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Nam Y, White M, Karlsson EK, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL, McClelland RL. Dog size and patterns of disease history across the canine age spectrum: Results from the Dog Aging Project. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295840. [PMID: 38232117 PMCID: PMC10793924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Age in dogs is associated with the risk of many diseases, and canine size is a major factor in that risk. However, the size patterns are complex. While small size dogs tend to live longer, some diseases are more prevalent among small dogs. In this study we seek to quantify how the pattern of disease history varies across the spectrum of dog size, dog age, and their interaction. Utilizing owner-reported data on disease history from a substantial number of companion dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project, we investigate how body size, as measured by weight, associates with the lifetime prevalence of a reported condition and its pattern across age for various disease categories. We found significant positive associations between dog size and the lifetime prevalence of skin, bone/orthopedic, gastrointestinal, ear/nose/throat, cancer/tumor, brain/neurologic, endocrine, and infectious diseases. Similarly, dog size was negatively associated with lifetime prevalence of ocular, cardiac, liver/pancreas, and respiratory disease categories. Kidney/urinary disease prevalence did not vary by size. We also found that the association between age and lifetime disease prevalence varied by dog size for many conditions including ocular, cardiac, orthopedic, ear/nose/throat, and cancer. Controlling for sex, purebred vs. mixed-breed status, and geographic region made little difference in all disease categories we studied. Our results align with the reduced lifespan in larger dogs for most of the disease categories and suggest potential avenues for further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbi Nam
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michelle White
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robyn L. McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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2
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Jain L, Vickers MH, Jacob B, Middleditch MJ, Chudakova DA, Ganley ARD, O'Sullivan JM, Perry JK. The growth hormone receptor interacts with transcriptional regulator HMGN1 upon GH-induced nuclear translocation. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:925-937. [PMID: 37043098 PMCID: PMC10409943 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) actions are mediated through binding to its cell-surface receptor, the GH receptor (GHR), with consequent activation of downstream signalling. However, nuclear GHR localisation has also been observed and is associated with increased cancer cell proliferation. Here we investigated the functional implications of nuclear translocation of the GHR in the human endometrial cancer cell-line, RL95-2, and human mammary epithelial cell-line, MCF-10A. We found that following GH treatment, the GHR rapidly translocates to the nucleus, with maximal localisation at 5-10 min. Combined immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis of RL95-2 whole cell lysates identified 40 novel GHR binding partners, including the transcriptional regulator, HMGN1. Moreover, microarray analysis demonstrated that the gene targets of HMGN1 were differentially expressed following GH treatment, and co-immunoprecipitation showed that HMGN1 associates with the GHR in the nucleus. Therefore, our results suggest that GHR nuclear translocation might mediate GH actions via interaction with chromatin factors that then drive changes in specific downstream transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Jain
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bincy Jacob
- Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Daria A Chudakova
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Austen R D Ganley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jo K Perry
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Plotuna IS, Balas M, Golu I, Amzar D, Vlad A, Moleriu LC, Vlad M. The Experience of a Single Tertiary Center Regarding Benign and Malignant Tumors in Acromegalic Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1148. [PMID: 37374352 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Acromegaly is a rare disease associated with increased levels of growth hormones (GHs) that stimulates the hepatic production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Increased secretion of both GH and IGF-1 activates pathways, such as Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (JAK2/STAT5), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), involved in the development of tumors. Materials and Methods: Given the disputed nature of the topic, we decided to study the prevalence of benign and malignant tumors in our cohort of acromegalic patients. In addition, we aimed to identify risk factors or laboratory parameters associated with the occurrence of tumors in these patients. Results: The study group included 34 patients (9 men (25.7%) and 25 women (74.3%)). No clear relationship between the levels of IGF-1 or GH and tumor development could be demonstrated, but certain risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity, were more frequent in patients with tumors. In total, 34 benign tumoral proliferations were identified, the most common being multinodular goiter. Malignant tumors were present only in women (14.70%) and the most frequent type was thyroid carcinoma. Conclusions: DM and obesity might be associated with tumoral proliferation in patients with acromegaly, and findings also present in the general population. In our study we did not find a direct link between acromegaly and tumoral proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia-Stefania Plotuna
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Endocrinology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Melania Balas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Endocrinology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Golu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Endocrinology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela Amzar
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Endocrinology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Vlad
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Cristina Moleriu
- Department of Functional Sciences-Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Vlad
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Discipline of Endocrinology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, P-Ta Eftimie Murgu 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Targeting the "hallmarks of aging" to slow aging and treat age-related disease: fact or fiction? Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:242-255. [PMID: 35840801 PMCID: PMC9812785 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders. Aging processes have therefore been discussed as potential targets for the development of novel and broadly effective preventatives or therapeutics for age-related diseases, including those affecting the brain. Mechanisms thought to contribute to aging have been summarized under the term the "hallmarks of aging" and include a loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered nutrient sensing, telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic alterations and altered intercellular communication. We here examine key claims about the "hallmarks of aging". Our analysis reveals important weaknesses that preclude strong and definitive conclusions concerning a possible role of these processes in shaping organismal aging rate. Significant ambiguity arises from the overreliance on lifespan as a proxy marker for aging, the use of models with unclear relevance for organismal aging, and the use of study designs that do not allow to properly estimate intervention effects on aging rate. We also discuss future research directions that should be taken to clarify if and to what extent putative aging regulators do in fact interact with aging. These include multidimensional analytical frameworks as well as designs that facilitate the proper assessment of intervention effects on aging rate.
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Meng Y, Zhou B, Pei Z, Chen Y, Chang D. The nuclear-localized GHR is involved in the cell proliferation of gastric cancer, and pegvisomant may be an important potential drug to inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:125-135. [PMID: 35061546 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, growth hormones (GH) play an important role in body growth and metabolism. A recent study showed that GH has important biological effects on gastric cancer (GC) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the biological properties of GH/GHR (GHR, growth hormone receptor) in GC cells have not been fully elucidated. To this end, we systemically studied the biological properties of GH in GC cells and found that GH/GHR was transported into the nuclei of GC cells. Furthermore, we investigated the functions of nuclear GHR and its potential mechanisms of action. We found that nuclear-localized GHR was closely related to the proliferation of GC cells. In addition, we systematically studied the effect of a GHR inhibitor (pegvisomant) on GC in vivo and in vitro, and the results showed that pegvisomant can not only inhibit the proliferation of GC cells but also inhibit the nuclear localization of GHR, suggesting that pegvisomant may be a dual-effect antagonist. Current research indicates that GHR may be a potential target for the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanPu Meng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Zhe Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, China
| | - Dongmin Chang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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6
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Kamaludin Z, Siddig A, Yaacob NM, Lam AK, Rahman WFWA. Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma in Young Women. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:9-23. [PMID: 35366286 PMCID: PMC8955684 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker identification is imperative for invasive breast carcinoma, which is more aggressive and associated with higher mortality and worse prognosis in younger patients (<45 years) than in older patients (>50 years). The current study aimed to investigate angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) protein expression in breast tissue from young patients with breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was applied in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of breast carcinoma tissue from young patients aged <45 years at the time of diagnosis. Both proteins were expressed in the majority of cases. The highest frequency of positive ANGPTL4 and IGF-1 expression was observed in the luminal A subtype, whereas the HER2-overexpression subtype exhibited the lowest expression frequency for both proteins. There was no significant association between ANGPTL4 (p = 0.897) and IGF-1 (p = 0.091) expression and molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. The histological grade was a significant predictor of ANGPTL4 expression (grade 1 vs. grade 3, adjusted odds ratio = 12.39, p = 0.040). Therefore, ANGPTL-4 and IGF-1 expressions are common in young breast carcinoma tissue. There is a potential use of them as biomarkers in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaleha Kamaludin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alaa Siddig
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Najib Majdi Yaacob
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia; (Z.K.); (A.S.)
