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Pedersen AKN, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Bjerre M. Metformin Improves the Prerequisites for FGF21 Signaling in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e552-e561. [PMID: 37776319 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 acts as a metabolic regulator and its therapeutic use is under investigation. FGF21 signaling requires binding to surface receptors, FGFR1c and β-klotho. FGF21 resistance is observed in metabolic diseases and FGF21 signaling is regulated by fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Metformin is reported to influence expression and secretion of FGF21 in preclinical models, but the effect of metformin on FGF21 in a clinical trial remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate how 12 weeks of treatment with metformin affects the FGF21 signaling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with T2D (n = 24) receiving either metformin (1000 mg twice daily) or placebo. A control group of body mass index- and age-matched healthy individuals (n = 12) received a similar dose of metformin. Blood samples and muscle and fat biopsies were collected at study entry and after 12 weeks. METHODS Plasma levels of FGF21 (total and intact) and FAP (total and activity) were measured. Muscle and fat biopsies were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of targets relevant for activation of the FGF21 signaling pathway. RESULTS Circulating FAP activity decreased after metformin treatment compared with placebo (P = .006), whereas FGF21 levels were unchanged. Metformin treatment increased gene and protein expression of β-klotho, FGFR1c, and pFGFR1c in adipose tissue. FGF21 mRNA expression increased in muscle tissue after metformin and the FGF21 protein, but not mRNA levels, were observed in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that metformin suppresses the circulating FAP activity and upregulates the expression of FGFR1c and β-klotho for increased FGF21 signaling in adipose tissue, thus improving peripheral FGF21 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine Nissen Pedersen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Carbonetti MP, Almeida-Oliveira F, Majerowicz D. Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e220493. [PMID: 37948566 PMCID: PMC10916804 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Carbonetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,
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3
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential effect of metformin on fibroblast growth factor 21 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammopharmacology 2023:10.1007/s10787-023-01255-4. [PMID: 37337094 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone mainly synthesized and released from the liver. FGF21 acts on FGF21 receptors (FGFRs) and β-Klotho, which is a transmembrane co-receptor. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), inflammatory disorders stimulate the release of FGF21 to overcome insulin resistance (IR). FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Metformin which is used in the management of T2DM may increase FGF21 expression. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to clarify the metformin effect on FGF21 in T2DM. FGF21 level and expression of FGF2Rs are dysregulated in T2DM due to the development of FGF21 resistance. Metformin stimulates the hepatic expression of FGF21/FGF2Rs by different signaling pathways. Besides, metformin improves the expression of β-Klotho which improves FGF21 sensitivity. In conclusion, metformin advances FGF21 signaling and decreases FGF21 resistance in T2DM, and this might be an innovative mechanism for metformin in the enhancement of glucose homeostasis and metabolic disorders in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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4
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Kaur N, Gare SR, Ruiz-Velasco A, Miller JM, Abouleisa RR, Ou Q, Shen J, Soran H, Mohamed TM, Liu W. FGF21/FGFR1-β-KL cascade in cardiomyocytes modulates angiogenesis and inflammation under metabolic stress. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14952. [PMID: 37123894 PMCID: PMC10133673 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with an increased risk of developing heart failure. Inflammation and damaged vasculature are the cardinal features of diabetes-induced cardiac damage. Moreover, systemic metabolic stress triggers discordant intercellular communication, thus culminating in cardiac dysfunction. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a pleiotropic hormone transducing cellular signals via fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its co-receptor beta-klotho (β-KL). This study first demonstrated a decreased expression or activity of FGFR1 and β-KL in both human and mouse diabetic hearts. Reinforcing cardiac FGFR1 and β-KL expression can alleviate pro-inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction upon diabetic stress. Using proteomics, novel cardiomyocyte-derived anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic factors regulated by FGFR1-β-KL signaling were identified. Although not exhaustive, this study provides a unique insight into the protective topology of the cardiac FGFR1-β-KL signaling-mediated intercellular reactions in the heart in response to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Kaur
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica M. Miller
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Riham R.E. Abouleisa
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qinghui Ou
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jiahan Shen
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Handrean Soran
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Tamer M.A. Mohamed
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, 580 S Preston St., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
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5
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Kaur N, Gare SR, Shen J, Raja R, Fonseka O, Liu W. Multi-organ FGF21-FGFR1 signaling in metabolic health and disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:962561. [PMID: 35983184 PMCID: PMC9378980 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.962561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a chronic systemic disease that is particularly manifested by obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, affecting multiple organs. The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome poses a threat to public health due to its complications, such as liver dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Impaired adipose tissue plasticity is another factor contributing to metabolic syndrome. Emerging evidence demonstrates that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are critical players in organ crosstalk via binding to specific FGF receptors (FGFRs) and their co-receptors. FGFRs activation modulates intracellular responses in various cell types under metabolic stress. FGF21, in particular is considered as the key regulator for mediating systemic metabolic effects by binding to receptors FGFR1, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The complex of FGFR1 and beta Klotho (β-KL) facilitates endocrine and paracrine communication networks that physiologically regulate global metabolism. This review will discuss FGF21-mediated FGFR1/β-KL signaling pathways in the liver, adipose, and cardiovascular systems, as well as how this signaling is involved in the interplay of these organs during the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the clinical implications and therapeutic strategies for preventing metabolic syndrome and its complications by targeting FGFR1/β-KL are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiahan Shen
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rida Raja
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Oveena Fonseka
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Baker JF, England BR, George MD, Wysham K, Johnson T, Lenert A, Kunkel G, Sauer B, Duryee MJ, Monach P, Kerr G, Reimold A, Thiele GM, Mikuls TR. Adipocytokines and achievement of low disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 55:152003. [PMID: 35472662 PMCID: PMC11000859 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if adipocytokines are independently associated with the achievement of low disease activity (LDA) over long-term follow-up in a large rheumatoid arthritis (RA) registry. METHODS This cohort study evaluated adults with RA from the Veteran's Affairs RA Registry. Adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-21) and inflammatory cytokines were measured as part of a multi-analyte panel on banked serum from enrollment. Covariates were derived from medical record, biorepository, and registry databases. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models evaluated associations between adipocytokines and rates of 1) DAS28 LDA and remission, 2) individual Boolean remission criteria and 3) initiation of a new bDMARD or tsDMARD. RESULTS There were 1,276 participants with a DAS28 >3.2 at enrollment. Of these, 827 achieved LDA and 598 achieved remission over 2,287 and 4,096 person-years, respectively. Patients in the highest quartile of adiponectin had lower rates LDA before and after adjustment [aHR Q4: 0.68 (0.53,0.87) p<0.001]. Those in the highest quartile of leptin and FGF-21 also had lower rates of LDA. Higher quartiles of adipocytokines were also associated with lower rates of achieving a low patient/evaluator global scores and low tender joint counts. Among 1,236 biologic-naïve participants, values above the median for adiponectin [HR: 1.67 (1.23,1.26) p = 0.001] and FGF-21 [HR: 1.27 (1.09,1.47) p = 0.002] were associated with a greater likelihood of initiating a b/tsDMARD. CONCLUSIONS Adipocytokines may serve as prognostic biomarkers of a more severe RA disease course. Additional study is needed to determine whether adipocytokines are phenotypic markers or whether they actively promote disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Baker
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Bryant R England
- Medicine Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michael D George
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Tate Johnson
- Medicine Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Gary Kunkel
- Salt Lake City VA Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian Sauer
- Salt Lake City VA Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Medicine Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Paul Monach
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gail Kerr
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Medicine Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- Medicine Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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7
