1
|
Brinker TJ, Faria BL, de Faria OM, Klode J, Schadendorf D, Utikal JS, Mons U, Krieghoff-Henning E, Lisboa OC, Oliveira ACC, Lino HA, Bernardes-Souza B. Effect of a Face-Aging Mobile App-Based Intervention on Skin Cancer Protection Behavior in Secondary Schools in Brazil: A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2021; 156:737-745. [PMID: 32374352 PMCID: PMC7203674 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Question Can a face-aging mobile app improve the skin cancer protection behavior of
secondary school students? Findings In this cluster-randomized clinical trial of 52 school classes with 1573
Brazilian pupils, meaningful improvements were observed in sunscreen use,
tanning behavior, and skin self-examinations 3 to 6 months after an
intervention using a face-aging app compared with the nonintervention
group. Meaning Face-aging apps may be useful tools to increase skin cancer protection in
adolescents and thereby decrease skin cancer risk. Importance Because exposure to UV radiation early in life is an important risk factor
for melanoma development, reducing UV exposure in children and adolescents
is of paramount importance. New interventions are urgently required. Objective To determine the effect of the free face-aging mobile app Sunface on the skin
cancer protection behavior of adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants This cluster-randomized clinical trial included a single intervention and a
6-month follow-up from February 1 to November 30, 2018. Randomization was
performed on the class level in 52 school classes within 8 public secondary
schools (grades 9-12) in Itauna, Southeast Brazil. Data were analyzed from
May 1 to October 10, 2019. Interventions In a classroom seminar delivered by medical students, adolescents’
selfies were altered by the app to show UV effects on their future faces and
were shown in front of their class, accompanied by information about UV
protection. Information about relevant parameters was collected via
anonymous questionnaires before and 3 and 6 months after the
intervention. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point of the study was the difference in daily sunscreen use
at 6 months of follow-up. Secondary end points included the difference in
daily sunscreen use at 3 months of follow-up, at least 1 skin
self-examination within 6 months, and at least 1 tanning session in the
preceding 30 days. All analyses were predefined and based on intention to
treat. Cluster effects were taken into account. Results Participants included 1573 pupils (812 girls [51.6%] and 761 boys [48.4%];
mean [SD] age, 15.9 [1.3] years) from 52 school classes. Daily sunscreen use
increased from 110 of 734 pupils (15.0%) to 139 of 607 (22.9%;
P < .001) at the 6-month follow-up in
the intervention group. The proportion of pupils performing at least 1 skin
self-examination in the intervention group rose from 184 of 734 (25.1%) to
300 of 607 (49.4%; P < .001). Use of tanning
decreased from 138 of 734 pupils (18.8%) to 92 of 607 (15.2%;
P = .04). No significant changes were
observed in the control group. The intervention was more effective for
female students (number needed to treat for the primary end point: 8 for
girls and 31 for boys). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that interventions based on face-aging apps may
increase skin cancer protection behavior in Brazilian adolescents. Further
studies are required to maximize the effect and to investigate the
generalizability of the effects. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03178240
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titus J Brinker
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Joachim Klode
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen S Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Mons
- Cancer Prevention Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Krieghoff-Henning
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belete GT, Tolessa KG, Hussen MS. Protection of the Eye from Ultraviolet Radiation Damage Among Adults in Addis Zemen Town, Northwest Ethiopia. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:33-38. [PMID: 33519252 PMCID: PMC7837530 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s291916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light having a wavelength of less than 400 nm but greater than 100 nm. Ultraviolet radiation, majorly from sunlight, can potentially damage any organ that is exposed to any part of its spectrum. Aside from the skin, the organ most susceptible to sunlight-induced damage is the eye. Ultraviolet radiation is reported to be the cause of multiple ocular problems ranging from benign conditions like pterygium and pinguecula to ocular malignancies such as basal cell carcinoma which finally leads to visual impairment and blindness. Protection practice is mandatory to avoid the burden of diseases caused by ultraviolet exposure and maximizing the protection measures implementation is important. To maximize this, it is essential to know the current practice and the associated factors affecting the usage of protective devices in the study area. METHODS Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2019 on 453 study participants. The study participants were selected through a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. The analyzed result was summarized and presented using texts, tables and charts. A Chi-square