- Breast Cancer Awareness and Research Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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van der Velden LM, Maas P, van Amersfoort M, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Mensinga A, van der Vaart E, Malergue F, Viëtor H, Derksen PWB, Klumperman J, van Agthoven A, Egan DA, Mol JA, Strous GJ. Small molecules to regulate the GH/IGF1 axis by inhibiting the growth hormone receptor synthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:926210. [PMID: 35966052 PMCID: PMC9365994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.926210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) play an important role in mammalian development, cell proliferation and lifespan. Especially in cases of tumor growth there is an urgent need to control the GH/IGF1 axis. In this study we screened a 38,480-compound library, and in two consecutive rounds of analogues selection, we identified active lead compounds based on the following criteria: inhibition the GH receptor (GHR) activity and its downstream effectors Jak2 and STAT5, and inhibition of growth of breast and colon cancer cells. The most active small molecule (BM001) inhibited both the GH/IGF1 axis and cell proliferation with an IC50 of 10-30 nM of human cancer cells. BM001 depleted GHR in human lymphoblasts. In preclinical xenografted experiments, BM001 showed a strong decrease in tumor volume in mice transplanted with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, the drug acts on the synthesis of the GHR. Our findings open the possibility to inhibit the GH/IGF1 axis with a small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke M. van der Velden
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Maas
- Specs Compound Handling, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
| | | | | | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth van der Vaart
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Science, Immunotech Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Henk Viëtor
- Drug Discovery Factory (DDF) Ventures, Breukelen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B. Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andreas van Agthoven
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Science, Immunotech Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - David A. Egan
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
| | - Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
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Bojorge MA, Cicconi NS, Cebrón JR, Fang Y, Lamb CA, Bartke A, Miquet JG, González L. Morphological and molecular effects of overexpressed GH on mice mammary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111465. [PMID: 34597725 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth Hormone (GH) plays crucial roles in mammary gland development and growth, and its upregulation has been associated with breast cancer promotion and/or progression. To ascertain how high GH levels could promote mammary tissue oncogenic transformation, morphological characteristics and the expression of receptors involved in mammary growth, development and cancer, and of mitogenic mediators were analyzed in the mammary gland of virgin adult transgenic mice that overexpress GH. Whole mounting and histologic analysis evidenced that transgenic mice exhibit increased epithelial ductal elongation and enlarged ducts along with deficient branching and reduced number of alveolar structures compared to wild type mice. The number of differentiated alveolar structures was diminished in transgenic mice while the amount of terminal end buds (TEBs) did not differ between both groups of mice. GH, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and GH receptor mRNA levels were augmented in GH-overexpressing mice breast tissue, as well as IGF1 receptor protein content. However, GH receptor protein levels were decreased in transgenic mice. Fundamental receptors for breast growth and development like progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor were also increased in mammary tissue from transgenic animals. In turn, the levels of the proliferation marker Ki67, cFOS and Cyclin D1 were increased in GH-overexpressing mice, while cJUN expression was decreased and cMYC did not vary. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to high GH levels induces morphological and molecular alterations in the mammary gland that affects its normal development. While these effects would not be tumorigenic per se, they might predispose to oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Bojorge
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Cicconi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta R Cebrón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis Hormonal, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado, 2490 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Geriatrics Research, Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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He Q, Xia B, Liu A, Li M, Zhou Z, Cheung EC, Kuo ZC, Wang B, Li F, Tang Y, Zheng Z, Sun R, Hu YJ, Meng W, He Y, Yuan J, Zhang C. Association of body composition with risk of overall and site-specific cancers: A population-based prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1435-1447. [PMID: 34019699 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although excess adiposity has been linked with various cancers, association between body composition and some cancers remains unclear, like lung and prostate cancers. We investigated associations of body composition with risk of overall cancer and major site-specific cancers in a prospective cohort of 454 079 cancer-free participants from UK-Biobank. Body composition was measured with bioimpedance analysis. We evaluated hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with multivariate Cox linear and nonlinear models in men and women separately. We identified 27 794 cancers over 7.6 years of follow-up. Multivariable adjusted models including fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) showed that FFM was positively associated with overall cancer risk in men and women (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04 and 1.07, 1.04-1.10, respectively); while the association between FM and overall cancer disappeared after adjusting for FFM. FFM was associated with higher risks of obesity-related cancers combined, stomach (women only), malignant melanoma, postmenopausal breast, corpus uteri, prostate, kidney (men only), and blood cancers and lower risk of lung cancer. FM was associated with higher risks of obesity-related cancers combined, esophageal, colon, lung (men only), postmenopausal breast (at the lower end of FM range), and corpus uteri cancers and lower risks of rectal, malignant melanoma (women only), prostate and blood cancers. FFM and FM seemed to have different effects on cancer risk, and the effects varied substantially by cancer type, in both direction and size. Higher FM/FFM ratio was also associated with some cancers risk, and might be a useful predictor of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng He
- Clinical Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Clinical Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Anran Liu
- Department of Nutriology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Eddie C Cheung
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zi Chong Kuo
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Clinical Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Mega Data Application Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Yanhong Jessika Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wenbo Meng
- Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinqiu Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Wang W, Duan X, Huang Z, Pan Q, Chen C, Guo L. The GH-IGF-1 Axis in Circadian Rhythm. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:742294. [PMID: 34566581 PMCID: PMC8458700 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.742294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms have developed common behavioral and physiological adaptations to the influence of the day/night cycle. The CLOCK system forms an internal circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) during light/dark input. The SCN may synchronize the growth hormone (GH) secretion rhythm with the dimming cycle through somatostatin neurons, and the change of the clock system may be related to the pulsatile release of GH. The GH-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and clock system may interact further on the metabolism through regulatory pathways in peripheral organs. We have summarized the current clinical and animal evidence on the interaction of clock systems with the GH-IGF-1 axis and discussed their effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Cheng Y, Li W, Gui R, Wang C, Song J, Wang Z, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang Z, Hao L. Dual Characters of GH-IGF1 Signaling Pathways in Radiotherapy and Post-radiotherapy Repair of Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671247. [PMID: 34178997 PMCID: PMC8220142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the most important cancer treatment modalities. In the course of radiotherapy for tumor treatment, the incidental irradiation of adjacent tissues could not be completely avoided. DNA damage is one of the main factors of cell death caused by ionizing radiation, including single-strand (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis plays numerous roles in various systems by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its effects in inducing the development of multiple cancers. Meanwhile, the GH-IGF1 signaling involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA damage repair determines the radio-resistance of cancer cells subjected to radiotherapy and repair of adjacent tissues damaged by radiotherapy. In the present review, we firstly summarized the studies on GH-IGF1 signaling in the development of cancers. Then we discussed the adverse effect of GH-IGF1 signaling in radiotherapy to cancer cells and the favorable impact of GH-IGF1 signaling on radiation damage repair to adjacent tissues after irradiation. This review further summarized recent advances on research into the molecular mechanism of GH-IGF1 signaling pathway in these effects, expecting to specify the dual characters of GH-IGF1 signaling pathways in radiotherapy and post-radiotherapy repair of cancers, subsequently providing theoretical basis of their roles in increasing radiation sensitivity during cancer radiotherapy and repairing damage after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqiao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Gui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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González L, Díaz ME, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI, Dominici FP. Growth Hormone Modulation of Hepatic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:403-414. [PMID: 33838976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has a central role in the regenerative response of the liver upon injury and is involved in cellular transformation linked to chronic damage. Hepatic EGFR expression, trafficking, and signaling are regulated by growth hormone (GH). Chronically elevated GH levels are associated with liver cancer development and progression in mice. Studies in different in vivo experimental models indicate that EGF and GH mutually crossregulate in a complex manner. Several factors, such as the extent of exposure to supraphysiological GH levels and the pattern of GH administration, are important variables to be considered in exploring the interplay between the two hormones in connection with the progression of hepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María E Díaz
