including the development of selective leptin resistance, which is thought to contribute to obesity-associated hypertension, and adaptation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) when excess weight is reduced. Leptin and the melanocortin system within the hypothalamus contribute to the control of both energy balance and blood pressure. While the development of drugs to stimulate RMR and thereby reverse obesity through activation of the melanocortin system has been pursued, most of the resulting compounds simultaneously cause hypertension. Evidence supports the concept that although feeding behaviors, RMR, and blood pressure are controlled through mechanisms that utilize similar molecular mediators, these mechanisms exist in anatomically dissociable networks. New evidence supports a major change in molecular signaling within AgRP (Agouti-related peptide) neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during prolonged obesity and the existence of multiple distinct subtypes of AgRP neurons that individually contribute to control of feeding, RMR, or blood pressure. Finally, ongoing work by our laboratory and others support a unique role for AT1 (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) within one specific subtype of AgRP neuron for the control of RMR. We propose that understanding the unique biology of the AT1-expressing, RMR-controlling subtype of AgRP neurons will help to resolve the selective dysfunctions in RMR control that develop during prolonged obesity and potentially point toward novel druggable antiobesity targets that will not simultaneously cause hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Oliveira
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.L.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology (V.O., A.E.K., C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (A.E.K., C.D.S., L.L.M., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Neuroscience Research Center (C.D.S., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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29
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Evans MC, Hill JW, Anderson GM. Role of insulin in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12930. [PMID: 33523515 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infertility associated with insulin resistance is characterised by abnormal hormone secretion by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and gonads. These endocrine tissues can maintain insulin sensitivity even when tissues such as the muscle and liver become insulin-resistant, resulting in excessive insulin stimulation as hyperinsulinaemia develops. Experiments conducted to determine the role of neuronal insulin signalling in fertility were unable to recapitulate early findings of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in mice lacking insulin receptors throughout the brain. Rather, it was eventually shown that astrocytes critically mediate the effects of insulin on puberty timing and adult reproductive function. However, specific roles for neurones and gonadotrophs have been revealed under conditions of hyperinsulinaemia and by ablation of insulin and leptin receptors. The collective picture is one of multiple insulin-responsive inputs to gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurones, with astrocytes being the most important player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Abstract
A healthy nutritional state is required for all aspects of reproduction and is signaled by the adipokine leptin. Leptin acts in a relatively narrow concentration range: too much or too little will compromise fertility. The leptin signal timing is important to prepubertal development in both sexes. In the brain, leptin acts on ventral premammillary neurons which signal kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Suppression of Kiss1 neurons occurs when agouti-related peptide neurons are activated by reduced leptin, because leptin normally suppresses these orexigenic neurons. In the pituitary, leptin stimulates production of GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone at midcycle, by activating pathways that derepress actions of the messenger ribonucleic acid translational regulatory protein Musashi. In females, rising estrogen stimulates a rise in serum leptin, which peaks at midcycle, synchronizing with nocturnal luteinizing hormone pulses. The normal range of serum leptin levels (10-20 ng/mL) along with gonadotropins and growth factors promote ovarian granulosa and theca cell functions and oocyte maturation. In males, the prepubertal rise in leptin promotes testicular development. However, a decline in leptin levels in prepubertal boys reflects inhibition of leptin secretion by rising androgens. In adult males, leptin levels are 10% to 50% of those in females, and high leptin inhibits testicular function. The obesity epidemic has elucidated leptin resistance pathways, with too much leptin in either sex leading to infertility. Under conditions of balanced nutrition, however, the secretion of leptin is timed and regulated within a narrow level range that optimizes its trophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Correspondence: Gwen V. Childs, PhD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. E-mail:
| | - Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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31
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Wilson RC, LeMaster MP, Lutterschmidt DI. Exogenous leptin promotes reproductive behavior during aphagia in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Horm Behav 2021; 128:104893. [PMID: 33333076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the established dichotomy between investment in either reproduction or self-maintenance, a hormonal mechanism that influences an organism's decision to prioritize these behaviors remains elusive. The protein hormone leptin is a likely candidate because it is secreted from adipocytes in proportion to the amount of stored fat in numerous species. Although the majority of studies suggest that leptin stimulates reproduction, the actions of leptin can be context-dependent. Leptin increases sexual behavior in fed individuals, but inhibits sexual behavior in food-restricted individuals. We investigated if exogenous leptin influences sexual behavior in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) experiencing a predictable bout of aphagia during the mating season. We tested two doses of recombinant murine leptin injected for three days. Males were subjected to three mating trials, one on each day of injections, while females were subjected to one mating trial on the last day of injections. Leptin affects male and female snakes similarly by increasing both appetitive (i.e., mating behavior score) and consummatory (i.e., number of copulations, proportion of individuals copulated) sex behavior. We found no evidence to suggest that leptin influenced latency to copulate or duration of copulation. Because leptin promotes reproductive behavior in non-feeding garter snakes, these findings do not align with research on food-restricted mammals. Further investigations into how leptin affects sexual behavior in snakes exposed to food-restriction manipulations would clarify if the role of leptin is evolutionarily divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Wilson
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
| | - Michael P LeMaster
- Western Oregon University, Department of Biology, 345 N. Monmouth Ave, Monmouth, OR 97361, USA.
