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Young EJ, Radnai L, Prikhodko V, Miller CA. Novel therapeutics in development for the treatment of stimulant-use disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 87:102898. [PMID: 39096558 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Misuse and accidental overdoses attributed to stimulants are escalating rapidly. These stimulants include methamphetamine, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy-type drugs, and prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate. Unlike opioids and alcohol, there are no therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat stimulant-use disorder. The high rate of relapse among this population highlights the insufficiency of current treatment options, which are limited to abstinence support programs and behavioral modification therapies. Here, we briefly outline recent regulatory actions taken by FDA to help support the development of new stimulant use disorder treatments and highlight several new therapeutics in the clinical development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA; Myosin Therapeutics, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laszlo Radnai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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2
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Kong H, Han YY, Yang GL, Li K, Yu L, Xie XK, Xia GY, Wei PJ, Zhang WR, Li CH. Tenuifolin improves learning and memory by regulating long-term potentiation and dendritic structure of hippocampal CA1 area in healthy female mice but not male mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114974. [PMID: 38554850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polygala tenuifolia Wild is an ancient traditional Chinese medicine. Its main component, tenuifolin (TEN), has been proven to improve cognitive impairment caused by neurodegenerative diseases and ovariectomy. However, there was hardly any pharmacological research about TEN and its potential gender differences. Considering the reduction of TEN on learning and memory dysfunction in ovariectomized animals, therefore, we focused on the impact of TEN in different mice genders in the current study. Spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB), light-dark discrimination, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to evaluate the mice's learning and memory abilities. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) of the hippocampal CA1 region was recorded using an electrophysiological method, and the morphology of the dendritic structure was examined using Golgi staining. In the behavioral experiments, TEN improved the correct rate in female mice in the SAB test, the correct rate in the light-dark discrimination test, and the number of crossing platforms in the MWM test. Additionally, TEN reduced the latency of female mice rather than male mice in light-dark discrimination and MWM tests. Moreover, TEN could significantly increase the slope of fEPSP in hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 and enhance the total length and the number of intersections of dendrites in the hippocampal CA1 area in female mice but not in male mice. Collectively, the results of the current study showed that TEN improved learning and memory by regulating long-term potentiation (LTP) and dendritic structure of hippocampal CA1 area in female mice but not in males. These findings would help to explore the improvement mechanism of TEN on cognition and expand the knowledge of the potential therapeutic value of TEN in the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Kong
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Han
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gai-Ling Yang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun-Kai Xie
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Xia
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Chu-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Li BZ, Sumera A, Booker SA, McCullagh EA. Current Best Practices for Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology and Number in Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1561-1572. [PMID: 37070364 PMCID: PMC10161226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative methods for assessing neural anatomy have rapidly evolved in neuroscience and provide important insights into brain health and function. However, as new techniques develop, it is not always clear when and how each may be used to answer specific scientific questions posed. Dendritic spines, which are often indicative of synapse formation and neural plasticity, have been implicated across many brain regions in neurodevelopmental disorders as a marker for neural changes reflecting neural dysfunction or alterations. In this Perspective we highlight several techniques for staining, imaging, and quantifying dendritic spines as well as provide a framework for avoiding potential issues related to pseudoreplication. This framework illustrates how others may apply the most rigorous approaches. We consider the cost-benefit analysis of the varied techniques, recognizing that the most sophisticated equipment may not always be necessary for answering some research questions. Together, we hope this piece will help researchers determine the best strategy toward using the ever-growing number of techniques available to determine neural changes underlying dendritic spine morphology in health and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zheng Li
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Anna Sumera
- Simons
Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, U.K.
| | - Sam A Booker
- Simons
Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth A. McCullagh
- Department
of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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4
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Lee LA, Barrick SK, Buvoli AE, Walklate J, Stump WT, Geeves M, Greenberg MJ, Leinwand LA. Distinct effects of two hearing loss-associated mutations in the sarcomeric myosin MYH7b. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104631. [PMID: 36963494 PMCID: PMC10141508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, sarcomeric myosin heavy chain proteins were assumed to be restricted to striated muscle where they function as molecular motors that contract muscle. However, MYH7b, an evolutionarily ancient member of this myosin family, has been detected in mammalian nonmuscle tissues, and mutations in MYH7b are linked to hereditary hearing loss in compound heterozygous patients. These mutations are the first associated with hearing loss rather than a muscle pathology, and because there are no homologous mutations in other myosin isoforms, their functional effects were unknown. We generated recombinant human MYH7b harboring the D515N or R1651Q hearing loss-associated mutation and studied their effects on motor activity and structural and assembly properties, respectively. The D515N mutation had no effect on steady-state actin-activated ATPase rate or load-dependent detachment kinetics but increased actin sliding velocity because of an increased displacement during the myosin working stroke. Furthermore, we found that the D515N mutation caused an increase in the proportion of myosin heads that occupy the disordered-relaxed state, meaning more myosin heads are available to interact with actin. Although we found no impact of the R1651Q mutation on myosin rod secondary structure or solubility, we observed a striking aggregation phenotype when this mutation was introduced into nonmuscle cells. Our results suggest that each mutation independently affects MYH7b function and structure. Together, these results provide the foundation for further study of a role for MYH7b outside the sarcomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Lee
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha K Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ada E Buvoli
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - W Tom Stump
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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5
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Lee LA, Barrick SK, Meller A, Walklate J, Lotthammer JM, Tay JW, Stump WT, Bowman G, Geeves MA, Greenberg MJ, Leinwand LA. Functional divergence of the sarcomeric myosin, MYH7b, supports species-specific biological roles. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102657. [PMID: 36334627 PMCID: PMC9800208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain 7b (MYH7b) is an evolutionarily ancient member of the sarcomeric myosin family, which typically supports striated muscle function. However, in mammals, alternative splicing prevents MYH7b protein production in cardiac and most skeletal muscles and limits expression to a subset of specialized muscles and certain nonmuscle environments. In contrast, MYH7b protein is abundant in python cardiac and skeletal muscles. Although the MYH7b expression pattern diverges in mammals versus reptiles, MYH7b shares high sequence identity across species. So, it remains unclear how mammalian MYH7b function may differ from that of other sarcomeric myosins and whether human and python MYH7b motor functions diverge as their expression patterns suggest. Thus, we generated recombinant human and python MYH7b protein and measured their motor properties to investigate any species-specific differences in activity. Our results reveal that despite having similar working strokes, the MYH7b isoforms have slower actin-activated ATPase cycles and actin sliding velocities than human cardiac β-MyHC. Furthermore, python MYH7b is tuned to have slower motor activity than human MYH7b because of slower kinetics of the chemomechanical cycle. We found that the MYH7b isoforms adopt a higher proportion of myosin heads in the ultraslow, super-relaxed state compared with human cardiac β-MyHC. These findings are supported by molecular dynamics simulations that predict MYH7b preferentially occupies myosin active site conformations similar to those observed in the structurally inactive state. Together, these results suggest that MYH7b is specialized for slow and energy-conserving motor activity and that differential tuning of MYH7b orthologs contributes to species-specific biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Lee
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha K. Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Artur Meller
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Lotthammer
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W. Tom Stump
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory Bowman
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A. Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA,For correspondence: Leslie A. Leinwand
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6
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Can Blebbistatin block the hypertrophy status in the zebrafish exvivo cardiac model? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166471. [PMID: 35750268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ex-vivo simple models are powered tools to study cardiac hypertrophy. It is possible to control the activation of critical genes and thus test the effects of drug therapies before the in vivo tests. A zebrafish cardiac hypertrophy developed by 500 μM phenylephrine (PE) treatment in ex vivo culture has been demonstrated to activate the essential expression of the embryonal genes. These genes are the same as those described in several previous pieces of research on hypertrophic pathology in humans. The efficacy of the chemical drug Blebbistatin (BL) on hypertrophy induced ex vivo cultured hearts is studied in this research. BL can inhibit the myosins and the calcium wave in counteracting the hypertrophy status caused by PE. Samples treated with PE, BL and PE simultaneously, or pre/post-treatment with BL, have been analysed for the embryonal gene activation concerning the hypertrophy status. The qRTPCR has shown an inhibitory effect of BL treatments on the microRNAs downregulation with the consequent low expression of essential embryonal genes. In particular, BL seems to be effective in blocking the hyperplasia of the epicardium but less effective in myocardium hypertrophy. The model can make it possible to obtain knowledge on the transduction pathways activated by BL and investigate the potential use of this drug in treating cardiac hypertrophy in humans.