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, CONICET, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Hong YH, Kim DG, Lee JH, Jung MJ, Choi CY. The Unusual Case of Fibroma of Tendon Sheath in a Young Girl with Turner Syndrome Undergoing Growth Hormone Treatment. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:104-108. [PMID: 32349463 PMCID: PMC7947733 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroma of tendon sheath (FTS) is an uncommon mass that arises from the tendon sheath of extremities. The tumor typically affects adults between ages 20 and 50 years with a predominance in males. To date, growth hormone (GH) treatment is safe for children with Turner syndrome without risk factors and is accepted worldwide. This article reports the case of a nine-year-old female patient with Turner syndrome and FTS during GH treatment. She had been treated with daily subcutaneous GH to improve growth failure with a mean dose of 0.28 mg/kg/week and the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 was within the normal range. During the follow-up period, she complained about a mass in her hand, subsequently diagnosed as FTS. This report illustrates the clinical impact of Turner syndrome and GH treatments on the occurrence of this tumor through literature reviews. Further studies are needed to highlight the association between FTS and GH treatment, especially in Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hee Hong
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kim
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Lee
- Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Jung
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Choi
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bucheon, Republic of Korea,* Address for Correspondence: Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bucheon, Republic of Korea E-mail:
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14
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Chhabra Y, Lee CMM, Müller AF, Brooks AJ. GHR signalling: Receptor activation and degradation mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111075. [PMID: 33181235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) actions via initiating cell signalling through the GH receptor (GHR) are important for many physiological processes, in addition to its well-known role in regulating growth. The activation of JAK-STAT signalling by GH is well characterized, however knowledge on GH activation of SRC family kinases (SFKs) is still limited. In this review we summarise the collective knowledge on the activation, regulation, and downstream signalling of GHR. We highlight studies on GH activation of SFKs and the important outcome of this signalling pathway with a focus on the different degradation mechanisms that can regulate GHR availability since this is an area that warrants further study considering its role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christine M M Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandra Franziska Müller
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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15
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Lin CC, Liu TW, Yeh ML, Tsai YS, Tsai PC, Huang CF, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Yu ML. Significant down-regulation of growth hormone receptor expression revealed as a new unfavorable prognostic factor in hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:313-328. [PMID: 33317258 PMCID: PMC8046631 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Growth hormone (GH) is the main regulator of somatic growth, metabolism, and gender dimorphism in the liver. GH receptor (GHR) signaling in cancer is derived from a large body of evidence, although the GHR signaling pathway involved in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC, remains unclear. We aimed to explore the expression of GHR and analyze its association with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC. Methods The expression of GHR mRNA was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in paired tumors and adjacent non-tumorous (ANT) liver tissues of 200 patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays using the HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cell model was performed. Results GHR mRNA was significantly lower in HCV-HCC tissues than in corresponding ANT liver tissues. GHR mRNA and protein levels also decreased in the HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cell model. Notably, lower GHR expression was associated with age of >60 years (P=0.0111) and worse clinicopathologic characteristics, including alpha-fetoprotein >100 ng/mL (P=0.0403), cirrhosis (P=0.0075), vascular invasion (P=0.0052), pathological stage II–IV (P=0.0002), and albumin ≤4.0 g/dL (P=0.0055), which were linked with poor prognosis of HCC. Most importantly, the high incidence of recurrence and poor survival rates in patients with a low ratio of tumor/ANT GHR (≤0.1) were observed, indicating that low expression levels of GHR had great risk for development of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Conclusions Our study demonstrates a significant down-regulation of GHR expression as a new unfavorable independent prognostic factor in patients with chronic hepatitis C and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Lin
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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16
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Wang Y, Langley RJ, Tamshen K, Harms J, Middleditch MJ, Maynard HD, Jamieson SMF, Perry JK. Enhanced Bioactivity of a Human GHR Antagonist Generated by Solid-Phase Site-Specific PEGylation. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:299-308. [PMID: 33295758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has been implicated in cancer progression andis a potential target for anticancer therapy. Currently, pegvisomant is the only GH receptor (GHR) antagonist approved for clinical use. Pegvisomant is a mutated GH molecule (B2036) which is PEGylated on amine groups to extend serum half-life. However, PEGylation significantly reduces the bioactivity of the antagonist in mice. To improve bioactivity, we generated a series of B2036 conjugates with the site-specific attachment of 20, 30, or 40 kDa methoxyPEG maleimide (mPEG maleimide) by introduction of a cysteine residue at amino acid 144 (S144C). Recombinant B2036-S144C was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and then PEGylated using cysteine-specific conjugation chemistry. To avoid issues with dimerization due to the introduced cysteine, B2036-S144C was PEGylated while immobilized on an Ni-nitrilotriacetic (Ni-NTA) acid column, which effectively reduced disulfide-mediated dimer formation and allowed efficient conjugation to mPEG maleimide. Following PEGylation, the IC50 values for the 20, 30, and 40 kDa mPEG maleimide B2036-S144C conjugates were 66.2 ± 3.8, 106.1 ± 7.1, and 127.4 ± 3.6 nM, respectively. The circulating half-life of the 40 kDa mPEG conjugate was 58.3 h in mice. Subcutaneous administration of the 40 kDa mPEG conjugate (10 mg/kg/day) reduced serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations by 50.6%. This in vivo reduction in serum IGF-I was at a considerably lower dose compared to the higher doses required to observe comparable activity in studies with pegvisomant. In conclusion, we have generated a novel PEGylated GHR antagonist by the solid-phase site-specific attachment of mPEG maleimide at an introduced cysteine residue, which effectively reduces serum IGF-I in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States
| | - Julia Harms
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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17
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Werner H, Laron Z. Role of the GH-IGF1 system in progression of cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111003. [PMID: 32919021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence links the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) endocrine axis to cancer development. While this putative correlation is of major translational relevance, most clinical and epidemiological reports to date found no causal linkage between GH therapy and enhanced cancer risk. Thus, it is generally agreed that GH therapy constitutes a safe pharmacological intervention. The present review focuses on a number of issues in the area of GH-IGF1 action in cancer development. Emphasis is given to the idea that GH and IGF1 do not conform to the definition of oncogenic factors. Specifically, these hormones, even at high pharmacological doses, are unable to induce malignant transformation. However, the GH-IGF1 axis is capable of 'pushing' already transformed cells through the various phases of the cell cycle. Viral and cellular oncogenes require an intact IGF1 signaling pathway in order to elicit transformation; in other words, oncogenic agents adopt the IGF1 pathway. This universal mechanism of action of oncogenes has broad implications in oncology. Our review provides an in-depth analysis of the interplay between the GH-IGF1 axis and cancer genes, including tumor suppressors p53 and BRCA1. Finally, the safety of GH therapy in both children and adults needs further long-term follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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18
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Strous GJ, Almeida ADS, Putters J, Schantl J, Sedek M, Slotman JA, Nespital T, Hassink GC, Mol JA. Growth Hormone Receptor Regulation in Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597573. [PMID: 33312162 PMCID: PMC7708378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GHR signaling pathway plays important roles in growth, metabolism, cell cycle control, immunity, homeostatic processes, and chemoresistance via both the JAK/STAT and the SRC pathways. Dysregulation of GHR signaling is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions such as acromegaly, cancer, aging, metabolic disease, fibroses, inflammation and autoimmunity. Numerous studies entailing the GHR signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of GHR signaling through post-translational modifications. Of the numerous modifications, ubiquitination and deubiquitination are prominent events. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and induces proteasomal degradation or starts the sequence of events that leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of first line effectors that act directly on the GHR at the cell surface including ADAM17, JAK2, SRC family member Lyn, Ubc13/CHIP, proteasome, βTrCP, CK2, STAT5b, and SOCS2. Activity of all, except JAK2, Lyn and STAT5b, counteract GHR signaling. Loss of their function increases the GH-induced signaling in favor of aging and certain chronic diseases, exemplified by increased lung cancer risk in case of a mutation in the SOCS2-GHR interaction site. Insight in their roles in GHR signaling can be applied for cancer and other therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- BIMINI Biotech B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Da Silva Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Putters
