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Yang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao Z, Zhang J, Gao W, Chen Y, Lu Y, Wang H, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li J, Tao H. Metformin prevents the onset and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration: New insights and potential mechanisms (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 54:71. [PMID: 38963023 PMCID: PMC11232665 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been the go‑to medical treatment for addressing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a frontline oral antidiabetic. Obesity, cancer and bone deterioration are linked to T2DM, which is considered a metabolic illness. Numerous diseases associated with T2DM, such as tumours, cardiovascular disease and bone deterioration, may be treated with metformin. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is distinguished by degeneration of the spinal disc, accompanied by the gradual depletion of proteoglycans and water in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the IVD, resulting in lower back pain. The therapeutic effect of metformin on IVDD has also attracted much attention. By stimulating AMP‑activated kinase, metformin could enhance autophagy and suppress cell senescence, apoptosis and inflammation, thus effectively delaying IVDD. The present review aimed to systematically explain the development of IVDD and mechanism of metformin in the treatment and prevention of IVDD to provide a reference for the clinical application of metformin as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yipin Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zongshi Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jingtang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of The First Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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Sen A, Kaur AP, Saxena I. Metformin Monotherapy With and Without Lifestyle Changes Affects Anthropometric Parameters, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Lipid Profile in Indian Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Cureus 2024; 16:e62131. [PMID: 38868550 PMCID: PMC11167510 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a consequence of insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, or both. It is usually seen in adults and is a consequence of genetic (polygenic inheritance), endogenous (obesity and or hormonal factors), and environmental factors (e.g., obesogenic environment, endocrine disrupting chemicals, stress, and medicines). The prevalence of T2DM has increased over the past few decades. South Asians, including Indians, are more prone to central adiposity and develop lifestyle diseases like T2DM at body mass index values lower than those considered normal for the Western population. Generally, the first line of treatment is metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes in patients with T2DM. Most of the research conducted on this drug is on Western subjects. Since the Indian population has genetic differences in the site of deposition of adipose and is more prone to develop lifestyle diseases, the effect of metformin may be different in Indians. METHODS Seventy-one (34 female, non-pregnant, non-lactating) adults with newly diagnosed T2DM were recruited in this short-duration pilot study after obtaining written informed consent. Patients regularly taking any drug were excluded, as were patients with chronic comorbidities. Treatment was initiated with metformin 500 mg OD. Lifestyle changes were recommended according to the age and physical condition of the patients. Anthropometric parameters (age, weight, height, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)), blood pressure, glycemic status (fasting and 2 h PP glucose and HbA1c), and lipid profile of the subjects were recorded before initiating and six months after initiating metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes. RESULTS Small but statistically significant improvements were observed in the WHR,WHtR, blood pressure, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. Although improvement was also observed in weight and lipid profile, these changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This study shows that metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes is suitable for patients of Indian origin and results in improvement in the WHR, WHtR, blood pressure, plasma glucose, and glycated hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Sen
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, IND
| | - Amar Preet Kaur
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, IND
| | - Indu Saxena
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, IND
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Oner M, Chen MC, Cheng PT, Lin H. Metformin inhibits nerve growth factor-induced sympathetic neuron differentiation through p35/CDK5 inhibition. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1648-C1658. [PMID: 38682237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00121.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The authors' previous research has shown the pivotal roles of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and its regulatory protein p35 in nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of sympathetic neurons in PC12 cells. During the process of differentiation, neurons are susceptible to environmental influences, including the effects of drugs. Metformin is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes and its associated symptoms, particularly in diabetic neuropathy, which is characterized by dysregulation of the sympathetic neurons. However, the impacts of metformin on sympathetic neuronal differentiation remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of metformin on NGF-induced sympathetic neuronal differentiation using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells as a model. We examined the regulation of TrkA-p35/CDK5 signaling in NGF-induced PC12 differentiation. Our results demonstrate that metformin reduces NGF-induced PC12 differentiation by inactivating the TrkA receptor, subsequently inhibiting ERK and EGR1. Inhibition of this cascade ultimately leads to the downregulation of p35/CDK5 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, metformin inhibits the activation of the presynaptic protein Synapsin-I, a substrate of CDK5, in PC12 differentiation. In addition, metformin alters axonal and synaptic bouton formation by inhibiting p35 at both the axons and axon terminals in fully differentiated PC12 cells. In summary, our study elucidates that metformin inhibits sympathetic neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by disrupting TrkA/ERK/EGR1 and p35/CDK5 signaling. This research contributes to uncovering a novel signaling mechanism in drug response during sympathetic neuronal differentiation, enhancing our understanding of the intricate molecular processes governing this critical aspect of neurodevelopment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study unveils a novel mechanism influenced by metformin during sympathetic neuronal differentiation. By elucidating its inhibitory effects from the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, TrkA, to the p35/CDK5 signaling pathways, we advance our understanding of metformin's mechanisms of action and emphasize its potential significance in the context of drug responses during sympathetic neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Ting Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Vizuete AFK, Fróes F, Seady M, Hansen F, Ligabue-Braun R, Gonçalves CA, Souza DO. A Mechanism of Action of Metformin in the Brain: Prevention of Methylglyoxal-Induced Glutamatergic Impairment in Acute Hippocampal Slices. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3223-3239. [PMID: 37980327 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a biguanide compound (N-1,1-dimethylbiguanide), is widely prescribed for diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) treatment. It also presents a plethora of properties, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-AGE formation activity. However, the precise mechanism of action of metformin in the central nervous system (CNS) needs to be clarified. Herein, we investigated the neuroprotective role of metformin in acute hippocampal slices exposed to methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound and a key molecule in T2D developmental pathophysiology. Metformin protected acute hippocampal slices from MG-induced glutamatergic neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation by reducing IL-1β synthesis and secretion and RAGE protein expression. The drug also improved astrocyte function, particularly with regard to the glutamatergic system, increasing glutamate uptake. Moreover, we observed a direct effect of metformin on glutamate transporters, where the compound prevented glycation, by facilitating enzymatic phosphorylation close to Lys residues, suggesting a new neuroprotective role of metformin via PKC ζ in preventing dysfunction in glutamatergic system induced by MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fróes
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Avenida Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, 90050-130, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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Plowman TJ, Christensen H, Aiges M, Fernandez E, Shah MH, Ramana KV. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin in the Prevention of Inflammatory Complications and Infectious Diseases Including COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5190. [PMID: 38791227 PMCID: PMC11121530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a widely used first-line anti-diabetic therapy for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, has been shown to lower hyperglycemia levels in the blood by enhancing insulin actions. For several decades this drug has been used globally to successfully control hyperglycemia. Lactic acidosis has been shown to be a major adverse effect of metformin in some type-2 diabetic patients, but several studies suggest that it is a typically well-tolerated and safe drug in most patients. Further, recent studies also indicate its potential to reduce the symptoms associated with various inflammatory complications and infectious diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These studies suggest that besides diabetes, metformin could be used as an adjuvant drug to control inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of the role of the anti-diabetic drug metformin in the prevention of various inflammatory complications and infectious diseases in both diabetics and non-diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kota V. Ramana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, UT 84606, USA
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6
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Biswas B, Dogra S, Sen A, Murugan NA, Dhingra P, Jaswal K, Mondal P, Ghosh S. NIR-I emissive cyanine derived molecular probe for selective monitoring of hepatic albumin levels during hyperglycemia. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4441-4450. [PMID: 38639071 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report a small molecule optical marker BI-CyG derived from the structural engineering of a cyanine scaffold. The developed probe offers suitable advantages over existing cyanine-based albumin specific probes in terms of its excitation and emission wavelengths, which are 760 and 830-832 nm, respectively. Structural tuning of the cyanine architecture leading to extended π-conjugation and resulting in a suitable bathochromic shift in the emission wavelength of the probe is represented in this study. The probe besides emitting in the NIR region, also possesses the desirable characteristics of being a potential target selective optical marker, as established from various biophysical studies. Molecular modelling and simulation studies provided critical insights into the binding of the probe in the protein microenvironment, which was further supported by experimental studies. The probe displayed intracellular albumin selectivity and was utilized for demonstrating alteration in albumin levels in pathological states such as hyperglycemia in hepatic cells. The present study also sheds some light on using BI-CyG as an imaging probe and on the role of metformin as a suitable drug for balancing hyperglycemia-induced reduced intra-hepatic albumin levels. The study, thus, attempts to highlight the structural derivatization of cyanine to afford a potential probe for serum albumin and its deployment to image altering albumin levels in an induced pathological condition, hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Biswas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Surbhi Dogra
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aniket Sen
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Pooja Dhingra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Kajal Jaswal
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prosenjit Mondal
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur-760010, India.