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7
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Yang Y, Liu JJ. Structural LTP: Signal transduction, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and membrane remodeling of dendritic spines. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Alexander CJ, Barzik M, Fujiwara I, Remmert K, Wang YX, Petralia RS, Friedman TB, Hammer JA. Myosin 18Aα targets the guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-Pix to the dendritic spines of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and promotes spine maturation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21092. [PMID: 33378124 PMCID: PMC8357457 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001449r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosin 18Aα is a myosin 2-like protein containing unique N- and C-terminal protein interaction domains that co-assembles with myosin 2. One protein known to bind to myosin 18Aα is β-Pix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac1 and Cdc42 that has been shown to promote dendritic spine maturation by activating the assembly of actin and myosin filaments in spines. Here, we show that myosin 18A⍺ concentrates in the spines of cerebellar Purkinje neurons via co-assembly with myosin 2 and through an actin binding site in its N-terminal extension. miRNA-mediated knockdown of myosin 18A⍺ results in a significant defect in spine maturation that is rescued by an RNAi-immune version of myosin 18A⍺. Importantly, β-Pix co-localizes with myosin 18A⍺ in spines, and its spine localization is lost upon myosin 18A⍺ knockdown or when its myosin 18A⍺ binding site is deleted. Finally, we show that the spines of myosin 18A⍺ knockdown Purkinje neurons contain significantly less F-actin and myosin 2. Together, these data argue that mixed filaments of myosin 2 and myosin 18A⍺ form a complex with β-Pix in Purkinje neuron spines that promotes spine maturation by enhancing the assembly of actin and myosin filaments downstream of β-Pix's GEF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Barzik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD, NIH, Betheda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - John A Hammer
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Broadwell LJ, Smallegan MJ, Rigby KM, Navarro-Arriola JS, Montgomery RL, Rinn JL, Leinwand LA. Myosin 7b is a regulatory long noncoding RNA (lncMYH7b) in the human heart. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100694. [PMID: 33895132 PMCID: PMC8141895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain 7b (MYH7b) is an ancient member of the myosin heavy chain motor protein family that is expressed in striated muscles. In mammalian cardiac muscle, MYH7b RNA is expressed along with two other myosin heavy chains, β-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC) and α-myosin heavy chain (α-MyHC). However, unlike β-MyHC and α-MyHC, which are maintained in a careful balance at the protein level, the MYH7b locus does not produce a full-length protein in the heart due to a posttranscriptional exon-skipping mechanism that occurs in a tissue-specific manner. Whether this locus has a role in the heart beyond producing its intronic microRNA, miR-499, was unclear. Using cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells as a model system, we found that the noncoding exon-skipped RNA (lncMYH7b) affects the transcriptional landscape of human cardiomyocytes, independent of miR-499. Specifically, lncMYH7b regulates the ratio of β-MyHC to α-MyHC, which is crucial for cardiac contractility. We also found that lncMYH7b regulates beat rate and sarcomere formation in cardiomyocytes. This regulation is likely achieved through control of a member of the TEA domain transcription factor family (TEAD3, which is known to regulate β-MyHC). Therefore, we conclude that this ancient gene has been repurposed by alternative splicing to produce a regulatory long-noncoding RNA in the human heart that affects cardiac myosin composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Broadwell
- Department of Biochemistry, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Smallegan
- BioFrontiers Institute, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jose S Navarro-Arriola
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - John L Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, CU Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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10
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Eliaz Y, Nedelec F, Morrison G, Levine H, Cheung MS. Insights from graph theory on the morphologies of actomyosin networks with multilinkers. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:062420. [PMID: 33466104 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the influence of microscopic details on the dynamics of development of the overall structure of a filamentous network is important in a number of biologically relevant contexts, but it is not obvious what order parameters can be used to adequately describe this complex process. In this paper we investigated the role of multivalent actin-binding proteins (ABPs) in reorganizing actin filaments into higher-order complex networks via a computer model of semiflexible filaments. We characterize the importance of local connectivity among actin filaments, as well as the global features of actomyosin networks. We first map the networks into local graph representations and then, using principles from network-theory order parameters, combine properties from these representations to gain insight into the heterogeneous morphologies of actomyosin networks at a global level. We find that ABPs with a valency greater than 2 promote filament bundles and large filament clusters to a much greater extent than bivalent multilinkers. We also show that active myosinlike motor proteins promote the formation of dendritic branches from a stalk of actin bundles. Our work motivates future studies to embrace network theory as a tool to characterize complex morphologies of actomyosin detected by experiments, leading to a quantitative understanding of the role of ABPs in manipulating the self-assembly of actin filaments into unique architectures that underlie the structural scaffold of a cell relating to its mobility and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Eliaz
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Francois Nedelec
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Greg Morrison
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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11
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Mikhaylova M, Rentsch J, Ewers H. Actomyosin Contractility in the Generation and Plasticity of Axons and Dendritic Spines. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092006. [PMID: 32882840 PMCID: PMC7565476 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin and non-muscle myosins have long been known to play important roles in growth cone steering and neurite outgrowth. More recently, novel functions for non-muscle myosin have been described in axons and dendritic spines. Consequently, possible roles of actomyosin contraction in organizing and maintaining structural properties of dendritic spines, the size and location of axon initial segment and axonal diameter are emerging research topics. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings involving myosin localization and function in these compartments and to discuss possible roles for actomyosin in their function and the signaling pathways that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- DFG Emmy Noether Group ‘Neuronal Protein Transport’, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (H.E.); Tel.: +49-4074-1055-815 (M.M.); +49-30-838-60644 (H.E.)
| | - Jakob Rentsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (H.E.); Tel.: +49-4074-1055-815 (M.M.); +49-30-838-60644 (H.E.)
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12
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Conventional and Non-Conventional Roles of Non-Muscle Myosin II-Actin in Neuronal Development and Degeneration. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091926. [PMID: 32825197 PMCID: PMC7566000 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins are motor proteins that use chemical energy to produce mechanical forces driving actin cytoskeletal dynamics. In the brain, the conventional non-muscle myosin II (NMII) regulates actin filament cytoskeletal assembly and contractile forces during structural remodeling of axons and dendrites, contributing to morphology, polarization, and migration of neurons during brain development. NMII isoforms also participate in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity by driving actin cytoskeletal dynamics during synaptic vesicle release and retrieval, and formation, maturation, and remodeling of dendritic spines. NMIIs are expressed differentially in cerebral non-neuronal cells, such as microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, wherein they play key functions in inflammation, myelination, and repair. Besides major efforts to understand the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of NMIIs in the nervous system, their contributions to brain pathologies are still largely unclear. Nonetheless, genetic mutations or deregulation of NMII and its regulatory effectors are linked to autism, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and neurodegeneration, indicating non-conventional roles of NMIIs in cellular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we summarize the emerging biological roles of NMIIs in the brain, and discuss how actomyosin signaling contributes to dysfunction of neurons and glial cells in the context of neurological disorders. This knowledge is relevant for a deep understanding of NMIIs on the pathogenesis and therapeutics of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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13
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Kim K, Gibboney S, Razy-Krajka F, Lowe EK, Wang W, Stolfi A. Regulation of Neurogenesis by FGF Signaling and Neurogenin in the Invertebrate Chordate Ciona. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:477. [PMID: 32656209 PMCID: PMC7324659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a complex sequence of cellular processes and behaviors driven by the coordinated expression of conserved effectors. The bipolar tail neurons (BTNs) of Ciona develop according to a highly dynamic, yet highly stereotyped developmental program and thus could serve as an accessible model system for neurogenesis, including underlying cell behaviors like neuronal delamination, migration, and polarized axon outgrowth. Here we investigate both the upstream events that shape BTN neurogenesis through spatiotemporal regulation of the conserved proneural factor Neurog, spatiotemporal, and the gene expression profile of differentiating BTNs downstream of Neurog activity. We show that, although early FGF signaling is required for Neurog expression and BTN specification, Fgf8/17/18 is expressed in tail tip cells at later stages and suppresses sustained Neurog expression in the anterior BTN (aBTN) lineage, such that only one cell (the one furthest from the source of Fgf8/17/18) maintains Neurog expression and becomes a neuron. Curiously, Fgf8/17/18 might not affect neurogenesis of the posterior BTNs (pBTNs), which are in direct contact with the Fgf8/17/18-expressing cells. Finally, to profile gene expression associated with BTN neurogenesis we performed RNAseq of isolated BTN lineage cells in which BTN neurogenesis was enhanced or suppressed by perturbing Neurog function. This allowed us to identify several candidate genes that might play conserved roles in neurogenesis and neuronal migration in other animals, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwantae Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susanne Gibboney
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Florian Razy-Krajka
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elijah K. Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alberto Stolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Fukuda T, Nagashima S, Inatome R, Yanagi S. CAMDI interacts with the human memory-associated protein KIBRA and regulates AMPAR cell surface expression and cognition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224967. [PMID: 31730661 PMCID: PMC6857912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders. CAMDI is a psychiatric disorder-related factor, the deficiency of which in mice results in delayed neuronal migration and psychiatrically abnormal behaviors. Here, we found that CAMDI-deficient mice exhibited impaired recognition memory and spatial reference memory. Knockdown of CAMDI in hippocampal neurons increased the amount of internalized alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor (AMPAR) and attenuated the chemical long-term potentiation (LTP)-dependent cell surface expression of AMPAR. KIBRA was identified as a novel CAMDI-binding protein that retains AMPAR in the cytosol after internalization. KIBRA inhibited CAMDI-dependent Rab11 activation, thereby attenuating AMPAR cell surface expression. These results suggest that CAMDI regulates AMPAR cell surface expression during LTP. CAMDI dysfunction may partly explain the mechanism underlying cognitive deficits in psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SY); (TF)