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Schantl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Sedek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Hassink
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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19
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Iwase H, Ball S, Adams K, Eyestone W, Walters A, Cooper DKC. Growth hormone receptor knockout: Relevance to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12652. [PMID: 33058285 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation research has made considerable progress in recent years, largely through the increasing availability of pigs with multiple genetic modifications, effective immunosuppressive therapy, and anti-inflammatory therapy to protect pig tissues from the primate immune and inflammatory responses and correct molecular incompatibilities. Further study is required regarding identification and investigation of physiological incompatibilities. Although the exact cause remains uncertain, we and others have observed relatively rapid growth of kidney xenografts after transplantation into nonhuman primates (NHPs). There has also been some evidence of growth, or at least ventricular hypertrophy, of the pig heart after orthotopic transplantation into NHPs. Rapid growth could be problematic, particularly with regard to the heart within the relatively restricted confines of the chest. It has been suggested that the problem of rapid growth of the pig organ after transplantation could be resolved by growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene knockout in the pig. The GHR, although most well-known for regulating growth, has many other biological functions, including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes. Genetically modified GHRKO pigs have recently become available. We provide data on their growth compared to comparable pigs that do not include GHRKO, and we have reviewed the literature regarding the effect of GHRKO, and its relevance to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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20
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Tamshen K, Wang Y, Jamieson SMF, Perry JK, Maynard HD. Genetic Code Expansion Enables Site-Specific PEGylation of a Human Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist through Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2179-2190. [PMID: 32786367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of human growth hormone (GH) signaling has important applications in the remediation of several diseases including acromegaly and cancer. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) antagonists currently provide the most effective means for suppression of GH signaling. However, these small 22 kDa recombinantly engineered GH analogues exhibit short plasma circulation times. To improve clinical viability, between four and six molecules of 5 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are nonspecifically conjugated to the nine amines of the GHR antagonist designated as B2036 in the FDA-approved therapeutic pegvisomant. PEGylation increases the molecular weight of B2036 and considerably extends its circulation time, but also dramatically reduces its bioactivity, contributing to high dosing requirements and increased cost. As an alternative to nonspecific PEGylation, we report the use of genetic code expansion technology to site-specifically incorporate the unnatural amino acid propargyl tyrosine (pglY) into B2036 with the goal of producing site-specific protein-polymer conjugates. Substitution of tyrosine 35 with pglY yielded a B2036 variant containing an alkyne functional group without compromising bioactivity, as verified by a cellular assay. Subsequent conjugation of 5, 10, and 20 kDa azide-containing PEGs via the copper-catalyzed click reaction yielded high purity, site-specific conjugates with >89% conjugation efficiencies. Site-specific attachment of PEG to B2036 is associated with substantially improved in vitro bioactivity values compared to pegvisomant, with an inverse relationship between polymer size and activity observed. Notably, the B2036-20 kDa PEG conjugate has a molecular weight comparable to pegvisomant, while exhibiting a 12.5 fold improvement in half-maximal inhibitory concentration in GHR-expressing Ba/F3 cells (103.3 nM vs 1289 nM). We expect that this straightforward route to achieve site-specific GHR antagonists will be useful for GH signal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1203, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1203, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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21
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Piazza VG, Matzkin ME, Cicconi NS, Muia NV, Valquinta S, Mccallum GJ, Micucci GP, Freund T, Zotta E, González L, Frungieri MB, Fang Y, Bartke A, Sotelo AI, Miquet JG. Exposure to growth hormone is associated with hepatic up-regulation of cPLA2α and COX. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 509:110802. [PMID: 32259636 PMCID: PMC7211091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuously elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) during life in mice are associated with hepatomegaly due to hepatocytes hypertrophy and hyperplasia, chronic liver inflammation, elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA) at young ages and liver tumors development at old ages. In this work, the hepatic expression of enzymes involved in AA metabolism, cPLA2α, COX1 and COX2 enzymes, was evaluated in young and old GH-transgenic mice. Mice overexpressing GH exhibited higher hepatic expression of cPLA2α, COX1 and COX2 in comparison to controls at young and old ages and in both sexes. In old mice, when tumoral and non-tumoral tissue were compared, elevated expression of COX2 was observed in tumors. In contrast, exposure to continuous lower levels of hormone for a short period affected COX1 expression only in males. Considering the role of inflammation during liver tumorigenesis, these findings support a role of alterations in AA metabolism in GH-driven liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Piazza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Cicconi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia V Muia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Valquinta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregorio J Mccallum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giannina P Micucci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Freund
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Zotta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO). Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciclo Básico Común, Cátedra de Química, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Chen YM, Qi S, Perrino S, Hashimoto M, Brodt P. Targeting the IGF-Axis for Cancer Therapy: Development and Validation of an IGF-Trap as a Potential Drug. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051098. [PMID: 32365498 PMCID: PMC7290707 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis was implicated in cancer progression and identified as a clinically important therapeutic target. Several IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) targeting drugs including humanized monoclonal antibodies have advanced to phase II/III clinical trials, but to date, have not progressed to clinical use, due, at least in part, to interference with insulin receptor signaling and compensatory signaling by the insulin receptor (IR) isoform A that can bind IGF-II and initiate mitogenic signaling. Here we briefly review the current state of IGF-targeting biologicals, discuss some factors that may be responsible for their poor performance in the clinic and outline the stepwise bioengineering and validation of an IGF-Trap—a novel anti-cancer therapeutic that could bypass these limitations. The IGF-Trap is a heterotetramer, consisting of the entire extracellular domain of the IGF-IR fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. It binds human IGF-I and IGF-II with a three-log higher affinity than insulin and could inhibit IGF-IR driven cellular functions such as survival, proliferation and invasion in multiple carcinoma cell models in vitro. In vivo, the IGF-Trap has favorable pharmacokinetic properties and could markedly reduce metastatic outgrowth of colon and lung carcinoma cells in the liver, outperforming IGF-IR and ligand-binding monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, IGF-Trap dose-response profiles correlate with their bio-availability profiles, as measured by the IGF kinase receptor-activation (KIRA) assay, providing a novel, surrogate biomarker for drug efficacy. Our studies identify the IGF-Trap as a potent, safe, anti-cancer therapeutic that could overcome some of the obstacles encountered by IGF-targeting biologicals that have already been evaluated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhsuan Michely Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shu Qi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Perrino
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934
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23
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Beck-Peccoz P, Höybye C, Murray RD, Simsek S, Zabransky M, Zouater H, Stalla G. Malignancy risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency undergoing long-term treatment with biosimilar somatropin (Omnitrope ®): data from the PATRO Adults study. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820943377. [PMID: 32973992 PMCID: PMC7491215 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820943377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the safety (particularly the occurrence of malignancies) of growth hormone (GH) replacement (Omnitrope®) in adults with GH deficiency, using data from the ongoing PATRO Adults post-marketing surveillance study. METHODS PATRO Adults is being conducted in hospitals and specialized endocrinology clinics across Europe. All enrolled patients who receive ⩾1 dose of Omnitrope® are included in the safety population. Malignancies are listed as adverse events under the MedDRA System Organ Class 'neoplasms, benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)'. RESULTS As of July 2018, 1293 patients had been enrolled in the study and 983 (76.0%) remained active in the study. Approximately half [n = 637 (49.3%)] of the patients were GH treatment-naïve on study entry. The majority of enrolled patients had multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (n = 1128, 87.2%). A total of 41 on-study malignancies were reported in 33 patients (2.6%; incidence rate 7.94 per 1000 patient-years). The most common cancers were basal cell carcinoma (n = 13), prostate (n = 6), breast, kidney and malignant melanoma (each n = 3). Treatment with Omnitrope® was discontinued following diagnosis of malignancy in 16 patients. The tumors occurred after a mean of 79.4 months of recombinant hormone GH (rhGH) treatment overall. CONCLUSION Based on this snapshot of data from PATRO Adults, Omnitrope® treatment is tolerated in adult patients with GH deficiency in a real-life clinical practice setting. Our results do not generally support a carcinogenic effect of rhGH in adults with GH deficiency, although an increased risk of second new malignancies in patients with previous cancer cannot be excluded based on the current dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Beck-Peccoz