test was applied to assess the significant association. RESULTS A total of 430 study subjects were participated and completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 94.92%. The mean age of the study participants was 35.3 (SD±6.68). Two hundred forty-three (56.5%) study participants were males. About 228 (53%) of participants were married, and 356 (82.8%) were Christian in religion. From the total study participants, 173 (40.23%) had good practice in protecting the eye from ultraviolet radiation damages while the remaining 59.77% had poor practice. A significant association was found between sex and protection practice of the eye from ultraviolet radiation damages. CONCLUSION The majority of the study participants had poor protection practice of the eye from ultraviolet radiation damages. Improving awareness and protection practice are vital to reduce the burden of ocular abnormalities due to excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Tilahun Belete
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Optometry, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Getahun Tolessa
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Optometry, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Seid Hussen
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Optometry, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effectiveness of Educational Practices in University Students' Knowledge about Sun Protection and Its Relation to Sunlight Exposure: An Exploratory Study in a Portuguese Higher Education Institution. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:720-732. [PMID: 34542507 PMCID: PMC8314291 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is worldwide recognition that health and educational outcomes are inextricably linked. It is also recognized that health education comprises opportunities to improve health literacy, including the improvement of knowledge and the development of life skills to promote individual health. It is also known that the behavioral practices regarding sun exposure are an important risk factor for skin cancer. Research is needed in this area to understand the contribution of the "Education for Health" curricular unit to these issues. Our exploratory research sought to collect information about the knowledge and practices regarding sun exposure of a group of Portuguese university students who have already attended this curricular unit. The results indicate that the participants show that, notwithstanding that they have already attended this curricular unit, they do not have more literacy on skin health, do not perceive that sun exposure habits are related to skin health and do not perceive that photoprotection constitutes prevention of skin cancer. The results support the need to promote the necessary reflection and debate on the way in which health education should be taught, as well as what is taught, in order to empower students to get decision-making skills associated with the adoption of healthier attitudes and practices, thus helping to prevent skin cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dallazem LND, Benvegnú AM, Stramari JM, Beber AAC, Chemello RML, Beck MDO. Knowledge and habits of sun exposure in university students: a cross-sectional study in Southern Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:172-181. [PMID: 31090822 PMCID: PMC6486079 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20197507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive sun exposure is the major risk factor for skin cancer. Thus, sun exposure behavior is the major focus for prevention of this disease, since it is potentially modifiable. Increasing the knowledge on sun related habits and other skin cancer risk factors is fundamental in the development of preventive programs, especially when directed to young people. OBJECTIVES To assess the photoprotection habits and the knowledge about skin cancer in college students. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study from Oct. 16 to Feb. 17, including 371 students from the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, through a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS The level of knowledge about skin cancer and photoprotection was unsatisfactory in more than 10% of the students. The occurrence of sunburn was extremely high among students, and 25% reported at least one episode of second degree sunburn. Proper use of sunscreen was referred by only 34% of individuals. Students who reported having received photo education in college were associated with a more consistent use of sunscreen. STUDY LIMITATIONS health area represented a large part of the sample; instrument validated outside Brazil. CONCLUSIONS Young people are unaware of basic information about sun protection and exposure. Even among those with proper knowledge, the use of photoprotective measures is very low. The sun exposure has shown to be excessive in most of the students, which makes this population an important target for photo-educational measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Natália Diehl Dallazem
- Program of Post-Graduation in Health Sciences,
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Benvegnú
- Discipline of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Santa
Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brinker TJ, Faria BL, Gatzka M, de Faria OM, Heppt MV, Kirchberger MC, Schadendorf D, Nakamura Y, Buslaff F, Lisboa OC, Oliveira ACC, Lino HA, Bernardes-Souza B. A skin cancer prevention photoageing intervention for secondary schools in Brazil delivered by medical students: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018299. [PMID: 29511007 PMCID: PMC5855446 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of melanoma is increasing faster than any other major cancer both in Brazil and worldwide. The Southeast of Brazil has especially high incidences of melanoma, and early detection is low. Exposure to UV radiation represents a primary risk factor for developing melanoma. Increasing attractiveness is a major motivation for adolescents for tanning. A medical student-delivered intervention that harnesses the broad availability of mobile phones as well as adolescents' interest in their appearance may represent a novel method to improve skin cancer prevention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We developed a free mobile app (Sunface), which will be implemented in at least 30 secondary school classes, each with 21 students (at least 30 classes with 21 students for control) in February 2018 in Southeast Brazil via a novel method called mirroring. In a 45 min classroom seminar, the students' altered three-dimensional selfies on tablets are 'mirrored' via a projector in front of their entire class, showing the effects of unprotected UV exposure on their future faces. External block randomisation via computer is performed on the class level with a 1:1 allocation. Sociodemographic data, as well as skin type, ancestry, UV protection behaviour and its predictors are measured via a paper-pencil questionnaire before as well as at 3 and 6 months postintervention. The primary end point is the group difference in the 30-day prevalence of daily sunscreen use at a 6-month follow-up. Secondary end points include (1) the difference in daily sunscreen use at a 3-month follow-up, (2) if a self-skin examination in accordance with the ABCDE rule was performed within the 6-month follow-up and (3) the number of tanning sessions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Itauna. Results will be disseminated at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03178240; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titus Josef Brinker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Martina Gatzka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Markus V Heppt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael C Kirchberger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Skin Oncology/Dermatology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fabian Buslaff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eastabrook S, Chang P, Taylor MF. Melanoma risk: adolescent females' perspectives on skin protection pre/post-viewing a ultraviolet photoaged photograph of their own facial sun damage. Glob Health Promot 2018; 25:23-32. [PMID: 27333916 DOI: 10.1177/1757975916639871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suntanning increases skin cancer risk and prematurely ages skin. Photoageing photography is an effective means of increasing adult ultraviolet radiation (UVR) awareness and skin-protection practices. While adults' largely positive suntanning-deterrence responses to photoageing photography are well-documented, comparatively little is known about the deterrence effectiveness of photoageing photography with adolescents. To help fill this knowledge gap, in-depth interviews were collected from 10 adolescent females and were subsequently subjected to interpretive phenomenological analysis. The emergent central theme - Having a tan and looking good in the short-term is okay, however, in the longer-term you can end up looking far worse… but still a tan is worth it - and its component subthemes reveal that the adolescent female's desire for a suntan is largely appearance driven. While photoaged photography is effective in increasing their awareness of the skin damage that UVR exposure causes, it does not alter their suntanning intentions. The analysis also revealed that one of the major barriers to adolescent females' adoption of skin-protective behaviours is their belief in their own invincibility. Hence, skin-protection interventions that lessen the aura of invincibility around adolescent females' understanding of their risk for developing skin cancers are vital to reducing the incidence of malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Chang
- 1 Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cestari T, Buster K. Photoprotection in specific populations: Children and people of color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76:S110-S121. [PMID: 28038884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Improved education on appropriate photoprotection in children is vital. Photoprotection for these individuals should include seeking shade, the use of physical agents (clothing, hat, sunglasses), and application of sunscreens on exposed areas. Avoidance of the use of tanning beds is an important component of education for teenagers. Ultraviolet radiation exposure induces DNA damage and photoaging in all skin types, including people of color. The extent of such damage is inversely related to constitutive skin pigmentation. Therefore, personalized photoprotection recommendations concerning skin cancer risk factors, desired treatment outcomes, health needs (eg, vitamin D), and photoaging based on the needs and preferences of the patient are essential. It is clear that additional research is needed on optimal levels of protection against ultraviolet radiation for people of color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Cestari