| | - Deborah I Lutterschmidt
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
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McIlwraith EK, Belsham DD. Hypothalamic reproductive neurons communicate through signal transduction to control reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110971. [PMID: 32750397 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus coordinate fertility and puberty. In order to achieve successful reproductive capacity, they receive signals from the periphery and from other hypothalamic neurons that coordinate energy homeostasis. Hormones, such as estradiol, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, act directly or indirectly on GnRH and its associated reproductive neurons. Nutrients like glucose and fatty acids can also affect reproductive neurons to signal nutrient availability. Additionally, acute and chronic inflammation is reported to detrimentally affect GnRH and kisspeptin expression. All of these cues activate signal transduction pathways within neurons that lead to the changes in GnRH neuronal function. The signalling pathways can also be dysregulated by endocrine disrupting chemicals, which impair fertility by misappropriating common signalling pathways. The complex mechanisms controlling the levels of GnRH during the reproductive cycle rely on a carefully orchestrated set of signal transduction events to regulate the positive and negative feedback arms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. If these signalling events are dysregulated, this will result is a downregulatory event leading to hypogonadal hypogonadism with decreased or absent fertility. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in distinct neuronal signalling could provide an advantage to inform therapeutic interventions for infertility and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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D’Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Baruselli PS. Peripheral action of kisspeptin at reproductive tissues-role in ovarian function and embryo implantation and relevance to assisted reproductive technology in livestock: a review. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1157-1170. [PMID: 32776148 PMCID: PMC7711897 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D’Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Cardoso RC, West SM, Maia TS, Alves BRC, Williams GL. Nutritional control of puberty in the bovine female: prenatal and early postnatal regulation of the neuroendocrine system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106434. [PMID: 32115309 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological event that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis and subsequent initiation of high-frequency, episodic release of GnRH and LH. Nutrition is a critical factor affecting the neuroendocrine control of puberty. Although nutrient restriction during juvenile development delays puberty, elevated rates of body weight gain during this period facilitate pubertal maturation by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also modulate the development of the fetal neuroendocrine axis, thus influencing puberty and subsequent reproductive function. Among the several metabolic signals, leptin plays a critical role in conveying metabolic information to the brain and, consequently, controlling puberty. The effects of leptin on GnRH secretion are mediated via an upstream neuronal network because GnRH neurons do not express the leptin receptor. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of the neurocircuitry that conveys inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (termed KNDy neurons) are also involved in the metabolic control of puberty. Our studies in the bovine female demonstrate that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development lead to organizational and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC, the precursor of αMSH), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes include alterations in the abundance of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 mRNA and in plasticity of the neuronal projections to GnRH neurons. Our studies also indicate that epigenetic mechanisms, such as modifications in the DNA methylation pattern, are involved in this process. Finally, our most recent data demonstrate that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce morphological and functional changes in the hypothalamic NPY system in the heifer offspring that are likely to persist long after birth. These organizational changes occurring during fetal development have the potential to not only impact puberty but also influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in the bovine female.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - S M West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T S Maia
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
| | - B R C Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - G L Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