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand-175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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7
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Xiong H, Zhai Y, Meng Y, Wu Z, Qiu A, Cai Y, Wang G, Yang L. Acidosis activates breast cancer ferroptosis through ZFAND5/SLC3A2 signaling axis and elicits M1 macrophage polarization. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216732. [PMID: 38360142 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Acidosis is involved in multiple pathways in tumor cells and immune cells among the tumor microenvironment (TME). Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic and iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid peroxidation involved in various cancers. The role of ferroptosis in the breast cancer (BC) acidic microenvironment remains unrevealed. Here, we reported that short-term acidosis induced ferroptosis of BC cells in the zinc finger AN1-type domain 5 (ZFAND5)/solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) dependent manner to suppress tumor growth using in silico and multiple biological methods. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that short-term acidosis increased total/lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreased glutathione (GSH) level and induced the morphological changes of mitochondria. Specifically, acidosis restrained the protein stability of SLC3A2 by promoting its ubiquitination process. The prognostic analysis showed that higher expression of ZFAND5 and lower expression of SLC3A2 were correlated with longer overall survival of BC patients, respectively. Furthermore, in combination with ferroptosis agonist metformin, short-term acidosis could synergistically inhibit viability and enhance the ferroptosis of BC cells. Meanwhile, by the exploration of immune cells, short-term acidosis also induced M1 macrophage polarization, triggering processes of phagocytosis and ferroptosis in BC cells. This study demonstrated that short-term acidosis induced BC cell ferroptosis through ZFAND5/SLC3A2 signaling axis and promoted phagocytosis and ferroptosis of BC cells with M1 macrophage polarization, which might be a new mechanism for BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchu Xiong
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Zhai
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimei Meng
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuazhua Wu
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anchen Qiu
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Geyi Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Hayes MJ. Non-insulin Medications for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Home Healthc Now 2024; 42:72-77. [PMID: 38437039 DOI: 10.1097/nhh.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is predicted to affect 366 million people over the age of 65 years by the year 2030. As the understanding of the core defects associated with T2D advanced, researchers recognized management should target multiple defects in glucose metabolism. As a result, efforts to manage T2D focus on developing new drug therapies aimed at addressing each of the identified metabolic defects. Optimal treatment of T2D is necessary to decrease the risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and vascular diseases. This article discusses non-insulin pharmacologic treatments for T2D that are guided by glycemic efficacy, safety profiles, effects on weight and hypoglycemia risk, tolerability, patient comorbidities, route of administration, patient preference, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J Hayes
- Marla J. Hayes, MS, RPh, BCPS, BCGP, CDCES , is the Director, Pharmacy, Winner Regional Health, Winner, South Dakota
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9
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Chen M, Shin M, Ware TB, Donvito G, Muchhala KH, Mischel R, Mustafa MA, Serbulea V, Upchurch CM, Leitinger N, Akbarali HI, Lichtman AH, Hsu KL. Endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes regulate pain response via LKB1-AMPK signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304900120. [PMID: 38109529 PMCID: PMC10756258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) serves as a principal 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) biosynthetic enzyme regulating endocannabinoid and eicosanoid metabolism in immune cells including macrophages and dendritic cells. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of DAGLβ ameliorates inflammation and hyper-nociception in preclinical models of pathogenic pain. These beneficial effects have been assigned principally to reductions in downstream proinflammatory lipid signaling, leaving alternative mechanisms of regulation largely underexplored. Here, we apply quantitative chemical- and phospho-proteomics to find that disruption of DAGLβ in primary macrophages leads to LKB1-AMPK signaling activation, resulting in reprogramming of the phosphoproteome and bioenergetics. Notably, AMPK inhibition reversed the antinociceptive effects of DAGLβ blockade, thereby directly supporting DAGLβ-AMPK crosstalk in vivo. Our findings uncover signaling between endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes and ancient energy-sensing kinases to mediate cell biological and pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Timothy B. Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Karan H. Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Ryan Mischel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Mohammed A. Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Clint M. Upchurch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22903
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10
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Aruldas R, Orenstein LB, Spencer S. Metformin Prevents Cocaine Sensitization: Involvement of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Trafficking between Subcellular Compartments in the Corticostriatal Reward Circuit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16859. [PMID: 38069180 PMCID: PMC10706784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated cocaine exposure produces an enhanced locomotor response (sensitization) paralleled by biological adaptations in the brain. Previous studies demonstrated region-specific responsivity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to repeated cocaine exposure. AMPK maintains cellular energy homeostasis at the organismal and cellular levels. Here, our objective was to quantify changes in phosphorylated (active) and total AMPK in the cytosol and synaptosome of the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum following acute or sensitizing cocaine injections. Brain region and cellular compartment selective changes in AMPK and pAMPK were found with some differences associated with acute withdrawal versus ongoing cocaine treatment. Our additional goal was to determine the behavioral and molecular effects of pretreatment with the indirect AMPK activator metformin. Metformin potentiated the locomotor activating effects of acute cocaine but blocked the development of sensitization. Sex differences largely obscured any protein-level treatment group effects, although pAMPK in the NAc shell cytosol was surprisingly reduced by metformin in rats receiving repeated cocaine. The rationale for these studies was to inform our understanding of AMPK activation dynamics in subcellular compartments and provide additional support for repurposing metformin for treating cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Aruldas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | | | - Sade Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Omari S, Lee H, Wang J, Zeng SX, Lu H. Extracellular and intracellular functions of coiled-coil domain containing 3. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad037. [PMID: 37263799 PMCID: PMC10849165 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil domain containing 3 (CCDC3, also called Favine) is a highly conserved protein initially identified as a protein secreted from adipocytes and endothelial cells in the vascular system with endocrine-like functions. Recently, CCDC3 was also found to function as a nuclear tumor suppressor in breast cancers. Although it is still understudied, CCDC3, since its discovery, has been shown to play multiple roles in lipid metabolism, fatty liver, abdominal obesity, anti-inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This essay is thus composed to offer an overview of these extracellular endocrine-like and intracellular (nuclear) functions of CCDC3. We also discuss the possible underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of CCDC3, the implications for clinical translation, and the remaining puzzles about this special molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Omari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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12
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Rosidi B, Priyatno D, Putra TP, Yusuf I. Metformin Induces a Caspase 3-Unrelated Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines HCT116 and SW620. Cancer Manag Res 2023; 15:475-485. [PMID: 37312884 PMCID: PMC10259592 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s385278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effects of metformin on the proliferation and growth of human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620. Materials and Methods The antiproliferative effect of metformin was assayed using an MTS reagent and its ability to inhibit colony formation was demonstrated using a clonogenic assay. Flow cytometry using YO-PRO-1/PI was performed to examine the effects of metformin on apoptosis and cell death of HCT116 and SW620. Caspase 3 activities were measured in caspase-3 activity tests using a caspase-3 activity kit. Furthermore, Western blots were performed with anti-PARP1, anti-caspase 3, and anti-cleaved caspase 3 to confirm whether caspase activation was present or not. Results Both MTS proliferation assays and clonogenic assays showed that metformin inhibited the proliferation and growth of HCT116 and SW620 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis identified early apoptosis and metformin-induced cell death in both cell lines. However, caspase 3 activity could not be detected. Cleavage of both PARP1 and pro-caspase 3 was not observed in the Western blot, confirming the absence of caspase 3 activations. Conclusion This present study suggests a caspase 3-unrelated apoptosis mechanism of metformin-induced cell death in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bustanur Rosidi
- Division of Proteomics, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Diana Priyatno
- Division of Proteomics, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Pribadi Putra
- Division of Proteomics, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Irawan Yusuf
- Division of Proteomics, Mochtar Riady Institute for Nanotechnology and Medical Science Group, University of Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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13
