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Umar S, Samokhvalov A. Encapsulation of Gemcitabine on Porphyrin Aluminum Metal-Organic Framework by Mechano-Chemistry, Delayed Drug Release and Cytotoxicity to Pancreatic Cancer PANC-1 Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:3189. [PMID: 38999141 PMCID: PMC11243361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a widely used antimetabolite drug of pyrimidine structure, which can exist as a free-base molecular form (Gem). The encapsulated forms of medicinal drugs are of interest for delayed and local drug release. We utilized, for the first time, a novel approach of mechano-chemistry by liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) to encapsulate Gem on a "matrix" of porphyrin aluminum metal-organic framework Al-MOF-TCPPH2 (compound 2). The chemical bonding of Gem to compound 2 was studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and powder XRD. The interaction involves the C=O group of Gem molecules, which indicates the formation of the encapsulation complex in the obtained composite. Further, the delayed release of Gem from the composite was studied to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C using an automated drug dissolution apparatus equipped with an autosampler. The concentration of the released drug was determined by HPLC-UV analysis. The composite shows delayed release of Gem due to the bonded form and constant concentration thereafter, while pure Gem shows quick dissolution in less than 45 min. Delayed release of Gem drug from the composite follows the kinetic pseudo-first-order rate law. Further, for the first time, the mechanism of delayed release of Gem was assessed by the variable stirring speed of drug release media, and kinetic rate constant k was found to decrease when stirring speed is decreased (diffusion control). Finally, the prolonged time scale of toxicity of Gem to pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells was studied by continuous measurements of proliferation (growth) for 6 days, using the xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer (RTCA), for the composite vs. pure drug, and their differences indicate delayed drug release. Aluminum metal-organic frameworks are new and promising materials for the encapsulation of gemcitabine and related small-molecule antimetabolites for controlled delayed drug release and potential use in drug-eluting implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Samokhvalov
- Department of Chemistry, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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2
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Hu B, Zhang W, Zhang C, Li C, Zhang N, Pan K, Ge X, Wan T. CCNI2 promotes pancreatic cancer through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:323-336. [PMID: 37540586 PMCID: PMC10950348 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.9337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, pancreatic cancer is recognized as one of the deadliest malignancies that lacks effective targeted therapies. This study aims to explore the role of cyclin I-like protein (CCNI2), a homolog of cyclin I (CCNI), in the progression of pancreatic cancer, thereby providing a theoretical basis for its treatment. Firstly, the expression of CCNI2 in pancreatic cancer tissues was determined through immunohistochemical staining. The biological role of CCNI2 in pancreatic cancer cells was further assessed using both in vitro and in vivo loss/gain-of-function assays. Our data revealed that CCNI2 expression was abnormally elevated in pancreatic cancer, and clinically, increased CCNI2 expression generally correlated with reduced overall survival. Functionally, CCNI2 contributed to the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer by promoting the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. Consistently, in vivo experiments verified that CCNI2 knockdown impaired the tumorigenic ability of pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, the addition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors could partially reverse the promoting effect of CCNI2 on the malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells. CCNI2 promoted pancreatic cancer through PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, indicating its potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Longting District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlan Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Sehgal V, Pandey SP, Singh PK. Prospects of charged cyclodextrins in biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121348. [PMID: 37940240 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs), recognized for their unique ability to form inclusion complexes, have seen broad utilization across various scientific fields. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the use of charged cyclodextrins for biomedical applications, owing to their enhanced properties, such as superior solubility and improved molecular recognition compared to neutral CDs. Despite the growing literature, a comprehensive review of the biomedical utilisations of multi-charged cyclodextrins is scarce. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the emerging prospects of charged cyclodextrin-based assemblies in the field of biomedical applications. Focusing on drug delivery systems, the review details how charged CDs enhance drug solubility and stability, reduce toxicity, and enable targeted and controlled drug release. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of charged CDs in gene therapy, notably their potential for DNA/RNA binding, cellular uptake, degradation protection, and targeted gene delivery. The promising potential of charged CDs in antibacterial and antiviral therapies, including photodynamic therapies, biofilm control, and viral replication inhibition, is discussed. Concluding with a future outlook, this review highlights the potential challenges and advancements that could propel charged CDs to the forefront of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Sehgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W), 400 056, India
| | - Shrishti P Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W), 400 056, India
| | - Prabhat K Singh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India.
