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Granzotto A, McQuade A, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Sensi SL, Parker I, Blurton-Jones M, Smith IF. ER and SOCE Ca 2+ signals are not required for directed cell migration in human iPSC-derived microglia. Cell Calcium 2024; 123:102923. [PMID: 38970922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is constantly surveilled by microglia, highly motile and dynamic cells deputed to act as the first line of immune defense in the brain and spinal cord. Alterations in the homeostasis of the CNS are detected by microglia that respond by extending their processes or - following major injuries - by migrating toward the affected area. Understanding the mechanisms controlling directed cell migration of microglia is crucial to dissect their responses to neuroinflammation and injury. We used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to explore the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in the directed migration of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia challenged with a purinergic stimulus. This approach mimics cues originating from injury of the CNS. Unexpectedly, simultaneous imaging of microglia migration and intracellular Ca2+ changes revealed that this phenomenon does not require Ca2+ signals generated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) pathways. Instead, we find evidence that human microglial chemotaxis to purinergic signals is mediated by cyclic AMP in a Ca2+-independent manner. These results challenge prevailing notions, with important implications in neurological conditions characterized by perturbation in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Amanda McQuade
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, United States; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ian F Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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Peterman EL, Ploessl DS, Galloway KE. Accelerating Diverse Cell-Based Therapies Through Scalable Design. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2024; 15:267-292. [PMID: 38594944 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100722-121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Augmenting cells with novel, genetically encoded functions will support therapies that expand beyond natural capacity for immune surveillance and tissue regeneration. However, engineering cells at scale with transgenic cargoes remains a challenge in realizing the potential of cell-based therapies. In this review, we introduce a range of applications for engineering primary cells and stem cells for cell-based therapies. We highlight tools and advances that have launched mammalian cell engineering from bioproduction to precision editing of therapeutically relevant cells. Additionally, we examine how transgenesis methods and genetic cargo designs can be tailored for performance. Altogether, we offer a vision for accelerating the translation of innovative cell-based therapies by harnessing diverse cell types, integrating the expanding array of synthetic biology tools, and building cellular tools through advanced genome writing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Peterman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Deon S Ploessl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Kate E Galloway
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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3
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Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Family Members' Modulation as a Novel Approach for Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Injury-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3788. [PMID: 38612597 PMCID: PMC11011591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in modern medicine and pharmacology, damage to the nervous system with various etiologies still poses a challenge to doctors and scientists. Injuries lead to neuroimmunological changes in the central nervous system (CNS), which may result in both secondary damage and the development of tactile and thermal hypersensitivity. In our review, based on the analysis of many experimental and clinical studies, we indicate that the mechanisms occurring both at the level of the brain after direct damage and at the level of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve damage have a common immunological basis. This suggests that there are opportunities for similar pharmacological therapeutic interventions in the damage of various etiologies. Experimental data indicate that after CNS/PNS damage, the levels of 16 among the 28 CC-family chemokines, i.e., CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL22, increase in the brain and/or spinal cord and have strong proinflammatory and/or pronociceptive effects. According to the available literature data, further investigation is still needed for understanding the role of the remaining chemokines, especially six of them which were found in humans but not in mice/rats, i.e., CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL18, and CCL23. Over the past several years, the results of studies in which available pharmacological tools were used indicated that blocking individual receptors, e.g., CCR1 (J113863 and BX513), CCR2 (RS504393, CCX872, INCB3344, and AZ889), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021 and AZD-2098), and CCR5 (maraviroc, AZD-5672, and TAK-220), has beneficial effects after damage to both the CNS and PNS. Recently, experimental data have proved that blockades exerted by double antagonists CCR1/3 (UCB 35625) and CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc) have very good anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In addition, both single (J113863, RS504393, SB328437, C021, and maraviroc) and dual (cenicriviroc) chemokine receptor antagonists enhanced the analgesic effect of opioid drugs. This review will display the evidence that a multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions can significantly improve the health of patients after CNS and PNS damage by changing the activity of chemokines belonging to the CC family. Moreover, in the case of pain, the combined administration of such antagonists with opioid drugs could reduce therapeutic doses and minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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Omotayo OP, Lemmer Y, Mason S. A narrative review of the therapeutic and remedial prospects of cannabidiol with emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:14. [PMID: 38494488 PMCID: PMC10946130 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of diverse diseases using plant-derived products is actively encouraged. In the past few years, cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potent cannabis-derived drug capable of managing various debilitating neurological infections, diseases, and their associated complications. CBD has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and curative effects in neuropathological conditions, and it exhibits therapeutic, apoptotic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. However, more information on the reactions and ability of CBD to alleviate brain-related disorders and the neuroinflammation that accompanies them is needed. MAIN BODY This narrative review deliberates on the therapeutic and remedial prospects of CBD with an emphasis on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. An extensive literature search followed several scoping searches on available online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with the main keywords: CBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cannabinoids. After a purposive screening of the retrieved papers, 170 (41%) of the articles (published in English) aligned with the objective of this study and retained for inclusion. CONCLUSION CBD is an antagonist against pro-inflammatory cytokines and the cytokine storm associated with neurological infections/disorders. CBD regulates adenosine/oxidative stress and aids the downregulation of TNF-α, restoration of BDNF mRNA expression, and recovery of serotonin levels. Thus, CBD is involved in immune suppression and anti-inflammation. Understanding the metabolites associated with response to CBD is imperative to understand the phenotype. We propose that metabolomics will be the next scientific frontier that will reveal novel information on CBD's therapeutic tendencies in neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Kim H, Le B, Goshi N, Zhu K, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Zhao M, Seker E. Rat primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-beta on microglia function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.584736. [PMID: 38558989 PMCID: PMC10979983 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The etiology and progression of sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been studied for decades. One proposed mechanism is that amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins induce neuroinflammation, synapse loss, and neuronal cell death. Microglia play an especially important role in Aβ clearance, and alterations in microglial function due to aging or disease may result in Aβ accumulation and deleterious effects on neuronal function. However, studying these complex factors in vivo , where numerous confounding processes exist, is challenging, and until recently, in vitro models have not allowed sustained culture of microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the same culture. Here, we employ a tri-culture model of rat primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia and compare it to co-culture (neurons and astrocytes) and mono-culture enriched for microglia to study microglial function (i.e., motility and Aβ clearance) and proteomic response to exogenous Aβ. Methods We established cortical co-culture (neurons and astrocytes), tri-culture (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and mono-culture (microglia) from perinatal rat pups. On days in vitro (DIV) 7 - 14, the cultures were exposed to fluorescently-labeled Aβ (FITC-Aβ) particles for varying durations. Images were analyzed to determine the number of FITC-Aβ particles after specific lengths of exposure. A group of cells were stained for βIII-tubulin, GFAP, and Iba1 for morphological analysis via quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Cytokine profiles from conditioned media were obtained. Live-cell imaging with images acquired every 5 minutes for 4 hours was employed to extract microglia motility parameters (e.g., Euclidean distance, migration speed, directionality ratio). Results and discussion FITC-Aβ particles were more effectively cleared in the tri-culture compared to the co-culture. This was attributed to microglia engulfing FITC-Aβ particles, as confirmed via epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Adding FITC-Aβ significantly increased the size of microglia, but had no significant effect on neuronal surface coverage or astrocyte size. Analysis of the cytokine profile upon FITC-Aβ addition revealed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6) in tri-culture, but not co-culture. In addition, Aβ addition altered microglia motility marked by swarming-like motion with decreased Euclidean distance yet unaltered speed. These results highlight the importance of cell-cell communication in microglia function (e.g., motility and Aβ clearance) and the utility of the tri-culture model to further investigate microglia dysfunction in AD.
