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Niida T, Yuki H, Suzuki K, Kinoshita D, Fujimoto D, Nakajima A, McNulty I, Lee H, Tanriverdi K, Nakamura S, Jang IK. Proteomics associated with coronary high-risk plaques by optical coherence tomography. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:204-211. [PMID: 38296868 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular disease. However, markers for coronary high-risk plaques have not been identified. The aim of this study was to identify proteins specific to coronary high-risk plaques. Fifty-one patients (71.2 ± 11.1 years, male: 66.7%) who underwent intracoronary optical coherence tomography imaging and provided blood specimens for proteomic analysis were prospectively enrolled. A total of 1470 plasma proteins were analyzed per patient using the Olink® Explore 1536 Reagent Kit. In patients with thin-cap fibroatheroma, the protein expression of Calretinin (CALB2), Corticoliberin (CRH) and Alkaline phosphatase, placental type (ALPP) were significantly increased, while the expression of Neuroplastin (NPTN), Folate receptor gamma (FOLR3) and Serpin A12 (SERPINA12) were significantly decreased. In patients with macrophage infiltration, the protein expressions of Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (FABP2), and Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were significantly decreased. In patients with lipid-rich plaques, the protein expression of Interleukin-17 C (IL17C) was significantly increased, while the expression of Fc receptor-like protein 3 (FCRL3) was significantly decreased. These proteins might be useful markers in identifying patients with coronary high-risk plaques. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ , UMIN000041692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Niida
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haruhito Yuki
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keishi Suzuki
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisuke Kinoshita
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daichi Fujimoto
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akihiro Nakajima
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, New Tokyo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Iris McNulty
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kahraman Tanriverdi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sunao Nakamura
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, New Tokyo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ik-Kyung Jang
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Allan and Gill Gray Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRB 800, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Léniz A, Fernández-Quintela A, Arranz S, Portune K, Tueros I, Arana E, Castaño L, Velasco O, Portillo MP. Altered Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid and Serum Adipokine Profiles in Subjects with Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3320. [PMID: 38137540 PMCID: PMC10742039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines, as well as the fatty acid profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes, are known to play important roles in the development and progression of metabolic complications induced by obesity. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the serum adipokine profile and the RBC membrane fatty acid profile of normal-weight and obese adults, and to analyze their relationship with serum biochemical parameters. METHODS An observational case-control study was performed in 75 normal-weight and obese adult subjects. Biochemical serum parameters, eight serum adipokines and the RBC membrane fatty acid profiles were measured. Associations between parameters were established using regression analysis. RESULTS Subjects with obesity showed increased levels of leptin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and overexpressed nephroblastoma (NOV/CCN3), decreased adiponectin, and similar levels of vaspin and chemerin compared to normal-weight subjects. Significant positive and negative correlations were found with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), respectively. An increase in the total ω-6 fatty acids in the RBC membrane fatty acid profiles in subjects with obesity was observed, because of higher levels of both dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and decreased total ω-3 fatty acids, mainly due to lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ω-6/ω-3 ratio in the RBCs was significantly higher, suggesting an inflammatory status, as was also suggested by a reduced adiponectin level. A negative association between DGLA and adiponectin, and a positive association between DHA and serum triglycerides, was observed. CONCLUSIONS Important alterations in serum adipokine and RBC fatty acid profiles are found in subjects with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Léniz
- Vitoria-Gasteiz Nursing School, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- BIOARABA Institute of Health, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alfredo Fernández-Quintela
- BIOARABA Institute of Health, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sara Arranz
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (S.A.)
| | - Kevin Portune
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (S.A.)
| | - Itziar Tueros
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (S.A.)
| | - Eunate Arana
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BIOBIZKAIA Institute of Health, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain (O.V.)
| | - Luis Castaño
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BIOBIZKAIA Institute of Health, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain (O.V.)
- Department Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERdem), Institute of Health Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBER Rare Diseases (CIBERer), Institute of Health Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (ENDO-ERN), 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Olaia Velasco
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, BIOBIZKAIA Institute of Health, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain (O.V.)
- Department Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERdem), Institute of Health Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- CIBER Rare Diseases (CIBERer), Institute of Health Carlos III, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (ENDO-ERN), 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - María P. Portillo
- BIOARABA Institute of Health, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Yang Y, Song A, Gong F, Jiang Y, Li M, Xia W, Xing X, Wang O, Pan H. Explorative research on glucolipid metabolism and levels of adipokines in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:367. [PMID: 38017461 PMCID: PMC10683200 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02979-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1 (PHP1) is a rare disease featuring hypocalcemia and elevated PTH level. Though disturbed calcium and phosphorus metabolism under PTH resistant have been widely studied, glucolipid metabolism abnormalities observed in PHP1 patients have received little attention. The aim of this research is to explore the glucolipid metabolism features in a rather large cohort of PHP1 patient. In the current study, PHP1 patients and primary hyperparathyroidism patients as well as normal control were recruited for the investigation. Glucolipid metabolic indices as well as the level of four adipokines were examined. RESULTS A total of 49 PHP1 patients, 64 PHPT patients and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. A trend of higher HOMA-β index was found in PHP1 patients than normal controls (median 97.08% vs 68.19%, p = 0.060). Both the PHP1 and PHPT group presented with significantly lower TNFα level compared to normal controls (average 10.74 pg/ml and 12.53 pg/ml vs 15.47 pg/ml, p = 0.002 and 0.041, respectively). FGF21 level was significantly higher in PHPT group than in PHP1 group (median 255.74 pg/ml vs 167.46 pg/ml, p = 0.019). No significant difference in glucolipid metabolic indices and adipokines was found between PHP1A or PHP1B patients and normal controls, while overweight/obese PHP1 patients tended to have higher leptin than normal-BMI cases (p = 0.055). Multiple linear regression analysis showed BMI rather than PTH or HOMA-IR to be an independent variable of leptin in PHP1. CONCLUSION Metabolic stress given upon especially overweight PHP1 patients may resulted in possible β-cell compensation. Elevated TNFα may be related with hyper-PTH level regardless of calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - An Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Dongcheng District, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
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5
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Kumbar L, Kiran BH, Dharmalingam M, Kalra P. Study of FGF21 Levels in Transgender People and its Association with Metabolic Parameters. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27:330-334. [PMID: 37867987 PMCID: PMC10586550 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_307_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) is a metabolic regulator whose role in humans is unidentified. FGF21 has generated a lot of potential of becoming a therapeutic agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. The role of FGF21 in gender dysphoria individuals has not been studied. Objective Primary objective was to assess FGF21 levels in transgender individuals and compare with controls and secondary objective was to compare FGF21 levels with lipid and glucose parameters in transgender people. Results Twenty-three transfemales and 21 transmales were included in the study and compared with 44 controls. Height and fasting blood glucose of transfemales was statistically greater than transmales, with no other differences in baseline characteristics. Although FGF21 levels were numerically greater in transfemales (183.50 ± 97.39), it was not statistically significant. FGF21 levels did not vary statistically when compared to controls although it was numerically higher. Univariate analysis was done in transgender patients and FGF21 levels were positively correlated with serum total cholesterol and serum LDL cholesterol in transfemales but not in transmales. Multivariate analysis was also done taking 50th centile and 75th centile of FGF21 levels of controls and was found that only serum total cholesterol and serum LDL positively correlated with FGF21 levels in transfemales with 75th centile as cutoff. Conclusion FGF21 levels correlated positively with serum triglycerides and serum LDL cholesterol in transfemales but not in transmales. Hence, FGF21 levels can be used as a marker for the development of metabolic syndrome in transfemales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohit Kumbar
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Baratam Hari Kiran
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mala Dharmalingam
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramila Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Plasma FGF21 Levels Are Not Associated with Weight Loss or Improvements in Metabolic Health Markers upon 12 Weeks of Energy Restriction: Secondary Analysis of an RCT. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235061. [PMID: 36501091 PMCID: PMC9735516 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may be a marker of metabolic health status. We performed a secondary analysis of a 12-week randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of two energy restriction (ER) diets on fasting and postprandial plasma FGF21 levels, as well as to explore correlations of plasma FGF21 with metabolic health markers, (macro)nutrient intake and sweet-taste preference. Abdominally obese subjects aged 40-70 years (n = 110) were randomized to one of two 25% ER diets (high-nutrient-quality diet or low-nutrient-quality diet) or a control group. Plasma FGF21 was measured in the fasting state and 120 min after a mixed meal. Both ER diets did not affect fasting or postprandial plasma FGF21 levels despite weight loss and accompanying health improvements. At baseline, the postprandial FGF21 response was inversely correlated to fasting plasma glucose (ρ = -0.24, p = 0.020) and insulin (ρ = -0.32, p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (ρ = -0.34, p = 0.001), visceral adipose tissue (ρ = -0.24, p = 0.046), and the liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (ρ = -0.23, p = 0.021). Diet-induced changes in these markers did not correlate to changes in plasma FGF21 levels upon intervention. Baseline higher habitual polysaccharide intake, but not mono- and disaccharide intake or sweet-taste preference, was related to lower fasting plasma FGF21 (p = 0.022). In conclusion, we found no clear evidence that fasting plasma FGF21 is a marker for metabolic health status. Circulating FGF21 dynamics in response to an acute nutritional challenge may reflect metabolic health status better than fasting levels.