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Charlotte Höybye
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert D Murray
- Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Suat Simsek
- Northwest Clinics, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Markus Zabransky
- Sandoz Biopharmaceutical, c/o HEXAL AG, Industriestr. 18, D-83607, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Günter Stalla
- Medicover Neuroendokrinologie, Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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24
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Basu R, Kopchick JJ. The effects of growth hormone on therapy resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:827-846. [PMID: 32382711 PMCID: PMC7204541 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary derived and peripherally produced growth hormone (GH) is a crucial mediator of longitudinal growth, organ development, metabolic regulation with tissue specific, sex specific, and age-dependent effects. GH and its cognate receptor (GHR) are expressed in several forms of cancer and have been validated as an anti-cancer target through a large body of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological analyses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH action in cancer prognosis and therapeutic response had been sparse until recently. This review assimilates the critical details of GH-GHR mediated therapy resistance across different cancer types, distilling the therapeutic implications based on our current understanding of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM), Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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25
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Harguindey S, Polo Orozco J, Alfarouk KO, Devesa J. Hydrogen Ion Dynamics of Cancer and a New Molecular, Biochemical and Metabolic Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Brain Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174278. [PMID: 31480530 PMCID: PMC6747469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cancer has been slowly but steadily progressing during the last fifty years. Some tumors with a high mortality in the past are curable nowadays. However, there is one striking exception: glioblastoma multiforme. No real breakthrough has been hitherto achieved with this tumor with ominous prognosis and very short survival. Glioblastomas, being highly glycolytic malignancies are strongly pH-dependent and driven by the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and other proton (H+) transporters. Therefore, this is one of those pathologies where the lessons recently learnt from the new pH-centered anticancer paradigm may soon bring a promising change to treatment. This contribution will discuss how the pH-centric molecular, biochemical and metabolic perspective may introduce some urgently needed and integral novel treatments. Such a prospective therapeutic approach for malignant brain tumors is developed here, either to be used alone or in combination with more standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalid O Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42316, Saudi Arabia
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Tampa, FL 33617, USA
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain
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26
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Chhabra Y, Nelson CN, Plescher M, Barclay JL, Smith AG, Andrikopoulos S, Mangiafico S, Waxman DJ, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity. FASEB J 2019; 33:6412-6430. [PMID: 30779881 PMCID: PMC6463913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802328r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has an important function as an insulin antagonist with elevated insulin sensitivity evident in humans and mice lacking a functional GH receptor (GHR). We sought the molecular basis for this sensitivity by utilizing a panel of mice possessing specific deletions of GHR signaling pathways. Metabolic clamps and glucose homeostasis tests were undertaken in these obese adult C57BL/6 male mice, which indicated impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis. Insulin sensitivity and glucose disappearance rate were enhanced in muscle and adipose of mice lacking the ability to activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 via the GHR (Ghr-391-/-) as for GHR-null (GHR-/-) mice. These changes were associated with a striking inhibition of hepatic glucose output associated with altered glycogen metabolism and elevated hepatic glycogen content during unfed state. The enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity was associated with increased insulin receptor β and insulin receptor substrate 1 activation along with activated downstream protein kinase B signaling cascades. Although phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck)-1 expression was unchanged, its inhibitory acetylation was elevated because of decreased sirtuin-2 expression, thereby promoting loss of PCK1. Loss of STAT5 signaling to defined chromatin immunoprecipitation targets would further increase lipogenesis, supporting hepatosteatosis while lowering glucose output. Finally, up-regulation of IL-15 expression in muscle, with increased secretion of adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 1 from adipose tissue, is expected to promote insulin sensitivity.-Chhabra, Y., Nelson, C. N., Plescher, M., Barclay, J. L., Smith, A. G., Andrikopoulos, S., Mangiafico, S., Waxman, D. J., Brooks, A. J., Waters, M. J. Loss of growth hormone-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in mice results in insulin sensitivity with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline N Nelson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika Plescher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna L Barclay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sof Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Vena GA, Cassano N, Caccavale S, Argenziano G. Association Between Melanoma Risk and Height: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Pract Concept 2019; 9:82-89. [PMID: 31106009 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0902a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between anthropometric indices, including height, and cancer risk and/or progression has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Adult height results from the complex interplay between genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and other environmental factors and has been found to contribute to the risk of several selected malignancies, although it has not been implicated as a real cause per se. A number of studies have investigated the height-melanoma relationship, showing controversial results so far. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological data regarding the association between height and melanoma risk and analyze the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino A Vena
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari, Italy.,Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Barletta, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cassano
- Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Bari, Italy.,Dermatology and Venereology Private Practice, Barletta, Italy
| | - Stefano Caccavale
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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28
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Wu D, Zhang P, Ma J, Xu J, Yang L, Xu W, Que H, Chen M, Xu H. Serum biomarker panels for the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1576-1583. [PMID: 30873760 PMCID: PMC6488129 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of mortality due to neoplastic disease. Although early detection of gastric cancers can decrease the mortality rate, it remains a diagnostic challenge because of the lack of effective biomarkers. In this study, fifteen gastric cancer patients and ten healthy subjects were recruited to assess novel serum biomarkers for gastric cancer using antibody microarray technology. ELISA was utilized to validate the antibody array results. As a result, compared to the controls, eleven cytokines were found to be significantly increased in gastric cancer, including interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1), neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (Notch‐3), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19L (TNFRSF19L), growth hormone receptor (GHR), signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 8 (SLAMF8), folate receptor beta (FR‐beta), integrin alpha 5, galectin‐8, erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular A1 (EphA1), epiregulin, and fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF‐12) with P < 0.05. ELISA validation supported the results of the antibody array. More importantly, most of these eleven cytokines, including IFNGR1, TNFRSF19L, GHR, SLAMF8, FR‐beta, and integrin alpha 5 were discovered to be elevated in gastric cancer serum samples for the first time in this study, suggesting that these proteins may serve as novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis determination of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pinglu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haifeng Que
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meifen Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK. Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30775002 PMCID: PMC6367471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications. Emerging therapies are offering an expanded toolkit for combatting the effects of human growth hormone overproduction. Human growth hormone (GH) is a major driver of postnatal growth; however, systemic or localized overproduction is implicated in the aberrant growth disease acromegaly, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, researchers led by Jo Perry, from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, discuss strategies that either inhibit GH production, block its systemic receptor, or interrupt its downstream signaling pathways. The only licensed GH receptor blocker is pegvisomant, but therapies are in development that include long-acting protein and antibody-based blockers, and nucleotide complexes that degrade GHR production have also shown promise. Studies investigating GHR antagonism are limited, partly due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools which block GHR function, but overcoming these obstacles may yield advances in alleviating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- 3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,4Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sex cord tumor with annular tubules in patients with Turner syndrome: Mosaicism 45X/46XY. UROLOGÍA COLOMBIANA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been described among the literature the close relationship that exists between dysgenetic gonads with positive Y chromosome and the risk of developing gonadoblastoma. However, it is still uncertain the relationship with stromal tumors and there is not much information about this topic. In this paper is presented the case of a patient with Turner syndrome mosaicism 45X(8)/46,XY(92) and sex cord tumor with annular tubule pattern.