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Huang SL, Xie W, Ye YL, Liu J, Qu H, Shen Y, Xu TF, Zhao ZH, Shi Y, Shen JH, Leng Y. Coronarin A modulated hepatic glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis via inhibiting mTORC1/S6K1 signaling and ameliorated glucose homeostasis of diabetic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:596-609. [PMID: 36085523 PMCID: PMC9958036 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Promotion of hepatic glycogen synthesis and inhibition of hepatic glucose production are effective strategies for controlling hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but agents with both properties were limited. Herein we report coronarin A, a natural compound isolated from rhizomes of Hedychium gardnerianum, which simultaneously stimulates glycogen synthesis and suppresses gluconeogenesis in rat primary hepatocytes. We showed that coronarin A (3, 10 μM) dose-dependently stimulated glycogen synthesis accompanied by increased Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation in rat primary hepatocytes. Pretreatment with Akt inhibitor MK-2206 (2 μM) or PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM) blocked coronarin A-induced glycogen synthesis. Meanwhile, coronarin A (10 μM) significantly suppressed gluconeogenesis accompanied by increased phosphorylation of MEK, ERK1/2, β-catenin and increased the gene expression of TCF7L2 in rat primary hepatocytes. Pretreatment with β-catenin inhibitor IWR-1-endo (10 μM) or ERK inhibitor SCH772984 (1 μM) abolished the coronarin A-suppressed gluconeogenesis. More importantly, we revealed that coronarin A activated PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and ERK/Wnt/β-catenin signaling via regulation of a key upstream molecule IRS1. Coronarin A (10, 30 μM) decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1, the downstream target of mTORC1, which further inhibited the serine phosphorylation of IRS1, and subsequently increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1. In type 2 diabetic ob/ob mice, chronic administration of coronarin A significantly reduced the non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance, accompanied by the inhibited hepatic mTOR/S6K1 signaling and activated IRS1 along with enhanced PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and ERK/Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These results demonstrate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of coronarin A with a novel mechanism by inhibiting mTORC1/S6K1 to increase IRS1 activity, and highlighted coronarin A as a valuable lead compound for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang-Liang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ti-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhuo-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Azimian L, Weerasuriya NM, Munasinghe R, Song S, Lin CY, You L. Investigating the effects of Ceylon cinnamon water extract on HepG2 cells for Type 2 diabetes therapy. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:254-267. [PMID: 36779418 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon and its extracts have been used as herbal remedies for many ailments, including for reducing insulin resistance and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing health concern around the world. Although many drugs are available for T2DM treatment, side effects and costs can be considerable, and there is increasing interest in natural products for managing chronic health conditions. Cinnamon may decrease the expression of genes associated with T2DM risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cinnamon water extract (CWE) compared with metformin on T2DM-related gene expression. HepG2 human hepatoma cells, widely used in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity studies, were treated with different concentrations of metformin or CWE for 24 or 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay and glucose uptake was compared in untreated and CWE- or metformin-treated cells under high-glucose conditions. Finally, total RNA was extracted and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and bioinformatics analyses were performed to compare the transcriptional effects of CWE and metformin. We found cell viability was better in cells treated with CWE than in metformin-treated cells, demonstrating that CWE was not toxic at tested doses. CWE significantly increased glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, to the same degree as metformin (1.4-fold). RNA-seq data revealed CWE and metformin both induced significantly increased (1.3- to 1.4-fold) glucose uptake gene expression compared with untreated controls. Transcriptional differences between CWE and metformin were not significant. The effects of 0.125 mg mL-1 CWE on gene expression were comparable to 1.5 mg mL-1 (9.5 mM) metformin. In addition, gene expression at 0.125 mg mL-1 CWE was comparable to 1.5 mg mL-1 (9.5 mM) metformin. Our results reveal that CWE's effects on cell viability, glucose uptake, and gene expression in HepG2 cells are comparable to those of metformin, suggesting CWE may be an effective dietary supplement for mitigating T2DM-related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Azimian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Suzie Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lidan You
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Yang W, Liang Y, Liu Y, Chen B, Wang K, Chen X, Yu Z, Yang D, Cai Y, Zheng G. The molecular mechanism for inhibiting the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells using polymethoxyflavonoids purified from pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' via HSCCC. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1096001. [PMID: 37180721 PMCID: PMC10174288 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs), the main bioactive compounds naturally occurring in the pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CRCP), possess significant antitumor action. However, the action of PMFs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is currently unknown. The present research study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of PMFs from CRCP on NPC growth in vivo and in vitro. In our research, we used high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) to separate four PMFs (nobiletin (NOB), 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), tangeretin (TGN), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (5-HPMF)) from CRCP. CCK-8 assay was used to preliminarily screen cell viability following exposure to the four PMFs. Colony formation, Hoechst-33258 staining, transwell, and wound scratch assays were performed to assess the anti-proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis-inducing effects of HMF on NPC cells. NPC tumors in xenograft tumor transplantation experiments were also established to explore the effect of HMF (100 and 150 mg/kg/day) on NPC. The histopathological changes in the treated rats were observed by H&E staining and Ki-67 detection by immunohistochemical techniques. The expressions of P70S6K, p-P70S6K, S6, p-S6, COX-2, p53, and p-p53 were measured by Western blot. The four PMFs were obtained with high purity (>95.0%). The results of the preliminary screening by CCK-8 assay suggested that HMF had the strongest inhibitory effect on NPC cell growth. The results of the colony formation, Hoechst-33258 staining, transwell, and wound scratch assays indicated that HMF had significant anti-proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis-inducing ability in NPC cells. Moreover, HMF suppressed NPC tumor growth in xenograft tumor transplantation experiments. Further investigation suggested that HMF regulated NPC cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion by activating AMPK-dependent signaling pathways. In conclusion, HMF-induced AMPK activation inhibited NPC cell growth, invasion, and metastatic potency by downregulating the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway and COX-2 protein levels, as well as enhancing the p53 phosphorylation level. Our study provides a crucial experimental basis for the clinical treatment of NPC, as well as the development and utilization of PMFs from CRCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baizhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen, China
| | - Kanghui Wang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Depo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Zheng, ; Yi Cai, ; Depo Yang,
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Zheng, ; Yi Cai, ; Depo Yang,
| | - Guodong Zheng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Zheng, ; Yi Cai, ; Depo Yang,
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16
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Widodo W, Kusumaningrum HRP, Wihadmadyatami H, Wicaksana AL. Milk Fermented with Pediococcus acidilactici Strain BE Improves High Blood Glucose Levels and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function in Diabetic Rats. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:170-183. [PMID: 36789203 PMCID: PMC9890364 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of milk fermented with Pediococcus acidilactici strain BE and Pediococcus pentosaceus strain M103 on diabetes in rats (Rattus norvegicus). The bacteria were separately used as starter cultures for milk fermentation, and the products were then fed to diabetic rats for 15 days. Blood glucose levels, immunohistochemical and histological indicators, lipid profiles, and total lactic acid bacterium counts were evaluated before and after treatment. The administration of milk fermented with P. acidilactici strain BE reduced blood glucose levels from 410.27±51.60 to 304.07±9.88 mg/dL (p<0.05), similar to the effects of metformin (from 382.30±13.39 mg/dL to 253.33±40.66 mg/dL, p<0.05). Increased insulin production was observed in diabetic rats fed milk fermented with P. acidilactici strain BE concomitant with an increased number and percentage area of immunoreactive beta-cells. The structure of insulin-producing beta-cells was improved in diabetic rats fed milk fermented with P. acidilactici strain BE or metformin (insulin receptor substrate scores of 5.33±0.94 and 3.5±0.5, respectively). This suggests that the administration of milk fermented with P. acidilactici BE potentially reduces blood glucose levels and improves pancreatic beta-cell function in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widodo Widodo
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Widodo
Widodo, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281,
Indonesia, Tel: +62-274-6491963, E-mail:
| | | | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Anggi Lukman Wicaksana
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and
Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281,
Indonesia,School of Nursing, College of Nursing,
Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Diabetes represents one of the most significant, and rapidly escalating, global healthcare crises we face today. Diabetes already affects one-tenth of the world's adults-more than 537 million people, numbers that have tripled since 2000 and are estimated to reach 643 million by 2030. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), the most prevalent form, is a complex disease with numerous contributing factors, including genetics, epigenetics, diet, lifestyle, medication use, and socioeconomic factors. In addition, the gut microbiome has emerged as a significant potential contributing factor in T2D development and progression. Gut microbes and their metabolites strongly influence host metabolism and immune function, and are now known to contribute to vitamin biosynthesis, gut hormone production, satiety, maintenance of gut barrier integrity, and protection against pathogens, as well as digestion and nutrient absorption. In turn, gut microbes are influenced by diet and lifestyle factors such as alcohol and medication use, including antibiotic use and the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics. Here we review current evidence regarding changes in microbial populations in T2D and the mechanisms by which gut microbes influence glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, including inflammation, gut permeability, and bile acid production. We also explore the interrelationships between gut microbes and different T2D medications and other interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and bariatric surgery. Lastly, we explore the particular role of the small bowel in digestion and metabolism and the importance of studying small bowel microbes directly in our search to find metabolically relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Correspondence: Ruchi Mathur, MD, FRCPC, Director, Clinical Diabetes, Cedars-Sinai, 700 N San Vicente, Ste G271, West Hollywood, CA 90069, USA.
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18
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Metformin Prevents or Delays the Development and Progression of Osteoarthritis: New Insight and Mechanism of Action. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193012. [PMID: 36230974 PMCID: PMC9563728 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 60 years, metformin has been widely prescribed by physicians to treat type 2 diabetes. Along with more in-depth research on metformin and its molecular mechanism in recent decades, metformin has also been proposed as an effective drug to prevent or delay musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA). The occurrence and development of OA are deemed to be associated with the impaired mitochondrial functions of articular chondrocytes. Metformin can activate the pathways and expressions of both AMPK and SIRT1 so as to protect the mitochondrial function of chondrocytes, thereby promoting osteoblast production. Moreover, the clinical significance of the metformin combination therapy in preventing OA has also been demonstrated. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the current research progress on metformin as a proposed drug for OA prevention or treatment.