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Tsui CT, Mirkiani S, Roszko DA, Churchward MA, Mushahwar VK, Todd KG. In vitro biocompatibility evaluation of functional electrically stimulating microelectrodes on primary glia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1351087. [PMID: 38314352 PMCID: PMC10834782 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1351087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural interfacing devices interact with the central nervous system to alleviate functional deficits arising from disease or injury. This often entails the use of invasive microelectrode implants that elicit inflammatory responses from glial cells and leads to loss of device function. Previous work focused on improving implant biocompatibility by modifying electrode composition; here, we investigated the direct effects of electrical stimulation on glial cells at the electrode interface. A high-throughput in vitro system that assesses primary glial cell response to biphasic stimulation waveforms at 0 mA, 0.15 mA, and 1.5 mA was developed and optimized. Primary mixed glial cell cultures were generated from heterozygous CX3CR-1+/EGFP mice, electrically stimulated for 4 h/day over 3 days using 75 μm platinum-iridium microelectrodes, and biomarker immunofluorescence was measured. Electrodes were then imaged on a scanning electron microscope to assess sustained electrode damage. Fluorescence and electron microscopy analyses suggest varying degrees of localized responses for each biomarker assayed (Hoescht, EGFP, GFAP, and IL-1β), a result that expands on comparable in vivo models. This system allows for the comparison of a breadth of electrical stimulation parameters, and opens another avenue through which neural interfacing device developers can improve biocompatibility and longevity of electrodes in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Tsui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Soroush Mirkiani
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David A. Roszko
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vivian K. Mushahwar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn G. Todd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Bou Sader Nehme S, Sanchez-Sarasua S, Adel R, Tuifua M, Ali A, Essawy AE, Abdel Salam S, Hleihel W, Boué-Grabot E, Landry M. P2X4 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1288994. [PMID: 38239187 PMCID: PMC10794506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that often persist until adulthood. Frequent comorbid disorders accompany ADHD and two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffer from behavioural disorders and from alteration of sensory processing. We recently characterized the comorbidity between ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitisation in a pharmacological mouse model of ADHD, and we demonstrated the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. However, few studies have explored the causal mechanisms underlying the interactions between ADHD and pain. The implication of inflammatory mechanisms has been suggested but the signalling pathways involved have not been explored. Methods: We investigated the roles of purinergic signalling, at the crossroad of pain and neuroinflammatory pathways, by using a transgenic mouse line that carries a total deletion of the P2X4 receptor. Results: We demonstrated that P2X4 deletion prevents hyperactivity in the mouse model of ADHD. In contrast, the absence of P2X4 lowered thermal pain thresholds in sham conditions and did not affect pain sensitization in ADHD-like conditions. We further analysed microglia reactivity and the expression of inflammatory markers in wild type and P2X4KO mice. Our results revealed that P2X4 deletion limits microglia reactivity but at the same time exerts proinflammatory effects in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. Conclusion: This dual role of P2X4 could be responsible for the differential effects noted on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitization and calls for further studies to investigate the therapeutic benefit of targeting the P2X4 receptor in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bou Sader Nehme
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Sarasua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ramy Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marie Tuifua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Awatef Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina E. Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Liu J, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhang S. Regulation of Microglial Activation by Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling After Global Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:308-325. [PMID: 37607993 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system. Following cerebral ischemia, microglia will be rapidly activated and undergo proliferation, morphological transformation, and changes in gene expression and function. At present, the regulatory mechanisms of microglial activation following ischemia remain largely unclear. In this study, we took advantage of CX3CR1GFP/+ fluorescent mice and a global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model to investigate the mechanisms of microglial activation following different degrees of global ischemia. Our results showed that the proliferation of microglia was gated by the degree of ischemia. Marked microglial de-ramification and proliferation were observed after 60 min of ischemia but not in transient ischemia (20 min). Immunohistology, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting analysis showed that microglial activation was accompanied with a reduction in Wnt/β-catenin signaling after cerebral ischemia. Downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Wnt antagonist XAV939 during 20 min ischemia promoted microglial de-ramification and proliferation. In contrast, enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Wnt agonist LiCl during 60 min ischemia-reduced microglial de-ramification and proliferation. Importantly, we found that Wnt agonist inhibited inflammation in the ischemic brain and was conducive to animal behavioral recovery. Collectively, these data demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling played a key role in microglial activation following cerebral ischemia, and regulating microglial activation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Yeo S, Jang J, Jung HJ, Lee H, Choe Y. Primary cilia-mediated regulation of microglial secretion in Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1250335. [PMID: 37942288 PMCID: PMC10627801 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1250335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder manifested by a gradual decline in cognitive function due to the accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques, disruptions in neuronal substance transport, and the degeneration of neurons. In affected neurons, incomplete clearance of toxic proteins by neighboring microglia leads to irreversible brain inflammation, for which cellular signaling is poorly understood. Through single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we discovered distinct regional differences in the ability of microglia to clear damaged neurites. Specifically, microglia in the septal region of wild type mice exhibited a transcriptomic signature resembling disease-associated microglia (DAM). These lateral septum (LS)-enriched microglia were associated with dense axonal bundles originating from the hippocampus. Further transcriptomic and proteomic approaches revealed that primary cilia, small hair-like structures found on cells, played a role in the regulation of microglial secretory function. Notably, primary cilia were transiently observed in microglia, and their presence was significantly reduced in microglia from AD mice. We observed significant changes in the secretion and proteomic profiles of the secretome after inhibiting the primary cilia gene intraflagellar transport particle 88 (Ift88) in microglia. Intriguingly, inhibiting primary cilia in the septal microglia of AD mice resulted in the expansion of extracellular amyloid plaques and damage to adjacent neurites. These results indicate that DAM-like microglia are present in the LS, a critical target region for hippocampal nerve bundles, and that the primary ciliary signaling system regulates microglial secretion, affecting extracellular proteostasis. Age-related primary ciliopathy probably contributes to the selective sensitivity of microglia, thereby exacerbating AD. Targeting the primary ciliary signaling system could therefore be a viable strategy for modulating neuroimmune responses in AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungeun Yeo
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyung Jang
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Pawlik K, Mika J. Targeting Members of the Chemokine Family as a Novel Approach to Treating Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2023; 28:5766. [PMID: 37570736 PMCID: PMC10421203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that this type of pain is a chronic condition with a complex mechanism that tends to worsen over time, leading to a significant deterioration in patients' quality of life and issues like depression, disability, and disturbed sleep. Presently used analgesics are not effective enough in neuropathy treatment and may cause many side effects due to the high doses needed. In recent years, many researchers have pointed to the important role of chemokines not only in the development and maintenance of neuropathy but also in the effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Currently, approximately 50 chemokines are known to act through 20 different seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors located on the surface of neuronal, glial, and immune cells. Data from recent years clearly indicate that more chemokines than initially thought (CCL1/2/3/5/7/8/9/11, CXCL3/9/10/12/13/14/17; XCL1, CX3CL1) have pronociceptive properties; therefore, blocking their action by using neutralizing antibodies, inhibiting their synthesis, or blocking their receptors brings neuropathic pain relief. Several of them (CCL1/2/3/7/9/XCL1) have been shown to be able to reduce opioid drug effectiveness in neuropathy, and neutralizing antibodies against them can restore morphine and/or buprenorphine analgesia. The latest research provides irrefutable evidence that chemokine receptors are promising targets for pharmacotherapy; chemokine receptor antagonists can relieve pain of different etiologies, and most of them are able to enhance opioid analgesia, for example, the blockade of CCR1 (J113863), CCR2 (RS504393), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021), CCR5 (maraviroc/AZD5672/TAK-220), CXCR2 (NVPCXCR220/SB225002), CXCR3 (NBI-74330/AMG487), CXCR4 (AMD3100/AMD3465), and XCR1 (vMIP-II). Recent research has shown that multitarget antagonists of chemokine receptors, such as CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc), CXCR1/2 (reparixin), and CCR2/CCR5/CCR8 (RAP-103), are also very effective painkillers. A multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions by changing the activity of the chemokine family can significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neuropathic pain. However, members of the chemokine family are still underestimated pharmacological targets for pain treatment. In this article, we review the literature and provide new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Cracow, Poland;
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11
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Huang X, Wang B, Yang J, Lian YJ, Yu HZ, Wang YX. HMGB1 in depression: An overview of microglial HMBG1 in the pathogenesis of depression. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100641. [PMID: 37288063 PMCID: PMC10242493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with elusive pathogenesis. Studies have proposed that enhancement and persistence of aseptic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) may be closely associated with the development of depressive disorder. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has obtained significant attention as an evoking and regulating factor in various inflammation-related diseases. It is a non-histone DNA-binding protein that can be released as a pro-inflammatory cytokine by glial cells and neurons in the CNS. Microglia, as the immune cell of the brain, interacts with HMGB1 and induces neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the CNS. Therefore, in the current review, we aim to investigate the role of microglial HMGB1 in the pathogenetic process of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong-Jie Lian
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Yu
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Department of Nautical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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12
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Delgado M, Lennon-Duménil AM. How cell migration helps immune sentinels. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:932472. [PMID: 36268510 PMCID: PMC9577558 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.932472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system relies on the migratory capacity of its cellular components, which must be mobile in order to defend the host from invading micro-organisms or malignant cells. This applies in particular to immune sentinels from the myeloid lineage, i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells. Cell migration is already at work during mammalian early development, when myeloid cell precursors migrate from the yolk sac, an extra embryonic structure, to colonize tissues and form the pool of tissue-resident macrophages. Later, this is accompanied by a migration wave of precursors and monocytes from the bone marrow to secondary lymphoid organs and the peripheral tissues. They differentiate into DCs and monocyte-derived macrophages. During adult life, cell migration endows immune cells with the ability to patrol their environment as well as to circulate between peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs. Hence migration of immune cells is key to building an efficient defense system for an organism. In this review, we will describe how cell migratory capacity regulates the various stages in the life of myeloid cells from development to tissue patrolling, and migration to lymph nodes. We will focus on the role of the actin cytoskeletal machinery and its regulators, and how it contributes to the establishment and function of the immune system.