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Patel S, Haider A, Alvarez-Guaita A, Bidault G, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Guiu-Jurado E, Tadross JA, Warner J, Harrison J, Virtue S, Scurria F, Zvetkova I, Blüher M, Small KS, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Combined genetic deletion of GDF15 and FGF21 has modest effects on body weight, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat fed mice. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101589. [PMID: 36064109 PMCID: PMC9486046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in humans and mice is associated with elevated levels of two hormones responsive to cellular stress, namely GDF15 and FGF21. Over-expression of each of these is associated with weight loss and beneficial metabolic changes but where they are secreted from and what they are required for physiologically in the context of overfeeding remains unclear. METHODS Here we used tissue selective knockout mouse models and human transcriptomics to determine the source of circulating GDF15 in obesity. We then generated and characterized the metabolic phenotypes of GDF15/FGF21 double knockout mice. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 and FGF21 are both largely derived from the liver, rather than adipose tissue or skeletal muscle, in obese states. Combined whole body deletion of FGF21 and GDF15 does not result in any additional weight gain in response to high fat feeding but it does result in significantly greater hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than that seen in GDF15 single knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively the data suggest that overfeeding activates a stress response in the liver which is the major source of systemic rises in GDF15 and FGF21. These hormones then activate pathways which reduce this metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Afreen Haider
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Tadross
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; East Midlands and East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub & Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabio Scurria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Pham HTA, Lee S, Lee YJ. Bicistronic reporter mice for monitoring of Fgf21 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:104-109. [PMID: 35753217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic hormone that is synthesized and secreted by cellular and metabolic stresses. Serum FGF21 levels are associated with clinical parameters in patients with various diseases, including metabolic disorders. Animal models that allow FGF21 levels to be monitored in vivo are important for research and clinical applications of FGF21. Here, a novel Fgf21-reporter mouse strain (Fgf21+/Luc2-tdT) expressing luciferase and tandem dimer tomato (tdT) fluorescence proteins under the control of the endogenous Fgf21 promoter was generated, which provided an in vitro and in vivo monitoring tool for the Fgf21 expression. Luciferase activity, in vivo bioluminescence, and tdT fluorescence were analyzed in adult mice fed or fasted for 24 h. Luciferase activities were significantly increased in the liver but slightly decreased in the pancreas of fasted mice compared with those of fed mice. In vivo bioluminescence signal was increased in the liver of fasted mice. Obvious tdT fluorescence was detected in the pancreas. These results suggest that Fgf21-reporter mice have great potential for research and clinical applications of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Anh Pham
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sabin Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Klein Hazebroek M, Keipert S. Obesity-resistance of UCP1-deficient mice associates with sustained FGF21 sensitivity in inguinal adipose tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:909621. [PMID: 36034414 PMCID: PMC9402904 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.909621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases represent the major health burden of our modern society. With the need of novel therapeutic approaches, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising target, based on metabolic improvements upon FGF21 administration in mice and humans. Endogenous FGF21 serum levels, however, are increased during obesity-related diseases, suggesting the development of FGF21 resistance during obesity and thereby lowering FGF21 efficacy. In uncoupling protein 1 knockout (UCP1 KO) mice, however, elevated endogenous FGF21 levels mediate resistance against diet-induced obesity. Here, we show that after long-term high fat diet feeding (HFD), circulating FGF21 levels become similarly high in obese wildtype and obesity-resistant UCP1 KO mice, suggesting improved FGF21 sensitivity in UCP1 KO mice. To test this hypothesis, we injected FGF21 after long-term HFD and assessed the metabolic and molecular effects. The UCP1 KO mice lost weight directly upon FGF21 administration, whereas body weights of WT mice resisted weight loss in the initial phase of the treatment. The FGF21 treatment induced expression of liver Pck1, a typical FGF21-responsive gene, in both genotypes. In iWAT, FGF21-responsive genes were selectively induced in UCP1 KO mice, strongly associating FGF21-sensitivity in iWAT with healthy body weights. Thus, these data support the concept that FGF21-sensitivity in adipose tissue is key for metabolic improvements during obesogenic diets.
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Keipert S, Ost M. Stress-induced FGF21 and GDF15 in obesity and obesity resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:904-915. [PMID: 34526227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are established as stress-responsive cytokines that can modulate energy balance by increasing energy expenditure or suppressing food intake, respectively. Despite their pharmacologically induced beneficial effects on obesity and comorbidities, circulating levels of both cytokines are elevated during obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, endocrine crosstalk via FGF21 and GDF15 was also reported to play a crucial role in genetically modified mouse models of mitochondrial perturbations leading to diet-induced obesity (DIO) resistance. This review aims to dissect the complexities of endogenous FGF21 and GDF15 action in obesity versus DIO resistance for the regulation of energy balance in metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mario Ost
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Mateus Brandão LE, Espes D, Westholm JO, Martikainen T, Westerlund N, Lampola L, Popa A, Vogel H, Schürmann A, Dickson SL, Benedict C, Cedernaes J. Acute sleep loss alters circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in humans: A randomised crossover trial. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13472. [PMID: 34476847 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) modulates tissue metabolism and circulates at higher levels in metabolic conditions associated with chronic sleep-wake disruption, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In the present study, we investigated whether acute sleep loss impacts circulating levels of FGF21 and tissue-specific production, and response pathways linked to FGF21. A total of 15 healthy normal-weight young men participated in a randomised crossover study with two conditions, sleep loss versus an 8.5-hr sleep window. The evening before each intervention, fasting blood was collected. Fasting, post-intervention morning skeletal muscle and adipose tissue samples underwent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and DNA methylation analyses, and serum FGF21 levels were measured before and after an oral glucose tolerance test. Serum levels of FGF21 were higher after sleep loss compared with sleep, both under fasting conditions and following glucose intake (~27%-30%, p = 0.023). Fasting circulating levels of fibroblast activation protein, a protein which can degrade circulating FGF21, were not altered by sleep loss, whereas DNA methylation in the FGF21 promoter region increased only in adipose tissue. However, even though specifically the muscle exhibited transcriptional changes indicating adverse alterations to redox and metabolic homeostasis, no tissue-based changes were observed in expression of FGF21, its receptors, or selected signalling targets, in response to sleep loss. In summary, we found that acute sleep loss resulted in increased circulating levels of FGF21 in healthy young men, which may occur independent of a tissue-based stress response in metabolic peripheral tissues. Further studies may decipher whether changes in FGF21 signalling after sleep loss modulate metabolic outcomes associated with sleep or circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakub Orzechowski Westholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lauri Lampola
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Popa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, , The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Effects of interleukin-1 antagonism and corticosteroids on fibroblast growth factor-21 in patients with metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7911. [PMID: 33846498 PMCID: PMC8041761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is elevated in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the exact underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined, chronic low-grade inflammation with increased Interleukin-(IL)-1β expression may be responsible. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of two different anti-inflammatory treatments (IL-1 antagonism or high-dose corticosteroids) on FGF21 in patients with the metabolic syndrome. This is a secondary analysis of two interventional studies in patients with obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome. Trial A was an interventional trial (n = 73) investigating short-term effects of the IL-1 antagonist anakinra and of dexamethasone. Trial B was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial (n = 67) investigating longer-term effects of IL-1 antagonism. In total, 140 patients were included in both trials. Median age was 55 years (IQR 44-66), 26% were female and median BMI was 37 kg/m2 (IQR 34-39). Almost half of the patients were diabetic (45%) and had increased c-reactive protein levels of 3.4 mg/L. FGF21 levels correlated with fasting glucose levels, HOMA-index, C-peptide levels, HbA1c and BMI. Short-term treatment with anakinra led to a reduction of FGF21 levels by - 200 pg/mL (95%CI - 334 to - 66; p = 0.004). No effect was detectable after longer-term treatment (between-group difference: - 8.8 pg/mL (95%CI - 130.9 to 113.3; p = 0.89). Acute treatment with dexamethasone was associated with reductions of FGF21 by -175 pg/mL (95%CI - 236 to - 113; p < 0.001). Anti-inflammatory treatment with both, IL-1 antagonism and corticosteroids reduced FGF21 levels at short-term in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers NCT02672592 and NCT00757276.
