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Kim GW, Park JI, Yang JC. Brain morphological changes and functional neuroanatomy related to cognitive and emotional distractors during working memory maintenance in post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110946. [PMID: 38614407 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with abnormalities in the processing and regulation of emotion as well as cognitive deficits. This study evaluated the differential brain activation patterns associated with cognitive and emotional distractors during working memory (WM) maintenance for human faces between patients with PTSD and healthy controls (HCs) and assessed the relationship between changes in the activation patterns by the opposing effects of distraction types and gray matter volume (GMV). Twenty-two patients with PTSD and twenty-two HCs underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and event-related functional MRI (fMRI), respectively. Event-related fMRI data were recorded while subjects performed a delayed-response WM task with human face and trauma-related distractors. Compared to the HCs, the patients with PTSD showed significantly reduced GMV of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). For the human face distractor trial, the patients showed significantly decreased activities in the superior frontal gyrus and IFG compared with HCs (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). The patients showed lower accuracy scores and slower reaction times for the face recognition task with trauma-related distractors compared with HCs as well as significantly increased brain activity in the STG during the trauma-related distractor trial was observed (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Such differential brain activation patterns associated with the effects of distraction in PTSD patients may be linked to neural mechanisms associated with impairments in both cognitive control for confusable distractors and the ability to control emotional distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Won Kim
- Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ojha A, Jones NP, Henry T, Versace A, Gnagy EM, Joseph HM, Molina BSG, Ladouceur CD. Altered Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Functioning During Emotional Interference Resistance Is Associated With Affect Lability in Adults With Persisting Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder From Childhood. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:588-596. [PMID: 38378127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and/or impulsivity/hyperactivity. ADHD, especially when persisting into adulthood, often includes emotional dysregulation, such as affect lability; however, the neural correlates of emotionality in adults with heterogeneous ADHD symptom persistence remain unclear. METHODS The present study sought to determine shared and distinct functional neuroanatomical profiles of neural circuitry during emotional interference resistance using the emotional face n-back task in adult participants with persisting (n = 47), desisting (n = 93), or no (n = 42) childhood ADHD symptoms while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Participants without any lifetime ADHD diagnosis performed significantly better (faster and more accurately) than participants with ADHD diagnoses on trials with high cognitive loads (2-back) that included task-irrelevant emotional distractors, tapping into executive functioning and emotion regulatory processes. In participants with persisting ADHD symptoms, more severe emotional symptoms were related to worse task performance. Heightened dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation was associated with more accurate and faster performance on 2-back emotional faces trials, respectively. Reduced activation was associated with greater affect lability in adults with persisting ADHD, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation mediated the relationship between affect lability and task accuracy. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function associated with greater interference in cognitive processes from emotion could represent a marker of risk for problems with emotional dysregulation in individuals with persisting ADHD and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for those with greater emotional symptoms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Ojha
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil P Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Teague Henry
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amelia Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth M Gnagy
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Heather M Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecile D Ladouceur
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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3
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Li M, Pan J, Li Y, Gao Y, Qin H, Shen Y. Multimodal Physiological Analysis of Impact of Emotion on Cognitive Control in VR. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2024; 30:2044-2054. [PMID: 38437118 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive control is often perplexing to elucidate and can be easily influenced by emotions. Understanding the individual cognitive control level is crucial for enhancing VR interaction and designing adaptive and self-correcting VR/AR applications. Emotions can reallocate processing resources and influence cognitive control performance. However, current research has primarily emphasized the impact of emotional valence on cognitive control tasks, neglecting emotional arousal. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the influence of emotions on cognitive control based on the arousal-valence model. A total of 26 participants are recruited, inducing emotions through VR videos with high ecological validity and then performing related cognitive control tasks. Leveraging physiological data including EEG, HRV, and EDA, we employ classification techniques such as SVM, KNN, and deep learning to categorize cognitive control levels. The experiment results demonstrate that high-arousal emotions significantly enhance users' cognitive control abilities. Utilizing complementary information among multi-modal physiological signal features, we achieve an accuracy of 84.52% in distinguishing between high and low cognitive control. Additionally, time-frequency analysis results confirm the existence of neural patterns related to cognitive control, contributing to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control in VR. Our research indicates that physiological signals measured from both the central and autonomic nervous systems can be employed for cognitive control classification, paving the way for novel approaches to improve VR/AR interactions.
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Sokmen O, Tezer FI, Oguz KK, Volkan-Salanci B, Ergün EL, Saygi S. Ictal Coprolalia: Three Cases with Nondominat Frontal Lobe Involvement and Review of the Literature. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024:15500594241247108. [PMID: 38656238 DOI: 10.1177/15500594241247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Coprolalia is defined as the involuntary use of obscene, socially unacceptable, and derogatory words. Ictal coprolalia is a rare presentation of epilepsy. This study aimed to determine the localizing and lateralizing value and frequency of ictal coprolalia in epilepsy patients. Methods: Medical files, discharge summaries, and electroencephalography (EEG) reports of 2238 patients were reviewed retrospectively. We identified patients who suffered from ictal coprolalia. Electroencephalography reports, neuroimaging [brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)] records, F-18 FDG fused on MRI images, and ictal SPECT fused on MRI images were evaluated. Also, original and review articles were identified through a systematic search of Pubmed, Scopus, and Clarivate Analytics. Results: Ictal coprolalia was detected in 3 male (0.15%) patients. In all patients, ictal semiology was extratemporal-frontal type, and potential/proven epileptic focus was non-dominant hemisphere frontal lobe. Topectomy was done in one of the patients, including the suspected dysplastic area plus the area where the electroencephalographic ictal and interictal changes occur, on the left frontal lobe, and the patient had an Engel's classification class IIA. The data depending on the published cases showed that ictal coprolalia was dominant in the male gender and the responsible epileptic area tended to be located in the non-dominant hemisphere frontotemporal region. Conclusion: The rate of ictal coprolalia in the Turkish population is lower compared to other series. Our results are consistent with previous studies in which reported that male preponderance for ictal coprolalia and involvement of non-dominant frontal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Sokmen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Irsel Tezer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Karli Oguz
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Volkan-Salanci
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eser Lay Ergün
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Saygi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Chen Y, Zhao Q, Ding Y, Lu Y. Task relevance alters the effect of emotion on congruency judgments during action understanding. Conscious Cogn 2024; 120:103682. [PMID: 38554524 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The congruency judgments in action understanding helps individuals make timely adjustments to unexpected occurrence, and this process may be influenced by emotion. Previous research has showed contradictory effect of emotion on conflict processing, possibly due to the degree of relevance between emotion and task. However, to date, no study has systematically manipulated the relevance to explore how emotion affects congruency judgments in action understanding. We employed a cue-target paradigm and controlled the way emotional stimuli were presented on the target interface, setting up three experiments: emotion served as task-irrelevant distractor, task-irrelevant target and task-relevant target. The results showed that when emotion was irrelevant to the task, it impaired congruency judgements performance, regardless of a distractor or a target, while task-relevant emotion facilitated this process. These findings indicate that the impact of emotion on congruency judgements during action understanding depends on the degree of emotion-task relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | - Qiwei Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | - Yueyi Ding
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, China; Key Laboratory of Sports Cognition Assessment and Regulation of the General Administration of Sport of China, Shanghai University of Sport, China.