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13
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Sabate-Soler S, Nickels SL, Saraiva C, Berger E, Dubonyte U, Barmpa K, Lan YJ, Kouno T, Jarazo J, Robertson G, Sharif J, Koseki H, Thome C, Shin JW, Cowley SA, Schwamborn JC. Microglia integration into human midbrain organoids leads to increased neuronal maturation and functionality. Glia 2022; 70:1267-1288. [PMID: 35262217 PMCID: PMC9314680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is a complex, three-dimensional structure. To better recapitulate brain complexity, recent efforts have focused on the development of human-specific midbrain organoids. Human iPSC-derived midbrain organoids consist of differentiated and functional neurons, which contain active synapses, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the absence of microglia, with their ability to remodel neuronal networks and phagocytose apoptotic cells and debris, represents a major disadvantage for the current midbrain organoid systems. Additionally, neuroinflammation-related disease modeling is not possible in the absence of microglia. So far, no studies about the effects of human iPSC-derived microglia on midbrain organoid neural cells have been published. Here we describe an approach to derive microglia from human iPSCs and integrate them into iPSC-derived midbrain organoids. Using single nuclear RNA Sequencing, we provide a detailed characterization of microglia in midbrain organoids as well as the influence of their presence on the other cells of the organoids. Furthermore, we describe the effects that microglia have on cell death and oxidative stress-related gene expression. Finally, we show that microglia in midbrain organoids affect synaptic remodeling and increase neuronal excitability. Altogether, we show a more suitable system to further investigate brain development, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sabate-Soler
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Louise Nickels
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ugne Dubonyte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kyriaki Barmpa
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Yan Jun Lan
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tsukasa Kouno
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Javier Jarazo
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Graham Robertson
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jafar Sharif
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Christian Thome
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jay W Shin
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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14
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Steiner K, Humpel C. Effects of Ischemia on the Migratory Capacity of Microglia Along Collagen Microcontact Prints on Organotypic Mouse Cortex Brain Slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:858802. [PMID: 35783100 PMCID: PMC9243317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.858802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe insult in the brain causing cell death, inflammation, and activation of microglia. Microglia are the immune cells of the brain and play a role in any inflammatory process during neurodegeneration. Microglia are round ameboid and migrate to the lesion site, where they differentiate into ramified forms and activated phagocytic microglia. On the other hand, microglia can also release growth factors to repair degeneration. The aim of the present study is to explore the migratory capacity of microglia after ischemic insults. Organotypic brain slices of the mouse cortex (300 μm) were prepared. In order to study migration, the slices were connected to collagen-loaded microcontact prints (with or without monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) on the membranes. Slices were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for maximal microglial activation. Ischemic insults were simulated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and acidosis (pH 6.5) for 3 days. After 3 weeks in culture, slices were fixed and immunohistochemically stained for the microglial markers Iba1, CD11b and macrophage-like antigen. Our data show that Iba1+ microglia migrated along the microcontact prints, differentiate and phagocyte 1.0 μm fluorescent microbeads. LPS significantly enhanced the number of round ameboid migrating microglia, while OGD and acidosis enhanced the number of ramified activated microglia. The effect was not visible on slices without any μCP and was most potent in μCP with MCP-1. We conclude that OGD and acidosis activate ramification and exhibit a similar mechanism, while LPS only activates round ameboid microglia. Collagen-loaded microcontact prints connected to mouse brain slices are a potent method to study activation and migration of microglia ex vivo.
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15
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Wang H, He Y, Sun Z, Ren S, Liu M, Wang G, Yang J. Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:132. [PMID: 35668399 PMCID: PMC9168645 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder involving the dysfunction of different cell types in the brain. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells in the brain and exhibit a critical role in depression. Recent studies have suggested that depression can be regarded as a microglial disease. Microglia regulate inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neural networks, all of which affect depression. In this review, we highlighted the role of microglia in the pathology of depression. First, we described microglial activation in animal models and clinically depressed patients. Second, we emphasized the possible mechanisms by which microglia recognize depression-associated stress and regulate conditions. Third, we described how antidepressants (clinical medicines and natural products) affect microglial activation. Thus, this review aimed to objectively analyze the role of microglia in depression and focus on potential antidepressants. These data suggested that regulation of microglial actions might be a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the adverse effects of devastating mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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16
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Guenther C. β2-Integrins - Regulatory and Executive Bridges in the Signaling Network Controlling Leukocyte Trafficking and Migration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809590. [PMID: 35529883 PMCID: PMC9072638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is an essential process of immunity, occurring as leukocytes travel within the bloodstream and as leukocyte migration within tissues. While it is now established that leukocytes can utilize the mesenchymal migration mode or amoeboid migration mode, differences in the migratory behavior of leukocyte subclasses and how these are realized on a molecular level in each subclass is not fully understood. To outline these differences, first migration modes and their dependence on parameters of the extracellular environments will be explained, as well as the intracellular molecular machinery that powers migration in general. Extracellular parameters are detected by adhesion receptors such as integrins. β2-integrins are surface receptors exclusively expressed on leukocytes and are essential for leukocytes exiting the bloodstream, as well as in mesenchymal migration modes, however, integrins are dispensable for the amoeboid migration mode. Additionally, the balance of different RhoGTPases - which are downstream of surface receptor signaling, including integrins - mediate formation of membrane structures as well as actin dynamics. Individual leukocyte subpopulations have been shown to express distinct RhoGTPase profiles along with their differences in migration behavior, which will be outlined. Emerging aspects of leukocyte migration include signal transduction from integrins via actin to the nucleus that regulates DNA status, gene expression profiles and ultimately leukocyte migratory phenotypes, as well as altered leukocyte migration in tumors, which will be touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guenther
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Desale SE, Chinnathambi S. α- Linolenic acid modulates phagocytosis and endosomal pathways of extracellular Tau in microglia. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:84-100. [PMID: 33724164 PMCID: PMC7971307 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1898727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells, were found to be activated to inflammatory phenotype in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The extracellular burden of amyloid-β plaques and Tau seed fabricate the activation of microglia. The seeding effect of extracellular Tau species is an emerging aspect to study about Tauopathies in AD. Tau seeds enhance the propagation of disease along with its contribution to microglia-mediated inflammation. The excessive neuroinflammation cumulatively hampers phagocytic function of microglia reducing the clearance of extracellular protein aggregates. Omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, are recognized to induce anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia. In addition to increased cytokine production, omega-3 fatty acids enhance phagocytic receptors expression in microglia. In this study, we have observed the phagocytosis of extracellular Tau in the presence of α-linolenic acid (ALA). The increased phagocytosis of extracellular Tau monomer and aggregates have been observed upon ALA exposure to microglia cells. After internalization, the degradation status of Tau has been studied with early and late endosomal markers Rab5 and Rab7. Further, the lysosome-mediated degradation of internalized Tau was studied with LAMP-2A, a lysosome marker. The enhanced migratory ability in the presence of ALA could be beneficial for microglia to access the target and clear it. The increased migration of microglia was found to induce the microtubule-organizing center repolarization. The data indicate that the dietary fatty acids ALA could significantly enhance phagocytosis and intracellular degradation of internalized Tau. Our results suggest that microglia could be influenced to reduce extracellular Tau seed with dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical LaboratoryPune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical LaboratoryPune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Acsir), Ghaziabad, India
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19