| | - Shun Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Inatome
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SY); (TF)
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15
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Wang X, Williams D, Müller I, Lemieux M, Dukart R, Maia IBL, Wang H, Woerman AL, Schmitt-Ulms G. Tau interactome analyses in CRISPR-Cas9 engineered neuronal cells reveal ATPase-dependent binding of wild-type but not P301L Tau to non-muscle myosins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16238. [PMID: 31700063 PMCID: PMC6838314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions of Tau are of interest in efforts to decipher pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease, a subset of frontotemporal dementias, and other tauopathies. We CRISPR-Cas9 edited two human cell lines to generate broadly adaptable models for neurodegeneration research. We applied the system to inducibly express balanced levels of 3-repeat and 4-repeat wild-type or P301L mutant Tau. Following 12-h induction, quantitative mass spectrometry revealed the Parkinson's disease-causing protein DJ-1 and non-muscle myosins as Tau interactors whose binding to Tau was profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of the P301L mutation. The presence of wild-type Tau stabilized non-muscle myosins at higher steady-state levels. Strikingly, in human differentiated co-cultures of neuronal and glial cells, the preferential interaction of non-muscle myosins to wild-type Tau depended on myosin ATPase activity. Consistently, transgenic P301L Tau mice exhibited reduced phosphorylation of regulatory myosin light chains known to activate this ATPase. The direct link of Tau to non-muscle myosins corroborates independently proposed roles of Tau in maintaining dendritic spines and mitochondrial fission biology, two subcellular niches affected early in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Iris Müller
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Lemieux
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Ramona Dukart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Isabella B L Maia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Amanda L Woerman
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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16
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Roesler MK, Lombino FL, Freitag S, Schweizer M, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Schwarz JR, Kneussel M, Wagner W. Myosin XVI Regulates Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Dendritic Spines of Purkinje Cells and Affects Presynaptic Organization. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:330. [PMID: 31474830 PMCID: PMC6705222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is crucial for function and morphology of neuronal synapses. Moreover, altered regulation of the neuronal actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Myosin XVI is a neuronally expressed unconventional myosin known to bind the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), a regulator of filamentous actin (F-actin) polymerization. Notably, the gene encoding the myosin’s heavy chain (MYO16) shows genetic association with neuropsychiatric disorders including ASD. Here, we investigated whether myosin XVI plays a role for actin cytoskeleton regulation in the dendritic spines of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), a neuronal cell type crucial for motor learning, social cognition and vocalization. We provide evidence that both myosin XVI and the WRC component WAVE1 localize to PC spines. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis of GFP-actin in cultured PCs shows that Myo16 knockout as well as PC-specific Myo16 knockdown, lead to faster F-actin turnover in the dendritic spines of PCs. We also detect accelerated F-actin turnover upon interference with the WRC, and upon inhibition of Arp2/3 that drives formation of branched F-actin downstream of the WRC. In contrast, inhibition of formins that are responsible for polymerization of linear actin filaments does not cause faster F-actin turnover. Together, our data establish myosin XVI as a regulator of the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton and suggest that it is an upstream activator of the WRC-Arp2/3 pathway in PC spines. Furthermore, ultra-structural and electrophysiological analyses of Myo16 knockout cerebellum reveals the presence of reduced numbers of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals in the absence of the myosin. Therefore, we here define myosin XVI as an F-actin regulator important for presynaptic organization in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Katrin Roesler
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franco Luis Lombino
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Freitag
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Animal Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Peter AK, Rossi AC, Buvoli M, Ozeroff CD, Crocini C, Perry AR, Buvoli AE, Lee LA, Leinwand LA. Expression of Normally Repressed Myosin Heavy Chain 7b in the Mammalian Heart Induces Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013318. [PMID: 31364453 PMCID: PMC6761648 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In mammals, muscle contraction is controlled by a family of 10 sarcomeric myosin motors. The expression of one of its members, MYH7b, is regulated by alternative splicing, and while the protein is restricted to specialized muscles such as extraocular muscles or muscle spindles, RNA that cannot encode protein is expressed in most skeletal muscles and in the heart. Remarkably, birds and snakes express MYH7b protein in both heart and skeletal muscles. This observation suggests that in the mammalian heart, the motor activity of MYH7b may only be needed during development since its expression is prevented in adult tissue, possibly because it could promote disease by unbalancing myocardial contractility. Methods and Results We have analyzed MYH7b null mice to determine the potential role of MYH7b during cardiac development and also generated transgenic mice with cardiac myocyte expression of MYH7b protein to measure its impact on cardiomyocyte function and contractility. We found that MYH7b null mice are born at expected Mendelian ratios and do not have a baseline cardiac phenotype as adults. In contrast, transgenic cardiac MYH7b protein expression induced early cardiac dilation in males with significantly increased left ventricular mass in both sexes. Cardiac dilation is progressive, leading to early cardiac dysfunction in males, but later dysfunction in females. Conclusions The data presented show that the expression of MYH7b protein in the mammalian heart has been inhibited during the evolution of mammals most likely to prevent the development of a severe cardiomyopathy that is sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Peter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Alberto C Rossi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Massimo Buvoli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Christopher D Ozeroff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Claudia Crocini
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Amy R Perry
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Ada E Buvoli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Lindsey A Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Biofrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder CO
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18
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Lee LA, Karabina A, Broadwell LJ, Leinwand LA. The ancient sarcomeric myosins found in specialized muscles. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30836986 PMCID: PMC6402096 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscles express an array of sarcomeric myosin motors that are tuned to accomplish specific tasks. Each myosin isoform found in muscle fibers confers unique contractile properties to the fiber in order to meet the demands of the muscle. The sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes expressed in the major cardiac and skeletal muscles have been studied for decades. However, three ancient myosins, MYH7b, MYH15, and MYH16, remained uncharacterized due to their unique expression patterns in common mammalian model organisms and due to their relatively recent discovery in these genomes. This article reviews the literature surrounding these three ancient sarcomeric myosins and the specialized muscles in which they are expressed. Further study of these ancient myosins and how they contribute to the functions of the specialized muscles may provide novel insight into the history of striated muscle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Anastasia Karabina
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Lindsey J. Broadwell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
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19
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Khan S, Downing KH, Molloy JE. Architectural Dynamics of CaMKII-Actin Networks. Biophys J 2018; 116:104-119. [PMID: 30527447 PMCID: PMC6341221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) has an important role in dendritic spine remodeling upon synaptic stimulation. Using fluorescence video microscopy and image analysis, we investigated the architectural dynamics of rhodamine-phalloidin stabilized filamentous actin (F-actin) networks cross-linked by CaMKII. We used automated image analysis to identify F-actin bundles and crossover junctions and developed a dimensionless metric to characterize network architecture. Similar networks were formed by three different CaMKII species with a 10-fold length difference in the linker region between the kinase domain and holoenzyme hub, implying linker length is not a primary determinant of F-actin cross-linking. Electron micrographs showed that at physiological molar ratios, single CaMKII holoenzymes cross-linked multiple F-actin filaments at random, whereas at higher CaMKII/F-actin ratios, filaments bundled. Light microscopy established that the random network architecture resisted macromolecular crowding with polyethylene glycol and blocked ATP-powered compaction by myosin-II miniature filaments. Importantly, the networks disassembled after the addition of calcium-calmodulin and were then spaced within 3 min into compacted foci by myosin motors or more slowly (30 min) aggregated by crowding. Single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy showed CaMKII dissociation from surface-immobilized globular actin exhibited a monoexponential dwell-time distribution, whereas CaMKII bound to F-actin networks had a long-lived fraction, trapped at crossover junctions. Release of CaMKII from F-actin, triggered by calcium-calmodulin, was too rapid to measure with flow-cell exchange (<20 s). The residual bound fraction was reduced substantially upon addition of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor peptide analog but not ATP. These results provide mechanistic insights to CaMKII-actin interactions at the collective network and single-molecule level. Our findings argue that CaMKII-actin networks in dendritic spines maintain spine size against physical stress. Upon synaptic stimulation, CaMKII is disengaged by calcium-calmodulin, triggering network disassembly, expansion, and subsequent compaction by myosin motors with kinetics compatible with the times recorded for the poststimulus changes in spine volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Khan
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kenneth H Downing
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
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20