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Wu YK, Ren ZN, Zhu SL, Wu YZ, Wang G, Zhang H, Chen W, He Z, Ye XL, Zhai QX. Sulforaphane ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by promoting FGF21/FGFR1 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1473-1483. [PMID: 34654875 PMCID: PMC9159986 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies regarding the beneficial effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have focused on nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). But the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of SFN in the treatment of NAFLD remain controversial. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a member of the FGF family expressed mainly in liver but also in adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas, which functions as an endocrine factor and has been considered as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NAFLD. In the present study we investigated whether FGF21 was involved in the therapeutic effect of SFN against NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to generate NAFLD and continued on the HFD for additional 6 weeks with or without SFN treatment. We showed that administration of SFN (0.56 g/kg) significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in NAFLD mice, along with the improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, through suppressing the expression of proteins responsible for hepatic lipogenesis, while enhancing proteins for hepatic lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation. SFN administration significantly increased hepatic expression of FGFR1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in NAFLD mice, along with decreased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (the downstream of FGF21). HepG2 cells were treated in vitro with FFAs (palmitic acid and oleic acid) followed by different concentrations of SFN. We showed that the effects of SFN on FGF21 and FGFR1 protein expression were replicated in FFAs-treated HepG2 cells. Moreover, the increased FGFR1 protein occurred earlier than increased FGF21 protein. Interestingly, the rapid effect of SFN on FGFR1 protein was not regulated by the FGFR1 gene transcription. Knockdown of FGFR1 and p38 genes weakened SFN-reduced lipid deposition in FFAs-treated HepG2 cells. SFN administration in combination with rmFGF21 (1.5 mg/kg, i.p., every other day) for 3 weeks further suppressed hepatic steatosis in NAFLD mice. In conclusion, SFN ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders in NAFLD mice by upregulating FGF21/FGFR1 pathway. Our results verify that SFN may become a promising intervention to treat or relieve NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-kuan Wu
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zheng-nan Ren
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Sheng-long Zhu
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Yun-zhou Wu
- grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150038 China
| | - Gang Wang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Wei Chen
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zhao He
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Xian-long Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000 China
| | - Qi-xiao Zhai
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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8
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Hua S, Liu Q, Li J, Fan M, Yan K, Ye D. Beta-klotho in type 2 diabetes mellitus: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:1091-1109. [PMID: 34120289 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a global health problem with no cure. Despite lifestyle modifications and various pharmaceutical options, the achievement of stable and durable glucose control along with effective prevention of T2DM-related cardiovascular complications remains a challenging task in clinical management. With its selective high abundance in metabolic tissues (adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas), β-Klotho is the essential component of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes. It is essential for high-affinity binding of endocrine FGF19 and FGF21 to evoke the signaling cascade actively involved in homeostatic maintenance of glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. In this Review, we discuss the biological function of β-Klotho in the regulation of glucose metabolism and offer mechanistic insights into its involvement in the pathophysiology of T2DM. We review our current understanding of the endocrine axis comprised of β-Klotho and FGFs (FGF19 and FGF21) and its regulatory effects on glucose metabolism under physiological and T2DM conditions. We also highlight advances in the development and preclinical validation of pharmacological compounds that target β-Klotho and/or the β-Klotho-FGFRs complex for the treatment of T2DM. Given the remarkable advances in this field, we also discuss outstanding research questions and the many challenges in the clinical development of β-Klotho-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hua
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufei Li
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of The Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Eder K, Gessner DK, Ringseis R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in dairy cows: current knowledge and potential relevance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:97. [PMID: 34517929 PMCID: PMC8439079 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as an important regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which plays an important role for metabolic regulation, particularly under conditions of energy deprivation or stress conditions. Dairy cows are subjected to a negative energy balance and various kinds of stress particularly during the periparturient phase and during early lactation. It has been shown that the plasma concentration of FGF21 in dairy cows is dramatically increased at parturition and remains high during the first weeks of lactation. This finding suggests that FGF21 might exert similar functions in dairy cows than in other species, such as mice or humans. However, the role of FGF21 in dairy cows has been less investigated so far. Following a brief summary of the previous findings about the function of FGF21 in humans and mice, the present review aims to present the current state of knowledge about the role of FGF21 in dairy cows. The first part of the review deals with the tissue localization of FGF21 and with conditions leading to an upregulation of FGF21 expression in the liver of dairy cows. In the second part, the influence of nutrition on FGF21 expression and the role of FGF21 for metabolic diseases in dairy cows is addressed. In the third part, findings of exogenous FGF21 application on metabolism in dairy cows are reported. Finally, the potential relevance of FGF21 in dairy cows is discussed. It is concluded that FGF21 might be of great importance for metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance and stress conditions in dairy cows. However, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the functions of FGF21 in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Kwong AKY, Wong VCN, Wong SSN, Chu VLY, Koene S, Smeitink J, Fung CW. High FGF-21 level in a cohort of 22 patients with Dravet Syndrome - Possible relationship with the disease outcomes. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:685-693. [PMID: 34379890 PMCID: PMC8633467 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe and intractable form of epilepsy with prolonged seizures which may evolve to other seizure types and associated with mild to severe intellectual disabilities. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) is a stress hormone mediating metabolic and oxidative stress and circulating level of FGF-21 had been shown to increase in some patients with impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in muscles. In DS, FGF-21 is of interest for further study as mitochondrial oxidative stress was identified previously in patients. METHODS Plasma FGF-21 levels were compared between 22 DS patients and 22 normal controls and their clinical characteristics of DS patients at the time of plasma sampling were studied retrospectively. Besides, the relationships of FGF-21 level with intellectual development, seizure frequency, valproate treatment and types of SCN1A mutations were analyzed. Logarithmic transformation of FGF-21 levels was performed before comparison and statistical analysis. RESULTS Mean of log10 FGF-21 level was significantly higher in DS patients when comparing with normal controls (p = 0.0042). Mean of log10 FGF-21 level was significantly higher in DS patients with normal to mild ID versus mild to severe ID (p = 0.0193) and with valproate treatment versus without valproate treatment (p = 0.015). No significant difference was shown in FGF-21 level in DS patients with missense versus truncating SCN1A variants and no correlation could be demonstrated between seizure frequency and FGF-21 level. SIGNIFICANCE Significantly higher level of plasma FGF-21 was identified in DS patients. The high FGF-21 levels were shown to be associated with developmental outcome and valproate treatment. These results support further investigation on the relationship of FGF-21 with the clinical outcomes of DS and other related mechanism which is important for possible therapeutic development for this epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ka-Yee Kwong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Virginia Chun-Nei Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheila Suet-Na Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vanessa Loi-Yan Chu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Saskia Koene
- Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Smeitink
- Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cheuk-Wing Fung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Pereira S, Moore J, Li JX, Yu WQ, Ghanim H, Vlavcheski F, Joseph YD, Dandona P, Volchuk A, Cummins CL, Tsiani E, Giacca A. 4-Phenylbutyric acid improves free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:861-872. [PMID: 34319253 PMCID: PMC8346193 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obesity and can induce insulin resistance via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, it is unknown whether hepatic insulin resistance caused by the elevation of plasma FFAs is alleviated by chemical chaperones. Rats received one of the following i.v. treatments for 48 h: saline, intralipid plus heparin (IH), IH plus the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), or PBA alone and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed during the last 2 h. PBA co-infusion normalized IH-induced peripheral insulin resistance, similar to our previous findings with an antioxidant and an IκBα kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor. Different from our previous results with the antioxidant and IKKβ inhibitor, PBA also improved IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance in parallel with activation of Akt. Unexpectedly, IH did not induce markers of ER stress in the liver, but PBA prevented IH-induced elevation of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α protein in adipose tissue. PBA tended to decrease circulating fetuin-A and significantly increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) without affecting markers of activation of hepatic protein kinase C-δ or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that we have previously involved in hepatic insulin resistance in this model. In conclusion: (i) PBA prevented hepatic insulin resistance caused by prolonged plasma FFA elevation without affecting hepatic ER stress markers; (ii) the PBA effect is likely due to increased FGF21 and/or decreased fetuin-A, which directly signal to upregulate Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessy Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Qin Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Filip Vlavcheski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Giacca:
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12
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Salgado JV, Goes MA, Salgado Filho N. FGF21 and Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolism 2021; 118:154738. [PMID: 33617873 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global nephrology community recognizes the increasing burden of kidney disease and its poor health outcomes in the general population. Given this, strategies to establish early diagnosis, improve understanding of the natural course and develop novel therapeutic interventions to slow progression and reduce complications are encouraged. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the endocrine FGF subfamily, has emerged as a master homeostasis regulator of local and systemic lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. In addition, FGF21 should be considered an autonomic and endocrine regulator of stress responses in general. Promising results has been shown in both dysmetabolic animal models and metabolic disease patients after pharmacological administration of FGF21 analogs. The association of FGF21 with renal function has been studied for more than ten years. However, the functional role of FGF21 in the kidney is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this hormone and chronic kidney disease, highlighting important gaps that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Salgado
- Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil.