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19
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Gorica E, Mohammed SA, Ambrosini S, Calderone V, Costantino S, Paneni F. Epi-Drugs in Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:923014. [PMID: 35911511 PMCID: PMC9326055 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.923014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the secrets of genome’s flexibility does not only foster new research in the field, but also gives rise to the exploration and development of novel epigenetic-based therapies as an approach to alleviate disease phenotypes. A better understanding of chromatin biology (DNA/histone complexes) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has enabled the development of epigenetic drugs able to modulate transcriptional programs implicated in cardiovascular diseases. This particularly applies to heart failure, where epigenetic networks have shown to underpin several pathological features, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and microvascular dysfunction. Targeting epigenetic signals might represent a promising approach, especially in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), where prognosis remains poor and breakthrough therapies have yet to be approved. In this setting, epigenetics can be employed for the development of customized therapeutic approaches thus paving the way for personalized medicine. Even though the beneficial effects of epi-drugs are gaining attention, the number of epigenetic compounds used in the clinical practice remains low suggesting that more selective epi-drugs are needed. From DNA-methylation changes to non-coding RNAs, we can establish brand-new regulations for drug targets with the aim of restoring healthy epigenomes and transcriptional programs in the failing heart. In the present review, we bring the timeline of epi-drug discovery and development, thus highlighting the emerging role of epigenetic therapies in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Gorica
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shafeeq A Mohammed
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Ambrosini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Celik E, Ercin M, Bolkent S, Gezginci-Oktayoglu S. Metformin induces mitochondrial remodeling and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells into beta-cells by a potential mechanism including suppression of the T1R3, PLCβ2, cytoplasmic Ca +2, and AKT. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:869-883. [PMID: 35907121 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the molecular changes in pancreatic progenitor cells subject to high glucose, aspartame, and metformin in vitro. This scope of work glucose, aspartame, and metformin were exposed to pancreatic islet derived progenitor cells (PID-PCs) for 10 days. GLUT1's role in beta-cell differentiation was examined by using GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117. Insulin+ cell ratio was measured by flow cytometry; the expression of beta-cell differentiation related genes was shown by RT-PCR; mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial ROS level, cytoplasmic Ca2+, glucose uptake, and metabolite analysis were made fluorometrically and spectrophotometrically; and proteins involved in related molecular pathways were determined by western blotting. Findings showed that glucose or aspartame exposed cells had similar metabolic and gene expression profile to control PID-PCs. Furthermore, relatively few insulin+ cells in aspartame treated cells were determined. Aspartame signal is transmitted through PLCβ2, CAMKK2 and LKB1 in PID-PCs. The most obvious finding of this study is that metformin significantly increased beta-cell differentiation. The mechanism involves suppression of the sweet taste signal's molecules T1R3, PLCβ2, cytoplasmic Ca+2, and AKT in addition to the direct effect of metformin on mitochondria and AMPK, and the energy metabolism of PID-PCs is remodelled in the direction of oxidative phosphorylation. These findings are very important in terms of determining that metformin stimulates the mitochondrial remodeling and the differentiation of PID-PCs to beta-cells and thus it may contribute to the compensation step, which is the first stage of diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Celik
- Molecular Biology Program, Biology Section, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Ercin
- Molecular Biology Program, Biology Section, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Gezginci-Oktayoglu
- Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Will We Unlock the Benefit of Metformin for Patients with Lung Cancer? Lessons from Current Evidence and New Hypotheses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070786. [PMID: 35890085 PMCID: PMC9318003 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been under basic and clinical study as an oncological repurposing pharmacological agent for several years, stemming from observational studies which consistently evidenced that subjects who were treated with metformin had a reduced risk for development of cancer throughout their lives, as well as improved survival outcomes when diagnosed with neoplastic diseases. As a result, several basic science studies have attempted to dissect the relationship between metformin’s metabolic mechanism of action and antineoplastic cellular signaling pathways. Evidence in this regard was compelling enough that a myriad of randomized clinical trials was planned and conducted in order to establish the effect of metformin treatment for patients with diverse neoplasms, including lung cancer. As with most novel antineoplastic agents, early results from these studies have been mostly discouraging, though a recent analysis that incorporated body mass index may provide significant information regarding which patient subgroups might derive the most benefit from the addition of metformin to their anticancer treatment. Much in line with the current pipeline for anticancer agents, it appears that the benefit of metformin may be circumscribed to a specific patient subgroup. If so, addition of metformin to antineoplastic agents could prove one of the most cost-effective interventions proposed in the context of precision oncology. Currently published reviews mostly rely on a widely questioned mechanism of action by metformin, which fails to consider the differential effects of the drug in lean vs. obese subjects. In this review, we analyze the pre-clinical and clinical information available to date regarding the use of metformin in various subtypes of lung cancer and, further, we present evidence as to the differential metabolic effects of metformin in lean and obese subjects where, paradoxically, the obese subjects have reported more benefit with the addition of metformin treatment. The novel mechanisms of action described for this biguanide may explain the different results observed in clinical trials published in the last decade. Lastly, we present novel hypothesis regarding potential biomarkers to identify who might reap benefit from this intervention, including the role of prolyl hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3) expression to modify metabolic phenotypes in malignant diseases.
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Computational Study of Asian Propolis Compounds as Potential Anti-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Agents by Using Inverse Virtual Screening with the DIA-DB Web Server, Tanimoto Similarity Analysis, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133972. [PMID: 35807241 PMCID: PMC9268573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Propolis contains a wide range of pharmacological activities because of their various bioactive compounds. The beneficial effect of propolis is interesting for treating type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) owing to dysregulation of multiple metabolic processes. In this study, 275 of 658 Asian propolis compounds were evaluated as potential anti-T2DM agents using the DIA-DB web server towards 18 known anti-diabetes protein targets. More than 20% of all compounds could bind to more than five diabetes targets with high binding affinity (<−9.0 kcal/mol). Filtering with physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, including ADMET parameters, 12 compounds were identified as potential anti-T2DM with favorable ADMET properties. Six of those compounds, (2R)-7,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methylflavone; (RR)-(+)-3′-senecioylkhellactone; 2′,4′,6′-trihydroxy chalcone; alpinetin; pinobanksin-3-O-butyrate; and pinocembrin-5-methyl ether were first reported as anti-T2DM agents. We identified the significant T2DM targets of Asian propolis, namely retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4) and aldose reductase (AKR1B1) that have important roles in insulin sensitivity and diabetes complication, respectively. Molecular dynamic simulations showed stable interaction of selected propolis compounds in the active site of RBP4 and AKR1B1. These findings suggest that Asian propolis compound may be effective for treatment of T2DM by targeting RBP4 and AKR1B1.
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Liu C, Zhang D, Lu Z, Man J, Zhang Z, Fu X, Cui K, Wang J. Metformin protects against pericyte apoptosis and promotes neurogenesis through suppressing JNK p38 MAPK signalling activation in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136708. [PMID: 35660649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (MET) has been the subject of many classic studies in possessing antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation activities and antiviral. Recently investigators have examined the anti-apoptosis effects of MET in acute myocardial infarction and Intracerebral hemorrhage, but very little is currently known about how it regulates ischemic stroke-induced pericytes apoptosis and neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation. The present research explored the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of MET using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(tMCAO) mice. The experimental work presented that tMCAO mice treated by metformin had better neurologic outcomes on days 1, 3, and 7 after operation, and alleviated blood-brain barrier (BBB) destruction, brain water content and infarct volume on 72 h after surgery. The data showed that MET alleviated BBB disruption by reducing PDGFRβ/ matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) positive cells, relieving zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) drop away and increasing pericyte coverage through remarkably reducing the percentage of PDGFRβ/caspase-3 positive cells. In addition, MET induced antiapoptotic activity followed by downregulating cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression. Moreover, JNK signaling pathway has been proved to be pivotal in mediating apoptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The results of this research illustrated that MET treatment downregulated the levels of phosphorylated JNK and P38 in vivo, however the use of JNK activator anisomycin (ANI) could reverse the neuroprotection effect of MET, demonstrating that the JNK pathway is associated with the anti-apoptosis mechanisms of MET. Finally, metformin remarkably increased the percentage of BrdU/DCX-positive cells in subventricular zone (SVZ) and up-regulated BDNF、VEGF and NGF expression after ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury on day 7. Our data illustrated that metformin provides an effective therapy for I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Kefei Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China.
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Gu C, Loube J, Lee R, Bevans-Fonti S, Wu TD, Barmine JH, Jun JC, McCormack MC, Hansel NN, Mitzner W, Polotsky VY. Metformin Alleviates Airway Hyperresponsiveness in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:883275. [PMID: 35574481 PMCID: PMC9098833 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.883275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese asthma is a unique phenotype of asthma characterized by non-allergic airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation which responds poorly to standard asthma therapy. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic drug with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of the current study was to test the effect of metformin on AHR in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We fed 12-week-old C57BL/6J DIO mice with a high fat diet for 8 weeks and treated them with either placebo (control, n = 10) or metformin (n = 10) added in drinking water (300 mg/kg/day) during the last 2 weeks of the experiment. We assessed AHR, metabolic profiles, and inflammatory markers after treatments. Metformin did not affect body weight or fasting blood glucose, but significantly reduced serum insulin (p = 0.0117). Metformin reduced AHR at 30 mg/ml of methacholine challenge (p = 0.0052) without affecting baseline airway resistance. Metformin did not affect circulating white blood cell counts or lung cytokine mRNA expression, but modestly decreased circulating platelet count. We conclude that metformin alleviated AHR in DIO mice. This finding suggests metformin has the potential to become an adjuvant pharmacological therapy in obese asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Gu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeff Loube
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rachel Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shannon Bevans-Fonti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tianshi David Wu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jessica H. Barmine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Jun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meredith C. McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y. Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Vsevolod Y. Polotsky,
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25
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Hasanvand A. The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:775-788. [PMID: 35419709 PMCID: PMC9007580 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin can suppress gluconeogenesis and reduce blood sugar by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inducing small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression in the liver cells. The main mechanism of metformin’s action is related to its activation of the AMPK enzyme and regulation of the energy balance. AMPK is a heterothermic serine/threonine kinase made of a catalytic alpha subunit and two subunits of beta and a gamma regulator. This enzyme can measure the intracellular ratio of AMP/ATP. If this ratio is high, the amino acid threonine 172 available in its alpha chain would be activated by the phosphorylated liver kinase B1 (LKB1), leading to AMPK activation. Several studies have indicated that apart from its significant role in the reduction of blood glucose level, metformin activates the AMPK enzyme that in turn has various efficient impacts on the regulation of various processes, including controlling inflammatory conditions, altering the differentiation pathway of immune and non-immune cell pathways, and the amelioration of various cancers, liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), kidney diseases, neurological disorders, etc. Metformin’s activation of AMPK enables it to control inflammatory conditions, improve oxidative status, regulate the differentiation pathways of various cells, change the pathological process in various diseases, and finally have positive therapeutic effects on them. Due to the activation of AMPK and its role in regulating several subcellular signalling pathways, metformin can be effective in altering the cells’ proliferation and differentiation pathways and eventually in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hasanvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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26