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Repetto D, Brockhaus J, Rhee HJ, Lee C, Kilimann MW, Rhee J, Northoff LM, Guo W, Reissner C, Missler M. Molecular Dissection of Neurobeachin Function at Excitatory Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:28. [PMID: 30158865 PMCID: PMC6104133 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spines are small protrusions from dendrites where most excitatory synapses reside. Changes in number, shape, and size of dendritic spines often reflect changes of neural activity in entire circuits or at individual synapses, making spines key structures of synaptic plasticity. Neurobeachin is a multidomain protein with roles in spine formation, postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor targeting and actin distribution. However, the contributions of individual domains of Neurobeachin to these functions is poorly understood. Here, we used mostly live cell imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology to monitor morphology and function of spinous synapses in primary hippocampal neurons. We demonstrate that a recombinant full-length Neurobeachin from humans can restore mushroom spine density and excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons of Neurobeachin-deficient mice. We then probed the role of individual domains of Neurobeachin by comparing them to the full-length molecule in rescue experiments of knockout neurons. We show that the combined PH-BEACH domain complex is highly localized in spine heads, and that it is sufficient to restore normal spine density and surface targeting of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. In addition, we report that the Armadillo domain facilitates the formation of filopodia, long dendritic protrusions which often precede the development of mature spines, whereas the PKA-binding site appears as a negative regulator of filopodial extension. Thus, our results indicate that individual domains of Neurobeachin sustain important and specific roles in the regulation of spinous synapses. Since heterozygous mutations in Neurobeachin occur in autistic patients, the results will also improve our understanding of pathomechanism in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with impairments of spine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Repetto
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Brockhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Hong J Rhee
- Synaptic Physiology Group, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chungku Lee
- Synaptic Physiology Group, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred W Kilimann
- Synaptic Physiology Group, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeongseop Rhee
- Synaptic Physiology Group, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa M Northoff
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
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21
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Dash B, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Multiple myosin motors interact with sodium/potassium-ATPase alpha 1 subunits. Mol Brain 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 30086768 PMCID: PMC6081954 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha1 (α1) subunit of the sodium/potassium ATPase (i.e., Na+/K+-ATPase α1), the prototypical sodium pump, is expressed in each eukaryotic cell. They pump out three sodium ions in exchange for two extracellular potassium ions to establish a cellular electrochemical gradient important for firing of neuronal and cardiac action potentials. We hypothesized that myosin (myo or myh) motor proteins might interact with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits in order for them to play an important role in the transport and trafficking of sodium pump. To this end immunoassays were performed to determine whether class II non-muscle myosins (i.e., NMHC-IIA/myh9, NMHC-IIB/myh10 or NMHC-IIC/myh14), myosin Va (myoVa) and myosin VI (myoVI) would interact with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits. Immunoprecipitation of myh9, myh10, myh14, myoVa and myoVI from rat brain tissues led to the co-immunoprecipitation of Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits expressed there. Heterologous expression studies using HEK293 cells indicated that recombinant myh9, myh10, myh14 and myoVI interact with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits expressed in HEK293 cells. Additional results indicated that loss of tail regions in recombinant myh9, myh10, myh14 and myoVI did not affect their interaction with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits. However, recombinant myh9, myh10 and myh14 mutants having reduced or no actin binding ability, as a result of loss of their actin binding sites, displayed greatly reduced or null interaction with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits. These results suggested the involvement of the actin binding site, but not tail regions, of NMHC-IIs in their interaction with Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunits. Overall these results suggest a role for these diverse myosins in the trafficking and transport of sodium pump in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagirathi Dash
- Department of Neurology, Yale University Schoolof Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Rehabilitation Research center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, Bldg. 34, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University Schoolof Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Rehabilitation Research center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, Bldg. 34, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University Schoolof Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience & Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Rehabilitation Research center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, Bldg. 34, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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22
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Hlushchenko I, Khanal P, Abouelezz A, Paavilainen VO, Hotulainen P. ASD-Associated De Novo Mutations in Five Actin Regulators Show Both Shared and Distinct Defects in Dendritic Spines and Inhibitory Synapses in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:217. [PMID: 30123108 PMCID: PMC6085419 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many actin cytoskeleton-regulating proteins control dendritic spine morphology and density, which are cellular features often altered in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent studies using animal models show that autism-related behavior can be rescued by either manipulating actin regulators or by reversing dendritic spine density or morphology. Based on these studies, the actin cytoskeleton is a potential target pathway for developing new ASD treatments. Thus, it is important to understand how different ASD-associated actin regulators contribute to the regulation of dendritic spines and how ASD-associated mutations modulate this regulation. For this study, we selected five genes encoding different actin-regulating proteins and induced ASD-associated de novo missense mutations in these proteins. We assessed the functionality of the wild-type and mutated proteins by analyzing their subcellular localization, and by analyzing the dendritic spine phenotypes induced by the expression of these proteins. As the imbalance between excitation and inhibition has been suggested to have a central role in ASD, we additionally evaluated the density, size and subcellular localization of inhibitory synapses. Common for all the proteins studied was the enrichment in dendritic spines. ASD-associated mutations induced changes in the localization of α-actinin-4, which localized less to dendritic spines, and for SWAP-70 and SrGAP3, which localized more to dendritic spines. Among the wild-type proteins studied, only α-actinin-4 expression caused a significant change in dendritic spine morphology by increasing the mushroom spine density and decreasing thin spine density. We hypothesized that mutations associated with ASD shift dendritic spine morphology from mushroom to thin spines. An M554V mutation in α-actinin-4 (ACTN4) resulted in the expected shift in dendritic spine morphology by increasing the density of thin spines. In addition, we observed a trend toward higher thin spine density with mutations in myosin IXb and SWAP-70. Myosin IIb and myosin IXb expression increased the proportion of inhibitory synapses in spines. The expression of mutated myosin IIb (Y265C), SrGAP3 (E469K), and SWAP-70 (L544F) induced variable changes in inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Hlushchenko
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pushpa Khanal
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amr Abouelezz
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville O Paavilainen
- HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Nirschl JJ, Ghiretti AE, Holzbaur ELF. The impact of cytoskeletal organization on the local regulation of neuronal transport. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:585-597. [PMID: 28855741 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are akin to modern cities in that both are dependent on robust transport mechanisms. Like the best mass transit systems, trafficking in neurons must be tailored to respond to local requirements. Neurons depend on both high-speed, long-distance transport and localized dynamics to correctly deliver cargoes and to tune synaptic responses. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that provide localized regulation of the transport machinery, including the cytoskeleton and molecular motors, to yield compartment-specific trafficking in the axon initial segment, axon terminal, dendrites and spines. The synthesis of these mechanisms provides a sophisticated and responsive transit system for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Evans MD, Tufo C, Dumitrescu AS, Grubb MS. Myosin II activity is required for structural plasticity at the axon initial segment. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:1751-1757. [PMID: 28452088 PMCID: PMC5573965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, axons possess a molecularly defined and highly organised proximal region – the axon initial segment (AIS) – that is a key regulator of both electrical excitability and cellular polarity. Despite existing as a large, dense structure with specialised cytoskeletal architecture, the AIS is surprisingly plastic, with sustained alterations in neuronal activity bringing about significant alterations to its position, length or molecular composition. However, although the upstream activity‐dependent signalling pathways that lead to such plasticity have begun to be elucidated, the downstream mechanisms that produce structural changes at the AIS are completely unknown. Here, we use dissociated cultures of rat hippocampus to show that two forms of AIS plasticity in dentate granule cells – long‐term relocation, and more rapid shortening – are completely blocked by treatment with blebbistatin, a potent and selective myosin II ATPase inhibitor. These data establish a link between myosin II and AIS function, and suggest that myosin II's primary role at the structure may be to effect activity‐dependent morphological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Evans
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Candida Tufo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adna S Dumitrescu
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthew S Grubb
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,FENS-Kavli Network of Excellence, Europe-wide
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25
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Paradoxical signaling regulates structural plasticity in dendritic spines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5298-307. [PMID: 27551076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610391113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient spine enlargement (3- to 5-min timescale) is an important event associated with the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Many of the molecular mechanisms associated with transient spine enlargement have been identified experimentally. Here, we use a systems biology approach to construct a mathematical model of biochemical signaling and actin-mediated transient spine expansion in response to calcium influx caused by NMDA receptor activation. We have identified that a key feature of this signaling network is the paradoxical signaling loop. Paradoxical components act bifunctionally in signaling networks, and their role is to control both the activation and the inhibition of a desired response function (protein activity or spine volume). Using ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based modeling, we show that the dynamics of different regulators of transient spine expansion, including calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), RhoA, and Cdc42, and the spine volume can be described using paradoxical signaling loops. Our model is able to capture the experimentally observed dynamics of transient spine volume. Furthermore, we show that actin remodeling events provide a robustness to spine volume dynamics. We also generate experimentally testable predictions about the role of different components and parameters of the network on spine dynamics.