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Aly M, Sakamoto M, Kamijo K. Grip strength, working memory, and emotion perception in middle-aged males. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:89-105. [PMID: 38876580 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the association between grip strength and emotional working memory in middle-aged adults. Seventy-six males aged 40-60years (mean=48.5years, SD=5.4) participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed a muscular fitness assessment using a maximum grip strength test and emotional n-back tasks under two emotion conditions (fearful and neutral facial pictures) and two working memory loads (1-back and 2-back tasks). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that greater muscular fitness was associated with superior working memory performance in the fearful condition in both the 1-back and 2-back tasks, after controlling for confounders. Greater muscular fitness was also associated with superior working memory performance in the neutral condition when the working memory load was high (2-back task) but not low (1-back task). These findings suggest a positive association between muscular fitness and emotional working memory and highlight the importance of maintaining muscular fitness for physical and cognitive-emotional well-being in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Educational Sciences and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Masanori Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Fang F, Teixeira AL, Li R, Zou L, Zhang Y. The control patterns of affective processing and cognitive reappraisal: insights from brain controllability analysis. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad500. [PMID: 38216523 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Perceiving and modulating emotions is vital for cognitive function and is often impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions. Current tools for evaluating emotional dysregulation suffer from subjectivity and lack of precision, especially when it comes to understanding emotion from a regulatory or control-based perspective. To address these limitations, this study leverages an advanced methodology known as functional brain controllability analysis. We simultaneously recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 17 healthy subjects engaged in emotion processing and regulation tasks. We then employed a novel EEG/fMRI integration technique to reconstruct cortical activity in a high spatiotemporal resolution manner. Subsequently, we conducted functional brain controllability analysis to explore the neural network control patterns underlying different emotion conditions. Our findings demonstrated that the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex exhibited increased controllability during the processing and regulation of negative emotions compared to processing of neutral emotion. Besides, the anterior cingulate cortex was notably more active in managing negative emotion than in either controlling neutral emotion or regulating negative emotion. Finally, the posterior parietal cortex emerged as a central network controller for the regulation of negative emotion. This study offers valuable insights into the cortical control mechanisms that support emotion perception and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rihui Li
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ling Zou
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Bogdan PC, Dolcos S, Federmeier KD, Lleras A, Schwarb H, Dolcos F. Emotional dissociations in temporal associations: opposing effects of arousal on memory for details surrounding unpleasant events. Cogn Emot 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37988031 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2270196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Research targeting emotion's impact on relational episodic memory has largely focused on spatial aspects, but less is known about emotion's impact on memory for an event's temporal associations. The present research investigated this topic. Participants viewed a series of interspersed negative and neutral images with instructions to create stories linking successive images. Later, participants performed a surprise memory test, which measured temporal associations between pairs of consecutive pictures where one picture was negative and one was neutral. Analyses focused on how the order of negative and neutral images during encoding influenced retrieval accuracy. Converging results from a discovery study (N = 72) and pre-registered replication study (N = 150) revealed a "forward-favouring" effect of emotion in temporal memory encoding: Participants encoded associations between negative stimuli and subsequent neutral stimuli more strongly than associations between negative stimuli and preceding neutral stimuli. This finding may reflect a novel trade-off regarding emotion's effects on memory and is relevant for understanding affective disorders, as key clinical symptoms can be conceptualised as maladaptive memory retrieval of temporal details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Bogdan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kara D Federmeier
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alejandro Lleras
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Hillary Schwarb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Florin Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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Lingelbach K, Gado S, Wirzberger M, Vukelić M. Workload-dependent hemispheric asymmetries during the emotion-cognition interaction: a close-to-naturalistic fNIRS study. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2023; 4:1273810. [PMID: 38234490 PMCID: PMC10790862 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1273810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction We investigated brain activation patterns of interacting emotional distractions and cognitive processes in a close-to-naturalistic functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Methods Eighteen participants engaged in a monitoring-control task, mimicking common air traffic controller requirements. The scenario entailed experiencing both low and high workload, while concurrently being exposed to emotional speech distractions of positive, negative, and neutral valence. Results Our investigation identified hemispheric asymmetries in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during the presentation of negative and positive emotional speech distractions at different workload levels. Thereby, in particular, activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) seems to play a crucial role. Brain activation patterns revealed a cross-over interaction indicating workload-dependent left hemispheric inhibition processes during negative distractions and high workload. For positive emotional distractions under low workload, we observed left-hemispheric PFC recruitment potentially associated with speech-related processes. Furthermore, we found a workload-independent negativity bias for neutral distractions, showing brain activation patterns similar to those of negative distractions. Discussion In conclusion, lateralized hemispheric processing, regulating emotional speech distractions and integrating emotional and cognitive processes, is influenced by workload levels and stimulus characteristics. These findings advance our understanding of the factors modulating hemispheric asymmetries during the processing and inhibition of emotional distractions, as well as the interplay between emotion and cognition. Moreover, they emphasize the significance of exploring emotion-cognition interactions in more naturalistic settings to gain a deeper understanding of their implications in real-world application scenarios (e.g., working and learning environments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lingelbach
- Applied Neurocognitive Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO, Stuttgart, Germany
- Applied Neurocognitive Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gado
- Experimental Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Wirzberger
- Department of Teaching and Learning with Intelligent Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Vukelić
- Applied Neurocognitive Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Mo L, Li S, Cheng S, Li Y, Xu F, Zhang D. Emotion regulation of social pain: double dissociation of lateral prefrontal cortices supporting reappraisal and distraction. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad043. [PMID: 37676260 PMCID: PMC10484058 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) are both crucial regions involved in voluntary emotion regulation. However, it remains unclear whether the two regions show functional specificity for reappraisal and distraction. This study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore, in a real social interactive scenario, whether different lateral prefrontal regions play relatively specific roles in downregulating social pain via reappraisal and distraction. Participants initially took part in a social interactive game, followed by receiving either active (the DLPFC- or VLPFC-activated group, n = 100 per group) or control (the vertex-activated group, n = 100) TMS session. They were then instructed to use both distraction and reappraisal strategies to downregulate any negative emotions evoked by the social evaluation given by their peers who interacted with them previously. Results demonstrated that the TMS-activated DLPFC has a greater beneficial effect during distraction, whereas the activated VLPFC has a greater beneficial effect during reappraisal. This result investigated the direct experience of social pain and extended previous findings on empathy-related responses to affective pictures while also controlling for confounding factors such as empathic concern. Therefore, we are now confident in the double dissociation proposal of the DLPFC and VLPFC in distraction and reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Mo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sijin Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Si Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shenzhen Yingchi Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
- China Center for Behavioral Economics and Finance, School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518060, China
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11
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Liu P, Hayden EP, Dougherty LR, Leung HC, Goldstein B, Klein DN. The development of depressogenic self-schemas: Associations with children's regional grey matter volume in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1000-1010. [PMID: 34521484 PMCID: PMC8920949 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression contend that biased cognitive information processing plays a causal role in the development of depression. Extensive research shows that deeper processing of negative and/or shallower processing of positive self-descriptors (i.e., negative and positive self-schemas) predicts current and future depression in adults and children. However, the neural correlates of the development of self-referent encoding are poorly understood. We examined children's self-referential processing using the self-referent encoding task (SRET) collected from 74 children at ages 6, 9, and 12; around age 10, these children also contributed structural magnetic resonance imaging data. From age 6 to age 12, both positive and negative self-referential processing showed mean-level growth, with positive self-schemas increasing relatively faster than negative ones. Further, voxel-based morphometry showed that slower growth in positive self-schemas was associated with lower regional gray matter volume (GMV) in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Our results suggest that smaller regional GMV within vlPFC, a critical region for regulatory control in affective processing and emotion development, may have implications for the development of depressogenic self-referential processing in mid-to-late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University