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Hypothalamic and Cell-Specific Transcriptomes Unravel a Dynamic Neuropil Remodeling in Leptin-Induced and Typical Pubertal Transition in Female Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101563. [PMID: 33083731 PMCID: PMC7522126 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown high correlation between childhood obesity and advance in puberty. Early age at menarche is associated with a series of morbidities, including breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The adipocyte hormone leptin signals the amount of fat stores to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis via direct actions in the brain. Using mouse genetics, we and others have identified the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) and the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) as primary targets of leptin action in pubertal maturation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin's effects remain unknown. Here we assessed changes in the PMv and Arc transcriptional program during leptin-stimulated and typical pubertal development using overlapping analysis of bulk RNA sequecing, TRAP sequencing, and the published database. Our findings demonstrate that dynamic somatodendritic remodeling and extracellular space organization underlie leptin-induced and typical pubertal maturation in female mice. MBH DEGs between lean and Lepob mice are highly represented in development Short-term leptin to Lepob mice alters MBH DEGs associated with reproduction PMv/Arc LepRb DEGs between lean and Lepob mice are abundant in extracellular space DEGs in developing PMv/Arc are conspicuous in extracellular and neuropil remodeling
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in GnRH neurons impaired GnRH production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:329-335. [PMID: 32828307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The onset establishment and maintenance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is an important phenomenon regulating pubertal development and reproduction. GnRH neurons as well as other neurons in the hypothalamus have high-energy demands and require a constant energy supply from their mitochondria machinery to maintain active functioning. However, the involvement of mitochondrial function in GnRH neurons is still unclear. In this study, we examined the role of NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4 (Ndufs4), a member of the mitochondrial complex 1, on GnRH neurons using Ndufs4-KO mice and Ndufs4-KO GT1-7 cells. Ndufs4 was highly expressed in GnRH neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons in the arcuate (ARC) nucleus in WT mice. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in GnRH expression in MPOA and median eminence of Ndufs4-KO mice, followed by impaired peripheral endocrine system. In Ndufs4-KO GT1-7 cells, Gnrh1 expression was significantly decreased with or without stimulation with either kisspeptin or NGF, whereas, stimulation significantly increased Gnrh1 expression in control cells. In contrast, there was no difference in cell signaling activity including ERK and CREB as well as the expression of GPR54, TrkA and p75NTR, suggesting that Ndufs4 is involved in the transcriptional regulation system for GnRH production. These findings may be useful in understanding the mitochondrial function in GnRH neuron.
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Navarro VM. Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin - the link between energy balance and reproduction. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:407-420. [PMID: 32427949 PMCID: PMC8852368 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons serve as the nodal regulatory centre of reproductive function. These neurons are subjected to a plethora of regulatory factors that ultimately affect the release of kisspeptin, which modulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from GnRH neurons to control the reproductive axis. The presence of sufficient energy reserves is critical to achieve successful reproduction. Consequently, metabolic factors impose a very tight control over kisspeptin synthesis and release. This Review offers a synoptic overview of the different steps in which kisspeptin neurons are subjected to metabolic regulation, from early developmental stages to adulthood. We cover an ample array of known mechanisms that underlie the metabolic regulation of KISS1 expression and kisspeptin release. Furthermore, the novel role of kisspeptin neurons as active players within the neuronal circuits that govern energy balance is discussed, offering evidence of a bidirectional role of these neurons as a nexus between metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhu C, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Cai ZL, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Xue M, Arenkiel BR, Wu Q, Shu G, Tong Q. Profound and redundant functions of arcuate neurons in obesity development. Nat Metab 2020; 2:763-774. [PMID: 32719538 PMCID: PMC7687864 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic faces a lack of mechanistic insights. It is known that the acute activity changes of a growing number of brain neurons rapidly alter feeding behaviour; however, how these changes translate to obesity development and the fundamental mechanism underlying brain neurons in controlling body weight remain elusive. Here, we show that chronic activation of hypothalamic arcuate GABAergic (GABA+), agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons or arcuate non-AgRP GABA+ neurons leads to obesity, which is similar to the obese phenotype observed in ob/ob mice. Conversely, chronic inhibition of arcuate GABA+, but not AgRP, neurons reduces ageing-related weight gain and corrects ob/ob obesity. These results demonstrate that the modulation of Arc GABA+ neuron activity is a fundamental mechanism of body-weight regulation, and that arcuate GABA+ neurons are the major mediator of leptin action, with a profound and redundant role in obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjun Zhu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhao-Lin Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School and Program in Neuroscience of MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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40