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26
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Chazeau A, Giannone G. Organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during dendritic spine morphological remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3053-73. [PMID: 27105623 PMCID: PMC11108290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, most excitatory post-synapses are small subcellular structures called dendritic spines. Their structure and morphological remodeling are tightly coupled to changes in synaptic transmission. The F-actin cytoskeleton is the main driving force of dendritic spine remodeling and sustains synaptic plasticity. It is therefore essential to understand how changes in synaptic transmission can regulate the organization and dynamics of actin binding proteins (ABPs). In this review, we will provide a detailed description of the organization and dynamics of F-actin and ABPs in dendritic spines and will discuss the current models explaining how the actin cytoskeleton sustains both structural and functional synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaël Chazeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory Giannone
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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27
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Nonmuscle myosin IIB as a therapeutic target for the prevention of relapse to methamphetamine use. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:615-23. [PMID: 26239291 PMCID: PMC4740255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Memories associated with drug use increase vulnerability to relapse in substance use disorder (SUD), and there are no pharmacotherapies for the prevention of relapse. Previously, we reported a promising finding that storage of memories associated with methamphetamine (METH), but not memories for fear or food reward, is vulnerable to disruption by actin depolymerization in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC). However, actin is not a viable therapeutic target because of its numerous functions throughout the body. Here we report the discovery of a viable therapeutic target, nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB), a molecular motor that supports memory by directly driving synaptic actin polymerization. A single intra-BLC treatment with Blebbistatin (Blebb), a small-molecule inhibitor of class II myosin isoforms, including NMIIB, produced a long-lasting disruption of context-induced drug seeking (at least 30 days). Further, postconsolidation genetic knockdown of Myh10, the heavy chain of the most highly expressed NMII in the BLC, was sufficient to produce METH-associated memory loss. Blebb was found to be highly brain penetrant. A single systemic injection of the compound selectively disrupted the storage of METH-associated memory and reversed the accompanying increase in BLC spine density. This effect was specific to METH-associated memory, as it had no effect on an auditory fear memory. The effect was also independent of retrieval, as METH-associated memory was disrupted 24 h after a single systemic injection of Blebb delivered in the home cage. Together, these results argue for the further development of small-molecule inhibitors of NMII as potential therapeutics for the prevention of SUD relapse triggered by drug associations.
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28
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Del Pino Sans J, Krishnan S, Aggison LK, Adams HL, Shrikant MM, López-Giráldez F, Petersen SL. Microarray analysis of neonatal rat anteroventral periventricular transcriptomes identifies the proapoptotic Cugbp2 gene as sex-specific and regulated by estradiol. Neuroscience 2015; 303:312-22. [PMID: 26166732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic neural structures regulate numerous gender-specific functions including luteinizing hormone (LH) release patterns. The female cyclic surge pattern of release is controlled by the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), a preoptic area (POA) region that is significantly smaller in males. The prevailing hypothesis used to explain these differences in structure and function is that a "default" feminine AVPV is defeminized by exposure to estradiol (E2), a metabolite of testosterone (T) produced by the perinatal testes. E2 exposure then culminates in apoptosis in the male AVPV, but the upstream pathways are poorly understood. To address this issue, we compared AVPV transcriptomes of postnatal day 2 (PND2) males and females with those of females treated with E2 or vehicle. Only six of 89 sex-specific genes were also regulated by E2 in the PND2 AVPV and E2 regulated over 280 genes not found to be sex-specific. Of targets that changed similarly in males and E2-treated females, the gene encoding CUG triplet repeat, RNA-binding protein 2 (Cugbp2), a proapoptotic protein, showed the highest fold-changes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) studies confirmed higher mRNA levels in PND2 male and E2-treated female AVPVs wherein E2 induces apoptosis. POA mapping studies detected Cugbp2 mRNA in the AVPV and in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the POA (SDN-POA); however, sex differences and E2 effects occurred only in the AVPV. Combined with evidence that Cugbp2 regulates splicing and translation of mRNAs linked to sexual differentiation, we propose that this gene mediates E2-dependent effects on AVPV defeminization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Del Pino Sans
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - S Krishnan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - L K Aggison
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - H L Adams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - M M Shrikant
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT, United States
| | - F López-Giráldez
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, Orange, CT, United States
| | - S L Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 661 North Pleasant Street, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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29
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Ozkan ED, Aceti M, Creson TK, Rojas CS, Hubbs CR, McGuire MN, Kakad PP, Miller CA, Rumbaugh G. Input-specific regulation of hippocampal circuit maturation by non-muscle myosin IIB. J Neurochem 2015; 134:429-44. [PMID: 25931194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myh9 and Myh10, which encode two major isoforms of non-muscle myosin II expressed in the brain, have emerged as risk factors for developmental brain disorders. Myosin II motors regulate neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics leading to optimization of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. However, the role of these motor complexes in brain development remains poorly understood. Here, we disrupted the in vivo expression of Myh9 and/or Myh10 in developing hippocampal neurons to determine how these motors contribute to circuit maturation in this brain area important for cognition. We found that Myh10 ablation in early postnatal, but not mature, CA1 pyramidal neurons reduced excitatory synaptic function in the Schaffer collateral pathway, whereas more distal inputs to CA1 neurons were relatively unaffected. Myh10 ablation in young neurons also selectively impaired the elongation of oblique dendrites that receive Schaffer collateral inputs, whereas the structure of distal dendrites was normal. We observed normal spine density and spontaneous excitatory currents in these neurons, indicating that Myh10 KO impaired proximal pathway synaptic maturation through disruptions to dendritic development rather than post-synaptic strength or spine morphogenesis. To address possible redundancy and/or compensation by other Myosin II motors expressed in neurons, we performed similar experiments in Myh9 null neurons. In contrast to findings in Myh10 mutants, evoked synaptic function in young Myh9 KO hippocampal neurons was normal. Data obtained from double Myh9/Myh10 KO neurons largely resembled the MyH10 KO synaptic phenotype. These data indicate that Myosin IIB is a key molecular factor that guides input-specific circuit maturation in the developing hippocampus. Non-muscle myosin II is an actin binding protein with three isoforms in the brain (IIA, IIB and IIC) encoded by the myh9, myh10, and myh14 genes in mice, respectively. We have studied the structure and the function of hippocampal CA1 neurons missing NMIIB and/or NMIIA proteins at different times during development. We have discovered that NMIIB is the major isoform regulating Schaffer collateral inputs, and that this regulation is restricted to early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin D Ozkan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Massimiliano Aceti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas K Creson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Camilo S Rojas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher R Hubbs
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Megan N McGuire
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Priyanka P Kakad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA.,Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Chazeau A, Garcia M, Czöndör K, Perrais D, Tessier B, Giannone G, Thoumine O. Mechanical coupling between transsynaptic N-cadherin adhesions and actin flow stabilizes dendritic spines. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:859-73. [PMID: 25568337 PMCID: PMC4342023 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of quantitative live imaging of fluorescently tagged actin, N-cadherin, and myosin in primary neurons and computer modeling of actin dynamics shows that a clutch-like mechanism connecting N-cadherin–based transsynaptic adhesions and the actin/myosin network drives the stabilization of dendritic filopodia into spines. The morphology of neuronal dendritic spines is a critical indicator of synaptic function. It is regulated by several factors, including the intracellular actin/myosin cytoskeleton and transcellular N-cadherin adhesions. To examine the mechanical relationship between these molecular components, we performed quantitative live-imaging experiments in primary hippocampal neurons. We found that actin turnover and structural motility were lower in dendritic spines than in immature filopodia and increased upon expression of a nonadhesive N-cadherin mutant, resulting in an inverse relationship between spine motility and actin enrichment. Furthermore, the pharmacological stimulation of myosin II induced the rearward motion of actin structures in spines, showing that myosin II exerts tension on the actin network. Strikingly, the formation of stable, spine-like structures enriched in actin was induced at contacts between dendritic filopodia and N-cadherin–coated beads or micropatterns. Finally, computer simulations of actin dynamics mimicked various experimental conditions, pointing to the actin flow rate as an important parameter controlling actin enrichment in dendritic spines. Together these data demonstrate that a clutch-like mechanism between N-cadherin adhesions and the actin flow underlies the stabilization of dendritic filopodia into mature spines, a mechanism that may have important implications in synapse initiation, maturation, and plasticity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaël Chazeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Garcia
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France CYTOO, Minatec, Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Katalin Czöndör
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - David Perrais
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Tessier