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12
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Yang K, Zeng Y, Tong L, Hu Y, Zhang R, Li Z, Yan B. Extremely negative emotion interferes with cognition: Evidence from ERPs and time-varying brain network. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 396:109922. [PMID: 37454701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the relationship between emotion and cognition was a hot topic. However, it remains unclear which specific emotions can significantly interfere with cognition and how they do so. In this study, we designed a novel Affective Stroop experiment paradigm to investigate these issues. The extremely negative (EN), moderately negative (MN), moderately positive (MP), extremely positive (EP) and neutral pictures were displayed before Stroop tasks. The behavioral results revealed that EN emotion significantly interfered with cognitive performance compared to other types of emotions, with a significant increase in reaction time under the EN emotion condition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dynamic brain mechanisms were analyzed from both Event-Related Potential (ERP) and time-varying brain network perspectives. Results showed that EN emotion evoked larger N2, P3, and LPP amplitudes in the frontal, parietal, and occipital brain regions. In contrast, the Stroop task under EN condition led to smaller N2, P3, and LPP amplitudes compared to neutral condition. This indicates that EN emotion was prioritized and consumed more cognitive resources relative to neutral emotion. During the P3 and LPP stages, we observed enhanced bottom-up connections between the parietal and frontal regions while the processing of EN emotion. Additionally, there were stronger top-down cognitive control connections from the frontal to the occipital regions while processing the Stroop task under EN condition. These findings consistently suggest that EN emotion interferes with cognition by consuming more cognitive resources, and the brain needs to enhance cognitive control to support Stroop task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Li Tong
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yidong Hu
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rongkai Zhang
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhongrui Li
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yan
- PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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13
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Fesharaki Zadeh A, Arnsten AFT, Wang M. Scientific Rationale for the Treatment of Cognitive Deficits from Long COVID. Neurol Int 2023; 15:725-742. [PMID: 37368329 PMCID: PMC10303664 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained cognitive deficits are a common and debilitating feature of "long COVID", but currently there are no FDA-approved treatments. The cognitive functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are the most consistently afflicted by long COVID, including deficits in working memory, motivation, and executive functioning. COVID-19 infection greatly increases kynurenic acid (KYNA) and glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) in brain, both of which can be particularly deleterious to PFC function. KYNA blocks both NMDA and nicotinic-alpha-7 receptors, the two receptors required for dlPFC neurotransmission, and GCPII reduces mGluR3 regulation of cAMP-calcium-potassium channel signaling, which weakens dlPFC network connectivity and reduces dlPFC neuronal firing. Two agents approved for other indications may be helpful in restoring dlPFC physiology: the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine inhibits the production of KYNA, and the α2A-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine regulates cAMP-calcium-potassium channel signaling in dlPFC and is also anti-inflammatory. Thus, these agents may be helpful in treating the cognitive symptoms of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki Zadeh
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Amy F. T. Arnsten
- Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Min Wang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
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14
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Dwyer CP. An Evaluative Review of Barriers to Critical Thinking in Educational and Real-World Settings. J Intell 2023; 11:105. [PMID: 37367507 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Though a wide array of definitions and conceptualisations of critical thinking have been offered in the past, further elaboration on some concepts is required, particularly with respect to various factors that may impede an individual's application of critical thinking, such as in the case of reflective judgment. These barriers include varying levels of epistemological engagement or understanding, issues pertaining to heuristic-based thinking and intuitive judgment, as well as emotional and biased thinking. The aim of this review is to discuss such barriers and evaluate their impact on critical thinking in light of perspectives from research in an effort to reinforce the 'completeness' of extant critical thinking frameworks and to enhance the potential benefits of implementation in real-world settings. Recommendations and implications for overcoming such barriers are also discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Dwyer
- Technology Education Research Group (TERG), Department of Teacher Education, Athlone Campus, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Westmeath, Ireland
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15
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Yoshimura S, Nakamura S, Morimoto T. Changes in neural activity during the combining affect labeling and reappraisal. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:51-59. [PMID: 36473523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy, is an effective way of controlling negative emotions. Conversely, it is known that affect labeling regulates negative emotions using a different process from reappraisal, and it is possible that the combined use of affect labeling and reappraisal might enhance the control of negative emotion. In this study, we compared the brain activity during combined use of affect labeling and reappraisal to negative emotion with the sole use of reappraisal by using fMRI. The participants performed a reappraisal after affect labeling to negative emotion which induced by negative image. In comparison to the sole use of reappraisal, increased activity was found in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus, whereas decreased activity in the right amygdala. Furthermore, based on the results of a functional connectivity analysis using the seed region of the right amygdala, it was determined that coupling with the right amygdala increases due to the combined use of affect labeling and reappraisal. The results reveal that affect labeling of negative emotion potentially effects on reappraisal, which has implications for the more effective use of reappraisal.
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16
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Ince S, Steward T, Harrison BJ, Jamieson AJ, Davey CG, Agathos JA, Moffat BA, Glarin RK, Felmingham KL. Subcortical contributions to salience network functioning during negative emotional processing. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119964. [PMID: 36822252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Core regions of the salience network (SN), including the anterior insula (aINS) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), coordinate rapid adaptive changes in attentional and autonomic processes in response to negative emotional events. In doing so, the SN incorporates bottom-up signals from subcortical brain regions, such as the amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG). However, the precise influence of these subcortical regions is not well understood. Using ultra-high field 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging, this study investigated the bottom-up interactions of the amygdala and PAG with the SN during negative emotional salience processing. Thirty-seven healthy participants completed an emotional oddball paradigm designed to elicit a salient negative emotional response via the presentation of random, task-irrelevant negative emotional images. Negative emotional processing was associated with prominent activation in the SN, spanning the amygdala, PAG, aINS, and dACC. Consistent with previous research, analysis using dynamic causal modelling revealed an excitatory influence from the amygdala to the aINS, dACC, and PAG. In contrast, the PAG showed an inhibitory influence on amygdala, aINS and dACC activity. Our findings suggest that the amygdala may amplify the processing of negative emotional stimuli in the SN to enable upstream access to attentional resources. In comparison, the inhibitory influence of the PAG possibly reflects its involvement in modulating sympathetic-parasympathetic autonomic arousal mediated by the SN. This PAG-mediated effect may be driven by amygdala input and facilitate bottom-up processing of negative emotional stimuli. Overall, our results show that the amygdala and PAG modulate divergent functions of the SN during negative emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Ince
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alec J Jamieson
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James A Agathos
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Bradford A Moffat
- The Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Glarin
- The Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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17
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Bernhard RM, Frankland SM, Plunkett D, Sievers B, Greene JD. Evidence for Spinozan "Unbelieving" in the Right Inferior Prefrontal Cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:659-680. [PMID: 36638227 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans can think about possible states of the world without believing in them, an important capacity for high-level cognition. Here, we use fMRI and a novel "shell game" task to test two competing theories about the nature of belief and its neural basis. According to the Cartesian theory, information is first understood, then assessed for veracity, and ultimately encoded as either believed or not believed. According to the Spinozan theory, comprehension entails belief by default, such that understanding without believing requires an additional process of "unbelieving." Participants (n = 70) were experimentally induced to have beliefs, desires, or mere thoughts about hidden states of the shell game (e.g., believing that the dog is hidden in the upper right corner). That is, participants were induced to have specific "propositional attitudes" toward specific "propositions" in a controlled way. Consistent with the Spinozan theory, we found that thinking about a proposition without believing it is associated with increased activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus. This was true whether the hidden state was desired by the participant (because of reward) or merely thought about. These findings are consistent with a version of the Spinozan theory whereby unbelieving is an inhibitory control process. We consider potential implications of these results for the phenomena of delusional belief and wishful thinking.