| | | | - Natalino Salgado Filho
- Kidney Disease Prevention Centre, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil; Department of Medicine I, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil
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13
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Yan J, Nie Y, Cao J, Luo M, Yan M, Chen Z, He B. The Roles and Pharmacological Effects of FGF21 in Preventing Aging-Associated Metabolic Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:655575. [PMID: 33869312 PMCID: PMC8044345 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.655575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of living standards but the lack of exercise, aging-associated metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are becoming a lingering dark cloud over society. Studies have found that metabolic disorders are near related to glucose, lipid metabolism, and cellular aging. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the FGFs family, efficiently regulates the homeostasis of metabolism and cellular aging. By activating autophagy genes and improving inflammation, FGF21 indirectly delays cellular aging and directly exerts anti-aging effects by regulating aging genes. FGF21 can also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism by controlling metabolism-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1). Because FGF21 can regulate metabolism and cellular aging simultaneously, FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists are gradually being valued and could become a treatment approach for aging-associated metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which FGF21 achieves curative effects is still not known. This review aims to interpret the interactive influence between FGF21, aging, and metabolic diseases and delineate the pharmacology of FGF21, providing theoretical support for further research on FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunmeng Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jielu Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maoxiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Shpakov AO. Improvement Effect of Metformin on Female and Male Reproduction in Endocrine Pathologies and Its Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010042. [PMID: 33429918 PMCID: PMC7826885 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF administration shows positive effect on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in men with metabolic disorders, thus MF treatment indicates prospective use for improvement of male reproductive functions and fertility. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The review is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female and male reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. The mechanisms of MF action are discussed, including normalization of metabolic and hormonal status in PCOS, GDM, T2DM and metabolic syndrome and restoration of functional activity and hormonal regulation of the gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Farrash WF, Phillips BE, Britton SL, Qi N, Koch LG, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Myokine Responses to Exercise in a Rat Model of Low/High Adaptive Potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:645881. [PMID: 34177798 PMCID: PMC8220071 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.645881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assuming myokines underlie some of the health benefits of exercise, we hypothesised that 'high responder trainer' (HRT) rats would exhibit distinct myokine profiles to 'low responder trainers' (LRT), reflecting distinct health and adaptive traits. METHODS Blood was collected from LRT and HRT (N=8) rats at baseline (BL), immediately (0h), 1h, and 3h after running; repeated after 3-wks training. Myokines were analysed by ELISA (i.e. BDNF/Fractalkine/SPARC/Irisin/FGF21/Musclin/IL-6). RESULTS At baseline, Musclin (LRT: 84 ± 24 vs HRT: 26 ± 3 pg/ml, P=0.05) and FGF21 (LRT: 133 ± 34 vs HRT: 63.5 ± 13 pg/ml, P=0.08) were higher in LRT than HRT. Training increased Musclin in HRT (26 ± 3 to 54 ± 9 pg/ml, P<0.05) and decreased FGF21 in LRT (133 ± 34 to 60 ± 28 pg/ml, P<0.05). Training increased SPARC (LRT: 0.8 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.6 ng/ml, P<0.05; HRT: 0.7 ± 0.06 to 1.8 ± 0.3 ng/ml, P=0.06) and Irisin (LRT 0.62 ± 0.1 to 2.6 ± 0.4 ng/ml, P<0.01; HRT 0.53 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.7 ng/ml, P<0.01) while decreasing BDNF (LRT: 2747 ± 293 to 1081 ± 330 pg/ml, P<0.01; HRT: 1976 ± 328 to 797 ± 160 pg/ml, P<0.05). Acute exercise response of Musclin (AUC) was higher in LRT vs HRT (306 ± 74 vs. 88 ± 12 pg/ml×3h-1, P<0.01) and elevated in HRT after training (221 ± 31 pg/ml×3h-1, P<0.01). Training elevated SPARC (LRT: 2.4 ± 0.1 to 7.7 ± 1.3 ng/ml×3h-1, P<0.05; HRT: 2.5 ± 0.13 to 11.2 ± 2.2 ng/ml×3h-1, P<0.001) and Irisin (LRT: 1.34 ± 0.3 to 9.6 ± 1.7 ng/ml×3h-1, P<0.001; HRT: 1.5 ± 0.5 to 12.1 ± 1.9 ng/ml×3h-1, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Exercise training alters how myokines are secreted in response to acute exercise. Myokine responses were not robustly linked to adaptive potential in aerobic capacity, making them an unlikely regulator of adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam F. Farrash
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- National Institution for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nathan Qi
- Department of Molecular and integrative physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- National Institution for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- National Institution for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Medical Research Council (MRC)-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- National Institution for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Philip J. Atherton,
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16
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Fang H, Stone KP, Forney LA, Wanders D, Gettys TW. Nutritional Regulation of Hepatic FGF21 by Dietary Restriction of Methionine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:773975. [PMID: 34917032 PMCID: PMC8669746 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.773975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a potent metabolic regulator of energy balance, body composition, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Initial studies reported that it was increased by fasting and the associated increase in ketones, but more recent work points to the importance of dietary protein and sensing of essential amino acids in FGF21 regulation. For example, dietary restriction of methionine produces a rapid transcriptional activation of hepatic FGF21 that results in a persistent 5- to 10-fold increase in serum FGF21. Although FGF21 is a component of a complex transcriptional program activated by methionine restriction (MR), loss-of-function studies show that FGF21 is an essential mediator of the resulting effects of the MR diet on energy balance, remodeling of adipose tissue, and enhancement of insulin sensitivity. These studies also show that FGF21 signaling in the brain is required for the MR diet-induced increase in energy expenditure (EE) and reduction of adiposity. Collectively, the evidence supports the view that the liver functions as a sentinel to detect and respond to changes in dietary amino acid composition, and that the resulting mobilization of hepatic FGF21 is a key element of the homeostatic response. These findings raise the interesting possibility that therapeutic diets could be developed that produce sustained, biologically effective increases in FGF21 by nutritionally modulating its transcription and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Laura A. Forney
- Department of Kinesiology, Houston Baptist University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Desiree Wanders
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas W. Gettys,
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17
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Zheng Q, Martin RC, Shi X, Pandit H, Yu Y, Liu X, Guo W, Tan M, Bai O, Meng X, Li Y. Lack of FGF21 promotes NASH-HCC transition via hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling. Theranostics 2020; 10:9923-9936. [PMID: 32929325 PMCID: PMC7481424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasingly recognized in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is reported to prevent NASH and delay HCC development. In this study, the effects of FGF21 on NASH progression and NASH-HCC transition and the potential mechanism(s) were investigated. Methods: NASH models and NASH-HCC models were established in FGF21Knockout (KO) mice to evaluate NASH-HCC transition. IL-17A signaling was investigated in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cells, splenocytes, and hepatocyte and HCC cell lines. Results: Lack of FGF21 caused significant up-regulation of the hepatocyte-derived IL-17A via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling. Restoration of FGF21 alleviated the high NAFLD activity score (NAS) and attenuated the TLR4-triggered hepatocyte-IL-17A expression. The HCC nodule number and tumor size were significantly alleviated by treatments of anti-IL-17A antibody. Conclusion: This study revealed a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of FGF21 via inhibiting the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A signaling in NASH-HCC models. The negative feedback loop on the hepatocyte-TLR4-IL-17A axis could be a potential anti-carcinogenetic mechanism for FGF21 to prevent NASH-HCC transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Robert C. Martin
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Youxi Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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18
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Yamakage H, Tanaka M, Inoue T, Odori S, Kusakabe T, Satoh‐Asahara N. Effects of dapagliflozin on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and myokines and muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, controlled trial. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:653-661. [PMID: 31721467 PMCID: PMC7232283 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Our aims were to examine the add-on effects of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, compared with existing antidiabetes treatments, on anthropometric/metabolic parameters, the levels of an endocrine regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); a skeletal muscle mass (SMM) negative regulator, myostatin; and a metabolic regulator, irisin, in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into dapagliflozin and control groups. The dapagliflozin group received dapagliflozin 5 mg/day in addition to conventional therapy for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the level of serum FGF21 from baseline. The secondary outcomes included changes from baseline in anthropometric/metabolic parameters and serum levels of myostatin and irisin. RESULTS Bodyweight decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group (P < 0.001), but the changes in SMM were not significant between the groups (P = 0.611), thereby elevating the ratio of SMM-to-bodyweight in the dapagliflozin group (P = 0.028). Myostatin levels were significantly decreased (P = 0.010), and irisin levels showed a nearly significant reduction (P = 0.052) in the dapagliflozin group compared with the control group, whereas FGF21 levels did not change significantly from baseline to the end of the intervention in both the dapagliflozin (P = 0.673) and the control (P = 0.823) groups. CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced myostatin levels significantly and maintained SMM, without significant changes in FGF21 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yamakage