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Flores-García LC, Ventura-Gallegos JL, Romero-Córdoba SL, Hernández-Juárez AJ, Naranjo-Meneses MA, García-García E, Méndez JP, Cabrera-Quintero AJ, Ramírez-Ruíz A, Pedraza-Sánchez S, Meraz-Cruz N, Vadillo-Ortega F, Zentella-Dehesa A. Sera from women with different metabolic and menopause states differentially regulate cell viability and Akt activation in a breast cancer in-vitro model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266073. [PMID: 35413055 PMCID: PMC9004774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence and aggressiveness of breast cancer and is estimated to increment the development of this tumor by 50 to 86%. These associations are driven, in part, by changes in the serum molecules. Epidemiological studies have reported that Metformin reduces the incidence of obesity-associated cancer, probably by regulating the metabolic state. In this study, we evaluated in a breast cancer in-vitro model the activation of the IR-β/Akt/p70S6K pathway by exposure to human sera with different metabolic and hormonal characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of brief Metformin treatment on sera of obese postmenopausal women and its impact on Akt and NF-κB activation. We demonstrated that MCF-7 cells represent a robust cellular model to differentiate Akt pathway activation influenced by the stimulation with sera from obese women, resulting in increased cell viability rates compared to cells stimulated with sera from normal-weight women. In particular, stimulation with sera from postmenopausal obese women showed an increase in the phosphorylation of IR-β and Akt proteins. These effects were reversed after exposure of MCF-7 cells to sera from postmenopausal obese women with insulin resistance with Metformin treatment. Whereas sera from women without insulin resistance affected NF-κB regulation. We further demonstrated that sera from post-Metformin obese women induced an increase in p38 phosphorylation, independent of insulin resistance. Our results suggest a possible mechanism in which obesity-mediated serum molecules could enhance the development of luminal A-breast cancer by increasing Akt activation. Further, we provided evidence that the phenomenon was reversed by Metformin treatment in a subgroup of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Flores-García
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L. Ventura-Gallegos
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, IIBO, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra L. Romero-Córdoba
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, IIBO, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo J. Hernández-Juárez
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María A. Naranjo-Meneses
- Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo García-García
- Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto J. Cabrera-Quintero
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ramírez-Ruíz
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sigifredo Pedraza-Sánchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noemi Meraz-Cruz
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, IIBO, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Ozel AB, Dagsuyu E, Aydın PK, Bugan I, Bulan OK, Yanardag R, Yarat A. Brain Boron Level, DNA Content, and Myeloperoxidase Activity of Metformin-Treated Rats in Diabetes and Prostate Cancer Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1164-1170. [PMID: 33860456 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of metformin on boron levels and oxidative brain damage in rats due to diabetes and prostate cancer was investigated for the first time. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the amount of DNA were investigated as tissue oxidative and toxic damage parameters. In Copenhagen rats, Dunning prostate cancer was induced using high metastatic MAT-Lylu cells and diabetes was induced by single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Metformin was administered for 14 days after diabetes and prostate cancer induced. The rats were divided into six groups as follows: control group, diabetic group (D), cancer group (C), diabetic + cancer (DC) group, cancer + metformin (CM) group, diabetic + cancer + metformin (DCM) group. At the end of the experiment, brains were removed. Significant decrease of brain boron levels and significant elevation of MPO activity and DNA levels were observed in D, C, and DC groups as compared to control group. The effect of diabetes induction on the brain boron levels was much more than prostate cancer induction. The administration of metformin with CM and DCM obviously declined MPO activity and increased brain boron levels almost near to control group level. In conclusion, this study shows that the protective effect of metformin against brain damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats with Dunning prostate cancer may also be related to increased boron levels. The boron levels may be a novel indicator of reduced toxic and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the distribution and mechanism of action of boron should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armagan Begum Ozel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Road 9/3 34854 Basibuyuk, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Dagsuyu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Koroglu Aydın
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Bugan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omur Karabulut Bulan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Yarat
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Road 9/3 34854 Basibuyuk, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Scalzo RL, Schauer IE, Rafferty D, Knaub LA, Kvaratskhelia N, Johnson TK, Pott GB, Abushamat LA, Whipple MO, Huebschmann AG, Cree-Green M, Reusch JEB, Regensteiner JG. Single-leg exercise training augments in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative flux and vascular content and function in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Physiol 2022; 600:963-978. [PMID: 33569797 PMCID: PMC9006339 DOI: 10.1113/jp280603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have impaired skeletal muscle oxidative flux due to limited oxygen delivery. In the current study, this impairment in oxidative flux in people with T2D was abrogated with a single-leg exercise training protocol. Additionally, single-leg exercise training increased skeletal muscle CD31 content, calf blood flow and state 4 mitochondrial respiration in all participants. ABSTRACT Cardiorespiratory fitness is impaired in type 2 diabetes (T2D), conferring significant cardiovascular risk in this population; interventions are needed. Previously, we reported that a T2D-associated decrement in skeletal muscle oxidative flux is ameliorated with acute use of supplemental oxygen, suggesting that skeletal muscle oxygenation is rate-limiting to in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux during exercise in T2D. We hypothesized that single-leg exercise training (SLET) would improve the T2D-specific impairment in in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux during exercise. Adults with (n = 19) and without T2D (n = 22) with similar body mass indexes and levels of physical activity participated in two weeks of SLET. Following SLET, in vivo oxidative flux measured by 31 P-MRS increased in participants with T2D, but not people without T2D, measured by the increase in initial phosphocreatine synthesis (P = 0.0455 for the group × exercise interaction) and maximum rate of oxidative ATP synthesis (P = 0.0286 for the interaction). Additionally, oxidative phosphorylation increased in all participants with SLET (P = 0.0209). After SLET, there was no effect of supplemental oxygen on any of the in vivo oxidative flux measurements in either group (P > 0.02), consistent with resolution of the T2D-associated oxygen limitation previously observed at baseline in subjects with T2D. State 4 mitochondrial respiration also improved in muscle fibres ex vivo. Skeletal muscle vasculature content and calf blood flow increased in all participants with SLET (P < 0.0040); oxygen extraction in the calf increased only in T2D (P = 0.0461). SLET resolves the T2D-associated impairment of skeletal muscle in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux potentially through improved effective blood flow/oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Scalzo
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Irene E Schauer
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deirdre Rafferty
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leslie A Knaub
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nina Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Taro Kaelix Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory B Pott
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Layla A Abushamat
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary O Whipple
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy G Huebschmann
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Division of Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Ramos-Lopez O, Martínez-López E, Barrón-Cabrera E, Bernal-Pérez JA, Velasco-González LE, Rangel-Rios E, Bustamante Martínez JF, Torres-Valadez R. Effect of Metformin on Glycemic Control Regarding Carriers of the SLC22A1/OCT1 (rs628031) Polymorphism and Its Interactions with Dietary Micronutrients in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1771-1784. [PMID: 35711690 PMCID: PMC9196279 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s354579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Differences in metformin effect on glycemic control in type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been associated with diet, obesity, years since T2D diagnosis and genetic factors, such as the Met408Val (rs628031) SLC22A1/OCT1 gene polymorphism. This study aimed to analyze the effect of metformin and diet on glycemic control and its association with the Met408Val polymorphism in patients with T2D from western Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 240 T2D adult patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Anti-hyperglycemic therapy, dietary intake, body composition and glycemic profile were recorded and the determination of genotypes of SLC22A1/OCT1 gene (rs628031) was performed using an allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS The type of metformin therapy was 47% monotherapy, 45% dual therapy (metformin+glibenclamide or metformin+insulin) and 8% triple therapy (metformin+glibenclamide+insulin). Individuals with metformin monotherapy had a higher glycemic control frequency (%HbA1c <7.0) compared with the dual and triple treatment schemes (77% vs 35% and 15%, respectively; p<0.001). Interestingly, a high potassium intake was documented in the three anti-hyperglycemic therapies and a lower intake of micronutrients, including calcium, magnesium, and zinc. An interaction was found between calcium intake and carriers of the risk allele A (408Val) with %HbA1c (P interaction=0.028), and potassium intake with the TyG index (P interaction=0.027). In addition, there was a positive correlation between calcium intake and %HbA1c (r=0.682; p=0.010), and potassium intake vs TyG index (r=0.593; p=0.033) in risk allele A (408Val) carriers with metformin monotherapy. Genotype frequencies were GG homozygotes (76.6%), GA heterozygotes (21.5%) and AA homozygotes (1.9%). The allele frequency was 87.4% for the ancestral allele G and 12.6% for the risk allele A. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a differing effect of metformin on glycemic control regarding calcium and potassium intake and the Met408Val SLC22A1/OCT1 gene polymorphism in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy A Zepeda-Carrillo
- Specialized Unit in Research, Development and Innovation in Genomic Medicine, Nayarit Center for Innovation and Technology Transfer, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Civil Hospital “Dr. Antonio González Guevara”, Health Services in Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, B.C, Mexico
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular and Genomic Biology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elisa Barrón-Cabrera
- Faculty of Nutrition and Gastronomy Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J Antonio Bernal-Pérez
- Family Medicine Unit No. 24 “Ignacio García Téllez”, Mexican Social Security Institute, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Luisa E Velasco-González
- Family Medicine Unit No. 24 “Ignacio García Téllez”, Mexican Social Security Institute, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Rangel-Rios
- Family Medicine Unit No. 24 “Ignacio García Téllez”, Mexican Social Security Institute, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Torres-Valadez
- Specialized Unit in Research, Development and Innovation in Genomic Medicine, Nayarit Center for Innovation and Technology Transfer, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Integral Health Academic Unit, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Correspondence: Rafael Torres-Valadez, Nayarit Center for Innovation and Technology Transfer, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, Tel +52-3312523644, Email
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Ferrari F, Scheffel RS, Martins VM, Santos RD, Stein R. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: The Past, Present, and Future. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2021; 22:363-383. [PMID: 34958423 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-021-00515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death and disability in people with T2DM. Unfortunately, therapies strictly aimed at glycemic control have poorly contributed to a significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events. On the other hand, randomized controlled trials have shown that five glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and one exendin-based GLP-1 RA reduced atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, a meta-analysis including these six agents showed a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events as well as all-cause mortality compared with placebo, regardless of structural homology. Evidence has also shown that some drugs in this class have beneficial effects on renal outcomes, such as preventing the onset of macroalbuminuria. In addition to lowering blood pressure, these drugs also favorably impacted on body weight in large randomized controlled trials as in real-world studies, a result considered a priority in T2DM management; these and other factors may justify the benefits of GLP-1 RAs upon the cardiovascular system, regardless of glycemic control. Finally, studies showed safety with a low risk of hypoglycemia and no increase in pancreatitis events. Given these benefits, GLP-1 RAs were preferentially endorsed in the guidelines of the European and American societies for patients with these conditions. This narrative review provides a current and comprehensive overview of GLP-1 RAs as cardiovascular and renal protective agents, far beyond their use as glucose-lowering drugs, supporting their effectiveness in treating patients with T2DM at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Serviço de Fisiatria/Térreo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90470-260, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Scheffel
- Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vítor M Martins
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Serviço de Fisiatria/Térreo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90470-260, Brazil.