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Kesha Buster
- Buster Dermatology, Tulsa, Oklahoma; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva AA. Outdoor Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Legislation in Brazil. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 110:623-626. [PMID: 27115230 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The total ozone column of 265 ± 11 Dobson Units in the tropical-equatorial zones and 283 ± 16 Dobson Units in the subtropics of Brazil are among the lowest on Earth, and as a result, the prevalence of skin cancer due to solar ultraviolet radiation is among the highest. Daily erythemal doses in Brazil can be over 7,500 J m. Erythemal dose rates on cloudless days of winter and summer are typically about 0.147 W m and 0.332 W m, respectively. However, radiation enhancement events yielded by clouds have been reported with erythemal dose rates of 0.486 W m. Daily doses of the diffuse component of erythemal radiation have been determined with values of 5,053 J m and diffuse erythemal dose rates of 0.312 W m. Unfortunately, Brazilians still behave in ways that lead to overexposure to the sun. The annual personal ultraviolet radiation ambient dose among Brazilian youths can be about 5.3%. Skin cancer in Brazil is prevalent, with annual rates of 31.6% (non-melanoma) and 1.0% (melanoma). Governmental and non-governmental initiatives have been taken to increase public awareness of photoprotection behaviors. Resolution #56 by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária has banned tanning devices in Brazil. In addition, Projects of Law (PL), like PL 3730/2004, propose that the Sistema Único de Saúde should distribute sunscreen to members of the public, while PL 4027/2012 proposes that employers should provide outdoor workers with sunscreen during professional outdoor activities. Similar laws have already been passed in some municipalities. These are presented and discussed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel A Silva
- *Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEAv), Trevo Cel Av José Alberto Albano do Amarante 1, Putim, São José dos Campos, CEP 12.228-001, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gellén E, Janka E, Tamás I, Ádám B, Horkay I, Emri G, Remenyik É. Pigmented naevi and sun protection behaviour among primary and secondary school students in an Eastern Hungarian city. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 32:98-106. [PMID: 26477694 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most important risk factors for malignant melanoma are skin type I or II, large number of atypical naevi and a history of sunburn in childhood and adolescence. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to assess skin type, number of pigmented lesions and sun protection behaviour in 1157 12- to 19-year-old Hungarian students at 20 primary and secondary schools in Debrecen, Hungary. After receiving dermatological training, 18 school doctors examined the students' skin. A questionnaire was completed by the students with the assistance of their parents about sun protection, sunburns and the use of sunbed. Data from 612 questionnaires were evaluated. RESULTS Based on the doctors' evaluation, most of the pupils were classified as having skin type II and majority of them had 5-20 naevi, particularly on the trunk. Based on the student's response, 5.2% purposely sunbathed daily, 10.1% did not use any form of sun protection, 32.2% wore sun-protective clothing and 65.7% applied sunscreen generally. 6.9% used sunbed, and 74.0% previously experienced serious sunburn at least once. Indoor tanning statistically correlated with the number of melanocytic naevi. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of sunburn was reported by the students and some of them did not apply any sun protection methods but used sunbed at a critical age for developing melanoma at a later time. These data highlight the importance of educating children and parents about appropriate sun protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emese Gellén
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Tamás
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ádám
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Irene Horkay
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schalka S, Steiner D, Ravelli FN, Steiner T, Terena AC, Marçon CR, Ayres EL, Addor FAS, Miot HA, Ponzio H, Duarte I, Neffá J, Cunha JAJD, Boza JC, Samorano LDP, Corrêa MDP, Maia M, Nasser N, Leite OMRR, Lopes OS, Oliveira PD, Meyer RLB, Cestari T, Reis VMSD, Rego VRPDA. Brazilian consensus on photoprotection. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 89:1-74. [PMID: 25761256 PMCID: PMC4365470 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates
and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located
between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the
south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of
land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population
lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural
trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun.
Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and
melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed
at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic
actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would
not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed
countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the
Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on
Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil
for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Schalka
- Photobiology Department, Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eloisa Leis Ayres
- Center of Dermatology Prof. Rene Garrido Neves, City Health Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Ponzio
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ida Duarte
- Charity Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane Neffá
- Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Maia
- Charity Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Nasser
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Sun Protection Use Behaviour among University Students from 25 Low, Middle Income and Emerging Economy Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1385-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
12
|
Silva AA. Improving Photoprotection Attitudes in the Tropics: SunburnvsVitamin D. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1446-54. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel A. Silva
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados; Rod. dos Tamoios km 5.5 Torrão de Ouro II São José dos Campos SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saridi MI, Rekleiti MD, Toska AG, Souliotis K. Assessing a Sun Protection Program Aimed at Greek Elementary School Students for Malign Melanoma Prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5009-18. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
14
|
Sánchez G, Nova J. Factores de riesgo de carcinoma espinocelular, un estudio del Centro Nacional de Dermatología de Colombia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
15
|
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma, a study by the National Dermatology Centre of Colombia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 104:672-8. [PMID: 23968667 DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy in white individuals. The risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma, which belongs to the family of nonmelanoma skin cancers, have not been studied in Colombia. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in patients at a national referral center for skin diseases in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study that evaluated sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical factors among 332 individuals. Risk was calculated as odds ratio (ORs) using the multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis method. RESULTS The following risk factors were identified: family history of skin cancer (OR, 6.55; 95% CI, 1.4-28.9), living in a rural area after the age of 30 years (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.3-7.2), a lifetime working outdoors (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.5-5.7), smoking more than 10 cigarettes a day (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.3-6.5), actinic conjunctivitis (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.2-5.9), poikiloderma of Civatte (OR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.7-6.1), numerous facial actinic keratoses (OR, 9.23; 95% CI, 4.9-17.1), and numerous freckles (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.3-10.1). CONCLUSIONS We have documented clinical characteristics and personal history factors that should guide the physician in making decisions on the preventive and follow-up measures to be adopted for individuals at risk of squamous cell carcinoma. These findings may help guide policy for controlling the disease using local information.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cestari TF, Oliveira FBD, Boza JC. Considerations on photoprotection and skin disorders. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 139 Suppl 4:S135-43. [PMID: 23522628 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(12)70125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar or artificial sources of UV radiation is deleterious to the skin and can cause or worsen several diseases. Detrimental effects of UV radiation exert an important role in the development of skin cancers, cause alterations on the immune response, and act as a trigger or aggravating factor for pigmentary disorders. A group of measures, including education, change of habits, use of physical barriers and sunscreens constitutes a significant part of the treatment of many skin disorders and are valuable preventive tools. This article summarizes the relevant studies addressing these issues, emphasizing the many aspects of photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ferreira Cestari