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
- Department of Physical TherapyHealth Science UniversityYamanashiJapan
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
| | - Shinji Odori
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
| | - Noriko Satoh‐Asahara
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension ResearchClinical Research InstituteNational Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical CenterKyotoJapan
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19
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Omileke F, Ishiwata S, Matsuo J, Yoshida F, Hidese S, Hattori K, Kunugi H. Possible associations between plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and cognition in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:175-181. [PMID: 32267096 PMCID: PMC7722655 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental disorder characterized by extreme changes in mood polarity. It is also characterized by cognitive and metabolic dysfunctions. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine protein that has a multifaceted function such as glucose and lipid regulation in the periphery, and neuroprotection and induction of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Previous studies reported inconsistent results concerning peripheral FGF21 levels in patients with BD. In this study, we compared plasma FGF21 levels between 26 patients with BD and 51 healthy controls using a human FGF21 ELISA Kit. There was no significant difference in plasma FGF21 levels between the patients and controls. We found significant positive correlations between plasma FGF21 levels and some cognitive parameters (word association and motor speed). If our results are replicated that higher peripheral FGF21 may be associated with better cognitive performance in patients with BD. We compared plasma FGF21 levels between 26 bipolar disorder patients and 51 healthy controls. Although FGF21 concentrations were not different between the patients and controls, we found significant positive correlations between the levels and some cognitive parameters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour Omileke
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Ishiwata
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuko Yoshida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Chen Q, Ma J, Yang X, Li Q, Lin Z, Gong F. SIRT1 Mediates Effects of FGF21 to Ameliorate Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:241. [PMID: 32210821 PMCID: PMC7076185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in cancer patients. Kidney function is closely related to patients’ quality of life and tumor prognosis. Cisplatin is a highly effective anti-tumor drug. However, the use of cisplatin is limited by its nephrotoxicity. It has been reported that FGF21 has a renal-protective function, but the mechanisms by which it does so remain unclear. In this study, we show that the expression of FGF21 is significantly upregulated in both in vitro and in vivo cisplatin-induced AKI models. Administration of recombinant FGF21 to cisplatin-induced AKI mice resulted in significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels, as well as significantly reduced protein levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (TIM-1), C-caspase 3, and Bax. H&E-stained kidney sections from cisplatin-induced AKI mice treated with recombinant FGF21 showed a relatively normal renal tissue structure, a reduced number of necrotic sites and vacuolar changes, and decreased casts, suggesting alleviated renal tubular injury. Experiments with an AKI cell model (cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells) yielded similar results as the mouse model; recombinant FGF21 significantly downregulated protein expression levels of TIM-1, C-caspase 3, and Bax. Furthermore, administration of recombinant FGF21 to cisplatin-treated AKI models significantly increased SIRT1 expression, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 on kidney injury were reversed by SIRT1 knockdown. Collectively, our results suggest that SIRT1 mediates the protective effect of FGF21 on cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongzhen Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinyao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhuofeng Lin,
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
- Fanghua Gong,
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21
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Jiang Y, Lin L, Liu N, Wang Q, Yuan J, Li Y, Chung KK, Guo S, Yu Z, Wang X. FGF21 Protects against Aggravated Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Ischemic Focal Stroke in Diabetic db/db Male Mice via Cerebrovascular PPARγ Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030824. [PMID: 32012810 PMCID: PMC7037567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 (rFGF21) has been shown to be potently beneficial for improving long-term neurological outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stroke mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rFGF21 protects against poststroke blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage in T2DM mice via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation in cerebral microvascular endothelium. We used the distal middle cerebral occlusion (dMCAO) model in T2DM mice as well as cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) subjected to hyperglycemic and inflammatory injury in the current study. We detected a significant reduction in PPARγ DNA-binding activity in the brain tissue and mRNA levels of BBB junctional proteins and PPARγ-targeting gene CD36 and FABP4 in cerebral microvasculature at 24 h after stroke. Ischemic stroke induced a massive BBB leakage two days after stroke in T2DM mice compared to in their lean controls. Importantly, all abnormal changes were significantly prevented by rFGF21 administration initiated at 6 h after stroke. Our in vitro experimental results also demonstrated that rFGF21 protects against hyperglycemia plus interleukin (IL)-1β-induced transendothelial permeability through upregulation of junction protein expression in an FGFR1 activation and PPARγ activity elevation-dependent manner. Our data suggested that rFGF21 has strong protective effects on acute BBB leakage after diabetic stroke, which is partially mediated by increasing PPARγ DNA-binding activity and mRNA expression of BBB junctional complex proteins. Together with our previous investigations, rFGF21 might be a promising candidate for treating diabetic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jiang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Li Lin
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (L.L.); (K.K.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jing Yuan
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yadan Li
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelly K. Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (L.L.); (K.K.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (L.L.); (K.K.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (L.L.); (K.K.C.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (X.W.); Tel.: +1-617-724-9503 (Z.Y.); +1-504-988-2646 (X.W.); Fax: +1-617-726-7830 (Z.Y.); +1-504-988-5793 (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.J.); (N.L.); (Q.W.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (X.W.); Tel.: +1-617-724-9503 (Z.Y.); +1-504-988-2646 (X.W.); Fax: +1-617-726-7830 (Z.Y.); +1-504-988-5793 (X.W.)
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22
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Jiang Y, Liu N, Wang Q, Yu Z, Lin L, Yuan J, Guo S, Ahn BJ, Wang XJ, Li X, Lo EH, Sun X, Wang X. Endocrine Regulator rFGF21 (Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 21) Improves Neurological Outcomes Following Focal Ischemic Stroke of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Male Mice. Stroke 2019; 49:3039-3049. [PMID: 30571410 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- The complexity and heterogeneity of stroke, as well as the associated comorbidities, may render neuroprotective drugs less efficacious in clinical practice. Therefore, the development of targeted therapies to specific patient subsets has become a high priority in translational stroke research. Ischemic stroke with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a nearly double mortality rate and worse neurological outcomes. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that rFGF21 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21) administration is beneficial for improving neurological outcomes of ischemic stroke with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods- Type 2 diabetes mellitus db/db and nondiabetic genetic control db/+ mice were subjected into permanent focal ischemia of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion, we examined the effects of poststroke administration with rFGF21 in systemic metabolic disorders, inflammatory gatekeeper PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) activity at 3 days, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglia/macrophage activation at 7 days in the perilesion cortex, and last neurological function deficits, ischemic brain infarction, and white matter integrity up to 14 days after stroke of db/db mice. Results- After permanent focal ischemia, diabetic db/db mice presented confounding pathological features, including metabolic dysregulation, more severe brain damage, and neurological impairment, especially aggravated proinflammatory response and white matter integrity loss. However, daily rFGF21 treatment initiated at 6 hours after stroke for 14 days significantly normalized systemic metabolic disorders, rescued PPARγ activity decline, inhibited proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, and M1-like microglia/macrophage activation in the brain. Importantly, rFGF21 also significantly reduced white matter integrity loss, ischemic brain infarction, and neurological function deficits up to 14 days after stroke. The potential mechanisms of rFGF21 may in part consist of potent systematic metabolic regulation and PPARγ-activation promotion-associated antiproinflammatory roles in the brain. Conclusions- Taken together, these results suggest rFGF21 might be a novel and potent candidate of the disease-modifying strategy for treating ischemic stroke with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jiang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (Y.J., X.S., ).,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.).,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (N.L.)
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.).,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (Q.W., J.Y.)
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
| | - Li Lin
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.).,Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (L.L., X.-J.W., X.L.)
| | - Jing Yuan
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.).,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (Q.W., J.Y.)
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
| | - Bum Ju Ahn
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (L.L., X.-J.W., X.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China (L.L., X.-J.W., X.L.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China (Y.J., X.S., )
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Y.J., N.L., Q.W., Z.Y., L.L., J.Y., S.G., B.J.A., E.H.L., X.W.)