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18
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Nishimura R, Menrai K, Kajihara M, Asaoka S. Is decision-making influenced by interactions between extended wakefulness and weak emotional stressors? An experimental study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2023; 61:92-101. [PMID: 35370226 PMCID: PMC10079499 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2021-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine whether 21-hour continuous wakefulness decreases performance in the Iowa Gambling Task and examine the effect of the interaction between a weak emotional stressor and prolonged continuous wakefulness on the decision-making process, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task. Approximately half of 38 healthy college students were in the sleep deprivation condition (they performed the task at 4:30 a.m.); the remainder were in the daytime condition (they performed the task during the day). The participants in each sleep condition were further divided into non-exposed and exposed to an emotional stressor via a social exclusion procedure before the task, with the Iowa Gambling Task score as the dependent variable. In the sleep deprivation condition, performance in the final block of the task was significantly worse in the group with an emotional stressor than the group without. There was no main effect of sleep conditions or emotional stressors on the task performance in either block. The results of this study suggest that even 21 hours of continuous wakefulness, which can occur in daily work life, may prevent appropriate learning in people exposed to an emotional stressor, even if the stress caused due to it is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Nishimura
- Edogawa University Sleep Research Institute (where the work was performed), Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
| | - Kazuki Menrai
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
| | - Mayu Kajihara
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Japan
| | - Shoichi Asaoka
- Edogawa University Sleep Research Institute (where the work was performed), Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Department of Psychology and Humanities, Edogawa University, Japan
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19
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Voss S, Cerna J, Gothe NP. Yoga Impacts Cognitive Health: Neurophysiological Changes and Stress Regulation Mechanisms. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:73-81. [PMID: 36342265 PMCID: PMC10033324 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Yoga, a physical and contemplative practice, offers the practitioner a unique mind-body exercise experience demonstrating preliminary efficacy in improving cognitive health. We examine the evidence for underlying mechanisms that explain the yoga-cognition relationship in healthy older adults. The cognitive benefits of yoga may be the result of improved stress regulation and neurocognitive resource efficiency that facilitate bidirectional brain-body communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Voss
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
| | - Jonathan Cerna
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
| | - Neha P. Gothe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
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20
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Xia Y, Shimomura Y. Relationship between anxiety and monotonous task performance in response to local cooling: an experimental study in healthy young men. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:366-376. [PMID: 35722776 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2087908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There are limited studies on monotonous task performance and its relationship with anxiety and stress traits. This study aimed to determine if local cooling exerts physiological effects and positively affects task performance. Ten male participants performed monotonous work for 24 min under control and local cooling conditions. We measured physiological arousal and anxiety using electroencephalography and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. The participants rated their drowsiness, the thermal sensation of the seat and whole-body thermal sensation. Despite the lack of significant differences in physiological arousal, the state anxiety score, which reflects the current stressful situation, was significantly lower in the local cooling condition. Therefore, cooling might help relieve stress during monotonous tasks, without impairing task performance. In addition, individuals with higher state anxiety scores tended to experience a faster increase in their arousal level. Thus, individual anxiety traits may modulate attentional resources during monotonous task performance.Practitioner summary: The study on topic related to monotonous task performance and its relationship with anxiety and stress traits is novel. Minimising negative emotions is key to monotonous task execution under stress. Individual anxiety might modulate resource allocation for monotonous task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xia
- Design Research Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Schill J, Simonyan K, Corsten M, Mathys C, Thiel C, Witt K. Graph-theoretical insights into the effects of aging on the speech production network. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2162-2173. [PMID: 35584784 PMCID: PMC9977355 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech production relies on the interplay of different brain regions. Healthy aging leads to complex changes in speech processing and production. Here, we investigated how the whole-brain functional connectivity of healthy elderly individuals differs from that of young individuals. In total, 23 young (aged 24.6 ± 2.2 years) and 23 elderly (aged 64.1 ± 6.5 years) individuals performed a picture naming task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We determined whole-brain functional connectivity matrices and used them to compute group averaged speech production networks. By including an emotionally neutral and an emotionally charged condition in the task, we characterized the speech production network during normal and emotionally challenged processing. Our data suggest that the speech production network of elderly healthy individuals is as efficient as that of young participants, but that it is more functionally segregated and more modularized. By determining key network regions, we showed that although complex network changes take place during healthy aging, the most important network regions remain stable. Furthermore, emotional distraction had a larger influence on the young group's network than on the elderly's. We demonstrated that, from the neural network perspective, elderly individuals have a higher capacity for emotion regulation based on their age-related network re-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schill
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Heiligengeisthöfe 4, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Maximilian Corsten
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Heiligengeisthöfe 4, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mathys
- Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, University of Oldenburg, Steinweg 13-17, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straβe 9, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstraβe 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Thiel
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straβe 9, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraβe 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Heiligengeisthöfe 4, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straβe 9, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Rapuano M, Iachini T, Ruggiero G. Interaction with Virtual Humans and Effect of Emotional Expressions: Anger Matters! J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041339. [PMID: 36835875 PMCID: PMC9962494 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Today we are experiencing a hybrid real-virtual society in which the interaction with virtual humans is normal and "quasi-social". Understanding the way we react to the interaction with virtual agents and the impact of emotions on social dynamics in the virtual world is fundamental. Therefore, in this study we investigated the implicit effect of emotional information by adopting a perceptual discrimination task. Specifically, we devised a task that explicitly required perceptual discrimination of a target while involving distance regulation in the presence of happy, neutral, or angry virtual agents. In two Immersive Virtual Reality experiments, participants were instructed to discriminate a target on the virtual agents' t-shirts, and they had to provide the response by stopping the virtual agents (or themselves) at the distance where they could identify the target. Thus, facial expressions were completely irrelevant to the perceptual task. The results showed that the perceptual discrimination implied a longer response time when t-shirts were worn by angry rather than happy or neutral virtual agents. This suggests that angry faces interfered with the explicit perceptual task people had to perform. From a theoretical standpoint, this anger-superiority effect could reflect an ancestral fear/avoidance mechanism that prompts automatic defensive reactions and bypasses other cognitive processes.
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23
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Chen YH, Chen C, Jian HY, Chen YC, Fan YT, Yang CY, Cheng Y. The neural correlates of emotional conflict monitoring as an early manifestation of affective and cognitive declines in persons with Type 2 diabetes. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad022. [PMID: 36844149 PMCID: PMC9945846 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Type 2 diabetes are known to be more susceptible to experience dementia and depression/anxiety. The neural circuits of emotional conflict monitoring, as indicated by a Stroop task, might become altered in terms of cognitive and affective impairments in diabetes. This study investigated alterations in the emotional conflict monitoring and associations of corresponding brain activities with metabolic parameters in persons with Type 2 diabetes. Participants with normal cognitive and affective functioning, including 40 persons with Type 2 diabetes and 30 non-diabetes control subjects, underwent a functional MRI paradigm with the face-word emotional Stroop task and detailed cognitive and affective assessments, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Compared with the controls, people with diabetes exhibited stronger emotional interference, as indicated by differential reaction times between congruent and incongruent trials (Δcon). Δcon was correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment test scores and fasting glucose levels. People with diabetes demonstrated altered brain activation and functional connectivity in the neural network for emotional conflict monitoring. The neural network for emotional conflict monitoring mediated the association of pancreatic function with anxiety scores as well as the relationship between Δcon and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Results suggested that alterations in the neural network underlying emotional conflict monitoring might present before clinically measurable cognitive and affective decrements were apparent, thereby bridging the gap between dementia and anxiety/depression in persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Teng Fan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 103, Taiwan
| | - Yawei Cheng
- Correspondence to: Yawei Cheng, MD Institute of Neuroscience and Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 155, Linong St., Sec. 2, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11241, Taiwan E-mail:
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24
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Singh D, Sunny MM. Spatial distribution of emotional attentional blink under top-down attentional control. Cogn Process 2023; 24:153-159. [PMID: 36156164 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emotion-induced blindness (EIB) refers to the impaired perception of a neutral target that follows an emotional distractor within the time gap of 100-500 ms. Recent studies on EIB show that EIB is spatially localized. Blink occurs when both target and emotional distractor appear in the same stream but not the opposite. However, the influence of top-down attentional control over the dual-stream EIB remains poorly understood. Examining the role of top-down control in EIB will help understand the impact of attentional control over the spatial distribution of EIB and in understanding the Attentional Blink (AB) and EIB distinction. Hence, in the present study, we used dual-stream and manipulated the attentional control by changing the relevance of the emotional image and asking participants to report both emotional and neutral targets. Our results show a similar level of blink irrespective of the spatial location of the emotional T1, suggesting the role of attentional control on the spatial distribution of EIB and in the AB-EIB distinction. Results have implications for the theoretical understanding of EIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divita Singh
- Room# M215, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Meera Mary Sunny
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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25
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Task-irrelevant emotional faces impact BOLD responses more for prosaccades than antisaccades in a mixed saccade fMRI task. Neuropsychologia 2022; 177:108428. [PMID: 36414100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control allows individuals to flexibly and efficiently perform tasks by attending to relevant stimuli while inhibiting distraction from irrelevant stimuli. The antisaccade task assesses cognitive control by requiring participants to inhibit a prepotent glance towards a peripheral stimulus and generate an eye movement to the mirror image location. This task can be administered with various contextual manipulations to investigate how factors such as trial timing or emotional content interact with cognitive control. In the current study, 26 healthy adults completed a mixed antisaccade and prosaccade fMRI task that included task irrelevant emotional faces and gap/overlap timing. The results showed typical antisaccade and gap behavioral effects with greater BOLD activation in frontal and parietal brain regions for antisaccade and overlap trials. Conversely, there were no differences in behavior based on the emotion of the task irrelevant face, but trials with neutral faces had greater activation in widespread visual regions than trials with angry faces, particularly for prosaccade and overlap trials. Together, these effects suggest that a high level of cognitive control and inhibition was required throughout the task, minimizing the impact of the face presentation on saccade behavior, but leading to increased attention to the neutral faces on overlap prosaccade trials when both the task cue (look towards) and emotion stimulus (neutral, non-threatening) facilitated disinhibition of visual processing.
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26
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An Integrative Model for Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Merging Cognitive Behavioral Theory with Insights from Clinical Neuroscience. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247379. [PMID: 36555995 PMCID: PMC9784452 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models have been proposed for the emergence and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although these models have provided important insights and inspired treatment development, no single model has yet sufficiently accounted for the complexed phenotype of the disorder. In the current paper, we propose a novel model that integrates elements from cognitive behavioral models of OCD with neurocognitive approaches to the disorder. This Reciprocal Interaction Model (RIM) for OCD is based on two assumptions: (a) similar observed symptoms can stem from different etiological processes; and (b) neuropsychological deficits (such as reduced response inhibition and overreliance on the habit formation system) and cognitive behavioral processes (such as temporary reduction in anxiety after engaging in compulsive behaviors) mutually affect each other such that abnormalities in one system influence the second system and vice-versa-creating a vicious cycle of pathological processes. Indeed, the bidirectional inhibitory connection between anxiety/obsessions and executive control is at the heart of the model. We begin by briefly reviewing the current models for OCD. We then move on to describe the RIM, the supporting evidence for the model, the model's predictions, and potential clinical implications.