Materials and methods A search was conducted in Embase, Ovid, Ebsco and PubMed databases with the terms “(Turner syndrome) and sex cord stromal tumor”. However, only in PubMed we were able to find an article that meets the search criteria and it is considered the first case report in the literature that refers to the relationship between Turner syndrome and sex cord stromal tumor.
Conclusions There is little evidence that exists for cases like this, so the management of these patients is still uncertain and controversial, especially by the different perspectives in-between specialties. Specifically, with this patient it is still uncertain the relationship between the risk and the benefit of the management with growth hormone after the finding of neoplasm.
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Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Post-Receptor Inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT Pathway in the Growth Hormone Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1843. [PMID: 29932147 PMCID: PMC6073700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes in an organism. Determination of the correct structure and functioning of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) allowed for a more detailed research of its post-receptor regulators, which substantially influences its signal transduction. This review is focused on the description of the post-receptor inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway, which is one of the most important pathways in the transduction of the somatotropic axis signal. The aim of this review is the short characterization of the main post-receptor inhibitors, such as: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS) 1, 3 and PIAS4, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) 1B and H1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1, 2 and signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α1. The equilibrium between these regulators activity and inhibition is of special concern because, as many studies showed, even slight imbalance may disrupt the GH activity causing serious diseases. The regulation of the described inhibitors expression and activity may be a point of interest for pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
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Cui T, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its agonists inhibit hepatic and tumoral secretion of IGF-1. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28745-28756. [PMID: 29983893 PMCID: PMC6033336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary is well established. However, direct effects of GHRH and its agonistic analogs on extra-pituitary cells and tissues have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we first demonstrated that human and rat hepatocytes express receptors for GHRH. We then showed that GHRH(1-29)NH 2 and GHRH agonist, MR-409, downregulated mRNA levels for IGF-1 in human cancer cell lines and inhibited IGF-1 secretion in vitro when these cancer lines were exposed to rhGH. Another GHRH agonist, MR-356, lowered serum IGF-l and inhibited tumor growth in nude mice bearing xenografted NCI-N87 human stomach cancers. GHRH(1-29)NH 2 and MR-409 also suppressed the expression of mRNA for IGF-1 and IGF-2 in rat and human hepatocytes, decreased the secretion of IGF-1 in vitro from rat hepatocytes stimulated with rhGH, and lowered serum IGF-l levels in hypophysectomized rats injected with rhGH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide had no effect on the release of IGF-1 from the hepatocytes. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with MR-409 reduced serum levels of IGF-l from days 1 to 5. These results show that GHRH and its agonists can, by a direct action, inhibit the secretion of IGF-1 from the liver and from tumors. The inhibitory effect of GHRH appears to be mediated by the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) and GH receptor (GHR), with the involvement of JAK2/STAT5 pathways. Further studies are required to investigate the possible physiopathological role of GHRH in the control of secretion of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengjiao Cui
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Bocharov EV, Lesovoy DM, Bocharova OV, Urban AS, Pavlov KV, Volynsky PE, Efremov RG, Arseniev AS. Structural basis of the signal transduction via transmembrane domain of the human growth hormone receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1410-1420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ramos-Leví AM, Marazuela M. Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency with human recombinant growth hormone: an update on current evidence and critical review of advantages and pitfalls. Endocrine 2018; 60:203-218. [PMID: 29417370 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult-onset growth-hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) is a rare disorder, which most commonly results from pituitary or peripituitary tumors and their treatment, and is characterized by alterations in body composition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, bone mineral density, cardiovascular risk profile and quality of life, all of which may contribute to an increased morbidity and mortality. Since recombinant human GH (rhGH) became available in 1985, several studies have provided evidence of its beneficial effects, despite the potential risk of developing adverse effects, and much clinical experience has been accumulated. However, in adults, the precise therapeutic role of GH replacement therapy and the individual response to it remains highly variable and is still a matter of debate. In this article, we present a critical review of the available evidence on rhGH replacement therapy in GHD adults, emphasizing the pitfalls clinicians encounter in the diagnosis of GHD and monitoring of rhGH replacement therapy. We will cover all the relevant aspects regarding the potential usefulness of GH treatment, including the hot topic of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ramos-Leví
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29487568 PMCID: PMC5816795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR), although most well known for regulating growth, has many other important biological functions including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes related to the hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. In addition, growth hormone signaling is an important regulator of aging and plays a significant role in cancer development. Growth hormone activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, and recent studies have provided a new understanding of the mechanism of JAK2 activation by growth hormone binding to its receptor. JAK2 activation is required for growth hormone-mediated activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and the negative regulation of JAK-STAT signaling comprises an important step in the control of this signaling pathway. The GHR also activates the Src family kinase signaling pathway independent of JAK2. This review covers the molecular mechanisms of GHR activation and signal transduction as well as the physiological consequences of growth hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Dehkhoda
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine M. M. Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Chhabra Y, Wong HY, Nikolajsen LF, Steinocher H, Papadopulos A, Tunny KA, Meunier FA, Smith AG, Kragelund BB, Brooks AJ, Waters MJ. A growth hormone receptor SNP promotes lung cancer by impairment of SOCS2-mediated degradation. Oncogene 2018; 37:489-501. [PMID: 28967904 PMCID: PMC5799715 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both humans and mice lacking functional growth hormone (GH) receptors are known to be resistant to cancer. Further, autocrine GH has been reported to act as a cancer promoter. Here we present the first example of a variant of the GH receptor (GHR) associated with cancer promotion, in this case lung cancer. We show that the GHRP495T variant located in the receptor intracellular domain is able to prolong the GH signal in vitro using stably expressing mouse pro-B-cell and human lung cell lines. This is relevant because GH secretion is pulsatile, and extending the signal duration makes it resemble autocrine GH action. Signal duration for the activated GHR is primarily controlled by suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2), the substrate recognition component of the E3 protein ligase responsible for ubiquitinylation and degradation of the GHR. SOCS2 is induced by a GH pulse and we show that SOCS2 binding to the GHR is impaired by a threonine substitution at Pro 495. This results in decreased internalisation and degradation of the receptor evident in TIRF microscopy and by measurement of mature (surface) receptor expression. Mutational analysis showed that the residue at position 495 impairs SOCS2 binding only when a threonine is present, consistent with interference with the adjacent Thr494. The latter is key for SOCS2 binding, together with nearby Tyr487, which must be phosphorylated for SOCS2 binding. We also undertook nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy approach for structural comparison of the SOCS2 binding scaffold Ile455-Ser588, and concluded that this single substitution has altered the structure of the SOCS2 binding site. Importantly, we find that lung BEAS-2B cells expressing GHRP495T display increased expression of transcripts associated with tumour proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastases (TWIST1, SNAI2, EGFR, MYC and CCND1) at 2 h after a GH pulse. This is consistent with prolonged GH signalling acting to promote cancer progression in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Y Wong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - L F Nikolajsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Steinocher
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Papadopulos
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K A Tunny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - F A Meunier
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - B B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - M J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Hayashi M, Futawaka K, Koyama R, Fan Y, Matsushita M, Hirao A, Fukuda Y, Nushida A, Nezu S, Tagami T, Moriyama K. Effects of growth hormone on uncoupling protein 1 in white adipose tissues in obese mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:31-39. [PMID: 29111497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transition of white adipocytes to beige cells (a phenomenon referred to as browning or beigeing) during obesity has been previously reported. Our study aimed to examine the mechanisms through which obesity induced by a high fat diet (HFD) affects uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression via signal transduction and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5s). DESIGN Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal or HFD for 11weeks. Body weight, white adipose tissue weight, and blood lipid and glucose levels were measured. To unveil the molecular mechanisms of UCP1 expression in adipose tissue, we performed further studying 3T3-L1 cells using qRT-PCR. We also measured UCP1 promoter activity in the TSA201 cell line using a dual luciferase assay. In addition, we analyzed the predicted consensus sequences for STAT5 binding in the UCP1 promoter region. RESULTS Mice fed an HFD had higher body weight and intra-abdominal adipose tissues weight and a higher expression of UCP1, GH receptor (GHR), STATs, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCSs), and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) compared to control mice. In 3T3-L1 cell studies, GH induced phosphorylation of the STAT5, SOCSs, CISH and UCP1 expressions. UCP1 promoter activity was associated with constitutively active STAT5 in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed functional STAT5 binding sites at -425, -279, and -178bp of the UCP1 promoter. CONCLUSION We suggest that endogenous GH induces UCP1 expression in adipose tissue via STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Hayashi
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Kumi Futawaka
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Rie Koyama
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Midori Matsushita
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Asuka Hirao
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukuda
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Ayako Nushida
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Syoko Nezu
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Moriyama
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan; Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in cardiac aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1931-1938. [PMID: 28847512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in most developed countries. Aging is associated with enhanced risk of CVD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) binds to its cognate receptor, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and exerts pleiotropic effects on cell growth, differentiation, development, and tissue repair. Importantly, IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling is implicated in cardiac aging and longevity. Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in cardiac dysfunction, accompanied by molecular and cellular changes. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the link between the IGF-1/IGF-1R system and cardiac aging. The biological effects of IGF-1R and insulin receptor will be discussed and compared. Furthermore, we describe data regarding how deletion of IGF-1R in cardiomyocytes of aged knockout mice may delay the development of senescence-associated myocardial pathologies. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.