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Cara AL, Myers MG, Elias CF. Lack of AR in LepRb Cells Disrupts Ambulatory Activity and Neuroendocrine Axes in a Sex-Specific Manner in Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa110. [PMID: 32609838 PMCID: PMC7383963 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of androgen imbalance, such as hyperandrogenism in females or hypoandrogenism in males, increase risk of visceral adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and infertility. Androgens act upon androgen receptors (AR) which are expressed in many tissues. In the brain, AR are abundant in hypothalamic nuclei involved in regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis, yet the role of androgens acting via AR in specific neuronal populations has not been fully elucidated. Leptin receptor (LepRb)-expressing neurons coexpress AR predominantly in hypothalamic arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei (ARH and PMv, respectively), with low colocalization in other LepRb neuronal populations, and very low colocalization in the pituitary gland and gonads. Deletion of AR from LepRb-expressing cells (LepRbΔAR) has no effect on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis in male and female mice. However, LepRbΔAR female mice show increased body length later in life, whereas male LepRbΔAR mice show an increase in spontaneous ambulatory activity. LepRbΔAR mice display typical pubertal timing, estrous cycles, and fertility, but increased testosterone levels in males. Removal of sex steroid negative feedback action induced an exaggerated rise in luteinizing hormone in LepRbΔAR males and follicle-stimulating hormone in LepRbΔAR females. Our findings show that AR can directly affect a subset of ARH and PMv neurons in a sex-specific manner and demonstrate specific androgenic actions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Cara
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Roberts SA, Abreu AP, Navarro VM, Liang JN, Maguire CA, Kim HK, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB. The Peripubertal Decline in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Expression is Independent of Leptin Action. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa059. [PMID: 32587933 PMCID: PMC7304661 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical body weight is necessary for pubertal development, an effect mediated in part by leptin. The potential regulation by leptin of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3), in which loss-of-function mutations are the most common genetic cause of central precocious puberty, has not been previously explored. In mice, expression of Mkrn3 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is high early in life and declines before the onset of puberty. Therefore, we aimed to explore if leptin contributes to the decrease in hypothalamic Mkrn3 mRNA levels observed in mice during pubertal development. We first used a leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. Mkrn3 mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which includes the arcuate nucleus, and in the preoptic area (POA), both showed a significant decrease with age from postnatal day (PND) 12 to PND30 in ob/ob mice in both males and females, similar to that observed in wild-type mice. To further explore the effects of leptin on Mkrn3 expression, we exposed prepubertal wild-type mice to high levels of leptin from age PND9-12, which did not result in any significant difference in Mkrn3 expression levels in either the MBH or POA. In summary, regulation of Mkrn3 expression by leptin was not observed in either the MBH or the POA, 2 hypothalamic sites important for pubertal maturation. These data suggest that the decline in Mkrn3 at the onset of puberty may occur independently of leptin and support our hypothesis that MKRN3 is a bona fide controller of puberty initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joy N Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline A Maguire
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Kyeol Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pool KR, Rickard JP, de Graaf SP. Overcoming neuroendocrine and metabolic barriers to puberty: the role of melatonin in advancing puberty in ewe lambs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106457. [PMID: 32361422 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pubertal onset in the ewe is subject to a multitude of physiological and environmental constraints. As seasonal breeders, sheep rely on decreasing photoperiod to enter puberty and the subsequent breeding periods, hindering production. The initiation of puberty defines the reproductive yield of the ewe, and as such is a critical factor influencing production outcomes. Currently, the misconception that ovine puberty is reliant on age results in ewes being bred at over a year old, leading to a substantial unproductive period between birth and first conception. As such, transcending pubertal barriers to allow for earlier initiation of reproductive competency has significant commercial merit. The primary candidate to achieve this is the neurohormone melatonin, a key factor that naturally signals photoperiodic change that facilitates seasonal remodeling of the ovine hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis. Despite being known to modulate reproductive seasonality in both the mature ewe and ram, the ability of melatonin to advance ewe puberty remains underutilized in industry. To optimize melatonin application and shape perceptions of breeding ewe lambs, a greater understanding of pubertal impediments and the natural role of melatonin is warranted. This review examines the physiological role and applications of melatonin to advance ewe puberty, and how this may act in conjunction with other physiological and metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Pool