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Karakaya D, Cakir-Aktas C, Uzun S, Soylemezoglu F, Mut M. Tailored Therapeutic Doses of Dexmedetomidine in Evolving Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2021; 36:802-814. [PMID: 34782991 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the secondary damage mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is essential for developing new therapeutic approaches. Neuroinflammation has a pivotal role in secondary brain injury after TBI. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes results in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators and, in addition, later in the response, microglial activation and migration of the peripheral immune cells into the injured brain are observed. Therefore, these components involved in the inflammatory process are becoming a new treatment target in TBI. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is an effective drug, widely used over the past few years in neurocritical care units and during surgical operations for sedation and analgesia, and has anti-inflammatory effects, which are shown in in vivo studies. The aim of this original research is to discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of different Dex doses over time in TBI. METHODS Brain injury was performed by using a weight-drop model. Half an hour after the trauma, intraperitoneal saline was injected into the control groups and 40 and 200 μg/kg of Dex were given to the drug groups. Neurological evaluations were performed with the modified Neurological Severity Score before being killed. Then, the mice were killed on the first or the third day after TBI and histopathologic (hematoxylin-eosin) and immunofluorescent (Iba1, NLRP3, interleukin-1β, and CD3) findings of the brain tissues were examined. Nonparametric data were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons, and the Mann-Whitney U-test was done for comparing two groups. The results are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. RESULTS The results showed that low doses of Dex suppress NLRP3 and interleukin-1β in both terms. Additionally, high doses of Dex cause a remarkable decrease in the migration and motility of microglial cells and T cells in the late phase following TBI. Interestingly, the immune cells were influenced by only high-dose Dex in the late phase of TBI and it also improves neurologic outcome in the same period. CONCLUSIONS In the mice head trauma model, different doses of Dex attenuate neuroinflammation by suppressing distinct components of the neuroinflammatory process in a different timecourse that contributes to neurologic recovery. These results suggest that Dex may be an appropriate choice for sedation and analgesia in patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Karakaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Cakir-Aktas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sennur Uzun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Soylemezoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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Gellner AK, Reis J, Fiebich BL, Fritsch B. Electrified microglia: Impact of direct current stimulation on diverse properties of the most versatile brain cell. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1248-1258. [PMID: 34411753 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation [(t)DCS], modulates cortical excitability and promotes neuroplasticity. Microglia has been identified to respond to electrical currents as well as neuronal activity, but its response to DCS is mostly unknown. OBJECTIVE This study addresses effects of DCS applied in vivo to the sensorimotor cortex on physiological microglia properties and neuron-microglia communication. METHODS Time lapse in vivo 2-photon microscopy in anaesthetized mice was timely coupled with DCS of the sensorimotor cortex to observe microglia dynamics on a population-based and single cell level. Neuron-microglia communication during DCS was investigated in mice with a functional knock out of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1. Moreover, the role of voltage gated microglial channels and DCS effects on phagocytosis were studied. RESULTS DCS promoted several physiological microglia properties, depending on the glial activation state and stimulation intensity. On a single cell level, process motility was predominantly enhanced in ramified cells whereas horizontal soma movement and galvanotaxis was pronounced in reactive microglia. Blockage of voltage sensitive microglial channels suppressed DCS effects in vivo and in vitro. Microglial motility changes were partially driven by the fractalkine signaling pathway. Moreover, phagocytosis increased after DCS in vitro. CONCLUSION Microglia dynamics are rapidly influenced by DCS. This is the first in vivo demonstration of a direct effect of electrical currents on microglia and indirect effects potentially driven by neuronal activity via the fractalkine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Gellner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brita Fritsch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Finney CA, Shvetcov A, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ, Jones NM. The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen protects against subtle cognitive decline and early markers of injury 24 h after hippocampal silent infarct in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105016. [PMID: 34242875 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silent infarcts (SI) are subcortical cerebral infarcts occurring in the absence of typical ischemia symptoms and are linked to cognitive decline and dementia development. There are no approved treatments for SI. One potential treatment is tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator. It is critical to establish whether treatments effectively target the early consequences of SI to avoid progression to complete injury. We induced SI in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 of rats and assessed whether tamoxifen is protective 24 h later against cognitive deficits and injury responses including gliosis, apoptosis, inflammation and changes in estrogen receptors (ERs). SI led to subtle cognitive impairment on the object place task, an effect ameliorated by tamoxifen administration. SI did not lead to detectable hippocampal cell loss but increased apoptosis, astrogliosis, microgliosis and inflammation. Tamoxifen protected against the effects of SI on all measures except microgliosis. SI increased ERα and decreased ERβ in the hippocampus, which were mitigated by tamoxifen. Exploratory data analyses using scatterplot matrices and principal component analysis indicated that SI rats given tamoxifen were indistinguishable from controls. Further, SI rats were significantly different from all other groups, an effect associated with low levels of ERα and increased apoptosis, gliosis, inflammation, ERβ, and time spent with the unmoved object. The results demonstrate that tamoxifen is protective against the early cellular and cognitive consequences of hippocampal SI 24 h after injury. Tamoxifen mitigates apoptosis, gliosis, and inflammation and normalization of ER levels in the CA1, leading to improved cognitive outcomes after hippocampal SI.
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22
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Redmon SN, Yarishkin O, Lakk M, Jo A, Mustafic E, Tvrdik P, Križaj D. TRPV4 channels mediate the mechanoresponse in retinal microglia. Glia 2021; 69:1563-1582. [PMID: 33624376 PMCID: PMC8989051 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and neurological correlates of plummeting brain osmolality during edema, traumatic CNS injury, and severe ischemia are compounded by neuroinflammation. Using multiple approaches, we investigated how retinal microglia respond to challenges mediated by increases in strain, osmotic gradients, and agonists of the stretch-activated cation channel TRPV4. Dissociated and intact microglia were TRPV4-immunoreactive and responded to the selective agonist GSK1016790A and substrate stretch with altered motility and elevations in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ). Agonist- and hypotonicity-induced swelling was associated with a nonselective outwardly rectifying cation current, increased [Ca2+ ]i , and retraction of higher-order processes. The antagonist HC067047 reduced the extent of hypotonicity-induced microglial swelling and inhibited the suppressive effects of GSK1016790A and hypotonicity on microglial branching. Microglial TRPV4 signaling required intermediary activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cytochrome P450, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid production (EETs). The expression pattern of vanilloid thermoTrp genes in retinal microglia was markedly different from retinal neurons, astrocytes, and cortical microglia. These results suggest that TRPV4 represents a primary retinal microglial sensor of osmochallenges under physiological and pathological conditions. Its activation, associated with PLA2, modulates calcium signaling and cell architecture. TRPV4 inhibition might be a useful strategy to suppress microglial overactivation in the swollen and edematous CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Redmon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Oleg Yarishkin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Monika Lakk
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Andrew Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Edin Mustafic
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Peter Tvrdik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville VA 22908
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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23
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von Linstow CU, Hindkjær SM, Nielsen PV, Degn M, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Bone Marrow-Derived IL-1Ra Increases TNF Levels Poststroke. Cells 2021; 10:956. [PMID: 33924148 PMCID: PMC8074385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are key players in stroke, a disease in which cell-based therapies have shown great potential. Having shown an infarct-reducing effect of bone marrow (BM) cells, especially cells with high IL-1Ra expression, we here investigated the effect of BM cells on TNF and other stroke-related mediators in mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) and in vitro using adult microglial cultures. We analyzed stroke-related genes and inflammatory mediators using qPCR stroke Tier panels, electrochemiluminescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant correlation and cellular colocalization between microglial-derived TNF and IL-1Ra, though IL-1Ra production was TNF independent. BM treatment significantly increased TNF, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 levels, while C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), IL-12p70, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) decreased, suggesting that BM treatment favors an anti-inflammatory environment. Hierarchical clustering identified Tnf and IL-1rn within the same gene cluster, and subsequent STRING analysis identified TLR2 as a shared receptor. Although IL-1Ra producing BM cells specifically modulated TNF levels, this was TLR2 independent. These results demonstrate BM cells as modulators of poststroke inflammation with beneficial effects on poststroke outcomes and place TNF and IL-1Ra as key players of the defense response after tMCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ulrich von Linstow
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Sofie Mozart Hindkjær
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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24
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Jolivel V, Brun S, Binamé F, Benyounes J, Taleb O, Bagnard D, De Sèze J, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Microglial Cell Morphology and Phagocytic Activity Are Critically Regulated by the Neurosteroid Allopregnanolone: A Possible Role in Neuroprotection. Cells 2021; 10:698. [PMID: 33801063 PMCID: PMC8004004 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are key players in neural pathogenesis and microglial function regulation appears to be pivotal in controlling neuroinflammatory/neurological diseases. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanism of action of neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) on murine microglial BV-2 cells and primary microglia in order to determine ALLO-induced immunomodulatory potential and to provide new insights for the development of both natural and safe neuroprotective strategies targeting microglia. Indeed, ALLO-treatment is increasingly suggested as beneficial in various models of neurological disorders but the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Therefore, the microglial cells were cultured with various serum concentrations to mimic the blood-brain-barrier rupture and to induce their activation. Proliferation, viability, RT-qPCR, phagocytosis, and morphology analyzes, as well as migration with time-lapse imaging and quantitative morphodynamic methods, were combined to investigate ALLO actions on microglia. BV-2 cells express subunits of GABA-A receptor that mediates ALLO activity. ALLO (10µM) induced microglial cell process extension and decreased migratory capacity. Interestingly, ALLO modulated the phagocytic activity of BV-2 cells and primary microglia. Our results, which show a direct effect of ALLO on microglial morphology and phagocytic function, suggest that the natural neurosteroid-based approach may contribute to developing effective strategies against neurological disorders that are evoked by microglia-related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ayikoe-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.J.); (S.B.); (F.B.); (J.B.); (O.T.); (D.B.); (J.D.S.); (C.P.-M.)