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23
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Min BK, Oh CJ, Park S, Lee JM, Go Y, Park BY, Kang HJ, Kim DW, Kim JE, Yoo EK, Kim HE, Kim MJ, Jeon YH, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jeon JH, Lee IK. Therapeutic effect of dichloroacetate against atherosclerosis via hepatic FGF21 induction mediated by acute AMPK activation. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-12. [PMID: 31570705 PMCID: PMC6802614 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia-induced atherosclerosis, which has a risk of high morbidity and mortality, can be alleviated by metabolic activation associated with mitochondrial function. The effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), a general pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor, on in vivo energy expenditure in ApoE-/- mice fed a western diet (WD) has not yet been investigated. WD-fed ApoE-/- mice developed atherosclerotic plaques and hyperlipidemia along with obesity, which were significantly ameliorated by DCA administration. Increased oxygen consumption was associated with heat production in the DCA-treated group, with no change in food intake or physical activity compared with those of the control. These processes were correlated with the increased gene expression of Dio2 and Ucp-1, which represents brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation, in both WD-induced atherosclerosis and high-fat-induced obesity models. In addition, we found that DCA stimulated hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) mRNA expression, which might be important for lowering lipid levels and insulin sensitization via BAT activation, in a dose- and time-dependent manner associated with serum FGF21 levels. Interestingly, Fgf21 mRNA expression was mediated in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner within several minutes after DCA treatment independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Taken together, the results suggest that enhanced glucose oxidation by DCA protects against atherosclerosis by inducing hepatic FGF21 expression and BAT activation, resulting in augmented energy expenditure for heat generation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Dichloroacetic Acid/pharmacology
- Diet, Western/adverse effects
- Dyslipidemias/drug therapy
- Dyslipidemias/etiology
- Dyslipidemias/genetics
- Dyslipidemias/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/agonists
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/pathology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
- Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Keol Min
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Joo Oh
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bo-Yoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ji Kang
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hui Eon Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School and BK21 plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Daegu, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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24
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Stefanaki C, Bacopoulou F, Kandaraki E, Boschiero D, Diamandi-Kandarakis E. Lean Women on Metformin and Oral Contraceptives for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Demonstrate a Dehydrated Osteosarcopenic Phenotype: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092055. [PMID: 31480705 PMCID: PMC6769734 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarce data exist on the body composition of lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on treatment with metformin and oral contraceptives (OCs). Thirty-four lean (body mass index 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) women (17 with PCOS on metformin and OCs treatment for six months and 17 controls) aged 18–40 years were assessed for body composition parameters (fat, muscle, glycogen, protein masses, bone masses, and body water compartments) and phase angles. PCOS patients demonstrated lower muscle, glycogen and protein masses (U = 60, p = 0.003), along with a lower bone mineral content and mass (U = 78, p = 0.021; U = 74, p = 0.014) than their healthy counterparts, while total and abdominal fat masses were similar between the two groups. PCOS patients also exhibited increased extracellular body water (U = 10, p < 0.001) and decreased intracellular water, compatible with low-grade inflammation and cellular dehydration. Key differences in body composition between women with PCOS and controls demonstrated an osteosarcopenic body composition phenotype in PCOS patients. A confirmation of these findings in larger studies may render osteosarcopenia management a targeted adjunct therapy in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Stefanaki
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kandaraki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
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25
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Huang W, Shao M, Liu H, Chen J, Hu J, Zhu L, Liu F, Wang D, Zou Y, Xiong Y, Wang X. Fibroblast growth factor 21 enhances angiogenesis and wound healing of human brain microvascular endothelial cells by activating PPARγ. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:120-127. [PMID: 31255518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) is required in the functional restoration of brain injury, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an angiogenic molecule that functions through the formation of the FGF21/FGFR1/β-klotho complex but does not cause carcinogenic events. The current study was to determine whether recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) could promote angiogenesis and scratch wound healing of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and the possible underlying mechanism. rhFGF21 promoted angiogenesis and migration of HBMECs. The FGFR1 inhibitor PD173074 was applied to demonstrate that rhFGF21 functions through the formation of FGF21/FGFR1/β-klotho complexes. In addition, the specific PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 and PPARγ activator rosiglitazone were applied to determine that the role of rhFGF21 in increasing angiogenesis is through the PPARγ pathway. In addition, we revealed that the effect of rhFGF21 acts partially through upregulating eNOS expression. In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence that rhFGF21 can enhance the angiogenesis and migration of HBMECs through the formation of the FGF21/FGFR1/β-klotho complex via PPARγ activation and eNOS upregulation, indicating that FGF21 is a potential therapeutic angiogenic agent for the treatment of human brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Mingjie Shao
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yuchi Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 315020, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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26
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Mutsnaini L, Kim CS, Kim J, Joe Y, Chung HT, Choi HS, Roh E, Kim MS, Yu R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 deficiency aggravates obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and impairs thermogenic response. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:351-358. [PMID: 30863887 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Hypothalamic inflammation is closely associated with metabolic dysregulation. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is known to be an important metabolic regulator with anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF21 deficiency on obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and thermogenic responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS FGF21-deficient mice and/or wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. RESULTS FGF21-deficient mice fed an HFD showed increased levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with WT obese control, and this was accompanied by upregulation of gliosis markers in the hypothalamus. Expression of heat-shock protein 72, a marker of neuronal damage, was increased in the FGF21-deficient obese mice, and the expression of hypothalamic neuronal markers involved in anti-thermogenic or thermogenic responses was altered. Moreover, the protein level of uncoupling protein 1 and other thermogenic genes were markedly reduced in the brown adipose tissue of the FGF21-deficient obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that FGF21 deficiency aggravates obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal injury, leading to alterations in hypothalamic neural circuits accompanied by a reduction of the thermogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthfiyyah Mutsnaini
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Jiye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.,Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-ku, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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27
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Lu Y, Li R, Zhu J, Wu Y, Li D, Dong L, Li Y, Wen X, Yu F, Zhang H, Ni X, Du S, Li X, Xiao J, Wang J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration through suppressing oxidative damage and autophagic cell death. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:497-511. [PMID: 30450828 PMCID: PMC6307793 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeking for effective drugs which are beneficial to facilitating axonal regrowth and elongation after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) has gained extensive attention. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic factor that regulates blood glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, there is little concern for the potential protective effect of FGF21 on nerve regeneration after PNI and revealing related molecular mechanisms. Here, we firstly found that exogenous FGF21 administration remarkably promoted functional and morphologic recovery in a rat model of sciatic crush injury, manifesting as persistently improved motor and sensory function, enhanced axonal remyelination and regrowth and accelerated Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation. Furthermore, local FGF21 application attenuated the excessive activation of oxidative stress, which was accompanied with the activation of nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) transcription and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) phosphorylation. We detected FGF21 also suppressed autophagic cell death in SCs. Additionally, treatment with the ERK inhibitor U0126 or autophagy inhibitor 3‐MA partially abolishes anti‐oxidant effect and reduces SCs death. Taken together, these results indicated that the role of FGF21 in remyelination and nerve regeneration after PNI was probably related to inhibit the excessive activation of ERK/Nrf‐2 signalling‐regulated oxidative stress and autophagy‐induced cell death. Overall, our work suggests that FGF21 administration may provide a new therapy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duohui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lupeng Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangzheng Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghu Du
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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28