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - J P Rickard
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - S P de Graaf
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Deng G, Morselli LL, Wagner VA, Balapattabi K, Sapouckey SA, Knudtson KL, Rahmouni K, Cui H, Sigmund CD, Kwitek AE, Grobe JL. Single-Nucleus RNA Sequencing of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of C57BL/6J Mice After Prolonged Diet-Induced Obesity. Hypertension 2020; 76:589-597. [PMID: 32507042 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged obesity is associated with blunted feeding and thermogenic autonomic responses to leptin, but cardiovascular responses to leptin are maintained. This state of selective leptin resistance is, therefore, proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of obesity-associated hypertension. Cells of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus detect leptin, and although the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear, altered arcuate nucleus biology is hypothesized to contribute to selective leptin resistance. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or chow from 8 to 18 weeks of age, as this paradigm models selective leptin resistance. Nuclei were then isolated from arcuate nucleus for single-nucleus RNA sequencing. HFD caused expected gains in adiposity and circulating leptin. Twenty-three unique cell-type clusters were identified, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to explore changes in gene expression patterns due to chronic HFD within each cluster. Notably, gene expression signatures related to leptin signaling exhibited suppression predominantly in neurons identified as the Agouti-related peptide (Agrp) subtype. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis results were also consistent with alterations in CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) signaling in Agrp neurons after HFD, and reduced phosphorylated CREB was confirmed in arcuate nucleus after prolonged HFD by capillary electrophoresis-based Western blotting. These findings support the concept that prolonged HFD-induced obesity is associated with selective changes in Agrp neuron biology, possibly secondary to altered CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Deng
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (G.D., S.A.S., K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Lisa L Morselli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (L.L.M.), University of Iowa
| | - Valerie A Wagner
- Department of Physiology (V.A.W., K.B., C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Kirthikaa Balapattabi
- Department of Physiology (V.A.W., K.B., C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Sarah A Sapouckey
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (G.D., S.A.S., K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa
| | | | - Kamal Rahmouni
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (G.D., S.A.S., K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa.,Obesity Research and Education Initiative (K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute (K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Huxing Cui
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (G.D., S.A.S., K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa.,Obesity Research and Education Initiative (K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute (K.R., H.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology (V.A.W., K.B., C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology (V.A.W., K.B., C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Medicine (A.E.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Physiology (V.A.W., K.B., C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Cardiovascular Center (C.D.S., A.E.K., J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (J.L.G.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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44
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Malik IA, Durairajanayagam D, Singh HJ. Leptin and its actions on reproduction in males. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:296-299. [PMID: 30539926 PMCID: PMC6498734 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_98_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, serves numerous physiological functions in the body, particularly during puberty and reproduction. The exact mechanism by which leptin activates the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to trigger puberty and reproduction remains unclear. Given the widespread distribution of leptin receptors in the body, both central and peripheral mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis have been hypothesized. Leptin is necessary for normal reproductive function, but when present in excess, it can have detrimental effects on the male reproductive system. Human and animal studies point to leptin as a link between infertility and obesity, a suggestion that is corroborated by findings of low sperm count, increased sperm abnormalities, oxidative stress, and increased leptin levels in obese men. In addition, daily leptin administration to normal-weight rats has been shown to result in similar abnormalities in sperm parameters. The major pathways causing these abnormalities remain unidentified; however, these adverse effects have been attributed to leptin-induced increased oxidative stress because they are prevented by concurrently administering melatonin. Studies on leptin and its impact on sperm function are highly relevant in understanding and managing male infertility, particularly in overweight and obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Alam Malik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Harbindar Jeet Singh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia.,2I-PPerForM, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sg Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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45