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27
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Romero-Ferreiro V, Susi R, Sánchez-Morla EM, Marí-Beffa P, Rodríguez-Gómez P, Amador J, Moreno EM, Romero C, Martínez-García N, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Bayesian reasoning with emotional material in patients with schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2022; 13:827037. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Delusions are one of the most classical symptoms described in schizophrenia. However, despite delusions are often emotionally charged, they have been investigated using tasks involving non-affective material, such as the Beads task. In this study we compared 30 patients with schizophrenia experiencing delusions with 32 matched controls in their pattern of responses to two versions of the Beads task within a Bayesian framework. The two versions of the Beads task consisted of one emotional and one neutral, both with ratios of beads of 60:40 and 80:20, considered, respectively, as the “difficult” and “easy” variants of the task. Results indicate that patients showed a greater deviation from the normative model, especially in the 60:40 ratio, suggesting that more inaccurate probability estimations are more likely to occur under uncertainty conditions. Additionally, both patients and controls showed a greater deviation in the emotional version of the task, providing evidence of a reasoning bias modulated by the content of the stimuli. Finally, a positive correlation between patients’ deviation and delusional symptomatology was found. Impairments in the 60:40 ratio with emotional content was related to the amount of disruption in life caused by delusions. These results contribute to the understanding of how cognitive mechanisms interact with characteristics of the task (i.e., ambiguity and content) in the context of delusional thinking. These findings might be used to inform improved intervention programs in the domain of inferential reasoning.
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Butchereit K, Manzini M, Polatajko HJ, Lin JP, McClelland VM, Gimeno H. Harnessing cognitive strategy use for functional problems and proposed underlying mechanisms in childhood-onset dystonia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 41:1-7. [PMID: 36108454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant gap in knowledge about rehabilitation techniques and strategies that can help children and young people with hyperkinetic movement disorders (HMD) including dystonia to successfully perform daily activities and improve overall participation. A promising approach to support skill acquisition is the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) intervention. CO-OP uses cognitive strategies to help patients generate their own solutions to overcome self-identified problems encountered in everyday living. PURPOSE 1. To identify and categorize strategies used by children with HMD to support skill acquisition during CO-OP; 2. To review the possible underlying mechanisms that might contribute to the cognitive strategies, in order to facilitate further studies for developing focused rehabilitation approaches. METHODS A secondary analysis was performed on video-recorded data from a previous study exploring the efficacy of CO-OP for childhood onset HMD, in which CO-OP therapy sessions were delivered by a single occupational therapist. For the purpose of this study, we reviewed a total of 40 randomly selected hours of video footage of CO-OP sessions delivered to six participants (age 6-19 years) over ten intervention sessions. An observational recording sheet was applied to identify systematically the participants' or therapist's verbalizations of cognitive strategies during the therapy. The strategies were classified into six categories in line with published literature. RESULTS Strategies used by HMD participants included distraction, externally focussed attention, internally focussed attention, emotion self-regulation, motor imagery and mental self-guidance. We postulate different underlying working mechanisms for these strategies, which have implications for the therapeutic management of children and young people with HMD including dystonia. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive strategy training can fundamentally change and improve motor performance. On-going work will address both the underlying neural mechanisms of therapeutic change and the mediators and moderators that influence how change unfolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailee Butchereit
- University of Toronto, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Manzini
- University of Toronto, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helene J Polatajko
- University of Toronto, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Complex Motor Disorders Service, Paediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Women and Children's Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Verity M McClelland
- Complex Motor Disorders Service, Paediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Women and Children's Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Hortensia Gimeno
- Complex Motor Disorders Service, Paediatric Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital and Tower Hamlets Community Therapy Services, London, UK; Wolfson Institute of Population Medicine, Preventive Neurology Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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29
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Iwama Y, Takamoto K, Hibi D, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Setogawa T, Nishijo H. Young female participants show blunted placebo effects associated with blunted responses to a cue predicting a safe stimulus in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1001177. [PMID: 36263366 PMCID: PMC9574021 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination of cues predicting non-nociceptive/nociceptive stimuli is essential for predicting whether a non-painful or painful stimulus will be administered and for eliciting placebo/nocebo (pain reduction/pain enhancement) effects. Dysfunction of the neural system involved in placebo effects has been implicated in the pathology of chronic pain, while female sex is one of the important risk factors for development of chronic pain in young adults. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) is suggested to be involved in placebo effects and is sensitive to sex and age. In this study, to examine the neural mechanisms by which sex and age alter placebo and nocebo effects, we analyzed cerebral hemodynamic activities in the dl-PFC in different sex and age groups during a differential conditioning task. During the training session, two different sounds were followed by low- and high-intensity electrical shocks. In the following recording session, electrical shocks, the intensity of which was mismatched to the sounds, were occasionally administered to elicit placebo and nocebo effects. In young female participants, both placebo effects and hemodynamic responses to the conditioned sounds in the right dl-PFC were significantly lower than those in elderly female participants, while there were no age differences in male participants. The hemodynamic responses to the sound paired with the safe stimulus in the right dl-PFC were significantly correlated with placebo effects, except in the young female group. These results suggest that blunted placebo effects in the young female participants are ascribed to blunted responses to the sound associated with the safe stimulus in the right dl-PFC, and that sex- and age-related factors may alter the responsiveness of the right dl-PFC to associative cues predicting a safe stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Iwama
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Setogawa
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hisao Nishijo,
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30
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Wang S, Chen J, Chen T, Liu G. Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition hypothesis of micro-expressions based on tensor component analysis and Physarum network algorithm. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136897. [PMID: 36195299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition hypothesis advocated by Ekman (1985) states when an emotion is concealed or masked, the true emotion is manifested as a micro-expression (ME) which is a fleeting expression lasting for 40 to 500 ms. However, research about the inhibition hypothesis of ME from the perspective of electrophysiology is lacking. Here, we report the electrophysiological evidence obtained from an electroencephalography (EEG) data analysis method. Specifically, we designed an ME elicitation paradigm to collect data of MEs of positive emotions and EEG from 70 subjects, and proposed a method based on tensor component analysis (TCA) combined with the Physarum network (PN) algorithm to characterize the spatial, temporal, and spectral signatures of dynamic EEG data of MEs. The proposed TCA-PN methods revealed two pathways involving dorsal and ventral streams in functional brain networks of MEs, which reflected the inhibition processing and emotion arousal of MEs. The results provide evidence for the inhibition hypothesis from an electrophysiological standpoint, which allows us to better understand the neural mechanism of MEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcong Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Music, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Jiejia Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, 400715, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400715, China.