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Suassuna PGDA, de Paula RB, Sanders-Pinheiro H, Moe OW, Hu MC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2018; 32:365-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Zhang Y, Higgins CB, Mayer AL, Mysorekar IU, Razani B, Graham MJ, Hruz PW, DeBosch BJ. TFEB-dependent induction of thermogenesis by the hepatocyte SLC2A inhibitor trehalose. Autophagy 2018; 14:1959-1975. [PMID: 29996716 PMCID: PMC6152536 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1493044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The macroautophagy/autophagy-inducing disaccharide, trehalose, has been proposed to be a promising therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic diseases. We recently showed that trehalose attenuates hepatic steatosis in part by blocking hepatocyte glucose transport to induce hepatocyte autophagic flux. However, although every major demonstration of trehalose action invokes activating autophagic flux as its primary function, the mechanism of action of trehalose in whole-body energy metabolism remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that trehalose induces hepatocyte TFEB (transcription factor EB)-dependent thermogenesis in vivo, concomitant with upregulation of hepatic and white adipose expression of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1 [mitochondrial, protein carrier]). Mechanistically, we provide evidence that hepatocyte fasting transcriptional and metabolic responses depend upon PPARGC1A (peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha), TFEB, and FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) signaling. Strikingly, hepatocyte-selective TFEB knockdown abrogated trehalose induction of thermogenesis and white adipose tissue UCP1 upregulation in vivo. In contrast, we found that trehalose action on thermogenesis was independent of LEP (leptin) and the autophagy pathway, as there was robust thermogenic induction in trehalose-treated ob/ob, Becn1, Atg16l1, and Epg5 mutant mice. We conclude that trehalose induces metabolically favorable effects on whole-body thermogenesis in part via hepatocyte-centered fasting-like mechanisms that appear to be independent of autophagic flux. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism by which trehalose acts as a metabolic therapeutic agent by activating hepatic fasting responses. More broadly, the hepatic glucose fasting response may be of clinical utility against overnutrition-driven disease, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Allyson L. Mayer
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark J. Graham
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W. Hruz
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian J. DeBosch
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Wang C, Tan Z, Niu B, Tsang KY, Tai A, Chan WCW, Lo RLK, Leung KKH, Dung NWF, Itoh N, Zhang MQ, Chan D, Cheah KSE. Inhibiting the integrated stress response pathway prevents aberrant chondrocyte differentiation thereby alleviating chondrodysplasia. eLife 2018; 7:37673. [PMID: 30024379 PMCID: PMC6053305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated by diverse forms of cellular stress, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is associated with diseases. However, the molecular mechanism(s) whereby the ISR impacts on differentiation is incompletely understood. Here, we exploited a mouse model of Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS) to provide insight into the impact of the ISR on cell fate. We show the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway that mediates preferential synthesis of ATF4 and CHOP, dominates in causing dysplasia by reverting chondrocyte differentiation via ATF4-directed transactivation of Sox9. Chondrocyte survival is enabled, cell autonomously, by CHOP and dual CHOP-ATF4 transactivation of Fgf21. Treatment of mutant mice with a chemical inhibitor of PERK signaling prevents the differentiation defects and ameliorates chondrodysplasia. By preventing aberrant differentiation, titrated inhibition of the ISR emerges as a rationale therapeutic strategy for stress-induced skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijia Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Yeung Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Tai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson C W Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rebecca L K Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith K H Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson W F Dung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Zeitz JO, Weber A, Most E, Windisch W, Bolduan C, Geyer J, Romberg FJ, Koch C, Eder K. Effects of supplementing rumen-protected niacin on fiber composition and metabolism of skeletal muscle in dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8004-8020. [PMID: 29960772 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) has been shown to induce muscle fiber switching toward oxidative type I fibers and a muscle metabolic phenotype that favors fatty acid (FA) utilization in growing rats, pigs, and lambs. The hypothesis of the present study was that supplementation of NA in cows during the periparturient phase also induces muscle fiber switching from type II to type I fibers in skeletal muscle and increases the capacity of the muscle to use free FA, which may help to reduce nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) flow to the liver, liver triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and ketogenesis. Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allocated to 2 groups and fed a total mixed ration without (control group) or with ∼55 g of rumen-protected NA per cow per day (NA group) from 21 d before expected calving until 3 wk postpartum (p.p.). Blood samples were collected on d -21, -14, -7, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 63 relative to parturition for analysis of TG, NEFA, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Muscle and liver biopsies were collected on d 7 and 21 for gene expression analysis and to determine muscle fiber composition in the musculus semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and longissimus lumborum by immunohistochemistry, and liver TG concentrations. Supplementation of NA did not affect the proportions of type I (oxidative) or the type II:type I ratio in the 3 muscles considered. A slight shift from glycolytic IIx fibers toward oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch IIa fibers was found in the semitendinosus, and a tendency in the longissimus lumborum, but not in the semimembranosus. The transcript levels of the genes encoding the muscle fiber type isoforms and involved in FA uptake and oxidation, carnitine transport, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glucose utilization were largely unaffected by NA supplementation in all 3 muscles. Supplementation of NA had no effect on plasma TG and NEFA concentrations, liver TG concentrations, and hepatic expression of genes involved in hepatic FA utilization and lipogenesis. However, it reduced plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in wk 2 and 3 p.p. by 18 and 26% and reduced hepatic gene expression of fibroblast growth factor 21, a stress hormone involved in the regulation of ketogenesis, by 74 and 56%. In conclusion, a high dosage of rumen-protected NA reduced plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in cows during early lactation, but failed to cause an alteration in muscle fiber composition and muscle metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Zeitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - A Weber
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - W Windisch
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - C Bolduan
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - J Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Giessen, Schubertstraße 81 (BFS), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F-J Romberg
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), 35392 Giessen, Germany
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32
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Ichhaporia VP, Kim J, Kavdia K, Vogel P, Horner L, Frase S, Hendershot LM. SIL1, the endoplasmic-reticulum-localized BiP co-chaperone, plays a crucial role in maintaining skeletal muscle proteostasis and physiology. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.033043. [PMID: 29666155 PMCID: PMC5992605 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SIL1, a cofactor for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, cause Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS), an autosomal recessive disorder. Using a mouse model, we characterized molecular aspects of the progressive myopathy associated with MSS. Proteomic profiling of quadriceps at the onset of myopathy revealed that SIL1 deficiency affected multiple pathways critical to muscle physiology. We observed an increase in ER chaperones prior to the onset of muscle weakness, which was complemented by upregulation of multiple components of cellular protein degradation pathways. These responses were inadequate to maintain normal expression of secretory pathway proteins, including insulin and IGF-1 receptors. There was a paradoxical enhancement of downstream PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling and glucose uptake in SIL1-disrupted skeletal muscles, all of which were insufficient to maintain skeletal muscle mass. Together, these data reveal a disruption in ER homeostasis upon SIL1 loss, which is countered by multiple compensatory responses that are ultimately unsuccessful, leading to trans-organellar proteostasis collapse and myopathy. Editor's choice: This study provides molecular insights into the progressive myopathy and cellular compensatory responses attempted upon loss of SIL1, a component of the endoplasmic-reticulum-resident Hsp70 protein-folding machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj P Ichhaporia
- Dept of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Dept of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Small Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kanisha Kavdia
- Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Dept of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Linda M Hendershot
- Dept of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA .,Dept of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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33
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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34
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Munhoz da Silveira Campos R, Missae Oyama L, Landi Masquio DC, de Castro Ferreira Vicente SE, Campos Corgosinho F, Pelissari Kravchychyn AC, Tock L, Tufik S, Túlio de Mello M, Dâmaso AR. The Role of Insulin Resistance on FGF-21 and Inflammatory Markers in Obese Adolescents Undergoing Multicomponent Long-Term Weight Loss Therapy. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10313484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a long-term weight loss therapy in two groups (insulin resistance [IR] and non-insulin resistance [non-IR]) of obese adolescents based on metabolic profile, biomarkers of inflammation, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) concentrations.
Methods: Obese adolescents (15–19 years) were randomised into two groups (IR=8 and non-IR=9) and monitored through clinical, exercise training, nutritional, and psychological counselling over 1 year. Measurements of inflammatory biomarkers and FGF-21 were performed. The effects of therapy were verified by two-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses were performed (α ≤5%).
Results: A reduction in body mass, visceral fat, and an increase in adiponectin in both groups was found. Only the non-IR group demonstrated improved BMI, body fat mass, lean body mass, and waist circumference. Indeed, in the non-IR group, FGF-21 presence was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lean body mass and inversely correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and triglycerides. In the IR group, there was a reduction in FGF-21 concentration, adiponectin/leptin ratio, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. FGF-21 was negatively correlated with delta-triglycerides, waist circumference, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The IR prevalence reduced from 47% to 23.5% in the studied population.