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Cao G, Gao Z, Jiang Y, Chu M. Lin28 gene and mammalian puberty. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:525-533. [PMID: 32363678 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lin28a and Lin28b, homologs of the Caenorhabditis elegans Lin28 gene, play important roles in cell pluripotency, reprogramming, and tumorigenicity. Recently, genome-wide association and transgenic studies showed that Lin28a and/or Lin28b gene were involved in the onset of mammalian puberty, the stage representing the attainment of reproduction capacity; however, the detailed mechanism of these genes in mammalian puberty remains largely unknown. The present paper reviews the research progress on the roles of Lin28a/b genes in the onset of mammalian puberty by analyzing the results coming from gene expression patterns, mutations, and transgenic studies, and put forward possible pathways for further studies on their roles in animal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Zeyang Gao
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Derkach KV, Bakhtyukov AA, Roy V, Gryaznov AY, Bayunova LV, Shpakov AO. The Testicular Leptin System in Rats with Different Severity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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Coutinho EA, Prescott M, Hessler S, Marshall CJ, Herbison AE, Campbell RE. Activation of a Classic Hunger Circuit Slows Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:671-687. [PMID: 31630145 DOI: 10.1159/000504225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The central regulation of fertility is carefully coordinated with energy homeostasis, and infertility is frequently the outcome of energy imbalance. Neurons in the hypothalamus expressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP neurons) are strongly implicated in linking metabolic cues with fertility regulation. OBJECTIVE We aimed here to determine the impact of selectively activating NPY/AgRP neurons, critical regulators of metabolism, on the activity of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse generation. METHODS We employed a suite of in vivo optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches with serial measurements of LH to determine the impact of selectively activating NPY/AgRP neurons on dynamic LH secretion. In addition, electrophysiological studies in ex vivo brain slices were employed to ascertain the functional impact of activating NPY/AgRP neurons on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. RESULTS Selective activation of NPY/AgRP neurons significantly decreased post-castration LH secretion. This was observed in males and females, as well as in prenatally androgenized females that recapitulate the persistently elevated LH pulse frequency characteristic of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Reduced LH pulse frequency was also observed when optogenetic stimulation was restricted to NPY/AgRP fiber projections surrounding GnRH neuron cell bodies in the rostral preoptic area. However, electrophysiological studies in ex vivo brain slices indicated these effects were likely to be indirect. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the ability of NPY/AgRP neuronal signaling to modulate and, specifically, reduce GnRH/LH pulse generation. The findings suggest a mechanism by which increased activity of this hunger circuit, in response to negative energy balance, mediates impaired fertility in otherwise reproductively fit states, and highlight a potential mechanism to slow LH pulsatility in female infertility disorders, such as PCOS, that are associated with hyperactive LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia A Coutinho
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Prescott
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sabine Hessler
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Marshall
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,
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48
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Liu RB, Liu Y, Lv LQ, Xiao W, Gong C, Yue JX. Effects of Metformin Treatment on Soluble Leptin Receptor Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:609-614. [PMID: 31346998 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of metformin treatment on soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were investigated. This prospective and open-label study was conducted by the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. Fifty-five women with PCOS and insulin resistance (IR) were treated with metformin for 6 months. According to body mass index (BMI), the patients were divided into two groups: lean PCOS group (BMI <23 kg/m2, n=34) and overweight or obese PCOS group (BMI ≥23 kg/m2, n=21). Before and after treatment, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), insulin and sOB-R levels were determined. Thirty-one BMI-matched ovulatory