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31
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Roberts AI, Roberts SGB. Intentional gesturing increases social complexity by allowing recipient's understanding of intentions when it is inhibited by stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210305. [PMID: 35934959 PMCID: PMC9358319 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the links between intentional communication and social relationships provides insights into the cognitive skills needed to manage a differentiated set of social bonds. Great apes gesture intentionally, but how this intentionality relates to sociality is still unclear. Stress in the form of dominant audience members inhibits understanding of intentions, downgrading cognition to understanding of behaviour, but intentional communication may enable social bonding in stressful conditions. We examined the associations between gestural communication, sociality, stress and the outcome of interactions in wild chimpanzees. Social network size was positively associated with intentional but not non-intentional communication. When a dominant bystander was present with whom the recipient was weakly bonded, and gesturing was non-intentional, recipients produced avoidance response toward signallers to whom they were weakly bonded, indicating understanding of behaviour. Signallers used intentional gestures more frequently to recipients who were stressed, and intentional gestures evoked approach behaviour by the recipients, indicating understanding of intentionality. These results suggest that the presence of dominant bystanders is stressful, inhibiting understanding of intentionality. However, intentional gestures facilitate social bonding by allowing understanding of intentions. The cognitive skills underpinning intentional gestures may therefore play a key role in enabling primates to meet the demands of sociality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ilona Roberts
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614, Poznan, Poland
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32
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Pascoe AJ, Haque ZZ, Samandra R, Fehring DJ, Mansouri FA. Dissociable effects of music and white noise on conflict-induced behavioral adjustments. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858576. [PMID: 36061589 PMCID: PMC9429995 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory stimuli, encompassing a continually expanding collection of musical genres and sonic hues, present a safe and easily administrable therapeutic option for alleviating cognitive deficits associated with neuropsychological disorders, but their effects on executive control are yet to be completely understood. To better understand how the processing of certain acoustic properties can influence conflict processing, we had a large of cohort of undergraduate students complete the Stroop colour and word test in three different background conditions: classical music, white noise, and silence. Because of pandemic guidelines and the necessity to run the experiment remotely, participants also completed the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), so that the reliability and consistency of acquired data could be assessed. We found that white noise, but not classical music increased the response time difference between congruent (low conflict) and incongruent (high conflict) trials (conflict cost), hence impairing performance. Results from the WCST indicated that home-based data collection was reliable, replicating a performance bias reported in our previous laboratory-based experiments. Both the auditory stimuli were played at a similar intensity, thus their dissociable effects may have resulted from differing emotional responses within participants, where white noise, but not music elicited a negative response. Integrated with previous literature, our findings indicate that outside of changes in tempo and valence, classical music does not affect cognitive functions associated with conflict processing, whilst white noise impairs these functions in a manner similar to other stressors, and hence requires further research before its implementation into neuropsychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Pascoe
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zakia Z. Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Fehring
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Farshad A. Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Farshad A. Mansouri,
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33
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Wang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tang X. The Impact of the Scale of Third-Party Logistics Guaranteeing Firms on Bank Credit Willingness in Supply Chain Finance: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853888. [PMID: 35496193 PMCID: PMC9039175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Supply chain financing guaranteed by third-party logistics (3PL) firms is an effective way to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Studies have explored factors that affect the willingness of supply chain financial credit providers under guarantee of 3PL firms (e.g., the scale of financing enterprises and credit). However, whether the scale of 3PL firms will affect the bank’s credit decision has not been studied, as well as the neural processing of credit decisions. To clarify these issues, this study extracted behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) data when participants performed a selection task of judging whether to grant credit to guaranteed financing-seeking enterprises according to the large or small scale of the 3PL guaranteeing firms. The behavioral results showed that under the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, the willingness to provide credit to SMEs was higher than that under the condition of a small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm. This finding indicates there was credit scale discrimination against 3PL guaranteeing firms in supply chain finance. The ERP results showed that compared with the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, a greater N2 amplitude was induced under the condition of a small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm, which indicated that credit decision makers experienced greater perceived risk and more decision-making conflict. In contrast, a larger LPP amplitude was detected under the condition of a large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firm (as opposed to a small-scale firm), which indicated that large-scale 3PL guaranteeing firms received more positive comments and more positive emotions from credit decision makers than small-scale 3PL guaranteeing firms. Based on these results, this study reveals the cognition process of credit decision makers regarding the impact of the 3PL guaranteeing firm scale on the willingness to provide credit in supply chain finance and explains the theory of credit scale discrimination from the perspective of decision neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,M.I.C.E and Tourism Development Research Base of Ningbo City, Ningbo, China.,Department of Economics and Trade, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,M.I.C.E and Tourism Development Research Base of Ningbo City, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuelian Tang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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34
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Koudela-Hamila S, Santangelo PS, Ebner-Priemer UW, Schlotz W. Under Which Circumstances Does Academic Workload Lead to Stress? J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Academic stress is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes, including detrimental effects on mental health, achievement, and well-being. Numerous studies have shown an association between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and various health and risk factors. Some studies revealed a protective function of the CAR as a stress buffer preventing the stress system from overshooting. We investigated the moderating effect of the CAR on the within-subject association between academic workload and academic stress in participants’ daily lives using ambulatory assessment. We assessed 77 undergraduate university participants for 2 days at the beginning of the semester and approximately 3 months later, individually starting one week before an exam. Participants provided academic stress and academic workload ratings hourly during their waking time using smartphone-based e-diaries and salivary cortisol samples at awakening as well as 30, 45, and 60 min later on two consecutive days during each of the assessment waves. Average within-subject associations between academic workload and academic stress were analyzed using multilevel models. Interactions with indicators of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were included to test moderating effects of the CAR on the workload-stress associations. There was a significant positive within-subject association between academic workload and academic stress. Significant cross-level interactions showed a moderating effect of the CAR on this association. The results point out the importance of the CAR in the regulation of the workload-stress associations in academic life and underscore the relevance of investigating the influence of specific stressor-dependent reciprocal effects of the CAR on learning and experienced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koudela-Hamila
- Department of Applied Psychology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philip S. Santangelo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer
- Department of Applied Psychology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolff Schlotz
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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35
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Knauth K, Peters J. Trial-wise exposure to visual emotional cues increases physiological arousal but not temporal discounting. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13996. [PMID: 35037293 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans and many animals devalue future rewards as a function of time (temporal discounting). Increased discounting has been linked to various psychiatric conditions, including substance-use-disorders, behavioral addictions, and obesity. Despite its high intra-individual stability, temporal discounting is partly under contextual control. One prominent manipulation that has been linked to increases in discounting is the exposure to highly arousing appetitive cues. However, results from trial-wise cue exposure studies appear highly mixed, and changes in physiological arousal were not adequately controlled. Here we tested the effects of appetitive (erotic), aversive, and neutral visual cues on temporal discounting in 35 healthy male participants. The contribution of single-trial physiological arousal was assessed using comprehensive monitoring of autonomic activity (pupil size, heart rate, electrodermal activity). Physiological arousal was elevated following aversive and in particular erotic cues. In contrast to our pre-registered hypothesis, steepness of temporal discounting was not significantly affected by emotional cues of either valence. Aversive cues tended to increase decision noise. Computational modeling revealed that trial-wise arousal only accounted for minor variance over and above aversive and erotic condition effects, arguing against a general effect of physiological arousal on temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Knauth
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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36
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Deactivation of the attention-shifting ventromedial prefrontal cortex during the encoding and hold phases predicts working memory performance. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1408-1415. [PMID: 34743168 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that the deactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) works with the attention shifting area to facilitate the encoding of behaviorally relevant inputs. These findings have led to the notion that the deactivation of VMPFC substantially contributes to the cognitive control of emotions. Although VMPFC deactivation during working memory tasks is established, whether it contributes to performance in emotionally distracted working memory tasks remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the magnitude of VMPFC deactivation predicts better performance in emotionally distracted working memory tasks. METHODS Twenty-nine female participants performed delayed-response working memory tasks with emotional distracters presented during the hold phase of working memory while undergoing functional MRI. A GLM and a paired t-test were used to observe brain responses to emotional distracters. The correlation between brain response and working memory performance was also computed to investigate brain areas that predict working memory performance in emotionally distracted tasks. RESULTS Three trends in brain activity were strongly correlated with high working memory performance: (1) increased activity in cognitive control areas (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), (2) lower activity in emotional reactivity areas (fusiform gyrus), and (3) deactivation of the attention shifting area, mainly VMPFC. In addition, all three trends correlated with high working memory performance during the hold phase of working memory, whereas only (2) and (3) correlated with high working memory performance during the encoding phase. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence of the functional importance of VMPFC and demonstrate that VMPFC deactivation is particularly important during the encoding and hold phases of working memory.