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13
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The Effect of FGF21 and Its Genetic Variants on Food and Drug Cravings, Adipokines and Metabolic Traits. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040345. [PMID: 33805553 PMCID: PMC8065804 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a regulator of addictive behavior. Increasing evidence suggests an impact of FGF21 on eating behavior, food and drug cravings and on other adipokines like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) or adiponectin. We investigated the association of serum FGF21 and genetic variants with aspects of food and drug craving and obesity related metabolic parameters including serum adipokine levels. Standardized questionnaires, blood samples and anthropometric data of the Sorbs cohort (n = 1046) were analyzed using SPSS. For genetic analyses, the FGF21-locus ±10 kb was genotyped and analyzed using PLINK. Validation was conducted in a second independent cohort (n = 704). FGF21 was significantly associated with alcohol and coffee consumption, smoking and eating behavior (disinhibition). We confirmed correlations of FGF21 serum levels with IGF-1, adiponectin, pro-enkephalin, adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein, chemerin and progranulin. FGF21 genetic variants were associated with anthropometric and metabolic parameters, adipokines, food and drug craving while strongest evidence was seen with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We highlight the potential role of FGF21 in food and drug cravings and provide new insights regarding the link of FGF21 with other adipokines as well as with metabolic traits, in particular those related to lipid metabolism (LDL-C).
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14
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Sun H, Sherrier M, Li H. Skeletal Muscle and Bone - Emerging Targets of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625287. [PMID: 33762965 PMCID: PMC7982600 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family, which functions as a powerful endocrine and paracrine regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition to liver and adipose tissue, recent studies have shown that FGF21 can also be produced in skeletal muscle. As the most abundant tissue in the human body, skeletal muscle has become increasingly recognized as a major site of metabolic activity and an important modulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. The function and mechanism of action of muscle-derived FGF21 have recently gained attention due to the findings of considerably increased expression and secretion of FGF21 from skeletal muscle under certain pathological conditions. Recent reports regarding the ectopic expression of FGF21 from skeletal muscle and its potential effects on the musculoskeletal system unfolds a new chapter in the story of FGF21. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge base of muscle-derived FGF21 and the possible functions of FGF21 on homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system with a focus on skeletal muscle and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew Sherrier
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Gould PW, Zemel BS, Taratuta EG, Baker JF. Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Associations With Disease Characteristics, Body Composition, and Physical Functioning. J Rheumatol 2020; 48:504-512. [PMID: 33132219 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated associations between fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, an adipokine associated with metabolic stress, and adverse longitudinal changes in body composition and physical functioning in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS At baseline and follow-up, patients with RA aged 18-70 years completed whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography to quantify lean mass, fat mass, and muscle density. Dynamometry assessed muscle strength at the hand and knee, and physical functioning was measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). FGF-21 and inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline. Linear and logistic regression analyses assessed associations between FGF-21 levels and both body composition and physical functioning over time. RESULTS There were 113 patients with RA enrolled, and 84 (74%) returned for follow-up at a median of 2.68 years. At baseline, FGF-21 was associated with age, smoking, methotrexate use, adiposity, and inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor receptor type I, YKL-40, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and resistin. The highest FGF-21 quartile was associated with worse SPPB and HAQ. Higher baseline FGF-21 levels (per 1 SD) were associated with worsening in muscle density and area Z-scores (β -0.06, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.008, P = 0.08; and β -0.05, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.006, P = 0.08, respectively) and a greater probability of a clinically meaningful worsening of HAQ (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.21-4.64, P = 0.01). The fourth FGF-21 quartile was associated with worsening of SPPB (β -0.57, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.09, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION FGF-21 levels are associated with obesity and inflammatory cytokines, and with worsening in physical functioning in RA. These data support the hypothesis that FGF-21 can identify patients at risk of functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Gould
- P.W. Gould, BA, E.G. Taratuta, MD, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Babette S Zemel
- B.S. Zemel, PhD, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Elena G Taratuta
- P.W. Gould, BA, E.G. Taratuta, MD, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua F Baker
- J.F. Baker, MD, MSCE, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Antibody-mediated activation of the FGFR1/Klothoβ complex corrects metabolic dysfunction and alters food preference in obese humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28992-29000. [PMID: 33139537 PMCID: PMC7682391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012073117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) controls metabolic organ homeostasis and eating behavior via FGF receptor 1/Klothoβ (FGFR1/KLB) complexes. Here we show that a bispecific anti-FGFR1/KLB agonist antibody, BFKB8488A, mimics the actions of FGF21 in monkeys and humans. BFKB8488A induced marked weight loss in obese monkeys while elevating expression of FGFR1 target genes in adipose tissue. A clinical study in overweight human participants demonstrated that a single dose of BFKB8488A caused transient body weight reduction, sustained improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, and a trend toward reduction in preference for sweet taste and carbohydrate intake. These data suggest that antibody-mediated activation of the FGFR1/KLB complex in humans recapitulates the effects of FGF21 and can be used as therapy for obesity-related metabolic defects. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) controls metabolic organ homeostasis and eating/drinking behavior via FGF receptor 1/Klothoβ (FGFR1/KLB) complexes expressed in adipocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, and the nervous system in mice. Chronic administration of recombinant FGF21 or engineered variants improves metabolic health in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans; however, the rapid turnover of these molecules limits therapeutic utility. Here we show that the bispecific anti-FGFR1/KLB agonist antibody BFKB8488A induced marked weight loss in obese cynomolgus monkeys while elevating serum adiponectin and the adipose expression of FGFR1 target genes, demonstrating its action as an FGF21 mimetic. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, single ascending-dose study in overweight/obese human participants, subcutaneous BFKB8488A injection caused transient body weight reduction, sustained improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, and a trend toward reduction in preference for sweet taste and carbohydrate intake. These data suggest that specific activation of the FGFR1/KLB complex in humans can be used as therapy for obesity-related metabolic defects.