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25
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Andoh M, Koyama R. Assessing Microglial Dynamics by Live Imaging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617564. [PMID: 33763064 PMCID: PMC7982483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a useful tool to examine how microglial behavior is regulated and how it affects the surrounding environment. However, microglia are sensitive to environmental stimuli, so they possibly change their state during live imaging in vivo, mainly due to surgical damage, and in vitro due to various effects associated with culture conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to perform live imaging without compromising the properties of the microglia under physiological conditions. To overcome this barrier, various experimental conditions have been developed; recently, it has become possible to perform live imaging of so-called surveillant microglia in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, although there are various limitations. Now, we can choose in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro live imaging systems according to the research objective. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each experimental system and outline the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of microglial behavior that have been elucidated by live imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Giordano KR, Denman CR, Dubisch PS, Akhter M, Lifshitz J. An update on the rod microglia variant in experimental and clinical brain injury and disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcaa227. [PMID: 33501429 PMCID: PMC7811762 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary microglia morphologies include ramified, activated and amoeboid, with the morphology of microglia considered highly coupled to the cellular function. Rod microglia are an additional activated microglia variant observed in the ageing, injured and diseased brain. Rod microglia were reported frequently in the early 1900s by neuropathologists in post-mortem cases of general paresis, Alzheimer's disease and encephalitis, and then remained largely ignored for almost 100 years. Recent reports have renewed interest in rod microglia, most notably after experimental traumatic brain injury. Rod microglia are formed by the narrowing of the soma and retraction of planar processes, which results in the appearance of an elongated, rod-shaped cell. Rod microglia are most commonly observed in the cortex, aligned perpendicular to the dural surface and adjacent to neuronal processes; in the hippocampus, they are aligned perpendicular to hippocampal layers. Furthermore, rod microglia form trains with one another, apical end to basal end. By replicating the process of sketching microscopic observation, rod microglia are re-defined by circumnutation around the long axis. In this update, we summarize the rod microglia variant in clinical and experimental literature and advocate for investigation into mechanisms of rod microglia origin and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Charlotte R Denman
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Murtaza Akhter
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Maricopa Integrated Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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27
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Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093219. [PMID: 32370112 PMCID: PMC7247358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more likely to present other pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and autism spectrum. Although the neurological contribution to these diseases has classically always been studied, the truth is that neurons are not the only cells to be affected, and there are other cells, such as glial cells, that are also involved and could be key to understanding the development of these pathologies. Sexual differences exist not only in pathology but also in physiological processes, which shows how cells are differentially regulated in males and females. One of the reasons these sexual differences may occur could be due to the different action of sex hormones. Many studies have shown an increase in aromatase levels in the brain, which could indicate the main role of estrogens in modulating proinflammatory processes. This review will highlight data about sex differences in glial physiology and how estrogenic compounds, such as estradiol and tibolone, could be used as treatment in neurological diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to modulate glial cell functions.
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28
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Time course of bilateral microglial activation in a mouse model of laser-induced glaucoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4890. [PMID: 32184450 PMCID: PMC7078298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is associated with glaucoma. In the model of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT), the time point at which the inflammatory process peaks remains unknown. Different time points (1, 3, 5, 8, and 15 d) were compared to analyze signs of microglial activation both in OHT and contralateral eyes. In both eyes, microglial activation was detected in all retinal layers at all time points analyzed, including: i) increase in the cell number in the outer segment photoreceptor layer and plexiform layers (only in OHT eyes) from 3 d onward; ii) increase in soma size from 1 d onward; iii) retraction of the processes from 1 d in OHT eyes and 3 d in contralateral eyes; iv) increase in the area of the retina occupied by Iba-1+ cells in the nerve fiber layer/ganglion cell layer from 1 d onward; v) increase in the number of vertical processes from 1 d in contralateral eyes and 3 d in OHT eyes. In OHT eyes at 24 h and 15 d, most Iba-1+ cells were P2RY12+ and were down-regulated at 3 and 5 d. In both eyes, microglial activation was stronger at 3 and 5 d (inflammation peaked in this model). These time points could be useful to identify factors implicated in the inflammatory process.
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29
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Lagos-Cabré R, Burgos-Bravo F, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Connexins in Astrocyte Migration. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1546. [PMID: 32009957 PMCID: PMC6974553 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have long been considered the supportive cells of the central nervous system, but during the last decades, they have gained much more attention because of their active participation in the modulation of neuronal function. For example, after brain damage, astrocytes become reactive and undergo characteristic morphological and molecular changes, such as hypertrophy and increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in a process known as astrogliosis. After severe damage, astrocytes migrate to the lesion site and proliferate, which leads to the formation of a glial scar. At this scar-forming stage, astrocytes secrete many factors, such as extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, growth factors and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, stop migrating, and the process is irreversible. Although reactive gliosis is a normal physiological response that can protect brain cells from further damage, it also has detrimental effects on neuronal survival, by creating a hostile and non-permissive environment for axonal repair. The transformation of astrocytes from reactive to scar-forming astrocytes highlights migration as a relevant regulator of glial scar formation, and further emphasizes the importance of efficient communication between astrocytes in order to orchestrate cell migration. The coordination between astrocytes occurs mainly through Connexin (Cx) channels, in the form of direct cell-cell contact (gap junctions, GJs) or contact between the extracellular matrix and the astrocytes (hemichannels, HCs). Reactive astrocytes increase the expression levels of several proteins involved in astrocyte migration, such as αvβ3 Integrin, Syndecan-4 proteoglycan, the purinergic receptor P2X7, Pannexin1, and Cx43 HCs. Evidence has indicated that Cx43 HCs play a role in regulating astrocyte migration through the release of small molecules to the extracellular space, which then activate receptors in the same or adjacent cells to continue the signaling cascades required for astrocyte migration. In this review, we describe the communication of astrocytes through Cxs, the role of Cxs in inflammation and astrocyte migration, and discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate Cx43 HCs, which may provide a therapeutic window of opportunity to control astrogliosis and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Lagos-Cabré
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Burgos-Bravo
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Avila JA, Kiprowska M, Jean-Louis T, Rockwell P, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Serrano PA. PACAP27 mitigates an age-dependent hippocampal vulnerability to PGJ2-induced spatial learning deficits and neuroinflammation in mice. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01465. [PMID: 31769222 PMCID: PMC6955932 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation in the brain is mediated by the cyclooxygenase pathway, which leads to the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin (PG) D2, the most abundant PG in the brain, increases under pathological conditions and is spontaneously metabolized to PGJ2. PGJ2 is highly neurotoxic, with the potential to transition neuroinflammation into a chronic state and contribute to neurodegeneration as seen in many neurological diseases. Conversely, PACAP27 is a lipophilic peptide that raises intracellular cAMP and is an anti-inflammatory agent. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PACAP27 to counter the behavioral and neurotoxic effects of PGJ2 observed in aged subjects. METHODS PGJ2 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 region of 53-week-old and 12-week-old C57BL/6N male mice, once per week over 3 weeks (three total infusions) and included co-infusions of PACAP27 within respective treatment groups. Our behavioral assessments looked at spatial learning and memory performance on the 8-arm radial maze, followed by histological analyses of fixed hippocampal tissue using Fluoro-Jade C and fluorescent immunohistochemistry focused on IBA-1 microglia. RESULTS Aged mice treated with PGJ2 exhibited spatial learning and long-term memory deficits, as well as neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Aged mice that received co-infusions of PACAP27 exhibited remediated learning and memory performance and decreased neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, microglial activation in the CA3 region was also reduced in aged mice cotreated with PACAP27. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PGJ2 can produce a retrograde spread of damage not observed in PGJ2-treated young mice, leading to age-dependent neurodegeneration of hippocampal neurons producing learning and memory deficits. PACAP27 can remediate the behavioral and neurodegenerative effects that PGJ2 produces in aged subjects. Targeting specific neurotoxic prostaglandins, such as PGJ2, offers great promise as a new therapeutic strategy downstream of cyclooxygenases, to combat the neuronal deficits induced by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Avila
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Kiprowska
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teneka Jean-Louis