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37
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Cui Q, Liu M, Liu CH, Long Z, Zhao K, Fu X. Unpredictable fearful stimuli disrupt timing activities: Evidence from event-related potentials. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108057. [PMID: 34653495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of an imminent fearful stimulus on an ongoing temporal task. Participants judged the duration of a blank temporal interval followed by a fearful or a neutral image. Results showed an underestimation of the duration in the fearful condition relative to the neutral condition, but only when the occurrence of the fearful image was difficult to predict. ERPs results for the blank temporal interval found no effect of the fearful stimulus on the contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude in the clock stage. However, after the image onset, there was a larger P1 for the fearful relative to the neutral condition. Although this effect was indistinguishable regardless of whether the fearful event could be easily predicted, a late positive potential (LPP) component displayed larger amplitude only for unpredictable fearful stimuli. The time-frequency results showed enhanced delta-theta power (0.5-7.5 Hz) for the unpredictable fearful stimuli in the late stage. Importantly, the enhanced delta-theta rhythm correlated negatively with the duration judgments. Together, these results suggest that an unpredictable fearful event might divert more attention away from the counting process in the working memory stage, resulting in missing ticks and temporal underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Mingtong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Hong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengkun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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38
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Liu P, Sutherland M, Pollick FE. Incongruence effects in cross-modal emotional processing in autistic traits: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:107997. [PMID: 34425144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life, emotional information is often conveyed by both the face and the voice. Consequently, information presented by one source can alter the way in which information from the other source is perceived, leading to emotional incongruence. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neutral correlates of two different types of emotional incongruence in audiovisual processing, namely incongruence of emotion-valence and incongruence of emotion-presence. Participants were in two groups, one group with a low Autism Quotient score (LAQ) and one with a high score (HAQ). Each participant experienced emotional (happy, fearful) or neutral faces or voices while concurrently being exposed to emotional (happy, fearful) or neutral voices or faces. They were instructed to attend to either the visual or auditory track. The incongruence effect of emotion-valence was characterized by activation in a wide range of brain regions in both hemispheres involving the inferior frontal gyrus, cuneus, superior temporal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. The incongruence effect of emotion-presence was characterized by activation in a set of temporal and occipital regions in both hemispheres, including the middle occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. In addition, the present study identified greater recruitment of the right inferior parietal lobule in perceiving audio-visual emotional expressions in HAQ individuals, as compared to the LAQ individuals. Depending on face or voice-to-be attended, different patterns of emotional incongruence were found between the two groups. Specifically, the HAQ group tend to show more incidental processing to visual information whilst the LAQ group tend to show more incidental processing to auditory information during the crossmodal emotional incongruence decoding. These differences might be attributed to different attentional demands and different processing strategies between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Liu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK; School of Education, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G3 6NH, UK
| | | | - Frank E Pollick
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QB, UK.
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39
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Moore M, Maclin EL, Iordan AD, Katsumi Y, Larsen RJ, Bagshaw AP, Mayhew S, Shafer AT, Sutton BP, Fabiani M, Gratton G, Dolcos F. Proof-of-concept evidence for trimodal simultaneous investigation of human brain function. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4102-4121. [PMID: 34160860 PMCID: PMC8357002 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between spatial (where) and temporal (when) aspects of the neural correlates of most psychological phenomena is not clear. Elucidation of this relation, which is crucial to fully understand human brain function, requires integration across multiple brain imaging modalities and cognitive tasks that reliably modulate the engagement of the brain systems of interest. By overcoming the methodological challenges posed by simultaneous recordings, the present report provides proof‐of‐concept evidence for a novel approach using three complementary imaging modalities: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event‐related potentials (ERPs), and event‐related optical signals (EROS). Using the emotional oddball task, a paradigm that taps into both cognitive and affective aspects of processing, we show the feasibility of capturing converging and complementary measures of brain function that are not currently attainable using traditional unimodal or other multimodal approaches. This opens up unprecedented possibilities to clarify spatiotemporal integration of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward L Maclin
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandru D Iordan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea T Shafer
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Alta., Canada; now at Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley P Sutton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Florin Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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40
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Manza P, Shokri-Kojori E, Volkow ND. Reduced Segregation Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Cannabis Dependence. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:628-639. [PMID: 31211388 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by an erosion of cognitive control toward drug taking that is accentuated by negative emotional states. Here we tested the hypothesis that enhanced interference on cognitive control reflects a loss of segregation between cognition and emotion in addiction. We analyzed Human Connectome Project data from 1206 young adults, including 89 with cannabis dependence (CD). Two composite factors, one for cognition and one for emotion, were derived using principal component (PC) analyses. Component scores for these PCs were significantly associated in the CD group, such that negative emotionality correlated with poor cognition. However, the corresponding component scores were uncorrelated in matched controls and nondependent recreational cannabis users (n = 87). In CD, but not controls or recreational users, functional magnetic resonance imaging activations to emotional stimuli (angry/fearful faces > shapes) correlated with activations to cognitive demand (working memory; 2-back > 0-back). Canonical correlation analyses linked individual differences in cognitive and emotional component scores with brain activations. In CD, there was substantial overlap between cognitive and emotional brain-behavior associations, but in controls, associations were more restricted to the cognitive domain. These findings support our hypothesis of impaired segregation between cognitive and emotional processes in CD that might contribute to poor cognitive control under conditions of increased emotional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Brain responsivity to emotional faces differs in men and women with and without a history of alcohol use disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248831. [PMID: 34106934 PMCID: PMC8189468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of women in research on Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has shown that gender differences contribute to unique profiles of cognitive, emotional, and neuropsychological dysfunction. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of abstinent individuals with a history of AUD (21 women [AUDw], 21 men [AUDm]) and demographically similar non-AUD control (NC) participants without AUD (21 women [NCw], 21 men [NCm]) to explore how gender and AUD interact to influence brain responses during emotional processing and memory. Participants completed a delayed match-to-sample emotional face memory fMRI task, and brain activation contrasts between a fixation stimulus and pictures of emotional face elicited a similar overall pattern of activation for all four groups. Significant Group by Gender interactions revealed two activation clusters. A cluster in an anterior portion of the middle and superior temporal gyrus, elicited lower activation to the fixation stimulus than to faces for the AUDw as compared to the NCw; that abnormality was more pronounced than the one observed for men. Another cluster in the medial portion of the superior frontal cortex elicited higher activation to the faces by AUDm than NCm, a difference that was more evident than the one observed for women. Together, these findings have added new evidence of AUD-related gender differences in neural responses to facial expressions of emotion.
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42
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Hien DA, López-Castro T, Fitzpatrick S, Ruglass LM, Fertuck EA, Melara R. A unifying translational framework to advance treatment research for comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:779-794. [PMID: 34062208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We provide a unifying translational framework that can be used to synthesize extant lines of human laboratory research in four neurofunctional domains that underlie the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders (PTSD+SUD). We draw upon the Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDOC) to include executive functioning, negative emotionality, reward, and added social cognition from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria into our framework. We review research findings across each of the four domains, emphasizing human experimental studies in PTSD, SUD, and PTSD+SUD for each domain. We also discuss the implications of research findings for treatment development by considering new ways of conceptualizing risk factors and outcomes at the level of the individual patient, which will enhance treatment matching and advance innovations in intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Hien
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States.