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17
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Matsui M, Kosaki K, Tanahashi K, Akazawa N, Osuka Y, Tanaka K, Kuro-O M, Maeda S. Relationship between physical activity and circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 in middle-aged and older adults. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111081. [PMID: 32911033 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) increase with advancing age and may lead to the development of cardiometabolic diseases via impaired lipid and glucose metabolism. While physical activity can reduce these risks of cardiometabolic dysfunction, it remains obscure whether circulation FGF21 levels are influenced by physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between daily physical activities and circulating FGF21 levels in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study with 110 middle-aged and 102 older adults, circulating (serum) FGF21 levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the time spent in light-intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer. RESULTS Serum FGF21 levels in the older group (158 pg/mL) were significantly higher than those in the middle-aged group (117 pg/mL). When we examined the joint association of age (middle-aged or older) and MVPA (lower or higher than the median) groups, serum FGF21 levels in the older and higher MVPA group (116 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those in the older and lower MVPA group (176 pg/mL). However, there was no difference in serum FGF21 levels between the lower and higher MVPA groups in the middle-aged group. In multivariable liner regression analysis, serum FGF21 levels were independently determined by MVPA time after adjusting for potential covariates in older adults (β = -0.209). CONCLUSIONS These cross-sectional study findings indicate that the time spent in MVPA is an independent determinant of circulating FGF21 levels, and that an age-related increase in serum FGF21 levels may be attenuated by habitually performing MVPA. (250/250 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisei Kosaki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tanahashi
- Division of Liberal Arts Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Akazawa
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osuka
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Tanaka
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ruiz-Padilla AJ, Ruiz-Noa Y, Del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso L, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Alonso-Castro AJ, Sánchez-Barajas M, Alvarez-Alvarez RM, Del Carmen Preciado-Puga M. FGF21 and its Relationship with Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters in HIV Patients after Antiretroviral Treatment. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:308-314. [PMID: 32684151 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200719235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) serum levels are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in HIV patients. OBJECTIVE To quantify FGF21 levels in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to analyze a possible association between serum FGF21 levels and lipid profile, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and atherogenic risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients with HIV infection, who received ART in a scheme consisting of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine+Lopinavir/Ritonavir, were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of FGF21, inflammatory parameters (IL-6 and IL-1β), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin were determined at baseline and after 36 weeks of treatment. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the atherogenic risk factor were also calculated. RESULTS After 36 weeks, serum FGF21 levels decreased significantly (p=0.011), whereas IL-6 levels (r=0.821, p=0.0001) and the CD4+ T cell count (r=0.446, p=0.048), showed a positive correlation with the decrease in FGF21 levels. There was an increase in total cholesterol (r=-0.483, p=0.031), LDL (r=-0.496, p=0.026), VLDL (r=-0.320, p=0.045), and the atherogenic index factor (r=-0.539, p=0.014), these values showed a negative correlation with FGF21 levels. CONCLUSION The decrease of serum FGF21 levels due to ART is associated with the alteration in lipid profile and an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. These variations are predictors of inflammatory status in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Joel Ruiz-Padilla
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus
Guanajuato- Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Lorena Del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus
Guanajuato- Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Mauricio Sánchez-Barajas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, León, Guanajuato, México,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General de Zona/MF 21, León, Guanajuato, México
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Reinisch I, Schreiber R, Prokesch A. Regulation of thermogenic adipocytes during fasting and cold. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 512:110869. [PMID: 32439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure activates brown and brown-like adipocytes that dissipate large amounts of glucose and fatty acids via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to drive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Evidence for the existence of these thermogenic adipocytes in adult humans gave rise to a renaissance in research on brown adipose tissue, establishing it as linchpin of energy homeostasis and metabolic health. Besides low ambient temperature, shortage or excess of food affect thermoregulation. Upon high caloric meals thermogenic adipocytes burn excess calories and maintain energy balance. In contrast, in conditions of nutrient deprivation, counter-regulatory mechanisms prevent thermogenic adipocytes from "wasting" energy substrates that need to be conserved. In this review, we discuss cell-autonomous mechanisms, metabolites, and hormones that modify NST in response to nutrient fluctuations. In particular, we focus on how thermogenic adipocytes balance thermogenesis with systemic energy homeostasis during fasting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reinisch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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20
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Omileke F, Ishiwata S, Matsuo J, Yoshida F, Hidese S, Hattori K, Kunugi H. Possible associations between plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and cognition in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:175-181. [PMID: 32267096 PMCID: PMC7722655 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental disorder characterized by extreme changes in mood polarity. It is also characterized by cognitive and metabolic dysfunctions. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine protein that has a multifaceted function such as glucose and lipid regulation in the periphery, and neuroprotection and induction of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Previous studies reported inconsistent results concerning peripheral FGF21 levels in patients with BD. In this study, we compared plasma FGF21 levels between 26 patients with BD and 51 healthy controls using a human FGF21 ELISA Kit. There was no significant difference in plasma FGF21 levels between the patients and controls. We found significant positive correlations between plasma FGF21 levels and some cognitive parameters (word association and motor speed). If our results are replicated that higher peripheral FGF21 may be associated with better cognitive performance in patients with BD. We compared plasma FGF21 levels between 26 bipolar disorder patients and 51 healthy controls. Although FGF21 concentrations were not different between the patients and controls, we found significant positive correlations between the levels and some cognitive parameters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour Omileke
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishiwata
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuko Yoshida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Matsui M, Kosaki K, Akazawa N, Tanahashi K, Kuro-o M, Maeda S. Association between circulating fibroblast growth factor 21, aerobic fitness, and aortic blood pressure in middle-aged and older women. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Keisei Kosaki
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | | | | | - Makoto Kuro-o
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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22
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Tsygankova PG, Itkis YS, Krylova TD, Kurkina MV, Bychkov IO, Ilyushkina AA, Zabnenkova VV, Mikhaylova SV, Pechatnikova NL, Sheremet NL, Zakharova EY. Plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 are elevated in different inherited metabolic diseases and are not diagnostic for mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:918-933. [PMID: 31260105 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the plasma cytokines FGF-21 and GDF-15 were described as cellular metabolic regulators. They share an endocrine function and are highly expressed in the liver under stress and during starvation. Several studies found that these markers have high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, especially those with prominent muscular involvement. In our study, we aimed to determine whether these markers could help distinguish mitochondrial diseases from other groups of inherited diseases. We measured plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 concentrations in 122 patients with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial disease and 127 patients with non-mitochondrial inherited diseases. Although GDF-15 showed better analytical characteristics (sensitivity = 0.66, specificity = 0.64, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88) compared to FGF-21 (sensitivity = 0.51, specificity = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) in the pediatric group of mitochondrial diseases, both markers were also elevated in a variety of non-mitochondrial diseases, especially those with liver involvement (Gaucher disease, galactosemia, glycogenosis types 1a, 1b, 9), organic acidurias and some leukodystrophies. Thus, the overall positive and negative predictive values were not acceptable for these measurements to be used as diagnostic tests for mitochondrial diseases (FGF-21 positive predictive value [PPV] = 34%, negative predictive value [NPV] = 73%; GDF-15 PPV = 47%, NPV = 28%). We suggest that FGF-21 and GDF-15 increase in patients with metabolic diseases with metabolic or oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina G Tsygankova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia S Itkis
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Krylova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kurkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor O Bychkov
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Ilyushkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria V Zabnenkova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Natalia L Pechatnikova
- Center for Orphan Diseases, Morozov Municipal Children's Hospital of Moscow City Public Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Sheremet
- Department of Retina and Optic Nerve Diseases, Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Y Zakharova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Potential exerkines for physical exercise-elicited pro-cognitive effects: Insight from clinical and animal research. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:361-395. [PMID: 31607361 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is now known as a critical risk factor for accelerated aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. In contract, having regular physical exercise has opposite effects. Clinical findings have suggested that physical exercise can promote brain plasticity, particularly the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, that are important for learning and memory and mood regulations. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Animal studies reveal that the effects of physical exercise on promoting neuroplasticity could be mediated by different exerkines derived from the peripheral system and the brain itself. This book chapter summarizes the recent evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies showing the emerging mediators for exercise-promoted brain health, including myokines secreted from skeletal muscles, adipokines from adipose tissues, and other factors secreted from the bone and liver.