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Bakhtyukov AA, Derkach KV, Sorokoumov VN, Stepochkina AM, Romanova IV, Morina IY, Zakharova IO, Bayunova LV, Shpakov AO. The Effects of Separate and Combined Treatment of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes with Metformin and Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor on Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:198. [PMID: 35008624 PMCID: PMC8745465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis are impaired. Metformin and the agonists of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)-receptor (LH/hCG-R) (hCG, low-molecular-weight allosteric LH/hCG-R-agonists) can be used to restore them. The aim was to study effectiveness of separate and combined administration of metformin, hCG and 5-amino-N-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)-4-(3-(nicotinamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (TP3) on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in male rats with T2DM. hCG (15 IU/rat/day) and TP3 (15 mg/kg/day) were injected in the last five days of five-week metformin treatment (120 mg/kg/day). Metformin improved testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis and restored LH/hCG-R-expression. Compared to control, in T2DM, hCG stimulated steroidogenesis and StAR-gene expression less effectively and, after five-day administration, reduced LH/hCG-R-expression, while TP3 effects changed weaker. In co-administration of metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists, on the first day, stimulating effects of LH/hCG-R-agonists on testosterone levels and hCG-stimulated expression of StAR- and CYP17A1-genes were increased, but on the 3-5th day, they disappeared. This was due to reduced LH/hCG-R-gene expression and increased aromatase-catalyzed estradiol production. With co-administration, LH/hCG-R-agonists did not contribute to improving spermatogenesis, induced by metformin. Thus, in T2DM, metformin and LH/hCG-R-agonists restore steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, with metformin being more effective in restoring spermatogenesis, and their co-administration improves LH/hCG-R-agonist-stimulating testicular steroidogenesis in acute but not chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Bakhtyukov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Kira V. Derkach
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Viktor N. Sorokoumov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M. Stepochkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina V. Romanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina Yu. Morina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Irina O. Zakharova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Liubov V. Bayunova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
| | - Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.B.); (K.V.D.); (V.N.S.); (A.M.S.); (I.V.R.); (I.Y.M.); (I.O.Z.); (L.V.B.)
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Zhao C, Guo Y, Wang R, Cheng C, Chen X. Effect of hydrogen-rich water on the lactic acid level in metformin-treated diabetic rats under hypoxia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:517-523. [PMID: 34697262 PMCID: PMC8552820 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the impact of hydrogen-rich water on the lactic acid level in metformin-treated diabetic rats under hypoxia. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, including normal diet group, and diabetes model (DM) group, DM + metformin treatment (DMM) group, DMM + hypoxia treatment (DMMH) group and DMMH + hydrogenrich water (DMMHR) group. We found that the levels of lactic acid, pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly lower in the blood of DMMHR group than DMMH group. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in liver and heart were significantly higher in DMMH group after hydrogen-rich water treatment, while malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione levels were decreased in DMMHR group when compared with DMMH group, which indicates that hydrogen-rich water could reduce oxidative stress. qPCR analysis demonstrated that that pro-apoptotic genes Bax/Caspase-3 were upregulated in DM group and metformin treatment suppressed their upregulation (DMM group). However, hypoxic condition reversed the effect of metformin on apoptotic gene expression, and hydrogen-rich water showed little effect on these genes under hypoxia. HE staining showed that hydrogen-rich water prevented myocardial fiber damages under hypoxia. In summary, we conclude that hydrogen-rich water could prevent lactate accumulation and reduce oxidant stress in diabetic rat model to prevent hypoxia-induced damages. It could be served as a potential agent for diabetes patients with metformin treatment to prevent lactic acidosis and reduce myocardial damages under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yushu Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Cheang YZN, Ting HRD, Koh HQV, Alonso S. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Metformin against dengue. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105186. [PMID: 34655660 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a prevalent mosquito-borne viral infection in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Its potential to progress into severe, life-threatening disease, has pressed the research community to develop safe, effective and affordable antivirals. Metformin (MET), a first-line antidiabetic drug and indirect AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, has recently emerged as a potential anti-DENV therapeutic candidate, based on some experimental evidence supporting anti-DENV activity in vitro and widely reported anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we examined MET in vitro activity against the four DENV serotypes and in two different mammalian cell lines. MET displayed a poor anti-DENV activity in BHK-21 cells with IC50 in the mM range, which was associated with increased p-AMPKα levels, thereby supporting that MET antiviral activity is mediated through AMPK activation. In contrast, MET exerted a pro-DENV activity in Vero cells that did not correlate with increased AMPK activation, suggesting AMPK-independent effects. Treatment with compound 991, a direct AMPK activator, led to reduced viral titers against all four serotypes and across both mammalian cell lines. In vivo, oral administration of MET did not reduce viremia titers in an asymptomatic mouse model, neither did it improve disease severity and progression in a mouse model of severe dengue. Instead, high dose regimen worsened disease outcome as evidenced by increased mortality, higher viremia and hyper-inflammation. Therefore, while AMPK may represent a potential host target, MET does not seem to hold great promise as a pan-serotype anti-dengue drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhi Nicholas Cheang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heng Rong Donald Ting
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Vanessa Koh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Morales-Rivera MI, Alemón-Medina R, Martínez-Hernández A, Gómez-Garduño J, Mirzaeicheshmeh E, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Ilizaliturri-Flores I, Mendoza-Caamal EC, Pérez-Guillé MG, García-Álvarez R, Contreras-Cubas C, Centeno-Cruz F, Revilla-Monsalve C, García-Ortiz H, Barajas-Olmos F, Orozco L. The L125F MATE1 variant enriched in populations of Amerindian origin is associated with increased plasma levels of metformin and lactate. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112009. [PMID: 34388523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors that affect variability in metformin response have been poorly studied in the Latin American population, despite its being the initial drug therapy for type 2 diabetes, one of the most prevalent diseases in that region. Metformin pharmacokinetics is carried out by members of the membrane transporters superfamily (SLCs), being the multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), one of the most studied. Some genetic variants in MATE1 have been associated with reduced in vitro metformin transport. They include rs77474263 p.[L125F], a variant present at a frequency of 13.8% in Latin Americans, but rare worldwide (less than 1%). Using exome sequence data and TaqMan genotyping, we revealed that the Mexican population has the highest frequency of this variant: 16% in Mestizos and 27% in Amerindians, suggesting a possible Amerindian origin. To elucidate the metformin pharmacogenetics, a children cohort was genotyped, allowing us to describe, for the first time, a MATE1 rs77474263 TT homozygous individual. An additive effect of the L125F variant was observed on blood metformin accumulation, revealing the highest metformin and lactate serum levels in the TT homozygote, and intermediate metformin values in the heterozygotes. Moreover, a molecular dynamics analysis suggested that the genetic variant effect on metformin efflux could be due to a decreased protein permeability. We conclude that pharmacogenetics could be useful in enhancing metformin pharmacovigilance in populations having a high frequency of the risk genotype, especially considering that these populations also have a higher susceptibility to the diseases for which metformin is the first-choice drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat I Morales-Rivera
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Elaheh Mirzaeicheshmeh
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Elvia C Mendoza-Caamal
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Cecilia Contreras-Cubas
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Federico Centeno-Cruz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Cristina Revilla-Monsalve
- Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Cardiología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Humberto García-Ortiz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Francisco Barajas-Olmos
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, CDMX, Mexico.