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Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis is the key regulator of longitudinal growth, promoting postnatal bone and muscle growth. The available data suggest that GH expression by tumour cells is associated with the aetiology and progression of various cancers such as endometrial, breast, liver, prostate, and colon cancer. Accordingly there has been increased interest in targeting GH-mediated signal transduction in a therapeutic setting. Because GH has endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions, therapeutic strategies will need to take into account systemic and local functions. Activation of related hormone receptors and crosstalk with other signalling pathways are also key considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1052-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Chigogora S, Zaninotto P, Kivimaki M, Steptoe A, Batty GD. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and risk of depression in older people: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e898. [PMID: 27648920 PMCID: PMC5048205 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders are a leading cause of disability in older age. Although the role of psychosocial and behavioural predictors has been well examined, little is known about the biological origins of depression. Findings from animal studies have implicated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the aetiology of this disorder. A total of 6017 older adults (mean age of 65.7 years; 55% women) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing provided serum levels of IGF-1 (mean=15.9 nmol l(-1), s.d. 5.7) during a nurse visit in 2008. Depression symptoms were assessed in the same year and again in 2012 using the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Self-reports of a physician-diagnosis of depression were also collected at both time points. In separate analyses for men and women, the results from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed a 'U'-shaped pattern of association, such that lower and higher levels of IGF-1 were associated with a slightly elevated risk of depression, whereas the lowest risk was seen around the median levels. Thus, in men, with the lowest quintile of IGF-1 as the referent, the age-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of developing depression symptoms after 4 years of follow-up, for increasing quintiles of IGF-1, were: 0.51 (0.28-0.91), 0.50 (0.27-0.92), 0.63 (0.35-1.15) and 0.63 (0.35-1.13) (P-value for quadratic association 0.002). Some attenuation of these effects was apparent after adjustment for co-morbidity, socioeconomic status and health behaviours. In conclusion, in the present study of older adults, there was some evidence that moderate levels of IGF-1 levels conferred a reduced risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chigogora
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - P Zaninotto
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - G D Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Larizza D, Albanesi M, De Silvestri A, Accordino G, Brazzelli V, Maffè GC, Calcaterra V. Neoplasia in Turner syndrome. The importance of clinical and screening practices during follow-up. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:269-73. [PMID: 27058262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Turmer syndrome (TS) patients show increased morbidity due to metabolic, autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders. A risk of neoplasia is also reported. Here, we review the prevalence of neoplasia in a cohort of Turner patients. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 87 TS women. Follow-up included periodic ultrasound of the neck, abdominal and pelvic organs, dermatologic evaluation and fecal occult blood test. Karyotype was 45,X in 46 patients. During follow-up, 63 girls were treated with growth hormone, 65 with estro-progestin replacement therapy and 20 with L-thyroxine. Autoimmune diseases were present in 29 TS. RESULTS A total of 17 neoplasms in 14 out of 87 patients were found. Six skin neoplasia, 3 central nervous system tumors, 3 gonadal neoplasia, 2 breast tumors, 1 hepatocarcinoma, 1 carcinoma of the pancreas and 1 follicular thyroid cancer were detected. Age at tumor diagnosis was higher in 45,X pts than in those with other karyotypes (p = 0.003). Adenomioma gallbladdder (AG) was detected in 15.3% of the patients, with a lower age in girls at diagnosis with an associated neoplasia in comparison with TS without tumors (p = 0.017). No correlation between genetic make up, treatment, associated autoimmune diseases and neoplastia was found. CONCLUSION In our TS population an increased neoplasia prevalence was reported. A high prevalence of AG was also noted and it might be indicative of a predisposition to neoplasia. Further studies are needed to define the overall risk for neoplasia, and to determine the role of the loss of the X-chromosome and hormonal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Larizza
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Michela Albanesi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Silvestri
- Biometry & Clinical Epidemiology, Scientific Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Accordino
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Brazzelli
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Carnevale Maffè
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children's Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
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Zhang W, Qian P, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wang H, Wu M, Kong X, Tan S, Ding K, Perry JK, Wu Z, Cao Y, Lobie PE, Zhu T. Autocrine/Paracrine Human Growth Hormone-stimulated MicroRNA 96-182-183 Cluster Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Breast Cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13812-29. [PMID: 25873390 PMCID: PMC4447958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (hGH) plays critical roles in pubertal mammary gland growth, development, and sexual maturation. Accumulated studies have reported that autocrine/paracrine hGH is an orthotopically expressed oncoprotein that promotes normal mammary epithelial cell oncogenic transformation. Autocrine/paracrine hGH has also been reported to promote mammary epithelial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely obscure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to be involved in regulation of multiple cellular functions of cancer. To determine whether autocrine/paracrine hGH promotes EMT and invasion through modulation of miRNA expression, we performed microarray profiling using MCF-7 cells stably expressing wild type or a translation-deficient hGH gene and identified miR-96-182-183 as an autocrine/paracrine hGH-regulated miRNA cluster. Forced expression of miR-96-182-183 conferred on epithelioid MCF-7 cells a mesenchymal phenotype and promoted invasive behavior in vitro and dissemination in vivo. Moreover, we observed that miR-96-182-183 promoted EMT and invasion by directly and simultaneously suppressing BRMS1L (breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1-like) gene expression. miR-96 and miR-182 also targeted GHR, providing a potential negative feedback loop in the hGH-GHR signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that autocrine/paracrine hGH stimulated miR-96-182-183 expression and facilitated EMT and invasion via STAT3 and STAT5 signaling. Consistent with elevated expression of autocrine/paracrine hGH in metastatic breast cancer tissue, miR-96-182-183 expression was also remarkably enhanced. Hence, we delineate the roles of the miRNA-96-182-183 cluster and elucidate a novel hGH-GHR-STAT3/STAT5-miR-96-182-183-BRMS1L-ZEB1/E47-EMT/invasion axis, which provides further understanding of the mechanism of autocrine/paracrine hGH-stimulated EMT and invasion in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Min Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jo K Perry
- the Liggins Institute and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Yuan Cao
- the Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, and
| | - Peter E Lobie
- the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tao Zhu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China, the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China,
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Waters M, Brooks A. JAK2 activation by growth hormone and other cytokines. Biochem J 2015; 466:1-11. [PMID: 25656053 PMCID: PMC4325515 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and structurally related cytokines regulate a great number of physiological and pathological processes. They do this by coupling their single transmembrane domain (TMD) receptors to cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, either as homodimers or heterodimers. Recent studies have revealed that many of these receptors exist as constitutive dimers rather than being dimerized as a consequence of ligand binding, which has necessitated a new paradigm for describing their activation process. In the present study, we describe a model for activation of the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) by the GH receptor homodimer based on biochemical data and molecular dynamics simulations. Binding of the bivalent ligand reorientates and rotates the receptor subunits, resulting in a transition from a form with parallel TMDs to one where the TMDs separate at the point of entry into the cytoplasm. This movement slides the pseudokinase inhibitory domain of one JAK kinase away from the kinase domain of the other JAK within the receptor dimer-JAK complex, allowing the two kinase domains to interact and trans-activate. This results in phosphorylation and activation of STATs and other signalling pathways linked to this receptor which then regulate postnatal growth, metabolism and stem cell activation. We believe that this model will apply to most if not all members of the class I cytokine receptor family, and will be useful in the design of small antagonists and agonists of therapeutic value.