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24
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Keuper M, Häring HU, Staiger H. Circulating FGF21 Levels in Human Health and Metabolic Disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:752-770. [PMID: 31108554 DOI: 10.1055/a-0879-2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is primarily produced and secreted by the liver as a hepatokine. This hormone circulates to its target tissues (e. g., brain, adipose tissue), which requires two components, one of the preferred FGF receptor isoforms (FGFR1c and FGFR3c) and the co-factor beta-Klotho (KLB) to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Although targeting FGF21 signaling in humans by analogues and receptor agonists results in beneficial effects, e. g., improvements in plasma lipids and decreased body weight, it failed to recapitulate the improvements in glucose handling shown for many mouse models. FGF21's role and metabolic effects in mice and its therapeutic potential have extensively been reviewed elsewhere. In this review we focus on circulating FGF21 levels in humans and their associations with disease and clinical parameters, focusing primarily on obesity and obesity-associated diseases such as type-2 diabetes. We provide a comprehensive overview on human circulating FGF21 levels under normal physiology and metabolic disease. We discuss the emerging field of inactivating FGF21 in human blood by fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Keuper
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bioscience, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Interfaculty Centre for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Therapeutic Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) in the Amelioration of Chronic Diseases. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Refardt J, Sailer CO, Winzeler B, Betz MJ, Chifu I, Schnyder I, Fassnacht M, Fenske W, Christ-Crain M. FGF-21 levels in polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1501-1506. [PMID: 30592707 PMCID: PMC6311457 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pathomechanism of primary polydipsia is poorly understood. Recent animal data reported a connection between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) and elevated fluid intake independently of hormonal control by the hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and osmotic stimulation. We therefore compared circulating FGF-21 levels in patients with primary polydipsia to patients with AVP deficiency (central diabetes insipidus) and healthy volunteers. In this prospective cohort study, we analyzed FGF-21 levels of 20 patients with primary polydipsia, 20 patients with central diabetes insipidus and 20 healthy volunteers before and after stimulation with hypertonic saline infusion targeting a plasma sodium level ≥150 mmol/L. The primary outcome was the difference in FGF-21 levels between the three groups. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups except for patients with central diabetes insipidus being heavier. There was no difference in baseline FGF-21 levels between patients with primary polydipsia and healthy volunteers (122 pg/mL (52,277) vs 193 pg/mL (48,301), but higher levels in patients with central diabetes insipidus were observed (306 pg/mL (114,484); P = 0.037). However, this was not confirmed in a multivariate linear regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and smoking status. Osmotic stimulation did not affect FGF-21 levels in either group (difference to baseline: primary polydipsia -23 pg/mL (-43, 22); central diabetes insipidus 17 pg/mL (-76, 88); healthy volunteers -6 pg/mL (-68, 22); P = 0.45). To conclude, FGF-21 levels are not increased in patients with primary polydipsia as compared to central diabetes insipidus or healthy volunteers. FGF-21 therefore does not seem to be causal of elevated fluid intake in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara Odilia Sailer
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Winzeler
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irina Chifu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Schnyder
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Fenske
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - for the CODDI-Investigators
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Factors associated with cognitive impairment in elderly versus nonelderly patients with metabolic syndrome: the different roles of FGF21. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5174. [PMID: 29581470 PMCID: PMC5980096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels have been found in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is also associated with cognitive decline. However, the correlation between FGF21 and cognitive decline in elderly and nonelderly MetS patients has not been investigated. 116 non-elderly patients (age <65 years old) and 96 elderly patients (≥65 years old) with MetS were enrolled. Blood samples for FGF21 were collected from all participants after 12-hour fasting. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test. The MoCA score was negatively associated with age and was different among different levels of education in these MetS patients. In the non-elderly group, body mass index (BMI) showed positively correlated with MoCA score while, FGF21 level and HbA1C were negatively associated with the MoCA score in non-elderly MetS patients. BMI was the only factor which showed a negative correlation with the MoCA score in elderly MetS patients. This study demonstrated that FGF21 level was independently associated with cognitive impairment in non-elderly patients but not in elderly patients. The possible role of FGF21 level in cognitive impairment in non-elderly should be confirmed in a prospective study.
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28
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Yin J, Ren W, Huang X, Li T, Yin Y. Protein restriction and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:256-262. [PMID: 29596961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein restriction without malnutrition is currently an effective nutritional intervention known to prevent diseases and promote health span from yeast to human. Recently, low protein diets are reported to be associated with lowered cancer incidence and mortality risk of cancers in human. In murine models, protein restriction inhibits tumor growth via mTOR signaling pathway. IGF-1, amino acid metabolic programing, FGF21, and autophagy may also serve as potential mechanisms of protein restriction mediated cancer prevention. Together, dietary intervention aimed at reducing protein intake can be beneficial and has the potential to be widely adopted and effective in preventing and treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- Department of Animal science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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29
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Ebert T, Gebhardt C, Scholz M, Wohland T, Schleinitz D, Fasshauer M, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Tönjes A. Relationship Between 12 Adipocytokines and Distinct Components of the Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1015-1023. [PMID: 29325128 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue-derived signals potentially link obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Although some adipocytokines have been closely related to metabolic and cardiovascular traits, it is unknown which adipocytokine or adipocytokine clusters serve as meaningful markers of metabolic syndrome (MS) components. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of 12 adipocytokines with components of the MS to identify the most relevant cytokines potentially related to specific metabolic profiles. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twelve cytokines [adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), angiopoietin-related growth factor, chemerin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19, FGF21, FGF23, insulin-like growth factor-1, interleukin 10, irisin, progranulin, and vaspin] were quantified in a cross-sectional cohort of 1046 subjects. Hypothesis-free cluster analysis, multivariate regression analyses with parameters of the MS, and discriminant analysis were performed to assess associations and the relative importance of each cytokine for reflecting MS and its components. RESULTS Among the studied adipocytokines, adiponectin, AFABP, chemerin, and FGF21 showed the strongest associations with MS and several MS components in discriminant analyses and multiple regression models. For certain metabolic components, these adipocytokines were better discriminators than routine metabolic markers. Other cytokines investigated in the present cohort are less able to distinguish between metabolically healthy and unhealthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin, AFABP, chemerin, and FGF21 showed the strongest associations with MS components in a general population, suggesting that adverse adipose tissue function is a major contributor to these metabolic abnormalities. Future prospective studies should address the question whether these adipocytokines can predict the development of metabolic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebert
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhardt
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Wohland
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Auer MK, Ebert T, Pietzner M, Defreyne J, Fuss J, Stalla GK, T'Sjoen G. Effects of Sex Hormone Treatment on the Metabolic Syndrome in Transgender Individuals: Focus on Metabolic Cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:790-802. [PMID: 29216353 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hormonal treatment in transgender persons affects many components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). OBJECTIVE To determine the role of direct hormonal effects, changes in metabolic cytokines, and body composition on metabolic outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS 24 transwomen and 45 transmen from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence were investigated at baseline and after 12 months of hormonal therapy. OUTCOME MEASURES Best predictors for changes in components of MS, applying least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. RESULTS In transwomen, a decrease in triglyceride levels was best explained by a decrease in fat mass and an increase in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21); the decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was principally due to a decrease in resistin. A decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol depended on an inverse association with fat mass. In contrast, in transmen, an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was predicted by a decrease in FGF-21 and an increase in the waist/hip ratio; a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol ratio depended on a decline in adiponectin levels. In transwomen, worsened insulin resistance and increased early insulin response seemed to be due to a direct treatment effect; however, improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity in transmen were best predicted by a positive association with chemerin, resistin, and FGF-21 and were inversely related to changes in the waist/hip ratio and leptin and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The effects of hormonal therapy on different components of the MS are sex-specific and involve a complex interplay of direct hormonal effects, changes in body composition, and metabolic cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K Auer
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Justine Defreyne
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Günter K Stalla