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Response of distant regions affected by diaschisis commissuralis in one of the most common models of transient focal ischemia in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 101:101666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Izzy S, Liu Q, Fang Z, Lule S, Wu L, Chung JY, Sarro-Schwartz A, Brown-Whalen A, Perner C, Hickman SE, Kaplan DL, Patsopoulos NA, El Khoury J, Whalen MJ. Time-Dependent Changes in Microglia Transcriptional Networks Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:307. [PMID: 31440141 PMCID: PMC6694299 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is critical to both neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and has been proposed as a potentially modifiable driver of secondary injury in animal and human studies. Attempts to broadly target immune activation have been unsuccessful in improving outcomes, in part because the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms driving injury and outcome at acute, subacute, and chronic time points after TBI remain poorly defined. Microglia play a critical role in neuroinflammation and their persistent activation may contribute to long-term functional deficits. Activated microglia are characterized by morphological transformation and transcriptomic changes associated with specific inflammatory states. We analyzed the temporal course of changes in inflammatory genes of microglia isolated from injured brains at 2, 14, and 60 days after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice, a well-established model of focal cerebral contusion. We identified a time dependent, injury-associated change in the microglial gene expression profile toward a reduced ability to sense tissue damage, perform housekeeping, and maintain homeostasis in the early stages following CCI, with recovery and transition to a specialized inflammatory state over time. This later state starts at 14 days post-injury and is characterized by a biphasic pattern of IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-10 gene expression changes, with concurrent proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene changes. Our transcriptomic data sets are an important step to understand microglial role in TBI pathogenesis at the molecular level and identify common pathways that affect outcome. More studies to evaluate gene expression at the single cell level and focusing on subacute and chronic timepoint are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saef Izzy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sevda Lule
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Limin Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aliyah Sarro-Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Brown-Whalen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suzanne E Hickman
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos A Patsopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Eyo UB, Wu LJ. Microglia: Lifelong patrolling immune cells of the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101614. [PMID: 31075285 PMCID: PMC6599472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the predominant parenchymal immune cell of the brain. Recent evidence suggests that like peripheral immune cells, microglia patrol the brain in health and disease. Reviewing these data, we first examine the evidence that microglia invade the brain mesenchyme early in embryonic development, establish residence therein, proliferate and subsequently maintain their numbers throughout life. We, then, summarize established and novel evidence for microglial process surveillance in the healthy and injured brain. Finally, we discuss emerging evidence for microglial cell body dynamics that challenge existing assumptions of their sessile nature. We conclude that microglia are long-lived immune cells that patrol the brain through both cell body and process movements. This recognition has significant implications for neuroimmune interactions throughout the animal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Smolders SMT, Kessels S, Vangansewinkel T, Rigo JM, Legendre P, Brône B. Microglia: Brain cells on the move. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101612. [PMID: 30954517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the biology of microglia - i.e. the fascinating immigrated resident immune cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent literature reviews have largely dealt with the plentiful functions of microglia in CNS homeostasis, development and pathology, and the influences of sex and the microbiome. In this review, the intriguing aspect of their physical plasticity during CNS development will get specific attention. Microglia move around (mobility) and reshape their processes (motility). Microglial migration into and inside the CNS is most prominent throughout development and consequently most of the data described in this review concern mobility and motility in the changing environment of the developing brain. Here, we first define microglia based on their highly specialized age- and region-dependent gene expression signature and associated functional heterogeneity. Next, we describe their origin, the migration route of immature microglial cells towards the CNS, the mechanisms underlying their invasion of the CNS, and their spatiotemporal localization and surveying behaviour inside the developing CNS. These processes are dependent on microglial mobility and motility which are determined by the microenvironment of the CNS. Therefore, we further zoom in on the changing environment during CNS development. We elaborate on the extracellular matrix and the respective integrin receptors on microglia and we discuss the purinergic and molecular signalling in microglial mobility. In the last section, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of microglia in which mobility and motility are involved to stress the importance of microglial 'movement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie-Thérèse Smolders
- UHasselt, BIOMED, Diepenbeek, Belgium; INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Legendre
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
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Bonham LW, Karch CM, Fan CC, Tan C, Geier EG, Wang Y, Wen N, Broce IJ, Li Y, Barkovich MJ, Ferrari R, Hardy J, Momeni P, Höglinger G, Müller U, Hess CP, Sugrue LP, Dillon WP, Schellenberg GD, Miller BL, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Barkovich AJ, Yokoyama JS, Desikan RS. CXCR4 involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:73. [PMID: 29636460 PMCID: PMC5893558 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases likely share common underlying pathobiology. Although prior work has identified susceptibility loci associated with various dementias, few, if any, studies have systematically evaluated shared genetic risk across several neurodegenerative diseases. Using genome-wide association data from large studies (total n = 82,337 cases and controls), we utilized a previously validated approach to identify genetic overlap and reveal common pathways between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the MAPT H1 haplotype, we identified a variant near the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that was jointly associated with increased risk for PSP and PD. Using bioinformatics tools, we found strong physical interactions between CXCR4 and four microglia related genes, namely CXCL12, TLR2, RALB, and CCR5. Evaluating gene expression from post-mortem brain tissue, we found that expression of CXCR4 and microglial genes functionally related to CXCR4 was dysregulated across a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in a mouse model of tauopathy, expression of CXCR4 and functionally associated genes was significantly altered in regions of the mouse brain that accumulate neurofibrillary tangles most robustly. Beyond MAPT, we show dysregulation of CXCR4 expression in PSP, PD, and FTD brains, and mouse models of tau pathology. Our multi-modal findings suggest that abnormal signaling across a 'network' of microglial genes may contribute to neurodegeneration and may have potential implications for clinical trials targeting immune dysfunction in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Bonham
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chun C Fan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chin Tan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalie Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iris J Broce
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Günter Höglinger
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institut for Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher P Hess
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo P Sugrue
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William P Dillon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Meyer J. Novel Phenotypes Detectable with PET in Mood Disorders: Elevated Monoamine Oxidase A and Translocator Protein Level. PET Clin 2018; 12:361-371. [PMID: 28576173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a result of high prevalence and high rates of treatment resistance, major depressive disorder has become the leading cause of death and disability in moderate-income to high-income nations. Poor targeting of phenotypes is a plausible reason for treatment resistance and PET imaging offers a unique role to identify phenotypes. Both increased monoamine oxidase A binding and greater translocator protein 18 kDa binding occur throughout the gray matter during major depressive episodes, including affect-modulating brain regions such as the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, and are detectable with advanced radioligand technology for both of these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada.
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Deak T, Kudinova A, Lovelock DF, Gibb BE, Hennessy MB. A multispecies approach for understanding neuroimmune mechanisms of stress. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28566946 PMCID: PMC5442363 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.1/tdeak] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between stress challenges and adverse health outcomes, particularly for the development of affective disorders, is now well established. The highly conserved neuroimmune mechanisms through which responses to stressors are transcribed into effects on males and females have recently garnered much attention from researchers and clinicians alike. The use of animal models, from mice to guinea pigs to primates, has greatly increased our understanding of these mechanisms on the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels, and research in humans has identified particular brain regions and connections of interest, as well as associations between stress-induced inflammation and psychiatric disorders. This review brings together findings from multiple species in order to better understand how the mechanisms of the neuroimmune response to stress contribute to stress-related psychopathologies, such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence Deak
- Center for Affective Science and Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Anastacia Kudinova
- Center for Affective Science and Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Dennis F Lovelock
- Center for Affective Science and Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- Center for Affective Science and Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
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Albert V, Subramanian A, Agrawal D, Bhoi SK, Pallavi P, Mukhopadhayay AK. RANTES levels in peripheral blood, CSF and contused brain tissue as a marker for outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:139. [PMID: 28340601 PMCID: PMC5366123 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes activation of several neurochemical and physiological cascades, leading to neurological impairment. We aimed to investigate the level of novel chemokine RANTES in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contused brain tissue in traumatic brain injury patients and to correlate the expression of this chemokine with the severity of head injury and neurological outcome. Methods This longitudinal case control study was performed on 70 TBI patients over a period of 30 months. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Glasgow outcome score were used to assess the severity of head injury and clinical outcome. Level of RANTES was quantified in plasma (n = 60), CSF (N = 10) and contused brain tissue (n = 5). Alterations in the plasma levels on 1st and 5th day following TBI were assessed. Patients were categorized as severe (GCS < 8) (SHI), moderate and mild Head injury (GCS > 8–14). 15 healthy volunteers were taken as the control group. Results The median plasma RANTES levels were 971.3 (88.40–1931.1); 999.2 (31.2–2054.9); 471.8 (370.9–631.9) for SHI, MHI and healthy control respectively and showed statistically significant variation (p = 0.005). There was no statistical difference in the mean 1st and 5th day RANTES levels for the SHI group. However, admission RANTES levels were significantly higher in patients who died than those who survived (p = 0.04). Also, RANTES levels were significantly higher in plasma as compared to contused brain tissue and CSF (p = 0.0001). Conclusion This is the first study of its kind which shows that there is significant correlation of admission RANTES levels and early mortality. Another interesting finding was the significant upregulated in the expression of RANTES in plasma, compared to CSF and contused brain tissue following severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venencia Albert
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India.