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von Loeffelholz C, Coldewey SM, Birkenfeld AL. A Narrative Review on the Role of AMPK on De Novo Lipogenesis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Evidence from Human Studies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071822. [PMID: 34359991 PMCID: PMC8306246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as metabolic sensor in mammalian cells that becomes activated by an increasing adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio. The heterotrimeric AMPK protein comprises three subunits, each of which has multiple phosphorylation sites, playing an important role in the regulation of essential molecular pathways. By phosphorylation of downstream proteins and modulation of gene transcription AMPK functions as a master switch of energy homeostasis in tissues with high metabolic turnover, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Regulation of AMPK under conditions of chronic caloric oversupply emerged as substantial research target to get deeper insight into the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidence supporting the role of AMPK in NAFLD is mainly derived from preclinical cell culture and animal studies. Dysbalanced de novo lipogenesis has been identified as one of the key processes in NAFLD pathogenesis. Thus, the scope of this review is to provide an integrative overview of evidence, in particular from clinical studies and human samples, on the role of AMPK in the regulation of primarily de novo lipogenesis in human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Loeffelholz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9323-177; Fax: +49-3641-9323-102
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Diabetology Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
- Department of Therapy of Diabetes, Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases in the Helmholtz Center Munich, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK
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Kim J, Kim YS, Park SH. Metformin as a Treatment Strategy for Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7231. [PMID: 34281285 PMCID: PMC8269365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a chronic inflammatory disease involving the salivary and lacrimal glands, presents symptoms of sicca as well as systemic manifestations such as fatigue and musculoskeletal pain. Only a few treatments have been successful in management of SS; thus treatment of the disease is challenging. Metformin is the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes and has anti-inflammatory potential. Its immunomodulatory capacity is exerted via activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Metformin inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I which leads to change in adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) to adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) ratio. This results in AMPK activation and causes inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR plays an important role in T cell differentiation and mTOR deficient T cells differentiate into regulatory T cells. In this manner, metformin enhances immunoregulatory response in an individual. mTOR is responsible for B cell proliferation and germinal center (GC) differentiation. Thus, reduction of B cell differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs via downregulation of mTOR. Due to the lack of suggested treatment for SS, metformin has been considered as a treatment strategy and is expected to ameliorate salivary gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yun-Sung Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Interaction between Metformin, Folate and Vitamin B 12 and the Potential Impact on Fetal Growth and Long-Term Metabolic Health in Diabetic Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115759. [PMID: 34071182 PMCID: PMC8198407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line treatment for many people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to maintain glycaemic control. Recent evidence suggests metformin can cross the placenta during pregnancy, thereby exposing the fetus to high concentrations of metformin and potentially restricting placental and fetal growth. Offspring exposed to metformin during gestation are at increased risk of being born small for gestational age (SGA) and show signs of ‘catch up’ growth and obesity during childhood which increases their risk of future cardiometabolic diseases. The mechanisms by which metformin impacts on the fetal growth and long-term health of the offspring remain to be established. Metformin is associated with maternal vitamin B12 deficiency and antifolate like activity. Vitamin B12 and folate balance is vital for one carbon metabolism, which is essential for DNA methylation and purine/pyrimidine synthesis of nucleic acids. Folate:vitamin B12 imbalance induced by metformin may lead to genomic instability and aberrant gene expression, thus promoting fetal programming. Mitochondrial aerobic respiration may also be affected, thereby inhibiting placental and fetal growth, and suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity for cellular nutrient transport. Vitamin supplementation, before or during metformin treatment in pregnancy, could be a promising strategy to improve maternal vitamin B12 and folate levels and reduce the incidence of SGA births and childhood obesity. Heterogeneous diagnostic and screening criteria for GDM and the transient nature of nutrient biomarkers have led to inconsistencies in clinical study designs to investigate the effects of metformin on folate:vitamin B12 balance and child development. As rates of diabetes in pregnancy continue to escalate, more women are likely to be prescribed metformin; thus, it is of paramount importance to improve our understanding of metformin’s transgenerational effects to develop prophylactic strategies for the prevention of adverse fetal outcomes.
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Zhu Z, Han Y, Ding Y, Zhu B, Song S, Xiao H. Health effects of dietary sulfated polysaccharides from seafoods and their interaction with gut microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2882-2913. [PMID: 33884748 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various dietary sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been isolated from seafoods, including edible seaweeds and marine animals, and their health effects such as antiobesity and anti-inflammatory activities have attracted remarkable interest. Sulfate groups have been shown to play important roles in the bioactivities of these polysaccharides. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the biological effects of dietary SPs are associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota. Dietary SPs could regulate the gut microbiota structure and, accordingly, affect the production of bioactive microbial metabolites. Because of their differential chemical structures, dietary SPs may specifically affect the growth of certain gut microbiota and associated metabolite production, which may contribute to variable health effects. This review summarizes the latest findings on the types and structural characteristics of SPs, the effects of different processing techniques on the structural characteristics and health effects of SPs, and the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the health effects of SPs. These findings might help in better understanding the mechanism of the health effects of SPs and provide a scientific basis for their application as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Quan H, Yin M, Kim J, Jang EA, Yang SH, Bae HB, Jeong S. Resveratrol suppresses the reprogramming of macrophages into an endotoxin-tolerant state through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:173993. [PMID: 33675782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to have beneficial effects on sepsis by regulating the inflammatory response. However, it remains unclear if resveratrol plays a role in the development of endotoxin tolerance. Treatment with resveratrol in macrophages stimulated with primary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in the increased production of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by a 2nd dose of LPS (by 74.5 ± 12.9% and 63.4 ± 12%, respectively, compared to untreated cells, P < 0.05). This effect was inhibited by compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, and STO609, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor. Resveratrol diminished the expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) and Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) by prolonging the exposure of cells to LPS (by 60.8 ± 16.3% and 70.3 ± 18.1%, respectively, compared to LPS only). The effect of resveratrol on the LPS-induced expression of IRAK-M and SHIP1 was inhibited by compound C or STO609. After a 2nd dose of LPS, resveratrol increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK in endotoxin tolerant macrophages. In vivo systemic administration of resveratrol prevented a significant increase in mortality rate by cecal ligation and puncture in LPS-induced endotoxin-tolerant mice. These results indicate that resveratrol induces AMPK activation through the Ca2+/CaMKKβ pathway and suppresses the development of endotoxin tolerance by inhibiting LPS-induced expression of IRAK-M and SHIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Quan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mei Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-A Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Si-Ho Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Beom Bae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea.
| | - Seongtae Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea.
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Thinnes A, Westenberger M, Piechotta C, Lehto A, Wirth F, Lau H, Klein J. Cholinergic and metabolic effects of metformin in mouse brain. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:211-217. [PMID: 33617923 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is widely used as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, but central effects of metformin have received little attention. When metformin (200 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to C57Bl6 mice, metformin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid peaked at 29 μM after 30 min but dropped quickly and was low at 90 min. In mouse hypothalamus sampled by microdialysis, systemically administered metformin caused minor and transient increases of acetylcholine, glucose and lactate while choline levels decreased. When metformin (0.2-10 mM) was locally infused via retrodialysis, there was a short-lasting increase of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus. Extracellular lactate levels in hypothalamus showed a massive increase upon metformin infusion while glucose levels decreased. In isolated mitochondria of mouse brain, metformin inhibited oxygen consumption and the activity of complex I. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration likely explains lactate formation in the brain during metformin infusion which may cause lactic acidosis during metformin intoxication. The changes of cholinergic activity in the hypothalamus may be associated with appetite suppression observed during metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thinnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mara Westenberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Lehto
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Wirth
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helene Lau
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Drzewoski J, Hanefeld M. The Current and Potential Therapeutic Use of Metformin-The Good Old Drug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:122. [PMID: 33562458 PMCID: PMC7915435 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin, one of the oldest oral antidiabetic agents and still recommended by almost all current guidelines as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has become the medication with steadily increasing potential therapeutic indications. A broad spectrum of experimental and clinical studies showed that metformin has a pleiotropic activity and favorable effect in different pathological conditions, including prediabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Moreover, there are numerous studies, meta-analyses and population studies indicating that metformin is safe and well tolerated and may be associated with cardioprotective and nephroprotective effect. Recently, it has also been reported in some studies, but not all, that metformin, besides improvement of glucose homeostasis, may possibly reduce the risk of cancer development, inhibit the incidence of neurodegenerative disease and prolong the lifespan. This paper presents some arguments supporting the initiation of metformin in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, especially those without cardiovascular risk factors or without established cardiovascular disease or advanced kidney insufficiency at the time of new guidelines favoring new drugs with pleotropic effects complimentary to glucose control. Moreover, it focuses on the potential beneficial effects of metformin in patients with T2DM and coexisting chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józef Drzewoski
- Central Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Markolf Hanefeld
- Medical Clinic III, Department of Medicine Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Iancu VI, Scutariu RE, Chiriac FL, Radu GL. Sensitive detection of antidiabetic compounds and one degradation product in wastewater samples by a new SPE-LC-MS/MS method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:310-323. [PMID: 33471573 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1873671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As environment emerging contaminants of anthropogenic origin, antidiabetic drugs are present in the range of high ng/L to ng/mL in the influent and the effluent of the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). The metformin compound is the most used hypoglycemic agent in the world. The aim of this study was to develop a new analytic method, based on solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detector (SPE-LC-MS/MS), for identification and quantification of 5 antidiabetic compounds (glibenclamide/glyburide, glimepiride, metformin, glipizide, guanyl urea, gliclazide) and one degradation product (guanyl urea). The investigated environmental samples were the influent and the effluent of four urbans WWTP's. By validating of the analytical method, it was obtained low LOQ's (0.2-4.5 ng/L), satisfactory recovery rates (53.6-116.8%), and corresponding performance parameters: inter-day precision (4.9-8.4%) and reproducibility (11.3-14.6%). The concentrations of antidiabetics were as follow in influent and effluent: metformin 76-2041ng/L and 2-206ng/L, gliclazide (14.1-42.4 ng/L, and 3.3-19.1), glipizide (7.5-11.2 ng/L and 6.5-10ng/L), guanyl urea (6.2-7.3 and 8.3-21.3 ng/L). The efficiency of elimination of the antidiabetics in WWTP's was maximum for metformin (67.6-98.5%), followed, by gliclazide (72.9-78.2%). The lowest elimination efficiency was calculated for glipizide (10.7-13.3%). The guanyl urea undergoes a formation process (74.5-84.2%) in effluent, from the metformin contained in influent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile-Ion Iancu