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Sripetchwandee J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Links Between Obesity-Induced Brain Insulin Resistance, Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:496. [PMID: 30233495 PMCID: PMC6127253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that obesity and associated metabolic changes are considered a risk factor to age-associated cognitive decline. Inflammation and increased oxidative stress in peripheral areas, following obesity, are patently the major contributory factors to the degree of the severity of brain insulin resistance as well as the progression of cognitive impairment in the obese condition. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the alterations in brain mitochondria, including both functional and morphological changes, occurred following obesity. Several studies also suggested that brain mitochondrial dysfunction may be one of underlying mechanism contributing to brain insulin resistance and cognitive impairment in the obese condition. Thus, this review aimed to comprehensively summarize and discuss the current evidence from various in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that are associated with obesity, brain insulin resistance, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and cognition. Contradictory findings and the mechanistic insights about the roles of obesity, brain insulin resistance, and brain mitochondrial dysfunction on cognition are also presented and discussed. In addition, the potential therapies for obese-insulin resistance are reported as the therapeutic strategies which exert the neuroprotective effects in the obese-insulin resistant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapas Sripetchwandee
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Siriporn C. Chattipakorn ;
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32
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Xiao F, Zeng J, Huang P, Yan B, Zeng X, Liu C, Shi X, Wang L, Song H, Lin M, Yang S, Li Z, Li X, Liu C. Independent Association of Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels With Impaired Liver Enzymes in Hyperthyroid Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 30692965 PMCID: PMC6339876 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is identified as a potential biomarker for liver diseases. However, information is limited regarding serum FGF21 and impaired liver function in hyperthyroidism. We aim to determine the potential association of serum FGF21 levels with impaired liver enzymes in hyperthyroid patients. In this case-control study, 105 normal subjects and 122 overt hyperthyroid patients were included. Among them, 41 hyperthyroid patients who obtained euthyroid status after thionamide treatment received second visit. Serum FGF21 levels were determined using the ELISA method. Compared to the normal subjects, patients with hyperthyroidism had significantly elevated serum liver enzymes, including alanine transaminase (ALT) (p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p < 0.001) levels, as well as FGF21 levels (p < 0.001). Further analysis showed serum FGF21 (p < 0.05), as well as thyroid hormone (TH) free T3 (p < 0.05), free T4 (p < 0.05) levels were higher in hyperthyroid patients with impaired liver enzymes than in those with normal liver enzymes. After reversal of hyperthyroid state, elevated serum FGF21 levels in hyperthyroid patients declined significantly (p < 0.001), with a concomitant decrease in serum ALT (p < 0.001), AST (p < 0.001) levels. Correlation analysis showed close correlation between FGF21 and ALT (p < 0.002), AST (p < 0.012), free T3 (p < 0.001), free T4 (p < 0.001). Further logistic regression analysis revealed FGF21 is significantly associated with elevated ALT [Odds Ratio, OR 1.79, (95% confidence interval, CI), (1.30-2.47), P < 0.001], AST [1.59 (1.07-2.34), p < 0.020]. After adjustment of potential confounders, the association between FGF21 and elevated ALT remained significant [1.42 (1.01-1.99), p < 0.043]. In conclusion, serum FGF21 is independently associated with impaired liver enzymes in hyperthyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangsen Xiao
- Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinyang Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peiying Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiulin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiqu Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingzhu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Liu
| | - Chao Liu
- Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Xuejun Li
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Ebert T, Linder N, Schaudinn A, Busse H, Berger J, Lichtinghagen R, Keim V, Wiegand J, Karlas T. Association of fetuin B with markers of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endocrine 2017; 58:246-252. [PMID: 28914407 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver-derived plasma protein fetuin B is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and impaired glucose homeostasis in mice. However, its association with non-invasive ultrasound- and magnetic resonance (MR)-based markers of liver fibrosis and steatosis, the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score, liver biopsy, as well as rs738409 in PNPLA3, has not been elucidated in NAFLD, so far. DESIGN AND METHODS The association of circulating fetuin B and transient elastography (TE), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), 1H-MR-spectroscopy, the ELF score, liver biopsy, as well as risk alleles in rs738409 in PNPLA3, was studied in 101 NAFLD patients as compared to 15 healthy controls. RESULTS Serum fetuin B levels did not differ between NAFLD patients and controls (p = 0.863). Fetuin B was independently and negatively associated with transient elastography liver stiffness measurement (LSM) (p = 0.002), but not with the steatosis markers CAP or 1H-MR-spectroscopy. Fetuin B serum concentrations were significantly lower in individuals with LSM > 7.0 kPa as compared to patients with LSM < 7.0 kPa (p = 0.024). Furthermore, the ELF score and histologically proven fibrosis were independent and negative predictors of circulating fetuin B. Moreover, serum fetuin B significantly depended on number of rs738409 risk alleles (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Fetuin B is independently and negatively associated with non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis and PNPLA3 status in NAFLD patients but does not show a correlation with the hepatic lipid content. Future studies need to elucidate the pathophysiological significance of fetuin B in NAFLD and its potential value as predictor for disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebert
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Linder
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Schaudinn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Busse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Berger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Keim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Wiegand
- Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Karlas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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The Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An Evaluation of Large Panels of Plasma Protein Markers Using Repeated, Prediagnostic Samples. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4803156. [PMID: 28522899 PMCID: PMC5381203 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4803156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a set of metabolic risk factors including obesity, dysglycemia, and dyslipidemia, is associated with increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. A putative biological mechanism is chronic, low-grade inflammation, both a feature of MetS and a CRC risk factor. However, excess body fat also induces a proinflammatory state and increases CRC risk. In order to explore the relationship between MetS, body size, inflammation, and CRC, we studied large panels of inflammatory and cancer biomarkers. We included 138 participants from the Västerbotten Intervention Programme with repeated sampling occasions, 10 years apart. Plasma samples were analyzed for 178 protein markers by proximity extension assay. To identify associations between plasma protein levels and MetS components, linear mixed models were fitted for each protein. Twelve proteins were associated with at least one MetS component, six of which were associated with MetS score. MetS alone was not related to any protein. Instead, BMI displayed by far the strongest associations with the biomarkers. One of the 12 MetS score-related proteins (FGF-21), also associated with BMI, was associated with an increased CRC risk (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.47). We conclude that overweight and obesity, acting through both inflammation and other mechanisms, likely explain the MetS-CRC connection.
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Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 in early-stage diabetic kidney disease. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 186:785-794. [PMID: 28181108 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hepatoadipokine with pleiotropic metabolic regulatory actions, is emerging as a novel biomarker of progressive nephropathy. We sought to evaluate circulating FGF21 and its association with clinical and biochemical characteristics as well as the urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rates in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with or without microalbuminuria and their matched healthy controls. METHODS Cross-sectionally, 130 consecutive individuals comprising patients with T2D with (n = 44) or without (n = 44) microalbuminuria and their healthy controls (n = 42) were recruited for analysis. Various demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS Serum FGF21 levels were significantly elevated in patients with microalbuminuria [median (interquartile range, IQR): 269.50 (188.50) pg/mL] compared to their normoalbuminuric peers with T2D [median (IQR): 103.50 (75.75) pg/mL] and nondiabetic people [median (IQR): 99.00 (126.75) pg/mL]. While serum FGF21, diastolic blood pressure and duration of diabetes mellitus (DDM) were independently associated with microalbuminuria in the baseline logistic regression model, FGF21 and DDM emerged as significant correlates in the multivariate adjusted model (OR for FGF21 = 1.060, 95% CI = 1.011-1.110, P < .016). CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 level is strongly associated with early-stage diabetic kidney disease in the high-risk population of patients with T2D (particularly with circulating FGF21 values rising above 181 pg/mL). The association of serum FGF21 with subclinical stages of diabetic nephropathy may unearth perspectives on early detection and prevention of the advanced stages of chronic diabetes microvascular complications through effective FGF21-targeted therapy.
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The metabolic hormone FGF21 is associated with endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:517-523. [PMID: 27943169 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Finding new, reliable biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis (HD) patients is of utmost importance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been recently associated with atherosclerosis in the general population. The relationship between markedly elevated FGF21 levels in HD patients and endothelial dysfunction is unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of FGF21, the correlation between FGF21 and tumor necrosis factor TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and the correlation between FGF21 and endothelial dysfunction in HD patients. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 70 HD patients (mean age 59.9 ± 12.5 years, 14.3% diabetes mellitus, 57.1% male) from Nefromed Dialysis Center Cluj. We registered clinical and biological data, and serum FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA. Endothelial function was evaluated by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). An analysis based on stratification of FGF21 values into quartiles was performed. RESULTS FGF21 levels were directly correlated with sTWEAK, tricipital skinfold thickness (TST), systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol and triglycerides. In multivariate linear analysis, only sTWEAK and SBP remained significantly associated with FGF21. FGF21 values in the inferior quartile were directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol, while FGF21 values in the superior quartile were directly correlated with SBP, pulse pressure and sTWEAK. FMD was significantly higher in the inferior quartile as compared to the superior quartile. CONCLUSIONS High FGF21 values in our patients are correlated with atherosclerosis risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, increased TST and increased levels of sTWEAK. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with high FGF21 in HD patients.