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Haraksingh RR, Jahanbani F, Rodriguez-Paris J, Gelernter J, Nadeau KC, Oghalai JS, Schrijver I, Snyder MP. Exome sequencing and genome-wide copy number variant mapping reveal novel associations with sensorineural hereditary hearing loss. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1155. [PMID: 25528277 PMCID: PMC4367882 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic diversity of loci and mutations underlying hereditary hearing loss is an active area of investigation. To identify loci associated with predominantly non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, we performed exome sequencing of families and of single probands, as well as copy number variation (CNV) mapping in a case–control cohort. Results Analysis of three distinct families revealed several candidate loci in two families and a single strong candidate gene, MYH7B, for hearing loss in one family. MYH7B encodes a Type II myosin, consistent with a role for cytoskeletal proteins in hearing. High-resolution genome-wide CNV analysis of 150 cases and 157 controls revealed deletions in genes known to be involved in hearing (e.g. GJB6, OTOA, and STRC, encoding connexin 30, otoancorin, and stereocilin, respectively), supporting CNV contributions to hearing loss phenotypes. Additionally, a novel region on chromosome 16 containing part of the PDXDC1 gene was found to be frequently deleted in hearing loss patients (OR = 3.91, 95% CI: 1.62-9.40, p = 1.45 × 10-7). Conclusions We conclude that many known as well as novel loci and distinct types of mutations not typically tested in clinical settings can contribute to the etiology of hearing loss. Our study also demonstrates the challenges of exome sequencing and genome-wide CNV mapping for direct clinical application, and illustrates the need for functional and clinical follow-up as well as curated open-access databases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1155) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr,, M-344A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Koskinen M, Bertling E, Hotulainen R, Tanhuanpää K, Hotulainen P. Myosin IIb controls actin dynamics underlying the dendritic spine maturation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:56-64. [PMID: 24938665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the formation and development of dendritic spines is critical for synaptic plasticity. Consequently, abnormal spine development is linked to various neurological disorders. The actin cytoskeleton is a structural element generating specific changes in dendritic spine morphology. Although mechanisms underlying dendritic filopodia elongation and spine head growth are relatively well understood, it is still not known how spine heads are enlarged and stabilized during dendritic spine maturation. By using rat hippocampal neurons, we demonstrate that the size of the stable actin pool increases during the neuronal maturation process. Simultaneously, the treadmilling rate of the dynamic actin pool increases. We further show that myosin IIb controls dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton by regulating these two different pools of F-actin via distinct mechanisms. The findings indicate that myosin IIb stabilizes the stable F-actin pool through actin cross-linking. Simultaneously, activation of myosin IIb contractility increases the treadmilling rate of the dynamic pool of actin. Collectively, these data show that myosin IIb has a major role in the regulation of actin filament stability in dendritic spines, and elucidate the complex mechanism through which myosin IIb functions in this process. These new insights into the mechanisms underlying dendritic spine maturation further the model of dendritic spine morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Koskinen
- Neuroscience Center, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enni Bertling
- Neuroscience Center, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hotulainen
- Special Education, Siltavuorenpenger 3 A, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Tanhuanpää
- Light Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Neuroscience Center, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kovanda A, Režen T, Rogelj B. MicroRNA in skeletal muscle development, growth, atrophy, and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:509-25. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kovanda
- Department of Biotechnology; Jozef Stefan Institute; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute BRIS; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Biomedical Research Institute BRIS; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology; Jozef Stefan Institute; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute BRIS; Ljubljana Slovenia
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Chaudhury A. Molecular handoffs in nitrergic neurotransmission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 25705621 PMCID: PMC4335390 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins in excitatory synapses are relatively immobile components, while there is a structured organization of mobile scaffolding proteins lying beneath the PSDs. For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as “exchange hubs” for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. Notably, PSD95 have also been demonstrated in prejunctional nerve terminals of nitrergic neuronal varicosities traversing the gastrointestinal smooth muscles. It has been recently reported that motor proteins like myosin Va play important role in transcytosis of nNOS. In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. This may involve significant role of “shank,” named for SRC-homology (SH3) and multiple ankyrin repeat domains, in nitric oxide synthesis. Dynein light chain LC8–nNOS from acto-myosin Va is possibly exchanged with shank, which thereafter facilitates transposition of nNOS for binding with palmitoyl-PSD95 at the nerve terminal membrane. Shank knockout mice, which present with features of autism spectrum disorders, may help delineate the role of shank in enteric nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. Deletion of shank3 in humans is a monogenic cause of autism called Phelan–McDermid syndrome. One fourth of these patients present with cyclical vomiting, which may be explained by junctionopathy resulting from shank deficit in enteric nitrergic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chaudhury
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston, MA , USA
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35
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Sala C, Segal M. Dendritic spines: the locus of structural and functional plasticity. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:141-88. [PMID: 24382885 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
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36
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Bi AL, Wang Y, Zhang S, Li BQ, Sun ZP, Bi HS, Chen ZY. Myosin II regulates actin rearrangement-related structural synaptic plasticity during conditioned taste aversion memory extinction. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:813-25. [PMID: 24337340 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Similar to memory formation, memory extinction is also a new learning process that requires synaptic plasticity. Actin rearrangement is fundamental for synaptic plasticity, however, whether actin rearrangement in the infralimbic cortex (IL) plays a role in memory extinction, as well as the mechanisms underlying it, remains unclear. Here, using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, we demonstrated increased synaptic density and actin rearrangement in the IL during the extinction of CTA. Targeted infusion of an actin rearrangement inhibitor, cytochalasin D, into the IL impaired memory extinction and de novo synapse formation. Notably, we also found increased myosin II phosphorylation in the IL during the extinction of CTA. Microinfusion of a specific inhibitor of the myosin II ATPase, blebbistatin (Blebb), into the IL impaired memory extinction as well as the related actin rearrangement and changes in synaptic density. Moreover, the extinction deficit and the reduction of synaptic density induced by Blebb could be rescued by the actin polymerization stabilizer jasplakinolide (Jasp), suggesting that myosin II acts via actin filament polymerization to stabilize synaptic plasticity during the extinction of CTA. Taken together, we conclude that myosin II may regulate the plasticity of actin-related synaptic structure during memory extinction. Our studies provide a molecular mechanism for understanding the plasticity of actin rearrangement-associated synaptic structure during memory extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Bi
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Nechipurenko IV, Doroquez DB, Sengupta P. Primary cilia and dendritic spines: different but similar signaling compartments. Mol Cells 2013; 36:288-303. [PMID: 24048681 PMCID: PMC3837705 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary non-motile cilia and dendritic spines are cellular compartments that are specialized to sense and transduce environmental cues and presynaptic signals, respectively. Despite their unique cellular roles, both compartments exhibit remarkable parallels in the general principles, as well as molecular mechanisms, by which their protein composition, membrane domain architecture, cellular interactions, and structural and functional plasticity are regulated. We compare and contrast the pathways required for the generation and function of cilia and dendritic spines, and suggest that insights from the study of one may inform investigations into the other of these critically important signaling structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V. Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - David B. Doroquez
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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38
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Lin WH, Hurley JT, Raines AN, Cheney RE, Webb DJ. Myosin X and its motorless isoform differentially modulate dendritic spine development by regulating trafficking and retention of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4756-68. [PMID: 23943878 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo10) is an unconventional myosin with two known isoforms: full-length (FL)-Myo10 that has motor activity, and a recently identified brain-expressed isoform, headless (Hdl)-Myo10, which lacks most of the motor domain. FL-Myo10 is involved in the regulation of filopodia formation in non-neuronal cells; however, the biological function of Hdl-Myo10 remains largely unknown. Here, we show that FL- and Hdl-Myo10 have important, but distinct, roles in the development of dendritic spines and synapses in hippocampal neurons. FL-Myo10 induces formation of dendritic filopodia and modulates filopodia dynamics by trafficking the actin-binding protein vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) to the tips of filopodia. By contrast, Hdl-Myo10 acts on dendritic spines to enhance spine and synaptic density as well as spine head expansion by increasing the retention of VASP in spines. Thus, this study demonstrates a novel biological function for Hdl-Myo10 and an important new role for both Myo10 isoforms in the development of dendritic spines and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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39
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Myosin motors at neuronal synapses: drivers of membrane transport and actin dynamics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:233-47. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Tsumagari K, Baribault C, Terragni J, Varley KE, Gertz J, Pradhan S, Badoo M, Crain CM, Song L, Crawford GE, Myers RM, Lacey M, Ehrlich M. Early de novo DNA methylation and prolonged demethylation in the muscle lineage. Epigenetics 2013; 8:317-32. [PMID: 23417056 PMCID: PMC3669123 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic cell cultures derived from muscle biopsies are excellent models for human cell differentiation. We report the first comprehensive analysis of myogenesis-specific DNA hyper- and hypo-methylation throughout the genome for human muscle progenitor cells (both myoblasts and myotubes) and skeletal muscle tissue vs. 30 non-muscle samples using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We also focused on four genes with extensive hyper- or hypo-methylation in the muscle lineage (PAX3, TBX1, MYH7B/MIR499 and OBSCN) to compare DNA methylation, DNaseI hypersensitivity, histone modification, and CTCF binding profiles. We found that myogenic hypermethylation was strongly associated with homeobox or T-box genes and muscle hypomethylation with contractile fiber genes. Nonetheless, there was no simple relationship between differential gene expression and myogenic differential methylation, rather only for subsets of these genes, such as contractile fiber genes. Skeletal muscle retained ~30% of the hypomethylated sites but only ~3% of hypermethylated sites seen in myogenic progenitor cells. By enzymatic assays, skeletal muscle was 2-fold enriched globally in genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) vs. myoblasts or myotubes and was the only sample type enriched in 5-hmC at tested myogenic hypermethylated sites in PAX3/CCDC140 andTBX1. TET1 and TET2 RNAs, which are involved in generation of 5-hmC and DNA demethylation, were strongly upregulated in myoblasts and myotubes. Our findings implicate de novo methylation predominantly before the myoblast stage and demethylation before and after the myotube stage in control of transcription and co-transcriptional RNA processing. They also suggest that, in muscle, TET1 or TET2 are involved in active demethylation and in formation of stable 5-hmC residues.