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Predicting sun protection behaviors using protection motivation variables. J Behav Med 2013; 37:245-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Cestari TF, de Oliveira FB, Boza JC. [Considerations on photoprotection and skin disorders]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139 Suppl 3:S83-91. [PMID: 23260523 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(12)70116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar or artificial sources of UV radiation is deleterious to the skin and can cause or worsen several diseases. Detrimental effects of UV radiation exert an important role in the development of skin cancers, cause alterations on the immune response, and act as a trigger or aggravating factor for pigmentary disorders. A group of measures, including education, change of habits, use of physical barriers and sunscreens constitutes a significant part of the treatment of many skin disorders and are valuable preventive tools. This article summarizes the relevant studies addressing these issues, emphasizing the many aspects of photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ferreira Cestari
- Service de dermatologie, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul ; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brésil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fabris MR, Durães ESM, Martignago BCDF, Blanco LFDO, Fabris TR. Assessment of knowledge of skin cancer prevention and its relation with sun exposure and photo protection amongst gym academy members on the south of Santa Catarina, Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87:36-43. [PMID: 22481649 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer is the most frequent neoplasia in several parts of the world and also in Brazil. There is evidence of an increase in morbidity and mortality from skin cancer. Although the incidence of skin cancer is increasing, it is estimated that 45% of all preventable cancers worldwide are skin neoplasias. Several studies have emphasized the need for campaigns to encourage sun protection. OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge about skin cancer prevention and its association with sun exposure and photo protection in gym members. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study during January to July 2009, including gym members of both sexes in the city of Criciuma. A self-administered questionnaire was used. The statistical analysis was conducted in a descriptive way in regards to the absolute and relative frequencies of the variables under study. RESULTS Of the 317 questionnaires studied, 62% were from women and 38% from men. Skin types II and III predominated, and the average age was 27.6 years. 94.3% of the participants reported that they had heard about the risks of sun exposure, mostly in terms of skin cancer risk (80.8%). Most participants, especially women, reported some form of sun protective measure. CONCLUSION The population studied, similar to that in other regions of Brazil and the world, is aware of the risks of excessive sun exposure and skin cancer prevention, but has not yet incorporated appropriate sun protection measures into their daily habits.
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas-Gavelan E, Sáenz-Anduaga E, Ramos W, Sánchez-Saldaña L, Sialer MDC. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients attending dermatology clinics at four hospitals in Lima, Peru. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 86:1122-8. [PMID: 22281899 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish the knowledge, about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in four hospitals in Lima, Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 364 patients selected using a systematic random sampling process in the four participating hospitals. The selected patients were interviewed to determine their knowledge, behavior and practices in relation to sun exposure and photoprotection. The chi-square test was used to identify any significant differences between knowledge and practices. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in this sample was 45.1 ± 21.4 years. Of the 364 patients, 55.9% were women and 54.8% had skin phototype IV. The principal risks related to sun exposure were skin cancer (80.5%) and sunburn (77.8%). Knowledge regarding sun protection was more evident in individuals with university/college education (p<0.001). In addition, 78.9% of the individuals reported that they knew about photo-protectors and 52.3% stated that they used them regularly. In general, women were more knowledgeable regarding sun protection (p=0.001). Of the total number of users of photoprotection, 38.4% used these products daily, while 61.6% used them only occasionally. The use of photo-protectors differed significantly in accordance with the individual's education level (p<0.001). In the majority of cases there was a statistically significant difference between knowledge and practice with respect to solar protection. CONCLUSIONS The level of awareness of the outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in these four hospitals in Lima, Peru about the risks of sun exposure is acceptable; however, a large proportion fail to incorporate regular solar protection as a practice in their daily life.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sánchez G, Nova J, de la Hoz F. Risk Factors for Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Study From the National Dermatology Center of Colombia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
23
|