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhoi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Pooja Pallavi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - A K Mukhopadhayay
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110022, India
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Deak T. A multispecies approach for understanding neuroimmune mechanisms of stress. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 19:37-53. [PMID: 28566946 PMCID: PMC5442363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between stress challenges and adverse health outcomes, particularly for the development of affective disorders, is now well established. The highly conserved neuroimmune mechanisms through which responses to stressors are transcribed into effects on males and females have recently garnered much attention from researchers and clinicians alike. The use of animal models, from mice to guinea pigs to primates, has greatly increased our understanding of these mechanisms on the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels, and research in humans has identified particular brain regions and connections of interest, as well as associations between stress-induced inflammation and psychiatric disorders. This review brings together findings from multiple species in order to better understand how the mechanisms of the neuroimmune response to stress contribute to stress-related psychopathologies, such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence Deak
- Center for Affective Science and Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
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40
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Hafizi S, Tseng HH, Rao N, Selvanathan T, Kenk M, Bazinet RP, Suridjan I, Wilson AA, Meyer JH, Remington G, Houle S, Rusjan PM, Mizrahi R. Imaging Microglial Activation in Untreated First-Episode Psychosis: A PET Study With [ 18F]FEPPA. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:118-124. [PMID: 27609240 PMCID: PMC5342628 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation and abnormal immune responses are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) have been limited by high nonspecific binding of the first-generation radioligand, low-resolution scanners, small sample sizes, and psychotic patients being on antipsychotics or not being in the first episode of their illness. The present study uses the novel second-generation TSPO PET radioligand [18F]FEPPA to evaluate whether microglial activation is elevated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of untreated patients with first-episode psychosis. METHOD Nineteen untreated patients with first-episode psychosis (14 of them antipsychotic naive) and 20 healthy volunteers underwent a high-resolution [18F]FEPPA PET scan and MRI. Dynamic PET data were analyzed using the validated two-tissue compartment model with arterial plasma input function with total volume of distribution (VT) as outcome measure. All analyses were corrected for TSPO rs6971 polymorphism (which is implicated in differential binding affinity). RESULTS No significant differences were observed between patients and healthy volunteers in microglial activation, as indexed by [18F]FEPPA VT, in either the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the hippocampus. There were no significant correlations between [18F]FEPPA VT and duration of illness, clinical presentation, or neuropsychological measures after adjusting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS The lack of significant differences in [18F]FEPPA VT between groups suggests that microglial activation is not present in first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hafizi
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Naren Rao
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Thiviya Selvanathan
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Miran Kenk
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Ivonne Suridjan
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Alan A Wilson
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Gary Remington
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Sylvain Houle
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- From the Research Imaging Centre and the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Departments of Psychiatry and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto
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Kuang R, Jahangiri A, Mascharak S, Nguyen A, Chandra A, Flanigan PM, Yagnik G, Wagner JR, De Lay M, Carrera D, Castro BA, Hayes J, Sidorov M, Garcia JLI, Eriksson P, Ronen S, Phillips J, Molinaro A, Koliwad S, Aghi MK. GLUT3 upregulation promotes metabolic reprogramming associated with antiangiogenic therapy resistance. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88815. [PMID: 28138554 PMCID: PMC5256137 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials revealed limited response duration of glioblastomas to VEGF-neutralizing antibody bevacizumab. Thriving in the devascularized microenvironment occurring after antiangiogenic therapy requires tumor cell adaptation to decreased glucose, with 50% less glucose identified in bevacizumab-treated xenografts. Compared with bevacizumab-responsive xenograft cells, resistant cells exhibited increased glucose uptake, glycolysis, 13C NMR pyruvate to lactate conversion, and survival in low glucose. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) was upregulated in bevacizumab-resistant versus sensitive xenografts and patient specimens in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. Resistant versus sensitive cell mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation-selective conditions produced less ATP. Despite unchanged mitochondrial numbers, normoxic resistant cells had lower mitochondrial membrane potential than sensitive cells, confirming poorer mitochondrial health, but avoided the mitochondrial dysfunction of hypoxic sensitive cells. Thin-layer chromatography revealed increased triglycerides in bevacizumab-resistant versus sensitive xenografts, a change driven by mitochondrial stress. A glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor suppressing GLUT3 transcription caused greater cell death in bevacizumab-resistant than -responsive cells. Overexpressing GLUT3 in tumor cells recapitulated bevacizumab-resistant cell features: survival and proliferation in low glucose, increased glycolysis, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and rapid in vivo proliferation only slowed by bevacizumab to that of untreated bevacizumab-responsive tumors. Targeting GLUT3 or the increased glycolysis reliance in resistant tumors could unlock the potential of antiangiogenic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suneil Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Eyo UB, Miner SA, Weiner JA, Dailey ME. Developmental changes in microglial mobilization are independent of apoptosis in the neonatal mouse hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:49-59. [PMID: 26576723 PMCID: PMC4864211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During CNS development, microglia transform from highly mobile amoeboid-like cells to primitive ramified forms and, finally, to highly branched but relatively stationary cells in maturity. The factors that control developmental changes in microglia are largely unknown. Because microglia detect and clear apoptotic cells, developmental changes in microglia may be controlled by neuronal apoptosis. Here, we assessed the extent to which microglial cell density, morphology, motility, and migration are regulated by developmental apoptosis, focusing on the first postnatal week in the mouse hippocampus when the density of apoptotic bodies peaks at postnatal day 4 and declines sharply thereafter. Analysis of microglial form and distribution in situ over the first postnatal week showed that, although there was little change in the number of primary microglial branches, microglial cell density increased significantly, and microglia were often seen near or engulfing apoptotic bodies. Time-lapse imaging in hippocampal slices harvested at different times over the first postnatal week showed differences in microglial motility and migration that correlated with the density of apoptotic bodies. The extent to which these changes in microglia are driven by developmental neuronal apoptosis was assessed in tissues from BAX null mice lacking apoptosis. We found that apoptosis can lead to local microglial accumulation near apoptotic neurons in the pyramidal cell body layer but, unexpectedly, loss of apoptosis did not alter overall microglial cell density in vivo or microglial motility and migration in ex vivo tissue slices. These results demonstrate that developmental changes in microglial form, distribution, motility, and migration occur essentially normally in the absence of developmental apoptosis, indicating that factors other than neuronal apoptosis regulate these features of microglial development.