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Key Words
- class i cytokine receptors
- cytokine receptor signalling
- growth hormone
- growth hormone receptor
- janus kinase 2 (jak2)
- srk family kinases
- cntf, ciliary neurotropic factor
- crh, cytokine receptor homology
- ct-1, cardiotropin-1
- ecd, extracellular domain
- epo, erythropoietin
- fniii, fibronectin iii-like
- gh, growth hormone
- gm-csf, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- jak, janus kinase
- jm, juxtamembrane
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- osm, oncostatin-m
- pk, pseudokinase
- tmd, transmembrane domain
- tpo, thrombopoietin
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Waters
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
- †The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
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Guevara-Aguirre J, Rosenbloom AL. Obesity, diabetes and cancer: insight into the relationship from a cohort with growth hormone receptor deficiency. Diabetologia 2015; 58:37-42. [PMID: 25316432 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity with insulin-resistant diabetes and increased cancer risk is a global problem. We consider the alterations of metabolism attendant on the underlying pathogenic overnutrition and the role of the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-1 axis in this interaction. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is a determinant of diabetes. Excess glucose, and an elevated concentration of insulin acting through its own receptors along with complex interactions with the IGF-1 system, will add extra fuel and fuel signalling for malignant growth and induce anti-apoptotic activities, permitting proliferation of forbidden clones. In Ecuador there are ~100 living adults with lifelong IGF-1 deficiency caused by a GH receptor (GHR) mutation who, despite a high percentage of body fat, have markedly increased insulin sensitivity compared with age- and BMI-matched control relatives, and no instances of diabetes, which is present in 6% of unaffected relatives. Only 1 of 20 deceased individuals with GHR deficiency died of cancer vs 20% of ~1,500 relatives. Fewer DNA breaks and increased apoptosis occurred in cell cultures exposed to oxidant agents following addition of serum from GHR-deficient individuals vs serum from control relatives. These changes were reversible by adding IGF-1 to the serum from the GHR-deficient individuals. The reduction in central regulators of pro-ageing signalling thus appears to be the result of an absence of GHR function. The complex inter-relationship of obesity, diabetes and cancer risk is related to excess insulin and fuel supply, in the presence of heightened anti-apoptosis and uninhibited DNA damage when GHR function is normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles & Via Interoceanica, Quito, Ecuador,
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Kopchick JJ, List EO, Kelder B, Gosney ES, Berryman DE. Evaluation of growth hormone (GH) action in mice: discovery of GH receptor antagonists and clinical indications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:34-45. [PMID: 24035867 PMCID: PMC3943600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a growth hormone receptor antagonist (GHA) was initially established via expression of mutated GH genes in transgenic mice. Following this discovery, development of the compound resulted in a drug termed pegvisomant, which has been approved for use in patients with acromegaly. Pegvisomant treatment in a dose dependent manner results in normalization of IGF-1 levels in most patients. Thus, it is a very efficacious and safe drug. Since the GH/IGF-1 axis has been implicated in the progression of several types of cancers, many have suggested the use of pegvisomant as an anti-cancer therapeutic. In this manuscript, we will review the use of mouse strains that possess elevated or depressed levels of GH action for unraveling many of GH actions. Additionally, we will describe experiments in which the GHA was discovered, review results of pegvisomant's preclinical and clinical trials, and provide data suggesting pegvisomant's therapeutic value in selected types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Bruce Kelder
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Elahu S Gosney
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
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Ong J, Salomon J, te Morsche RHM, Roelofs HMJ, Witteman BJM, Dura P, Lacko M, Peters WHM. Polymorphisms in the insulin-like growth factor axis are associated with gastrointestinal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90916. [PMID: 24608110 PMCID: PMC3946608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous factors influence the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a role in embryonic and postnatal growth and tissue repair. Elevated levels of IGFs, low levels of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and over-expression of IGF receptor (IGFR-I) were associated with several stages of cancer. Here, the prevalence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6214 in the IGF type I (IGF-I) gene and rs6898743 in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene in patients with GI cancer and controls was studied. MATERIALS & METHODS In this Dutch case-control study, DNA isolated from blood of 1,457 GI cancer patients; 438 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), 475 with esophageal cancer (EC) and 544 with colorectal cancer (CRC) and 1,457 matched controls, was used to determine the rs6214 and rs6898743 genotypes by polymerase chain reaction. The association between these SNPs and GI cancer, HNC, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) and proximal or distal CRC was studied. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated via unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Overall for GI cancer, the ORs for SNPs rs6214 and rs6898743 were approximately 1.0 (p-value>0.05), using the most common genotypes GG as reference. An OR of 1.54 (95% CI, 1.05-2.27) was found for EC for genotype AA of rs6214. The ORs for EAC were 1.45 (95% CI, 1.04-2.01) and 1.71 (95% CI, 1.10-2.68), for genotypes GA and AA, respectively. Genotype GC of rs6898743 showed an OR of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.26-0.86) for ESCC. CONCLUSION The A allele of SNP rs6214 in the IGF-I gene was associated with EAC, and with HNC in women. The GC genotype of rs6898743 in the GHR gene was negatively associated with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Ong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jody Salomon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rene H. M. te Morsche
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hennie M. J. Roelofs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J. M. Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - Polat Dura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Lacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert H. M. Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Friedbichler K, Hofmann MH, Kroez M, Ostermann E, Lamche HR, Koessl C, Borges E, Pollak MN, Adolf G, Adam PJ. Pharmacodynamic and antineoplastic activity of BI 836845, a fully human IGF ligand-neutralizing antibody, and mechanistic rationale for combination with rapamycin. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 13:399-409. [PMID: 24296829 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is thought to play a role in the development and progression of multiple cancer types. To date, therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting IGF signaling have largely focused on antibodies that target the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). Here, we describe the pharmacologic profile of BI 836845, a fully human monoclonal antibody that utilizes an alternative approach to IGF signaling inhibition by selectively neutralizing the bioactivity of IGF ligands. Biochemical analyses of BI 836845 demonstrated high affinity to human IGF-I and IGF-II, resulting in effective inhibition of IGF-induced activation of both IGF-IR and IR-A in vitro. Cross-reactivity to rodent IGFs has enabled rigorous assessment of the pharmacologic activity of BI 836845 in preclinical models. Pharmacodynamic studies in rats showed potent reduction of serum IGF bioactivity in the absence of metabolic adverse effects, leading to growth inhibition as evidenced by reduced body weight gain and tail length. Moreover, BI 836845 reduced the proliferation of human cell lines derived from different cancer types and enhanced the antitumor efficacy of rapamycin by blocking a rapamycin-induced increase in upstream signaling in vitro as well as in human tumor xenograft models in nude mice. Our data suggest that BI 836845 represents a potentially more effective and tolerable approach to the inhibition of IGF signaling compared with agents that target the IGF-I receptor directly, with potential for rational combinations with other targeted agents in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Friedbichler
- Corresponding Author: Paul J. Adam, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121, Vienna, Austria.
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