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Taniguchi H, Tanisawa K, Sun X, Higuchi M. Acute endurance exercise lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in Japanese men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:861-867. [PMID: 27453549 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The independent effects of acute endurance exercise on FGF21 metabolism are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether acute endurance exercise modulates serum postprandial FGF21 levels in an age-dependent manner. DESIGN Exercise intervention trial. PATIENTS Twenty-eight subjects participated in the experiment, of whom 13 were excluded mainly because of a serum FGF21 level below the limit of detection. Thus, data from seven young (age: 18-22 years) and eight elderly male subjects (age: 62-69 years) were analysed. MEASUREMENTS Participants were asked to perform a cycling exercise for 30 min at 70% maximal oxygen uptake, following carbohydrate intake. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h and 24 h after the cessation of exercise. Serum FGF21 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher serum FGF21 was observed in the elderly subjects group throughout the experiment (P < 0·05). There was no significant increase in serum FGF21 levels after the cessation of exercise, whereas serum FGF21 levels were significantly lower 24 h after the exercise compared with those pre-exercise, 0 min, 30 min and 1 h after the cessation of exercise in both groups (P < 0·01). The response did not differ between the two groups because of no significant group × time interaction. CONCLUSIONS Acute endurance exercise lowers serum FGF21 levels 24 h following exercise. The results suggest that acute endurance exercise modulates postprandial FGF21 metabolism regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Sa-Nguanmoo P, Tanajak P, Kerdphoo S, Satjaritanun P, Wang X, Liang G, Li X, Jiang C, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. FGF21 improves cognition by restored synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density, brain mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis in obese-insulin resistant male rats. Horm Behav 2016; 85:86-95. [PMID: 27566237 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone which exerts beneficial effects on metabolic regulation in obese and diabetic models. However, the effect of FGF21 on cognition in obese-insulin resistant rats has not been investigated. We hypothesized that FGF21 prevented cognitive decline in obese-insulin resistant rats by improving hippocampal synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density, brain mitochondrial function and brain FGF21 signaling as well as decreasing brain cell apoptosis. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, and received either a normal diet (ND) (n=6) or a high fat diet (HFD) (n=12) for 12weeks. At week 13, the HFD-fed rats were subdivided into two subgroups (n=6/subgroup) to receive either vehicle or recombinant human FGF21 (0.1mg/kg/day) for four weeks. ND-fed rats were given vehicle for four weeks. At the end of the treatment, cognitive function, metabolic parameters, pro-inflammatory markers, brain mitochondrial function, cell apoptosis, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, dendritic spine density and brain FGF21 signaling were determined. The results showed that vehicle-treated HFD-fed rats developed obese-insulin resistance and cognitive decline with impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity, decreased dendritic spine density, brain mitochondrial dysfunction and increased brain cell apoptosis. Impaired brain FGF 21 signaling was found in these obese-insulin resistant rats. FGF21-treated obese-insulin resistant rats had improved peripheral insulin sensitivity, increased hippocampal synaptic plasticity, increased dendritic spine density, restored brain mitochondrial function, attenuated brain cells apoptosis and increased brain FGF21 signaling, leading to a prevention of cognitive decline. These findings suggest that FGF21 treatment exerts neuroprotection in obese-insulin resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piangkwan Sa-Nguanmoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pongpan Tanajak
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattarapong Satjaritanun
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 are elevated in patients with congenital or acquired lipodystrophy. Cytokine 2016; 83:239-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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FGF19 and FGF21 serum concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes behave differently after diet- or surgically-induced weight loss. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:861-868. [PMID: 27188262 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and 21 (FGF21) have emerged as key regulators of energy homeostasis. Our aim was to analyze the impact of weight loss (WL) induced either by conventional dietary treatment (CDT) or bariatric surgery on FGF19 and FGF21 concentrations. Furthermore, the diverse effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) versus RYGB (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) as two surgical procedures that affect the gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology differently was also analyzed. METHODS Serum concentrations of FGF19 and FGF21 were measured in 137 obese patients with different degrees of insulin resistance matched by sex, age and body adiposity and compared to 33 lean individuals. Furthermore, FGF19 and FGF21 were measured in 114 subjects before and one-year after WL induced either by CDT (n = 28), SG (n = 20) or RYGB (n = 66). RESULTS Circulating serum FGF19 concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) similarly in obese patients regardless of their degree of insulin resistance, while FGF21 levels were increased in obesity (P < 0.01), being further increased in obesity-associated T2D (P < 0.01). FGF19 concentrations were increased in obese subjects after surgically-induced WL (P < 0.01), but not after WL achieved by CDT, while FGF21 levels were reduced after CDT- (P < 0.05) or SG-induced WL (P < 0.05), but not after RYGB. The change in FGF21 concentrations emerged as a significant predictor of the change in insulin resistance (HOMA) after WL. CONCLUSIONS Based on the circulating concentrations and their subsequent pattern of response following WL, we conclude that FGF19 levels are mainly related to body adiposity, in particular visceral adiposity, while FGF21 is mainly related to glucose homeostasis. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT01572090.
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Talukdar S, Zhou Y, Li D, Rossulek M, Dong J, Somayaji V, Weng Y, Clark R, Lanba A, Owen BM, Brenner MB, Trimmer JK, Gropp KE, Chabot JR, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Goodwin B, Calle RA. A Long-Acting FGF21 Molecule, PF-05231023, Decreases Body Weight and Improves Lipid Profile in Non-human Primates and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Cell Metab 2016; 23:427-40. [PMID: 26959184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 plays a central role in energy, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. To characterize the pharmacologic effects of FGF21, we administered a long-acting FGF21 analog, PF-05231023, to obese cynomolgus monkeys. PF-05231023 caused a marked decrease in food intake that led to reduced body weight. To assess the effects of PF-05231023 in humans, we conducted a placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose study in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. PF-05231023 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, improved plasma lipoprotein profile, and increased adiponectin levels. Importantly, there were no significant effects of PF-05231023 on glycemic control. PF-05231023 treatment led to dose-dependent changes in multiple markers of bone formation and resorption and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1. The favorable effects of PF-05231023 on body weight support further evaluation of this molecule for the treatment of obesity. Longer studies are needed to assess potential direct effects of FGF21 on bone in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Rossulek
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Dong
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ronald Clark
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Martin B Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Trimmer
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn E Gropp
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Chabot
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Robberecht H, Hermans N. Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical Background and Clinical Significance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:47-93. [PMID: 26808223 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome are divided into four subgroups. Although dividing them in groups has some limitations, it can be used to draw some conclusions. In a first part, the dyslipidemias and markers of oxidative stress are discussed, while inflammatory markers and cardiometabolic biomarkers are reviewed in a second part. For most of them, the biochemical background and clinical significance are discussed, although here also a well-cut separation cannot always be made. Altered levels cannot always be claimed as the cause, risk, or consequence of the syndrome. Several factors are interrelated to each other and act in a concerted, antagonistic, synergistic, or modulating way. Most important conclusions are summarized at the end of every reviewed subgroup. Genetic biomarkers or influences of various food components on concentration levels are not included in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Robberecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone that is synthesized by several organs and regulates energy homeostasis. Excitement surrounding this relatively recently identified hormone is based on the documented metabolic beneficial effects of FGF21, which include weight loss and improved glycemia. The biology of FGF21 is intrinsically complicated owing to its diverse metabolic functions in multiple target organs and its ability to act as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine factor. In the liver, FGF21 plays an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation both in the fasted state and in mice consuming a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. FGF21 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in mice consuming a diet that promotes hepatic lipotoxicity. In white adipose tissue (WAT), FGF21 regulates aspects of glucose metabolism, and in susceptible WAT depots, it can cause browning. This peptide is highly expressed in the pancreas, where it appears to play an anti-inflammatory role in experimental pancreatitis. It also has an anti-inflammatory role in cardiac muscle. Although typically not expressed in skeletal muscle, FGF21 is induced in situations of muscle stress, particularly mitochondrial myopathies. FGF21 has been proposed as a novel therapeutic for metabolic complications such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. This review aims to interpret and delineate the ever-expanding complexity of FGF21 physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffolliott Martin Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhutani J, O'Keefe JH. Acarbose: safe and effective for lowering postprandial hyperglycaemia and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000327. [PMID: 26512331 PMCID: PMC4620230 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are a class of oral glucose-lowering drugs used exclusively for treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. AGIs act by altering the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates through inhibition of their conversion into simple sugars (monosaccharides) and thus decrease the bioavailability of carbohydrates in the body, significantly lowering blood glucose levels. The three AGIs used in clinical practice are acarbose, voglibose and miglitol. This review will focus on the cardiovascular properties of acarbose. The current available data suggest that AGIs (particularly acarbose) may be safe and effective for the treatment of prediabetes and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