Mahmoodabad SSM, Noorbala MT, Mohammadi M, Rahaei Z, Ehrampush MH. Knowledge, attitude, and performance of students toward skin cancer in Yazd, 2009. Int J Dermatol 2012; 50:1262-5. [PMID: 21950293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is increasingly recognized as a major and growing health concern in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and skin cancers are the most prevalent cancers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and performance of university students regarding skin cancer. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 230 samples selected randomly from the students of Yazd universities. The reliability of the questionnaire was certified by specialists, validated by a pilot study, and confirmed by Alpha Cronbachs test (α = 0.8). SPSS software was used for data entry, manipulation, and analysis. RESULTS The students studied had medium knowledge level related to skin cancer. Their attitude towards skin cancer was relatively good. The performance level of the population under study was moderate. Non-medical students had more poor knowledge, attitude, and performance than medical students. Overall results show a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, and performance level of the population under study. CONCLUSION Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers in our state, but my students do not have appropriate knowledge and performance levels about this disease. It is therefore proposed that related information should be given to them during continuous and regular educational programs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sánchez G, Nova J, de la Hoz F. [Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma: a study from the national dermatology center of Colombia]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 103:294-300. [PMID: 22078143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombia is home to one of the areas with the highest levels of exposure to UV radiation in the world, namely, the Andes Mountains, which stretch along the equator. Recent studies have reported an increase in the incidence of basal cell carcinoma in Colombia, but the risk factors associated with the development of this disease have not been studied. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in patients from the National Dermatology Center of Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a case-control study involving 406 individuals, and analyzed sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical factors using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The following risk factors were identified: skin phototypes I to III (odds ratio [OR], 15.4), family history of skin cancer (OR, 5.8), past history of actinic keratosis (OR, 3.3), continued residence in a rural area after the age of 30 years (OR, 2.96), practice of outdoor sports (OR, 2.67), history of 10 or more episodes of sunburn (OR, 2.3), actinic conjunctivitis (OR, 2.26), and failure to use a hat in childhood (OR, 2.11). CONCLUSIONS Different factors specific to Colombia increase the risk of basal cell carcinoma. In particular, the association with phototype III could partly explain the increase in incidence detected in this country. Preventive programs should target the risk groups detected and highlight the importance of basing decisions on local evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez
- Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Villa D, da Silva Nagatomi AR, Paese K, Guterres S, Cestari TF. Reapplication Improves the Amount of Sunscreen, not its Regularity, Under Real Life Conditions†. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:457-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Cheng CE, Irwin B, Mauriello D, Hemminger L, Pappert A, Kimball AB. Health disparities among different ethnic and racial middle and high school students in sun exposure beliefs and knowledge. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47:106-9. [PMID: 20547300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Racial and ethnic differences may influence sun protection behavior. Adolescent students were administered a sun protection questionnaire and educational program. White people had the greatest pretest knowledge which resulted in the highest score, and blacks and Hispanics scored lower. White people who found tanned individuals attractive had greater score improvements. All groups improved after intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
As medidas de fotoproteção são divulgadas como procedimentos essenciais na prevenção de doenças cutâneas e manutenção da saúde e beleza. Os exercícios físicos regulares também são indicados para alcançar o estilo de vida saudável; no entanto, a prática esportiva expõe a maior radiação solar. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as medidas fotoprotetoras na prevenção dos danos causados pelo Sol na pele dos desportistas. Abordam-se o histórico da fotoproteção, o espectro eletromagnético, os efeitos das radiações e os riscos de exposição durante as atividades físicas. Implementar estratégias, como a escolha do horário, local, roupas e acessórios, complementados pelo uso de filtros solares, minimizam os riscos decorrentes das radiações ultravioletas A e B (UVA e UVB) durante a prática esportiva ao ar livre. Dentre os produtos disponíveis no mercado, devem-se preferir aqueles que ofereçam segurança, ampla proteção, boa cosmética, estabilidade química em diferentes condições de calor e umidade, fotoestabilidade e baixo custo. O atleta deve ser orientado pelos profissionais da área da saúde sobre os riscos inerentes às suas atividades cotidianas e esportivas. O autoexame de pele é parte essencial na prevenção dos problemas dermatológicos, pois auxilia na detecção precoce. O futuro da fotoproteção no esporte está no investimento em medidas educativas desde a infância, reduzindo assim os danos solares cumulativos. A exposição solar deve ocorrer de modo cauteloso e com o mínimo de sequelas, mediante comportamento de fotoproteção, para proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.