women served as controls. The results showed: (1) The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), androgen levels and hirsutism scores were higher, and sOB-R levels were lower in PCOS groups than in control group. A subgroup analysis of lean and overweight or obese PCOS patients revealed there was significant difference in sOB-R level between lean PCOS group and overweight or obese PCOS group. There were no significant differences in anthropometric parameters between lean PCOS patients and BMI-matched controls. However, sOB-R level was significantly lower in lean PCOS women than in controls. (2) There was no correlation between sOB-R level and BMI, waist and hip circumference, total testosterone, androstendione, DHEAS, LH or hirsutism scores in PCOS patients, but there was a significant negative correlation between sOB-R and HOMA-IR. (3) After treatment with metformin for 6 months, serum insulin levels decreased, and sOB-R levels increased significantly (P<0.01). It was suggested that considering low sOB-R levels supposedly compensate diminished leptin action, PCOS per se might cause leptin resistance. It is likely that reduction of hyperinsulinemia produced by metformin effectively improves the sOB-R levels in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Biao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li-Qun Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian-Xin Yue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Senn SS, Le Foll C, Whiting L, Tarasco E, Duffy S, Lutz TA, Boyle CN. Unsilencing of native LepRs in hypothalamic SF1 neurons does not rescue obese phenotype in LepR-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R451-R460. [PMID: 31314542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptin receptor (LepR) signaling in neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), specifically those expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1), have been proposed to play a key role in controlling energy balance. By crossing LepR-silenced (LepRloxTB) mice with those expressing SF1-Cre, we unsilenced native LepR specifically in the VMH and tested whether SF1 neurons in the VMH are critical mediators of leptin's effect on energy homeostasis. LepRloxTB × SF1-Cre [knockout (KO)/Tg+] mice were metabolically phenotyped and compared with littermate controls that either expressed or were deficient in LepRs. Leptin-induced phosphorylated STAT3 was present in the VMH of KO/Tg+ mice and absent in other hypothalamic nuclei. VMH leptin signaling did not ameliorate obesity resulting from LepR deficiency in chow-fed mice. There was no change in food intake or energy expenditure when comparing complete LepR-null mice with KO/Tg+ mice, nor did KO/Tg+ mice show improved glucose tolerance. The presence of functional LepRs in the VMH mildly enhanced sensitivity to the pancreatic hormone amylin. When maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD), there was no reduction in diet-induced obesity in KO/Tg+ mice, but KO/Tg+ mice had improved glucose tolerance after 7 wk on an HFD compared with LepR-null mice. We conclude that LepR signaling in the VMH alone is not sufficient to correct metabolic dysfunction observed in LepR-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina S Senn
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynda Whiting
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonya Duffy
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Neuner Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Minabe S, Sato M, Inoue N, Watanabe Y, Magata F, Matsuda F, Uenoyama Y, Ozawa H, Tsukamura H. Neonatal Estrogen Causes Irreversible Male Infertility via Specific Suppressive Action on Hypothalamic Kiss1 Neurons. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1223-1233. [PMID: 30920587 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant exposure to estrogen-like compounds during the critical developmental period may cause improper hypothalamic programming, thus resulting in reproductive dysfunction in adulthood in male mammals. Kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) have been suggested to govern tonic GnRH/gonadotropin release to control reproduction in male mammals. In this study, we report that chronic exposure to supraphysiological levels of estrogen during the neonatal period caused an irreversible suppression of KNDy genes in the ARC, resulting in reproductive dysfunction in male rats. Daily estradiol benzoate (EB) administration from days 0 to 10 postpartum caused smaller seminiferous tubules, abnormal spermatogenesis, and a decrease in plasma testosterone in adult male rats. The neonatal EB treatment profoundly suppressed LH pulse and ARC KNDy gene expression at adulthood, but it failed to affect the number of GnRH gene-expressing cells in male rats. The EB treatment failed to affect gene expression of other neuropeptides, such as GHRH, proopiomelanocortin, and agouti-related protein in the ARC, suggesting that ARC KNDy neurons would be a specific target of neonatal estrogen to cause male reproductive dysfunction. Because LH secretory responses to kisspeptin challenge and GnRH expression were spared in male rats with the EB treatment, LH pulse suppression is most probably due to ARC KNDy deficiency. Taken together, the current study indicates that chronic exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the developing brain causes a defect of ARC KNDy neurons, resulting in an inhibition of pulsatile GnRH/LH release and the failure of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Minabe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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