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46
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Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E. Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1029-38. [PMID: 26232236 PMCID: PMC4747916 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of risk factors for enhanced primary prevention and novel therapies for treating the chronic consequences of cardiovascular disease are of the utmost importance for reducing morbidity. Recently, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been intensively studied as potential new molecules in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease mainly attributable to metabolic effects and angiogenic actions. Members of the endocrine FGF family have been shown to increase metabolic rate, decrease adiposity, and restore glucose homeostasis, suggesting a multiple metabolic role. Serum levels of FGFs have been associated with established cardiovascular risk factors as well as with the severity and extent of coronary artery disease and could be useful for prediction of cardiovascular death. Furthermore, preclinical investigations and clinical trials have tested FGF administration for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic vascular disease, demonstrating a potential role in improving angina and limb function. FGF21 has lately emerged as a potent metabolic regulator with multiple effects that ultimately improve the lipoprotein profile. Early studies show that FGF21 is associated with the presence of atherosclerosis and may play a protective role against plaque formation by improving endothelial function. The present review highlights recent investigations suggesting that FGFs, in particular FGF21, may be useful as markers of cardiovascular risk and may also serve as protective/therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M Domouzoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina K Naka
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonios P Vlahos
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail I Papafaklis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lampros K Michalis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Agathoklis Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Reinhard M, Frystyk J, Jespersen B, Randers E, Bibby BM, Ivarsen P. Response of fibroblast growth factor 21 to meal intake and insulin infusion in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:187-95. [PMID: 25659979 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the response of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) to a meal and to insulin infusion in haemodialysis (HD) patients. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Meal study: in a crossover design, 12 nondiabetic HD patients were randomly assigned to: (1) a non-HD day with one meal served, (2) a HD day with one meal served during HD and (3) a HD day with two meals served during and after HD, respectively. Twelve healthy controls participated in an experiment identical to the non-HD day. Insulin infusion study: in a crossover design, 11 nondiabetic HD patients were randomly assigned to receive a 4-h HD session with either: (1) no infusion, (2) glucose infusion or (3) glucose-insulin infusion. A meal was served 2 h before HD start. RESULTS Meal study: serum FGF21 was 23-fold higher in HD patients than controls (P < 0·001). Postprandial FGF21 decreased on all four study days (P < 0·006), but the relative reductions from baseline were significantly greater in controls (P < 0·008). Postprandial changes in FGF21 were inversely related with triglycerides (P = 0·042) and positively related with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) (P < 0·001). Serum FGF21 was only associated with changes in adiponectin (P = 0·001) and free fatty acids (P = 0·04) in the healthy controls. Insulin infusion study: as compared with no infusion, glucose and glucose-insulin infusion prevented the postprandial decrease in FGF21 and resulted in higher FGF21 concentrations by up to 25% (P = 0·003). CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 was highly elevated in HD patients but the response of serum FGF21 to meal intake and insulin infusion seemed to be intact. Our results indicate that FGF21 may play an important role in short-term metabolic homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Reinhard
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Else Randers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
| | - Bo Martin Bibby
- Department of Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Ivarsen
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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48
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Zibar K, Blaslov K, Bulum T, Ćuća JK, Smirčić-Duvnjak L. Basal and postprandial change in serum fibroblast growth factor-21 concentration in type 1 diabetic mellitus and in healthy controls. Endocrine 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 25194937 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) appears to have an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF-21 secretion is mainly determined by nutritional status. The aim of this study was to measure basal and postprandial FGF-21 and postprandial change of FGF-21 concentration in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and in healthy controls, and to investigate the differences between the groups. The cross-sectional study included 30 C-peptide negative T1DM patients, median age 37 years (20-59), disease duration 22 years (3-45), and nine healthy controls, median age 30 years (27-47). Basal and postprandial FGF-21 concentrations were measured by ELISA. The associations of FGF-21 with glucose, lipids, and insulin were analyzed. Individuals with T1DM showed significantly lower basal FGF-21 concentration (P=0.046) when compared with healthy controls (median value 28.2 vs 104 pg/mL) and had significantly different postprandial change (∆ 30'-0') of FGF-21 (P=0.006) in comparison with healthy controls (median value -1.1 vs -20.5 pg/mL). The glucose and lipid status did not correlate with FGF-21. In healthy controls, postprandial insulin level correlated with basal FGF-21 (ρ=0.7, P=0.036). Multiple regression analysis showed that they are independently associated after adjustment for confounding factors (β=1.824, P=0.04). We describe the pathological pattern of basal and postprandial change of FGF-21 secretion not associated with glucose, lipid levels, or insulin therapy in patients with T1DM. Since FGF-21 has numerous protective metabolic effects in the experimental model, the lower basal FGF-21 concentration in T1DM patients opens the question about the potential role of recombinant FGF-21 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Zibar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, Dugi Dol 4a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia,
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Ong KL, Januszewski AS, O'Connell R, Jenkins AJ, Xu A, Sullivan DR, Barter PJ, Hung WT, Scott RS, Taskinen MR, Keech AC, Rye KA. The relationship of fibroblast growth factor 21 with cardiovascular outcome events in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study. Diabetologia 2015; 58:464-73. [PMID: 25425220 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are often elevated in obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the relationship of plasma FGF21 levels with cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Plasma FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA at baseline in 9,697 individuals with type 2 diabetes participating in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. We assessed the association of FGF21 levels with the incidence of different cardiovascular outcomes over 5 years. The primary outcome was total cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and the secondary outcomes were the four individual components: coronary heart disease events, total stroke, CVD mortality and coronary and carotid revascularisation. The tertiary outcome was hospitalisation for angina pectoris. RESULTS Higher baseline FGF21 levels were associated with higher risks of all cardiovascular outcome events after adjusting for the study treatment allocation (all p < 0.01). The associations remained significant for total CVD events and for coronary and carotid revascularisation after further adjusting for confounding factors, with the HR (95% CI) being 1.28 (1.10, 1.50) and 1.26 (1.01, 1.56), respectively, for the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile (overall effect p = 0.002 and 0.007, respectively). The addition of FGF21 levels to a model including established CVD risk factors predicting total CVD events led to a non-significant increase in the C-statistic but there was a significant improvement in integrated discrimination and net reclassification. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Higher baseline plasma FGF21 levels were associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN64783481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
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50
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Acarbose, lente carbohydrate, and prebiotics promote metabolic health and longevity by stimulating intestinal production of GLP-1. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000205. [PMID: 25685364 PMCID: PMC4316590 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, which slows carbohydrate digestion and blunts postprandial rises in plasma glucose, has long been used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance. Like metformin, acarbose tends to aid weight control, postpone onset of diabetes and decrease risk for cardiovascular events. Acarbose treatment can favourably affect blood pressure, serum lipids, platelet aggregation, progression of carotid intima-media thickness and postprandial endothelial dysfunction. In mice, lifetime acarbose feeding can increase median and maximal lifespan-an effect associated with increased plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). There is growing reason to suspect that an upregulation of fasting and postprandial production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-stemming from increased delivery of carbohydrate to L cells in the distal intestinal tract-is largely responsible for the versatile health protection conferred by acarbose. Indeed, GLP-1 exerts protective effects on vascular endothelium, the liver, the heart, pancreatic β cells, and the brain which can rationalise many of the benefits reported with acarbose. And GLP-1 may act on the liver to modulate its production of FGF21 and IGF-I, thereby promoting longevity. The benefits of acarbose are likely mimicked by diets featuring slowly-digested 'lente' carbohydrate, and by certain nutraceuticals which can slow carbohydrate absorption. Prebiotics that promote colonic generation of short-chain fatty acids represent an alternative strategy for boosting intestinal GLP-1 production. The health benefits of all these measures presumably would be potentiated by concurrent use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, which slow the proteolysis of GLP-1 in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J DiNicolantonio
- Mid America Heart Institute, St. Luke's Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri , USA ; Wegmans Pharmacy , Ithaca, New York , USA
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