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Zhang F, Nance E, Alnasser Y, Kannan R, Kannan S. Microglial migration and interactions with dendrimer nanoparticles are altered in the presence of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:65. [PMID: 27004516 PMCID: PMC4802843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial cells have been implicated in neuroinflammation-mediated injury in the brain, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy (CP) and autism. Pro-inflammatory activation of microglial cells results in the impairment of their neuroprotective functions, leading to an exaggerated, ongoing immune dysregulation that can persist long after the initial insult. We have previously shown that dendrimer-mediated delivery of an anti-inflammatory agent can attenuate inflammation in a rabbit model of maternal inflammation-induced CP and significantly improve the motor phenotype, due to the ability of the dendrimer to selectively localize in activated microglia. Methods To elucidate the interactions between dendrimers and microglia, we created an organotypic whole-hemisphere brain slice culture model from newborn rabbits with and without exposure to inflammation in utero. We then used this model to analyze the dynamics of microglial migration and their interactions with dendrimers in the presence of neuroinflammation. Results Microglial cells in animals with CP had an amoeboid morphology and impaired cell migration, demonstrated by decreased migration distance and velocity when compared to cells in healthy, age-matched controls. However, this decreased migration was associated with a greater, more rapid dendrimer uptake compared to microglial cells from healthy controls. Conclusions This study demonstrates that maternal intrauterine inflammation is associated with impaired microglial function and movement in the newborn brain. This microglial impairment may play a role in the development of ongoing brain injury and CP in the offspring. Increased uptake of dendrimers by the “impaired” microglia can be exploited to deliver drugs specifically to these cells and modulate their functions. Host tissue and target cell characteristics are important aspects to be considered in the design and evaluation of targeted dendrimer-based nanotherapeutics for improved and sustained efficacy. This ex vivo model also provides a rapid screening tool for evaluation of the effects of various therapies on microglial function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0529-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yossef Alnasser
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Hugo Moser Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. .,Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Hugo Moser Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Kwiatkowski K, Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Makuch W, Jurga A, Slusarczyk J, Trojan E, Basta-Kaim A, Mika J. Beneficial properties of maraviroc on neuropathic pain development and opioid effectiveness in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:68-78. [PMID: 26190414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting chemokine signaling pathways is crucial in neuropathy development. In this study, we investigated the influence of chronic administration of maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist) on nociception and opioid effectiveness during neuropathy, which develops as a result of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. To investigate the mechanism of action of maraviroc, we measured the expression of glial cell markers, CCR5 and certain CCR5 ligands (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL11), in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of vehicle- and maraviroc-treated, CCI-exposed rats. Our results demonstrate that chronic intrathecal administration of maraviroc diminished neuropathic pain symptoms on day 7 post-CCI. Western blot analysis showed that maraviroc diminished protein level of Iba-1 and GFAP and reversed the up-regulated CCR5 expression observed in spinal cord and DRG after CCI. Additionally, using qRT-PCR, we demonstrated that CCR5 and some of its pronociceptive ligands (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) increased in the spinal cord after nerve injury, and maraviroc effectively diminished those changes. However, CCL11 spinal expression was undetectable, even after injury. In vitro primary culture studies showed that CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL7 (but not CCL11) were of microglial and astroglial origin and were up-regulated after LPS stimulation. Our results indicate that maraviroc not only attenuated the development of neuropathic pain symptoms due to significant modulation of neuroimmune interactions but also intensified the analgesic properties of morphine and buprenorphine. In sum, our results suggest the pharmacological modulation of CCR5 by maraviroc as a novel therapeutic approach for co-treatment of patients receiving opioid therapy for neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kwiatkowski
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jurga
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Slusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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von Bernhardi R, Heredia F, Salgado N, Muñoz P. Microglia Function in the Normal Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:67-92. [PMID: 27714685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of microglia has been recognized for over a century by their morphological changes. Long slender microglia acquire a short sturdy ramified shape when activated. During the past 20 years, microglia have been accepted as an essential cellular component for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of many brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, functional studies and imaging in mouse models indicate that microglia are active in the healthy central nervous system. It has become evident that microglia release several signal molecules that play key roles in the crosstalk among brain cells, i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with neurons, as well as with regulatory immune cells. Recent studies also reveal the heterogeneous nature of microglia diverse functions depending on development, previous exposure to stimulation events, brain region of residence, or pathological state. Subjects to approach by future research are still the unresolved questions regarding the conditions and mechanisms that render microglia protective, capable of preventing or reducing damage, or deleterious, capable of inducing or facilitating the progression of neuropathological diseases. This novel knowledge will certainly change our view on microglia as therapeutic target, shifting our goal from their general silencing to the generation of treatments able to change their activation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Florencia Heredia
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Salgado
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Muñoz
- Escuela de Medicina. Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
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Lee JY, Kang SR, Yune TY. Fluoxetine prevents oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:633-44. [PMID: 25366938 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte cell death and axon demyelination after spinal cord injury (SCI) are known to be important secondary injuries contributing to permanent neurological disability. Thus, blocking oligodendrocyte cell death should be considered for therapeutic intervention after SCI. Here, we demonstrated that fluoxetine, an antidepressant drug, alleviates oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation after SCI. After injury at the T9 level with a Precision Systems and Instrumentation (Lexington, KY) device, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was administered once a day for the indicated time points. Immunostaining with CD11b (OX-42) antibody and quantification analysis showed that microglia activation was significantly inhibited by fluoxetine at 5 days after injury. Fluoxetine also significantly inhibited activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and expression of pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF), which is known to mediate oligodendrocyte cell death through the p75 neurotrophin receptor after SCI. In addition, fluoxetine attenuated activation of Ras homolog gene family member A and decreased the level of phosphorylated c-Jun and, ultimately, alleviated caspase-3 activation and significantly reduced cell death of oligodendrocytes at 5 days after SCI. Further, the decrease of myelin basic protein, myelin loss, and axon loss in white matter was also significantly blocked by fluoxetine, as compared to vehicle control. These results suggest that fluoxetine inhibits oligodendrocyte cell death by inhibiting microglia activation and p38-MAPK activation, followed by pro-NGF production after SCI, and provide a potential usage of fluoxetine for a therapeutic agent after acute SCI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Y Lee
- 1 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Korea
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Roll L, Faissner A. Influence of the extracellular matrix on endogenous and transplanted stem cells after brain damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:219. [PMID: 25191223 PMCID: PMC4137450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regeneration capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires strategies to improve recovery of patients. In this context, the interaction of endogenous as well as transplanted stem cells with their environment is crucial. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms could help to improve regeneration by targeted manipulation. In the course of reactive gliosis, astrocytes upregulate Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and start, in many cases, to proliferate. Beside GFAP, subpopulations of these astroglial cells coexpress neural progenitor markers like Nestin. Although cells express these markers, the proportion of cells that eventually give rise to neurons is limited in many cases in vivo compared to the situation in vitro. In the first section, we present the characteristics of endogenous progenitor-like cells and discuss the differences in their neurogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. As the environment plays an important role for survival, proliferation, migration, and other processes, the second section of the review describes changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network that contains numerous signaling molecules. It appears that signals in the damaged CNS lead to an activation and de-differentiation of astrocytes, but do not effectively promote neuronal differentiation of these cells. Factors that influence stem cells during development are upregulated in the damaged brain as part of an environment resembling a stem cell niche. We give a general description of the ECM composition, with focus on stem cell-associated factors like the glycoprotein Tenascin-C (TN-C). Stem cell transplantation is considered as potential treatment strategy. Interaction of transplanted stem cells with the host environment is critical for the outcome of stem cell-based therapies. Possible mechanisms involving the ECM by which transplanted stem cells might improve recovery are discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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Hu X, Liou AKF, Leak RK, Xu M, An C, Suenaga J, Shi Y, Gao Y, Zheng P, Chen J. Neurobiology of microglial action in CNS injuries: receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms and functional roles. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 119-120:60-84. [PMID: 24923657 PMCID: PMC4121732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the first line of immune defense against central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. These highly plastic cells play dualistic roles in neuronal injury and recovery and are known for their ability to assume diverse phenotypes. A broad range of surface receptors are expressed on microglia and mediate microglial 'On' or 'Off' responses to signals from other host cells as well as invading microorganisms. The integrated actions of these receptors result in tightly regulated biological functions, including cell mobility, phagocytosis, the induction of acquired immunity, and trophic factor/inflammatory mediator release. Over the last few years, significant advances have been made toward deciphering the signaling mechanisms related to these receptors and their specific cellular functions. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of the surface receptors involved in microglial activation, with an emphasis on their engagement of distinct functional programs and their roles in CNS injuries. It will become evident from this review that microglial homeostasis is carefully maintained by multiple counterbalanced strategies, including, but not limited to, 'On' and 'Off' receptor signaling. Specific regulation of theses microglial receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy against CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
| | - Anthony K F Liou
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengrui An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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IRF8 is a transcriptional determinant for microglial motility. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:515-21. [PMID: 24798612 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are constitutively mobile cells that undergo rapid directional movement toward sites of tissue disruption. However, transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of microglial motility remain unknown. In the present study, we show that interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8) regulates microglial motility. We found that ATP and complement component, C5a, induced chemotaxis of IRF8 wild-type microglia. However, these responses were markedly suppressed in microglia lacking IRF8 (Irf8 (-/-)). In a consistent manner, phosphorylation of Akt (which plays a crucial role in ATP-induced chemotaxis) was abolished in Irf8 (-/-)microglia. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that motility-related microglial genes such as P2Y12 receptor were significantly suppressed in Irf8 (-/-)microglia. Furthermore, Irf8 (-/-)microglia exhibited a differential expression pattern of nucleotide-degrading enzymes compared with their wild-type counterparts. Overall, our findings suggest that IRF8 may regulate microglial motility via the control of microglial gene expression.
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50
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Cortical lesion stimulates adult subventricular zone neural progenitor cell proliferation and migration to the site of injury. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:965-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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