Conclusions: Although the multicomponent clinical approach improves, in both analysed groups and in both metabolic and inflammatory states, the presence of IR resulted in a reduction in both FGF-21 concentration and adiponectin/leptin ratio. Additionally, in the IR group, FGF-21 was negatively correlated with proinflammatory markers, and in the non-IR group it was positively associated with high-density lipoprotein, suggesting its role in the control of inflammation counteracting IR. In this way, we suggest that IR can impair the anti-inflammatory effects of FGF-21. It will be helpful if these results can be confirmed in a large cohort, underlying physiological mechanisms to explore how these results can help in setting up more prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Post Graduate Program of Nutrition, Paulista Medicine School–Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Paulista Medicine School–Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana R. Dâmaso
- Post Graduate Program of Nutrition, Paulista Medicine School–Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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36
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Wang Q, Yuan J, Yu Z, Lin L, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Zhuang P, Whalen MJ, Song B, Wang XJ, Li X, Lo EH, Xu Y, Wang X. FGF21 Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Metabolic Regulation and Anti-inflammation of Obese Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4702-4717. [PMID: 28712011 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies suggest that overnutrition-associated obesity may lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndromes (MetS). MetS and its components are important risk factors of mild cognitive impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It has been recently proposed that development of a disease-course modification strategy toward early and effective risk factor management would be clinically significant in reducing the risk of metabolic disorder-initiated cognitive decline. In the present study, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel candidate for the disease-course modification approach. Using a high-fat diet (HFD) consumption-induced obese mouse model, we tested our hypothesis that recombinant human FGF21 (rFGF21) administration is effective for improving obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, by its multiple metabolic modulation and anti-pro-inflammation actions. Our experimental findings support our hypothesis that rFGF21 is protective to HFD-induced cognitive impairment, at least in part by metabolic regulation in glucose tolerance impairment, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia; potent systemic pro-inflammation inhibition; and improvement of hippocampal dysfunction, particularly by inhibiting pro-neuroinflammation and neurogenesis deficit. This study suggests that FGF21 might be a novel molecular target of the disease-course-modifying strategy for early intervention of MstS-associated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zeyuan Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neurobehavioral Core Facility, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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37
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Fjeldborg K, Pedersen SB, Møller HJ, Richelsen B. Reduction in serum fibroblast growth factor-21 after gastric bypass is related to changes in hepatic fat content. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1515-1523. [PMID: 28552744 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is elevated in obesity. OBJECTIVES We investigated the circulating level of FGF21 and the expression of FGF21, beta-klotho (KLB), and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in adipose tissue in relation to weight, fat distribution, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)-induced weight loss. SETTING The Department of Endocrinology at Aarhus University Hospital. METHODS Thirty-one obese patients were enrolled. Visceral adipose tissue volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging, hepatic fat content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorbtiometry were determined at baseline and 12 months after RYGB. Fasting blood samples and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained. Moreover, 25 lean controls were enrolled. RESULTS FGF21 was significantly elevated in obese patients compared with lean patients (281±151 pg/mL versus 149±99 pg/mL, P<.05). RYGB-induced weight loss resulted in a smaller reduction in FGF21 (P = .08). However, a significant reduction was seen in obese patients with initially high FGF21 levels (42% reduction, P<.001). A significant association was found between FGF21 and hepatic fat content at baseline (r = 0.40, P<.05). Moreover, ΔFGF21 was significantly associated with Δhepatic fat content after RYGB (r = 0.39, P<.05). FGF21 mRNA was not detectable in AT from either lean or obese patients. KLB and FGFR1 were upregulated in AT in relation to obesity, and both were further increased 12 months after RYGB. CONCLUSIONS FGF21 is reduced in relation to weight loss in patients with initial high levels of FGF21 and this reduction is significantly associated with a reduction in hepatic fat content. Thus, changes in FGF21 after RYGB-induced weight loss are closely related to changes in liver fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fjeldborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Holger J Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gómez-Sámano MÁ, Grajales-Gómez M, Zuarth-Vázquez JM, Navarro-Flores MF, Martínez-Saavedra M, Juárez-León ÓA, Morales-García MG, Enríquez-Estrada VM, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Cuevas-Ramos D. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and its novel association with oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2017; 11:335-341. [PMID: 28039838 PMCID: PMC5200873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine-member of the FGF family. It is synthesized mainly in the liver, but it is also expressed in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and many other organs. It has a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as in energy balance. FGF21 concentration in plasma is increased in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that such increment protects tissue from an increased oxidative stress environment. Different types of physical stress, such as strenuous exercising, lactation, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and critical illnesses, also increase FGF21 circulating concentration. FGF21 is now considered a stress-responsive hormone in humans. The discovery of an essential response element in the FGF21 gene, for the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), involved in the regulation of oxidative stress, and its relation with genes such as NRF2, TBP-2, UCP3, SOD2, ERK, and p38, places FGF21 as a key regulator of the oxidative stress cell response. Its role in chronic diseases and its involvement in the treatment and follow-up of these diseases has been recently the target of new studies. The diminished oxidative stress through FGF21 pathways observed with anti-diabetic therapy is another clue of the new insights of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Gómez-Sámano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mariana Grajales-Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Julia María Zuarth-Vázquez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ma Fernanda Navarro-Flores
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mayela Martínez-Saavedra
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Óscar Alfredo Juárez-León
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mariana G Morales-García
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Manuel Enríquez-Estrada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Akour A, Kasabri V, Boulatova N, Bustanji Y, Naffa R, Hyasat D, Khawaja N, Bustanji H, Zayed A, Momani M. Levels of metabolic markers in drug-naive prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:163-170. [PMID: 27752839 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (pre-DM) are associated with changes in levels of metabolic markers. The main aim of this study is to compare the levels of omentin, irisin, endothelin-1, nesfatin, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor, and oxytocin (OXT) between normoglycemic and pre-DM/T2DM obese Jordanian patients. METHODS One hundred and ninety-eight adult Jordanian subjects were recruited. Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected. The serum levels of biomarkers were measured by enzymatic assay procedure. RESULTS Compared to normoglycemic (95 subjects), pre-DM/T2DM (103 subjects) displayed higher HGF (ng/ml) = 78.8 (71.4-104) versus 55.9 (45.3-66.6), p < 0.0001; and nesfatin (ng/ml) = 0.5 (0.4-0.7) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), p < 0.0001; betatrophin (ng/ml) = 1.2 (0.8-1.6) versus 0.22 (0.15-0.41), p < 0.0001. On the other hand, they had lower levels of omentin (ng/ml) = 2.1 (0.9-3.3) versus 3.6 (2.0-6.4), p < 0.0001, irisin (ng/ml) = 113.7 (88.9-142.9) versus 132.6 (110.7-147.8), p < 0.0001; and oxytocin (pg/ml) = 1077.9 (667.3-1506.0) versus 2180.1 (1464.5-2795.6), p < 0.0001; respectively. In comparison, FGF-21 (ng/ml) = 0.3 (0.2-0.5) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), and endothelin (pg/ml) = 2.7 (1.3-5.2) versus 2.8 (1.6-5.6) did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, patients with pre-DM and T2DM have higher serum levels of metabolic HGF, nesfatin, and betatrophin and lower levels of omentin, irisin, and OXT. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are required to confirm the utility of these markers as novel progression or therapeutic targets in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Akour
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | - Violet Kasabri
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Nailya Boulatova
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Randa Naffa
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dana Hyasat
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nahla Khawaja
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haidar Bustanji
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman Zayed
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Munther Momani
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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α1-Adrenergic receptor downregulates hepatic FGF21 production and circulating FGF21 levels in mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 638:35-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Benedini S, Luzi L. Lipodystrophy HIV-related and FGF21: A new marker to follow the progression of lipodystrophy? J Transl Int Med 2016; 4:150-154. [PMID: 28191538 DOI: 10.1515/jtim-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently new evidence about fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) highlights the opportunities to use this molecule in new pharmaceutical formulations to combat type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It is well known that HIV is per se a condition of insulin resistance and in particular the patient with HIV-related lipodystrophy has a condition strictly related to metabolic syndrome. Lipodystrophy is associated with severe metabolic side effects, including dyslipidemia, hepatic insulin resistance, and lipid oxidation impairment. Research carried out showed that FGF21 levels were significantly increased in untreated HIV-1-infected patients and the increase was much marked in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-treated patients that have developed lipodystrophy and in the patients with greatest metabolic alterations. FGF21 is expressed mainly by the liver, but also by other tissues such as the thymus, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Therefore, many researchers have considered the investigation of possible variations of FGF21 in patients with significant alterations in body composition both in regard to fat mass and lean mass. In the light of the possible interactions between FGF21 and metabolic syndrome, it seems interesting to evaluate the implication of this hormone in patients with HIV-related lipodystrophy who have a severe metabolic picture of insulin resistance with important alterations in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benedini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato M.se (MI), Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato M.se (MI), Italy; Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
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42
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Treatment with FGFR2-IIIc monoclonal antibody suppresses weight gain and adiposity in KKA y mice. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e233. [PMID: 27892934 PMCID: PMC5133360 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of β-Kotho, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1c and 2c, which bind FGF21, is decreased in the white adipose tissue of obese mice. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of FGFR2c in the development of obesity and diabetes in KKAy mice. Treatment with mouse monoclonal FGFR2-IIIc antibody (0.5 mg kg−1) significantly suppressed body weight gain and epididymal white adipose tissue weight in individually housed KKAy mice while having no effect on daily food intake. In addition, treatment with FGFR2-IIIc antibody significantly increased plasma-free fatty acid levels while having no effect on blood glucose or plasma FGF21 levels. Moreover, treatment with FGFR2-IIIc antibody had no significant effect on the expression of uncoupling protein-1, uncoupling protein-2 or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α in the epididymal white adipose tissue. The treatment with FGFR2-IIIc antibody had no significant effects on daily food intake and body weight gain in individually housed KK mice. These findings suggest that FGFR2-IIIc upregulates the adiposity induced by social isolation in KKAy mice, and that decreased expression and/or function of FGFR2c might be a compensatory response to enhanced adiposity. Inhibition of FGFR2-IIIc function might be a novel therapeutic approach for obesity.