| | - Teresa López-Castro
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lesia M Ruglass
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States; Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric A Fertuck
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Melara
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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43
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Haque ZZ, Samandra R, Mansouri FA. Neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory: insights from brain stimulation studies. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2038-2053. [PMID: 33881914 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00041.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of working memory refers to a collection of cognitive abilities and processes involved in the short-term storage of task-relevant information to guide the ongoing and upcoming behavior and therefore describes an important aspect of executive control of behavior for achieving goals. Deficits in working memory and related cognitive abilities have been observed in patients with brain damage or neuropsychological disorders and therefore it is important to better understand neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory. Working memory relies on neural mechanisms that enable encoding, maintenance, and manipulation of stored information as well as integrating them with ongoing and future goals. Recently, a surge in brain stimulation studies have led to development of various noninvasive techniques for localized stimulation of prefrontal and other cortical regions in humans. These brain stimulation techniques can potentially be tailored to influence neural activities in particular brain regions and modulate cognitive functions and behavior. Combined use of brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording have provided a great opportunity to monitor neural activity in various brain regions and noninvasively intervene and modulate cognitive functions in cognitive tasks. These studies have shed more light on the neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory in humans. Here, we review findings and insight from these brain stimulation studies about the contribution of brain regions, and particularly prefrontal cortex, to working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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44
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Lu Y, Wang T, Long Q, Cheng Z. Impact of Distracting Emotional Stimuli on the Characteristics of Movement Performance: A Kinematic Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:642643. [PMID: 33841277 PMCID: PMC8026889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that emotional stimuli impact both the cognitive and motor aspects of “goal-directed” behavior. However, how emotional distractors impact motor performance remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize how movement quality was impacted during emotional distractors. We used a modified oddball paradigm and documented the performance of pure movement. Participants were designated to draw a triangle or a polygon, while an emotional stimulus was presented. Speed was assessed using reaction time and movement time. The quality and precision of movement were assessed by calculating the accuracy and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Compared to drawings of triangles, polygons had higher accuracy under negative stimuli, but lower RMSE under positive stimuli. The results indicate that distracting emotional stimuli impact different aspects of movement quality, with movement complexity influencing accuracy under negative distractors and precision under positive distractors. This study provides further evidence that movement precision is an important feature of emotional embodiment that should be incorporated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuping Long
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Cheng
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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45
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M PH, M HG, R M HA, M A G, C AG, I K SC. Multiparity decreases the effect of distractor stimuli on a working memory task: An EEG study. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:277-288. [PMID: 33686923 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1899048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parity modulates the way in which women respond to infant's affective cues. It is known that the cognitive processing of mothers is affected by a baby crying; however, little information is available regarding the effect of reproductive and caregiving experience on efficiency in managing babies' emotional stimuli while other tasks are being attended. This study characterized the affective score, cognitive performance, and electroencephalographic correlation (rEEG) between prefrontal and parietal cortices in first- (FM) and second-time mothers (SM) while solving a working memory task (vsWM) and simultaneously listening to either an emotional or neutral distractor stimulus. During the vsWM-baby crying condition, both groups reported higher arousal. However, SM reported a lower valence and FM lower dominance. In the vsWM-baby crying condition did SM need less time to solve the cognitive task and present a decreased rEEG between prefrontal areas, and between left prefrontal and parietal areas, though an increased rEEG between parietal areas was observed while listening to both distractor stimuli during performance of the vsWM task. These degrees of cortical synchronization could constitute a cerebral mechanism required to achieve better information maintenance and enhance suppression of distractor effects, which allow the SM women to solve the vsWM task more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pérez-Hernández M
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario Del Norte, Universidad De Guadalajara, Colotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - Hernández-González M
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto De Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Hidalgo-Aguirre R M
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario De Los Valles, Universidad De Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco, México
| | - Guevara M A
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto De Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Amezcua-Gutiérrez C
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto De Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Sandoval-Carrillo I K
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto De Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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46
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Marxen M, Jacob MJ, Hellrung L, Riedel P, Smolka MN. Questioning the role of amygdala and insula in an attentional capture by emotional stimuli task. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1257-1267. [PMID: 33216427 PMCID: PMC7927307 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our senses are constantly monitoring the environment for emotionally salient stimuli that are potentially relevant for survival. Because of our limited cognitive resources, emotionally salient distractors prolong reaction times (RTs) as compared to neutral distractors. In addition, many studies have reported fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation of both the amygdala and the anterior insula for similar valence contrasts. However, a direct correlation of trail-by-trial BOLD activity with RTs has not been shown, yet, which would be a crucial piece of evidence to relate the two observations. To investigate the role of the above two regions in the context of emotional distractor effects, we study here the correlation between BOLD activity and RTs for a simple attentional capture by emotional stimuli (ACES) choice reaction time task using a general linear subject-level model with a parametric RT regressor. We found significant regression coefficients in the anterior insula, supplementary motor cortex, medial precentral regions, sensory-motor areas and others, but not in the amygdala, despite activation of both insula and amygdala in the traditional valence contrast across trials (i.e., negative vs. neutral pictures). In addition, we found that subjects that exhibit a stronger RT distractor effect across trials also show a stronger BOLD valence contrast in the right anterior insula but not in the amygdala. Our results indicate that the current neuroimaging-based evidence for the involvement of the amygdala in RT slowing is limited. We advocate that models of emotional capture should incorporate both the amygdala and the anterior insula as separate entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Mark J. Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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47
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Yang H, Li J, Zheng X. Different Influences of Negative and Neutral Emotional Interference on Working Memory in Trait Anxiety. Front Psychol 2021; 12:570552. [PMID: 33868069 PMCID: PMC8044409 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.570552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the interaction of working memory (WM) type with emotional interference in trait anxiety, event-related potentials were measured in a combined WM and emotional task. Participants completed a delayed matching-to-sample task of WM, and emotional pictures were presented during the maintenance interval. The results indicated that negative affect interfered with spatial WM; task-related changes in amplitude were observed in the late positive potential (LPP) and slow waves in both the high and low anxiety groups. We also found an interaction among WM type, emotion, and trait anxiety such that participants with high levels of trait anxiety showed an opposite neural response to verbal and spatial WM tasks compared with individuals with low trait anxiety during the sustained brain activity involved in processing negative or neutral pictures in the delay phase. Our results increase our understanding of the influence of emotions on recognition and the vulnerability of those with trait anxiety to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Children, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychological Assessment and Rehabilitation for Exceptional Children, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junqing Li
- Department of Physical Education Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xifu Zheng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Sommer A, Ecker L, Plewnia C. Neural Signatures of Performance Feedback in the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:630468. [PMID: 33679350 PMCID: PMC7930379 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.630468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on cognitive control has sparked increasing interest in recent years, as it is an important prerequisite for goal oriented human behavior. The paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) has been used to test and train cognitive control functions. This adaptive, challenging task includes continuous performance feedback. Therefore, additional cognitive control capacities are required to process this information along with the already high task-load. The underlying neural mechanisms, however, are still unclear. To explore the neural signatures of the PASAT and particularly the processing of distractive feedback information, feedback locked event-related potentials were derived from 24 healthy participants during an adaptive 2-back version of the PASAT. Larger neural activation after negative feedback was found for feedback related negativity (FRN), P300, and late positive potential (LPP). In early stages of feedback processing (i.e., FRN), a larger difference between positive and negative feedback responses was associated with poorer overall performance. This association was inverted in later stages (i.e., P300 and LPP). Together, our findings indicate stage-dependent associations between neural activation after negative information and cognitive functioning. Conceivably, increased early responses to negative feedback signify distraction, whereas higher activity at later stages reflects cognitive control processes to preserve ongoing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Zhuang N, Jiang L, Yan B, Tong L, Shu J, Yang K, Yao D, Xu P, Zeng Y. Neural Mechanism of Affective Perception: Evidence from Phase and Causality Analysis in the Cerebral Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 461:44-56. [PMID: 33607228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotion plays an important role in people's lives. However, the neural mechanism of affective perception is still unclear. In this study, steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) were used to explore information processing speed and interactions among cortical structures involved in affective perception. Pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System were presented either in intact or phase-scrambled form at a fixed frequency, where the induced SSVEPs could be used as a frequency marker of brain activity with high temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Source estimation methods were used to reconstruct the cortical signals. The information processing of affective images was studied by phase and causal connection analysis in the cortical space to investigate the information processing speed of the local brain region and the dynamic interactions across brain regions. Experimental results showed that affective and semantic perception was accompanied by the acceleration of information processing speed in the ventral pathway. Unpleasant emotions had the fastest information processing speed in the ventral stream compared with pleasant and neutral emotions, including the middle occipital gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus, with a right hemisphere bias. In addition, unpleasant emotions were stronger than pleasant emotions in long-term causal connections in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, and the direction was from the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere. These results provide unique insights into the cortical activities for affective perception and support the view that unpleasant emotions have priority in information perception in the middle temporal gyrus compared with pleasant and neutral emotions, with a right hemisphere bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhuang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China
| | - Li Tong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China; The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Peng Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategy Support Force Information Engineering University, Zheng Zhou 450001, China; The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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50
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Bo K, Yin S, Liu Y, Hu Z, Meyyappan S, Kim S, Keil A, Ding M. Decoding Neural Representations of Affective Scenes in Retinotopic Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3047-3063. [PMID: 33594428 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of opportunities and threats in complex visual scenes represents one of the main functions of the human visual system. The underlying neurophysiology is often studied by having observers view pictures varying in affective content. It has been shown that viewing emotionally engaging, compared with neutral, pictures (1) heightens blood flow in limbic, frontoparietal, and anterior visual structures and (2) enhances the late positive event-related potential (LPP). The role of retinotopic visual cortex in this process has, however, been contentious, with competing theories predicting the presence versus absence of emotion-specific signals in retinotopic visual areas. Recording simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging while observers viewed pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral affective pictures, and applying multivariate pattern analysis, we found that (1) unpleasant versus neutral and pleasant versus neutral decoding accuracy were well above chance level in retinotopic visual areas, (2) decoding accuracy in ventral visual cortex (VVC), but not in early or dorsal visual cortex, was correlated with LPP, and (3) effective connectivity from amygdala to VVC predicted unpleasant versus neutral decoding accuracy, whereas effective connectivity from ventral frontal cortex to VVC predicted pleasant versus neutral decoding accuracy. These results suggest that affective scenes evoke valence-specific neural representations in retinotopic visual cortex and that these representations are influenced by reentry signals from anterior brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bo
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Siyang Yin
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yuelu Liu
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sreenivasan Meyyappan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sungkean Kim
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andreas Keil
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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