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MESH Headings
- 5-Methylcytosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CCCTC-Binding Factor
- Cardiac Myosins/genetics
- Cardiac Myosins/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Child
- Cytosine/analogs & derivatives
- Cytosine/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dioxygenases
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Homeobox
- Genome, Human
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mixed Function Oxygenases
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/metabolism
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsumagari
- Program in Human Genetics and Tulane Cancer Center; Tulane Health Sciences Center; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Carl Baribault
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Mathematics; Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | | | | | - Jason Gertz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology; Huntsville, AL USA
| | | | - Melody Badoo
- Department of Pathology and Tulane Cancer Center; Tulane Health Sciences Center; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Charlene M. Crain
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine; Tulane Health Sciences Center; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Lingyun Song
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy; Duke University; Durham, NC USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Lacey
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Mathematics; Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Melanie Ehrlich
- Program in Human Genetics; Tulane Cancer Center and Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics; Tulane Health Sciences Center; New Orleans, LA USA
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41
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Griggs EM, Young EJ, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. MicroRNA-182 regulates amygdala-dependent memory formation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1734-40. [PMID: 23345246 PMCID: PMC3711533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2873-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo protein synthesis supports long-lasting functional and structural plasticity and is a molecular requirement for new memory formation. Recent evidence has suggested that microRNAs may be involved in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying neural plasticity. MicroRNAs are endogenous, noncoding RNAs capable of post-transcriptional repression of their mRNA targets. To explore the potential for microRNA-mediated regulation of amygdala-dependent memory formation, we performed expression profiling of microRNAs in the lateral amygdala of rats 1 h after auditory fear conditioning. Microarray analysis revealed that over half of all known microRNAs are endogenously expressed in the lateral amygdala, with 7 microRNAs upregulated and 32 downregulated by auditory fear training. Bioinformatic analysis identified several of the downregulated microRNAs as potential repressors of actin-regulating proteins known to be involved in plasticity and memory. Downregulation of one of these microRNAs by auditory fear conditioning, miR-182, was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Overexpression of miR-182 within the lateral amygdala resulted in decreased expression of the protein but not mRNA of two synapse-enriched regulators of actin known to modulate structural plasticity, cortactin and Rac1. The overexpression of miR-182 also disrupted long-term but not short-term auditory fear memory. These data indicate that learning-induced suppression of miR-182, a microRNA previously uncharacterized in the brain, supports long-term memory formation in the amygdala and suggests it does so, at least in part, through the derepression of key actin-regulating proteins. These findings further indicate that microRNAs may represent a previously underappreciated mechanism for regulating protein synthesis during memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Griggs
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, and
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33477
| | - Erica J. Young
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, and
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33477
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33477
| | - Courtney A. Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, and
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33477
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42
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Gallo G. Mechanisms underlying the initiation and dynamics of neuronal filopodia: from neurite formation to synaptogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:95-156. [PMID: 23317818 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are finger-like cellular protrusions found throughout the metazoan kingdom and perform fundamental cellular functions during development and cell migration. Neurons exhibit a wide variety of extremely complex morphologies. In the nervous system, filopodia underlie many major morphogenetic events. Filopodia have roles spanning the initiation and guidance of neuronal processes, axons and dendrites to the formation of synaptic connections. This chapter addresses the mechanisms of the formation and dynamics of neuronal filopodia. Some of the major lessons learned from the study of neuronal filopodia are (1) there are multiple mechanisms that can regulate filopodia in a context-dependent manner, (2) that filopodia are specialized subcellular domains, (3) that filopodia exhibit dynamic membrane recycling which also controls aspects of filopodial dynamics, (4) that neuronal filopodia contain machinery for the orchestration of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and (5) localized protein synthesis contributes to neuronal filopodial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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43
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Yeung F, Chung E, Guess MG, Bell ML, Leinwand LA. Myh7b/miR-499 gene expression is transcriptionally regulated by MRFs and Eos. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7303-18. [PMID: 22638570 PMCID: PMC3424578 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcomeric myosin gene, Myh7b, encodes an intronic microRNA, miR-499, which regulates cardiac and skeletal muscle biology, yet little is known about its transcriptional regulation. To identify the transcription factors involved in regulating Myh7b/miR-499 gene expression, we have mapped the transcriptional start sites and identified an upstream 6.2 kb region of the mouse Myh7b gene whose activity mimics the expression pattern of the endogenous Myh7b gene both in vitro and in vivo. Through promoter deletion analysis, we have mapped a distal E-box element and a proximal Ikaros site that are essential for Myh7b promoter activity in muscle cells. We show that the myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD, Myf5 and Myogenin, bind to the E-box, while a lymphoid transcription factor, Ikaros 4 (Eos), binds to the Ikaros motif. Further, we show that through physical interaction, MyoD and Eos form an active transcriptional complex on the chromatin to regulate the expression of the endogenous Myh7b/miR-499 gene in muscle cells. We also provide the first evidence that Eos can regulate expression of additional myosin genes (Myosin 1 and β-Myosin) via the miR-499/Sox6 pathway. Therefore, our results indicate a novel role for Eos in the regulation of the myofiber gene program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yeung
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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44
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Rubio MD, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Abnormalities of the Duo/Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1/p21-activated kinase 1 pathway drive myosin light chain phosphorylation in frontal cortex in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:906-14. [PMID: 22458949 PMCID: PMC3334466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies on GTPases have suggested that reduced Duo and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) transcript expression is involved in dendritic spine loss in schizophrenia. In murine models, Duo and Cdc42 phosphorylate p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which modifies the activity of regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) and cofilin by altering their phosphorylation. Therefore, we hypothesized that in schizophrenia abnormal Duo and Cdc42 expression result in changes in MLC and/or cofilin phosphorylation, which might alter actin cytoskeleton dynamics underlying dendritic spine maintenance. METHODS We performed Western blot protein expression analysis in postmortem brains from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a comparison group. We focused our studies in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; n = 33 comparison group; n = 36 schizophrenia) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; n = 29 comparison group; n = 35 schizophrenia). RESULTS In both ACC and DLPFC, we found a reduction of Duo expression and PAK1 phosphorylation in schizophrenia. Cdc42 protein expression was decreased in ACC but not in DLPFC. In ACC, we observed decreased PAK1 phosphorylation and increased MLC phosphorylation (pMLC), whereas in DLPFC pMLC remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a novel mechanism that might underlie dendritic spine loss in schizophrenia. The increase in pMLC seen in ACC might be associated with dendritic spine shrinkage. The lack of an effect on pMLC in DLPFC suggests that in schizophrenia PAK1 downstream pathways are differentially affected in these cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D. Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA,Corresponding author: , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., CIRC 590C, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - James H. Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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45
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Casey JP, Magalhaes T, Conroy JM, Regan R, Shah N, Anney R, Shields DC, Abrahams BS, Almeida J, Bacchelli E, Bailey AJ, Baird G, Battaglia A, Berney T, Bolshakova N, Bolton PF, Bourgeron T, Brennan S, Cali P, Correia C, Corsello C, Coutanche M, Dawson G, de Jonge M, Delorme R, Duketis E, Duque F, Estes A, Farrar P, Fernandez BA, Folstein SE, Foley S, Fombonne E, Freitag CM, Gilbert J, Gillberg C, Glessner JT, Green J, Guter SJ, Hakonarson H, Holt R, Hughes G, Hus V, Igliozzi R, Kim C, Klauck SM, Kolevzon A, Lamb JA, Leboyer M, Le Couteur A, Leventhal BL, Lord C, Lund SC, Maestrini E, Mantoulan C, Marshall CR, McConachie H, McDougle CJ, McGrath J, McMahon WM, Merikangas A, Miller J, Minopoli F, Mirza GK, Munson J, Nelson SF, Nygren G, Oliveira G, Pagnamenta AT, Papanikolaou K, Parr JR, Parrini B, Pickles A, Pinto D, Piven J, Posey DJ, Poustka A, Poustka F, Ragoussis J, Roge B, Rutter ML, Sequeira AF, Soorya L, Sousa I, Sykes N, Stoppioni V, Tancredi R, Tauber M, Thompson AP, Thomson S, Tsiantis J, Van Engeland H, Vincent JB, Volkmar F, Vorstman JAS, Wallace S, Wang K, Wassink TH, White K, Wing K, Wittemeyer K, Yaspan BL, Zwaigenbaum L, Betancur C, Buxbaum JD, Cantor RM, Cook EH, Coon H, Cuccaro ML, Geschwind DH, Haines JL, Hallmayer J, Monaco AP, Nurnberger JI, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Scherer SW, Sutcliffe JS, Szatmari P, Vieland VJ, Wijsman EM, Green A, Gill M, Gallagher L, Vicente A, Ennis S. A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Genet 2012; 131:565-79. [PMID: 21996756 PMCID: PMC3303079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Despite some notable successes in neuropsychiatric genetics, overall, the high heritability of ASD (~90%) remains poorly explained by common genetic risk variants. However, recent studies suggest that rare genomic variation, in particular copy number variation, may account for a significant proportion of the genetic basis of ASD. We present a large scale analysis to identify candidate genes which may contain low-frequency recessive variation contributing to ASD while taking into account the potential contribution of population differences to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. Our strategy, homozygous haplotype (HH) mapping, aims to detect homozygous segments of identical haplotype structure that are shared at a higher frequency amongst ASD patients compared to parental controls. The analysis was performed on 1,402 Autism Genome Project trios genotyped for 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 25 known and 1,218 novel ASD candidate genes in the discovery analysis including CADM2, ABHD14A, CHRFAM7A, GRIK2, GRM3, EPHA3, FGF10, KCND2, PDZK1, IMMP2L and FOXP2. Furthermore, 10 of the previously reported ASD genes and 300 of the novel candidates identified in the discovery analysis were replicated in an independent sample of 1,182 trios. Our results demonstrate that regions of HH are significantly enriched for previously reported ASD candidate genes and the observed association is independent of gene size (odds ratio 2.10). Our findings highlight the applicability of HH mapping in complex disorders such as ASD and offer an alternative approach to the analysis of genome-wide association data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P. Casey