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Ost M, Coleman V, Kasch J, Klaus S. Regulation of myokine expression: Role of exercise and cellular stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:78-89. [PMID: 26898145 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is well known to improve physical fitness and to combat chronic diseases and aging related disorders. Part of this is thought to be mediated by myokines, muscle derived secretory proteins (mainly cytokines) that elicit auto/paracrine but also endocrine effects on organs such as liver, adipose tissue, and bone. Today, several hundred potential myokines have been identified most of them not exclusive to muscle cells. Strenuous exercise is associated with increased production of free radicals and reactive oxidant species (ROS) as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress which at an excessive level can lead to muscle damage and cell death. On the other hand, transient elevations in oxidative and ER-stress are thought to be necessary for adaptive improvements by regular exercise through a hormesis action termed mitohormesis since mitochondria are essential for the generation of energy and tightly connected to ER- and oxidative stress. Exercise induced myokines have been identified by various in vivo and in vitro approaches and accumulating evidence suggests that ROS and ER-stress linked pathways are involved in myokine induction. For example, interleukin (IL)-6, the prototypic exercise myokine is also induced by oxidative and ER-stress. Exercise induced expression of some myokines such as irisin and meteorin-like is linked to the transcription factor PGC-1α and apparently not related to ER-stress whereas typical ER-stress induced cytokines such as FGF-21 and GDF-15 are not exercise myokines under normal physiological conditions. Recent technological advances have led to the identification of numerous potential new myokines but for most of them regulation by oxidative and ER-stress still needs to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Verena Coleman
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Juliane Kasch
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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CREBH-FGF21 axis improves hepatic steatosis by suppressing adipose tissue lipolysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27938. [PMID: 27301791 PMCID: PMC4908383 DOI: 10.1038/srep27938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue lipolysis produces glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) that serve as energy sources during nutrient scarcity. Adipose tissue lipolysis is tightly regulated and excessive lipolysis causes hepatic steatosis, as NEFA released from adipose tissue constitutes a major source of TG in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Here we show that the liver-enriched transcription factor CREBH is activated by TG accumulation and induces FGF21, which suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis, ameliorating hepatic steatosis. CREBH-deficient mice developed severe hepatic steatosis due to increased adipose tissue lipolysis, when fasted or fed a high-fat low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. FGF21 production was impaired in CREBH-deficient mice, and adenoviral overexpression of FGF21 suppressed adipose tissue lipolysis and improved hepatic steatosis in these mice. Thus, our results uncover a negative feedback loop in which CREBH regulates NEFA flux from adipose tissue to the liver via FGF21.
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Klement RJ, Fink MK. Dietary and pharmacological modification of the insulin/IGF-1 system: exploiting the full repertoire against cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e193. [PMID: 26878387 PMCID: PMC5154349 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As more and more links between cancer and metabolism are discovered, new approaches to treat cancer using these mechanisms are considered. Dietary restriction of either calories or macronutrients has shown great potential in animal studies to both reduce the incidence and growth of cancer, and to act synergistically with other treatment strategies. These studies have also shown that dietary restriction simultaneously targets many of the molecular pathways that are targeted individually by anticancer drugs. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system has thereby emerged as a key regulator of cancer growth pathways. Although lowering of insulin levels with diet or drugs such as metformin and diazoxide seems generally beneficial, some practitioners also utilize strategic elevations of insulin levels in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. This indicates a broad spectrum of possibilities for modulating the insulin/IGF-1 system in cancer treatment. With a specific focus on dietary restriction, insulin administration and the insulin-lowering drug diazoxide, such modifications of the insulin/IGF-1 system are the topic of this review. Although preclinical data are promising, we point out that insulin regulation and the metabolic response to a certain diet often differ between mice and humans. Thus, the need for collecting more human data has to be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Klement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - M K Fink
- Onkologische Praxis, Fürth, Germany
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Nonogaki K, Kaji T, Yamazaki T, Murakami M. Pharmacologic stimulation of central GLP-1 receptors has opposite effects on the alterations of plasma FGF21 levels induced by feeding and fasting. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:14-17. [PMID: 26683903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as an endocrine hormone to regulate energy metabolism. Circulating FGF21 is derived from the liver and is produced in response to alterations of nutritional status. Here we show the effects of liraglutide, a human glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, injected into the third cerebral ventricle on body weight and plasma FGF21 levels in free-feeding mice, food-deprived mice, and mice provided 1g after the injection. In free-feeding mice, liraglutide (5-100μg/kg) injected into the third cerebral ventricle suppressed food intake and body weight after 24h in a dose-dependent manner. Liraglutide (50 and 100μg/kg) significantly increased plasma FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression, whereas smaller doses (5 and 10μg/kg) had no effect. In food-deprived mice, body weight did not differ significantly between the saline control and liraglutide-treated groups, but liraglutide (100μg/kg) significantly decreased plasma FGF21 levels at 24h compared with the saline control. In mice provided 1g food, body weight did not differ significantly between the saline control and liraglutide-treated groups, but liraglutide (50μg/kg) significantly decreased plasma FGF21 levels at 24h compared with the saline control. These findings suggest that intracerebral injection of liraglutide decreases body weight by inhibiting food intake and increases plasma FGF21 levels in free-feeding mice, whereas it suppresses the elevations of plasma FGF21 levels induced by fasting or the restricted feeding. Thus, pharmacologic stimulation of central GLP-1 receptors has opposite effects on the alterations of plasma FGF21 levels induced by feeding and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan.
| | - Takao Kaji
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yamazaki
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan
| | - Mari Murakami
- Department of Diabetes Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Japan
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Jenkins AJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA, Keech AC, O'Neal DN, Januszewski AS. Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 12:159-95. [PMID: 26676667 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a global diabetes epidemic correlating with an increase in obesity. This coincidence may lead to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. There is also an as yet unexplained increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes, which is not related to adiposity. Whilst improved diabetes care has substantially improved diabetes outcomes, the disease remains a common cause of working age adult-onset blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes; it is greatly feared by many diabetes patients. There are multiple risk factors and markers for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, yet residual risk remains. Screening for diabetic retinopathy is recommended to facilitate early detection and treatment. Common biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy and its risk in clinical practice today relate to the visualization of the retinal vasculature and measures of glycemia, lipids, blood pressure, body weight, smoking, and pregnancy status. Greater knowledge of novel biomarkers and mediators of diabetic retinopathy, such as those related to inflammation and angiogenesis, has contributed to the development of additional therapeutics, in particular for late-stage retinopathy, including intra-ocular corticosteroids and intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ('anti-VEGFs') agents. Unfortunately, in spite of a range of treatments (including laser photocoagulation, intraocular steroids, and anti-VEGF agents, and more recently oral fenofibrate, a PPAR-alpha agonist lipid-lowering drug), many patients with diabetic retinopathy do not respond well to current therapeutics. Therefore, more effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy are necessary. New analytical techniques, in particular those related to molecular markers, are accelerating progress in diabetic retinopathy research. Given the increasing incidence and prevalence of diabetes, and the limited capacity of healthcare systems to screen and treat diabetic retinopathy, there is need to reliably identify and triage people with diabetes. Biomarkers may facilitate a better understanding of diabetic retinopathy, and contribute to the development of novel treatments and new clinical strategies to prevent vision loss in people with diabetes. This article reviews key aspects related to biomarker research, and focuses on some specific biomarkers relevant to diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - David N O'Neal
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
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