Collapse
|
28
|
Castilho IG, Sousa MAA, Leite RMS. Fotoexposição e fatores de risco para câncer da pele: uma avaliação de hábitos e conhecimentos entre estudantes universitários. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:173-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FUNDAMENTOS: O câncer da pele é a neoplasia mais frequente no Brasil. Compreender as atitudes que influenciam a proteção e a exposição aos raios solares é extremamente importante para sua prevenção. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar hábitos de fotoexposição e fotoproteção, bem como conhecimento de fatores de risco para câncer da pele, tendo por fim delinear os padrões de comportamento dos jovens perante os efeitos solares. MÉTODOS: Distribuíram-se questionários autoaplicativos a 368 universitários, na faixa etária dos 20 anos, dos cursos de Medicina, Educação Física, Direito e Comunicação Social de instituição de ensino privada em Taguatinga (DF). RESULTADOS: O uso diário de fotoprotetor foi significativamente maior entre as mulheres. A prática de bronzeamento artificial foi baixa (3,5%), referida apenas por mulheres. O uso de filtro solar com fator de proteção maior do que 15 ou igual a 15 foi referido por 278 estudantes. De modo geral, mais de 90% dos estudantes acreditam na associação entre radiação ultravioleta e câncer da pele. Apesar disso, apenas 43,5% acreditam na genética como fator de risco. Entre os que rejeitam a hipótese do fator de risco genético para carcinogênese cutânea, 86,2% são acadêmicos das Ciências Humanas (Direito e Comunicação Social). CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados permitem orientar medidas nos níveis individual e coletivo, colaborando para a prevenção de lesões cutâneas.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mazloomy Mahmoodabad SS, Noorbala MT, Rahaee Z, Mohammadi M. Knowledge, attitude and performance study of secondary school teachers of Yazd city regarding skin cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 24:424-8. [PMID: 19778358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cancers are a major health problem and skin cancers are the most prevalent cancers. It is clear that teachers play an important role in the health education of students and their families. OBJECTIVE This study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and performance levels of teachers in Yazd city regarding skin cancer in order to plan programs for increasing their respective levels. Methods Samples of this cross sectional study selected randomly from the schools of Yazd. The data were collected by completion of questionnaire. anova, Kruskal-Wallis, T-test and Pearson Correlations statistical tests were used for analysis. RESULTS Of the total, 170 were men and 270 were women with a mean age of 37.98 +/- 6.28 years. The mean knowledge, attitude and performance score of the teachers respectively was 24.17 +/- -5.27, 28.09 +/- -5.79 and 6.34 +/- -3.42. The knowledge levels were significantly related to the attitude (P = 0.05) and performance levels (P = 0.01). There was an inverse relation between age and performance levels (P = 0.01). The performance levels of women were better than men (P = 0.001). The field of study and education of the teachers was related to the knowledge (P = 0.001) and attitude levels (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers in our state, but my teachers do not have appropriate knowledge and performance levels about this disease. It is therefore proposed that related information should be given to them during continuous and regular educational programs.
Collapse
|
30
|
Haack RL, Horta BL, Cesar JA. [Sunburn in young people: population-based study in Southern Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42:26-33. [PMID: 18200337 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102008000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and risk factors for sunburn in young people. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional study using a multiple-stage sampling carried out with people living in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, between October and December 2005. Data was collected from interviews with 1.604 subjects using a standardized pre-coded questionnaire about their family and another questionnaire applied to those aged between ten and 29 years for assessing the occurrence of sunburn episodes. Sunburn was defined as skin burning after sun exposure. Chi-square test with Yates' correction was used to compare proportions and Poisson regression with design effect control and robust adjustment of variance was applied in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS Of those aged between 10 and 29 years, 1,412 reported sun exposure in the last summer. Losses and refusals were 5.5%. A total of 48.7% of the interviewees reported sunburn in the last year. The following variables were associated with sunburn in the multivariate analysis: white skin (PR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.12;1.79); higher skin sensitivity to sun exposure (PR=1.84; 95% CI: 1.64;2.06); age between 15 and 19 years (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.12;1.50); belonging to the higher quartile of income (PR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.01;1.42); and irregular use of sunscreens (PR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.08;1.42). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of sunburn in the population studied was high mainly among white young people with higher skin sensitivity, higher income and who used sunscreens irregularly. Sun exposure during safe times and with adequate protection should be promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lanzetta Haack
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|