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tiago Magalhaes
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Judith M. Conroy
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Regina Regan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Naisha Shah
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Richard Anney
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Denis C. Shields
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brett S. Abrahams
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurogenetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joana Almeida
- Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, 3000–076 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anthony J. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 2A1 Canada
| | | | - Agatino Battaglia
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tom Berney
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Nadia Bolshakova
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Patrick F. Bolton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, University Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS URA 2182, Fondation FondaMental, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sean Brennan
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Phil Cali
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Catarina Correia
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christina Corsello
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Marc Coutanche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Autism Speaks, New York, 10016 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3366 USA
| | - Maretha de Jonge
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - Richard Delorme
- INSERM U 955, Fondation FondaMental, APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Eftichia Duketis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Annette Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Penny Farrar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Bridget A. Fernandez
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s Newfoundland, A1B 3V6 Canada
| | - Susan E. Folstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Suzanne Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Eric Fombonne
- Division of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John Gilbert
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jonathan Green
- Academic Department of Child Psychiatry, Booth Hall of Children’s Hospital, Blackley, Manchester, M9 7AA UK
| | - Stephen J. Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Richard Holt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Gillian Hughes
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Vanessa Hus
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Roberta Igliozzi
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Kim
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sabine M. Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Janine A. Lamb
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM U995, Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, AP-HP, University Paris 12, Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ann Le Couteur
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Bennett L. Leventhal
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, NYU Child Study Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Autism and Communicative Disorders Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2054 USA
| | - Sabata C. Lund
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carine Mantoulan
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Helen McConachie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | | | - Jane McGrath
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - William M. McMahon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Alison Merikangas
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Judith Miller
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | | | - Ghazala K. Mirza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Jeff Munson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Jeremy R. Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Barbara Parrini
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Dalila Pinto
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, CB3366, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3366 USA
| | - David J. Posey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Annemarie Poustka
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Bernadette Roge
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Michael L. Rutter
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Ana F. Sequeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Latha Soorya
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Inês Sousa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Nuala Sykes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Vera Stoppioni
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Ospedale Santa Croce, 61032 Fano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tancredi
- Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maïté Tauber
- Octogone/CERPP (Centre d’Eudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie), University de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ann P. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Susanne Thomson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - John Tsiantis
- University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens University, Medical School, Agia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Herman Van Engeland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - John B. Vincent
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Fred Volkmar
- Child Study Centre, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Jacob A. S. Vorstman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center, 3508 Utrecht, GA The Netherlands
| | - Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Kai Wang
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Kathy White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Kirsty Wing
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Kerstin Wittemeyer
- Autism Centre for Education and Research, School of Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Brian L. Yaspan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J3 Canada
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM U952 and CNRS UMR 7224, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, 10029 USA
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Psychiatry Department, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Program in Neurogenetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, 19104 USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - James S. Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Centers for Human Genetics Research and Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Veronica J. Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Andrew Green
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Autism Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Astrid Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioFIG, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, C2.2.12, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine and Medical Science University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gavin CF, Rubio MD, Young E, Miller C, Rumbaugh G. Myosin II motor activity in the lateral amygdala is required for fear memory consolidation. Learn Mem 2012; 19:9-14. [PMID: 22174310 PMCID: PMC3246591 DOI: 10.1101/lm.024042.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Learning induces dynamic changes to the actin cytoskeleton that are required to support memory formation. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate filamentous actin (F-actin) dynamics during learning and memory are poorly understood. Myosin II motors are highly expressed in actin-rich growth structures including dendritic spines, and we have recently shown that these molecular machines mobilize F-actin in response to synaptic stimulation and learning in the hippocampus. In this study, we report that Myosin II motors in the rat lateral amygdala (LA) are essential for fear memory formation. Pretraining infusions of the Myosin II inhibitor, blebbistatin (blebb), disrupted long term memory, while short term memory was unaffected. Interestingly, both post-training and pretesting infusions had no effect on memory formation, indicating that Myosin II motors operate during or shortly after learning to promote memory consolidation. These data support the idea that Myosin II motor-force generation is a general mechanism that supports memory consolidation in the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristin F. Gavin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Maria D. Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Erica Young
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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Micheva KD, Bruchez MP. The gain in brain: novel imaging techniques and multiplexed proteomic imaging of brain tissue ultrastructure. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 22:94-100. [PMID: 21944260 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of neuroproteomics data in recent years has prompted the emergence of novel antibody-based imaging methods that aim to understand the anatomical and functional context of the multitude of identified proteins. The pioneering field of ultrastructural multiplexed proteomic imaging now includes a number of high resolution methods, such as array tomography, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and automated transmission electron microscopy, which allow a detailed molecular characterization of individual synapses and subsynaptic structures within brain tissues for the first time. While all of these methods still face considerable limitations, a combined complementary approach building on the respective strengths of each method is possible and will enable fascinating research into the proteomic diversity of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Micheva
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Myosin IIb activity and phosphorylation status determines dendritic spine and post-synaptic density morphology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24149. [PMID: 21887379 PMCID: PMC3162601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons mature from a filopodia-like precursor into a mushroom-shape with an enlarged post-synaptic density (PSD) and serve as the primary post-synaptic location of the excitatory neurotransmission that underlies learning and memory. Using myosin II regulatory mutants, inhibitors, and knockdowns, we show that non-muscle myosin IIB (MIIB) activity determines where spines form and whether they persist as filopodia-like spine precursors or mature into a mushroom-shape. MIIB also determines PSD size, morphology, and placement in the spine. Local inactivation of MIIB leads to the formation of filopodia-like spine protrusions from the dendritic shaft. However, di-phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain on residues Thr18 and Ser19 by Rho kinase is required for spine maturation. Inhibition of MIIB activity or a mono-phosphomimetic mutant of RLC similarly prevented maturation even in the presence of NMDA receptor activation. Expression of an actin cross-linking, non-contractile mutant, MIIB R709C, showed that maturation into a mushroom-shape requires contractile activity. Loss of MIIB also leads to an elongated PSD morphology that is no longer restricted to the spine tip; whereas increased MIIB activity, specifically through RLC-T18, S19 di-phosphorylation, increases PSD area. These observations support a model whereby myosin II inactivation forms filopodia-like protrusions that only mature once NMDA receptor activation increases RLC di-phosphorylation to stimulate MIIB contractility, resulting in mushroom-shaped spines with an enlarged PSD.
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