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Scutariu
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina-Laura Chiriac
- Control Pollution Departament, National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel-Lucian Radu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Karbalaee-Hasani A, Khadive T, Eskandari M, Shahidi S, Mosavi M, Nejadebrahimi Z, Khalkhali L, Sangdari A, Mohammadi D, Soltani A, Khodabandehloo H, Hosseini H, Koushki M. Effect of Metformin on Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 55:1096-1109. [PMID: 33412927 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020985303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that metformin has anti-inflammatory effect; however, the results differ concerning randomized controlled trails of the effect of metformin on inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. OBJECTIVE This study reassessed the data on the effect of metformin treatment on inflammatory markers in T2D patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases to collect relevant published data up to September 2020. Data of each study was combined using random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed based on subgroups of the treatment duration, dose and target population. RESULTS Thirteen RCTs including 1776 participants with T2D were analyzed. Although CRP levels significantly decreased [SMD: -0.76 mg/L; 95% CI (-1.48, -0.049); P = 0.036] in patients with T2D following metformin treatment, circulating levels of TNF-α [SMD: -0.17 pg/mL; 95% CI (-0.55, 0.20); P = 0.37] and IL-6 [SMD: -0.06 pg/mL; 95% CI (-0.38, 0.25); P = 0.69] were insignificant after metformin treatment. Compared to treatment duration of less than 24 weeks, longer treatment duration (more than 24 weeks) was associated with reduced level of CRP. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Based on available evidence from RCTs in this meta-analysis, metformin decreased CRP level. However, strategies for the treatment of inflammation should focus on metformin in patients with T2D. CONCLUSION The present study evidences that therapy with metformin can reduce CRP level significantly in T2D patients compared to other inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karbalaee-Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Tooka Khadive
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Eskandari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mosavi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zivar Nejadebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Lida Khalkhali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sangdari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Davoud Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hadi Khodabandehloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Koushki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Shpakov AO. Improvement Effect of Metformin on Female and Male Reproduction in Endocrine Pathologies and Its Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010042. [PMID: 33429918 PMCID: PMC7826885 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF administration shows positive effect on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in men with metabolic disorders, thus MF treatment indicates prospective use for improvement of male reproductive functions and fertility. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The review is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female and male reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. The mechanisms of MF action are discussed, including normalization of metabolic and hormonal status in PCOS, GDM, T2DM and metabolic syndrome and restoration of functional activity and hormonal regulation of the gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Metformin Preserves β-Cell Compensation in Insulin Secretion and Mass Expansion in Prediabetic Nile Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010421. [PMID: 33401592 PMCID: PMC7794750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes is a high-risk condition for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Pancreatic β-cells adapt to impaired glucose regulation in prediabetes by increasing insulin secretion and β-cell mass expansion. In people with prediabetes, metformin has been shown to prevent prediabetes conversion to diabetes. However, emerging evidence indicates that metformin has negative effects on β-cell function and survival. Our previous study established the Nile rat (NR) as a model for prediabetes, recapitulating characteristics of human β-cell compensation in function and mass expansion. In this study, we investigated the action of metformin on β-cells in vivo and in vitro. A 7-week metformin treatment improved glucose tolerance by reducing hepatic glucose output and enhancing insulin secretion. Although high-dose metformin inhibited β-cell glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, stimulation of β-cell insulin secretion was preserved in metformin-treated NRs via an indirect mechanism. Moreover, β-cells in NRs receiving metformin exhibited increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones and alleviated apoptotic unfold protein response (UPR) without changes in the expression of cell identity genes. Additionally, metformin did not suppress β-cell mass compensation or proliferation. Taken together, despite the conflicting role indicated by in vitro studies, administration of metformin does not exert a negative effect on β-cell function or cell mass and, instead, early metformin treatment may help protect β-cells from exhaustion and decompensation.
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Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
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Udesen PB, Glintborg D, Sørensen AE, Svendsen R, Nielsen NLS, Wissing MLM, Andersen MS, Englund ALM, Dalgaard LT. Metformin decreases miR-122, miR-223 and miR-29a in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1075-1084. [PMID: 33112812 PMCID: PMC7774773 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is associated with increased insulin sensitivity, whereas oral contraceptive pills (OCP) could increase the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Certain miRNAs might serve as biomarkers for the risk of T2D. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in circulating miRNA levels during treatment with metformin and OCP in women with PCOS. Sixty-five women with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria were randomized to metformin (2 g/day), metformin + OCP (150 mg desogestrel + 30 µg ethinylestradiol) or OCP alone for 12 months. Serum miRNA analysis was performed with individual RT-qPCR or Taqman low density array cards of 22 selected miRNAs previously related to PCOS, glucose and/or lipid metabolism. miR-122 and miR-29a levels were decreased after treatment with metformin compared with metformin + OCP and OCP group: miR-122: log2 difference -0.7 (P = 0.01) and -0.7 (P = 0.02), miR-29a: log2 difference -0.5 (P = 0.01) and -0.4 (P = 0.04), while miR-223 levels were decreased in the metformin + OCP group after treatment: log2 difference -0.5 (P = 0.02). During the treatment period, a significant weight loss was observed in the metformin group compared with the OCP group. In the OCP group, miRNA levels were unchanged during the treatment period. Levels of circulating miRNAs associated with lipid and glucose metabolism decreased during metformin treatment. Changes in miRNA levels in the metformin group could be explained by the simultaneous weight loss in the same group. These results support the notion that metformin treatment alone may be superior for metabolic health compared with OCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Bækgaard Udesen
- The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Svendsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nanna Louise Skov Nielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anne Lis Mikkelsen Englund
- The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
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Xu Y, Xue D, Bankhead A, Neamati N. Why All the Fuss about Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS)? J Med Chem 2020; 63:14276-14307. [PMID: 33103432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Certain subtypes of cancer cells require oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to survive. Increased OXPHOS dependency is frequently a hallmark of cancer stem cells and cells resistant to chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Suppressing the OXPHOS function might also influence the tumor microenvironment by alleviating hypoxia and improving the antitumor immune response. Thus, targeting OXPHOS is a promising strategy to treat various cancers. A growing arsenal of therapeutic agents is under development to inhibit this biological process. This Perspective provides an overview of the structure and function of OXPHOS complexes, their biological functions in cancer, relevant research tools and models, as well as the limitations of OXPHOS as drug targets. We also focus on the current development status of OXPHOS inhibitors and potential therapeutic strategies to strengthen their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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49
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Derkach KV, Bakhtyukov AA, Romanova IV, Zorina II, Bayunova LV, Bondareva VM, Yu Morina I, Kumar Roy V, Shpakov AO. The effect of metformin treatment on the basal and gonadotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis in male rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13816. [PMID: 32951228 DOI: 10.1111/and.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus impairs reproductive functions in men, and important tasks are deciphering the mechanisms of testicular dysfunctions in diabetes and the search of effective approaches to their correction. The purpose was to study the effect of four-week metformin treatment (120 mg kg-1 day-1 ) of male Wistar rats with high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes on basal and gonadotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis, intratesticular content of leptin and the leptin and luteinising hormone receptors and on spermatogenesis. Diabetic rats had hyperleptinaemia, androgen deficiency and reduced sperm count and quality, and in the testes, they had the increased leptin level and the decreased content of the leptin and luteinising hormone receptors and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The stimulating effects of chorionic gonadotropin on testosterone production and expression of steroidogenic genes (Star, Cyp11a1) were decreased. Metformin restored basal and gonadotropin-stimulated blood testosterone levels. In the testes, it restored gonadotropin-stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone levels, Star expression and the content of leptin and the leptin and luteinising hormone receptors. Metformin also improved epididymal sperm count and morphology. We concluded that metformin treatment normalises the testicular steroidogenesis in diabetic rats, which is due to restoration of the gonadotropin and leptin systems in the testes and is associated with an improvement in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira V Derkach
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A Bakhtyukov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Romanova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inna I Zorina
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liubov V Bayunova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera M Bondareva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Morina
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander O Shpakov
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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50
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Van Nostrand JL, Hellberg K, Luo EC, Van Nostrand EL, Dayn A, Yu J, Shokhirev MN, Dayn Y, Yeo GW, Shaw RJ. AMPK regulation of Raptor and TSC2 mediate metformin effects on transcriptional control of anabolism and inflammation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1330-1344. [PMID: 32912901 PMCID: PMC7528705 DOI: 10.1101/gad.339895.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, Van Nostrand et al. investigated the mechanisms of action of the biguanide drug metformin by using a new RaptorAA mouse model, in which AMPK phospho-serine sites Ser722 and Ser792 of RAPTOR were mutated to alanine. The hepatic transcriptional response in mice on a high-fat diet treated with metformin was largely ablated by AMPK deficiency under the conditions examined, indicating the essential role of this kinase and its targets in metformin action in vivo. Despite being the frontline therapy for type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of action of the biguanide drug metformin are still being discovered. In particular, the detailed molecular interplays between the AMPK and the mTORC1 pathway in the hepatic benefits of metformin are still ill defined. Metformin-dependent activation of AMPK classically inhibits mTORC1 via TSC/RHEB, but several lines of evidence suggest additional mechanisms at play in metformin inhibition of mTORC1. Here we investigated the role of direct AMPK-mediated serine phosphorylation of RAPTOR in a new RaptorAA mouse model, in which AMPK phospho-serine sites Ser722 and Ser792 of RAPTOR were mutated to alanine. Metformin treatment of primary hepatocytes and intact murine liver requires AMPK regulation of both RAPTOR and TSC2 to fully inhibit mTORC1, and this regulation is critical for both the translational and transcriptional response to metformin. Transcriptionally, AMPK and mTORC1 were both important for regulation of anabolic metabolism and inflammatory programs triggered by metformin treatment. The hepatic transcriptional response in mice on high-fat diet treated with metformin was largely ablated by AMPK deficiency under the conditions examined, indicating the essential role of this kinase and its targets in metformin action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kristina Hellberg
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - En-Ching Luo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alina Dayn
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jingting Yu
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yelena Dayn
- Transgenic Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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