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4
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Wang X, Wang M, Cai M, Shao R, Xia G, Zhao W. Miriplatin-loaded liposome, as a novel mitophagy inducer, suppresses pancreatic cancer proliferation through blocking POLG and TFAM-mediated mtDNA replication. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4477-4501. [PMID: 37969736 PMCID: PMC10638513 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a more aggressive and refractory malignancy. Resistance and toxicity limit drug efficacy. Herein, we report a lower toxic and higher effective miriplatin (MPt)-loaded liposome, LMPt, exhibiting totally different anti-cancer mechanism from previously reported platinum agents. Both in gemcitabine (GEM)-resistant/sensitive (GEM-R/S) pancreatic cancer cells, LMPt exhibits prominent anti-cancer activity, led by faster cellular entry-induced larger accumulation of MPt. The level of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) determines entry rate and switch of entry pathways of LMPt, indicating a novel role of Cav-1 in nanoparticle entry. After endosome-lysosome processing, in unchanged metabolite, MPt is released and targets mitochondria to enhance binding of mitochondria protease LONP1 with POLG and TFAM, to degrade POLG and TFAM. Then, via PINK1-Parkin axis, mitophagy is induced by POLG and TFAM degradation-initiated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication blocking. Additionally, POLG and TFAM are identified as novel prognostic markers of pancreatic cancer, and mtDNA replication-induced mitophagy blocking mediates their pro-cancer activity. Our findings reveal that the target of this liposomal platinum agent is mitochondria but not DNA (target of most platinum agents), and totally distinct mechanism of MPt and other formulations of MPt. Self-assembly offers LMPt special efficacy and mechanisms. Prominent action and characteristic mechanism make LMPt a promising cancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Pharmaceutics Department, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meilian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guimin Xia
- Pharmaceutics Department, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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5
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Yamada T, Tateishi R, Iwai M, Tanaka M, Ijichi H, Sano M, Koike K, Todo T. Overcoming resistance of stroma-rich pancreatic cancer with focal adhesion kinase inhibitor combined with G47Δ and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 28:31-43. [PMID: 36619294 PMCID: PMC9801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease known for its dense tumor stroma. Focal adhesion kinase inhibitor (FAKi), a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reduces the tumor stroma. G47Δ, a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, destroys tumor cells selectively and induces antitumor immune responses. This study evaluates the efficacy of FAKi and G47Δ in PDAC models in combination with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors. G47Δ was effective in human PDAC cell lines in vitro and in subcutaneous as well as orthotopic tumor models. Transgenic mouse-derived #146 cells were used to generate subcutaneous PDAC tumors with rich stroma in immunocompetent mice. In this #146 tumor model, the efficacy of FAKi was synergistically augmented when combined with G47Δ, which reflected not only a decreased stromal content but also a significant shifting of the tumor microenvironment toward immune stimulation. In transgenic autochthonous PKF mice, a rare model that develops stroma-rich PDAC with a 100% penetrance and resembles human PDAC in various aspects, the prolongation of survival compared with FAKi alone was achieved only when FAKi was combined with G47Δ and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The FAKi combination therapy may be useful to overcome the treatment resistance of stroma-rich PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Yamada
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miwako Iwai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Sano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Corresponding author Tomoki Todo, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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6
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Strittmatter N, Richards FM, Race AM, Ling S, Sutton D, Nilsson A, Wallez Y, Barnes J, Maglennon G, Gopinathan A, Brais R, Wong E, Serra MP, Atkinson J, Smith A, Wilson J, Hamm G, Johnson TI, Dunlop CR, Kaistha BP, Bunch J, Sansom OJ, Takats Z, Andrén PE, Lau A, Barry ST, Goodwin RJA, Jodrell DI. Method To Visualize the Intratumor Distribution and Impact of Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Multimodal Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1795-1803. [PMID: 35005896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (dFdC) is a common treatment for pancreatic cancer; however, it is thought that treatment may fail because tumor stroma prevents drug distribution to tumor cells. Gemcitabine is a pro-drug with active metabolites generated intracellularly; therefore, visualizing the distribution of parent drug as well as its metabolites is important. A multimodal imaging approach was developed using spatially coregistered mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), imaging mass cytometry (IMC), multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy (mIF), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to assess the local distribution and metabolism of gemcitabine in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer (KPC) allowing for comparisons between effects in the tumor tissue and its microenvironment. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enabled the visualization of the distribution of gemcitabine (100 mg/kg), its phosphorylated metabolites dFdCMP, dFdCDP and dFdCTP, and the inactive metabolite dFdU. Distribution was compared to small-molecule ATR inhibitor AZD6738 (25 mg/kg), which was codosed. Gemcitabine metabolites showed heterogeneous distribution within the tumor, which was different from the parent compound. The highest abundance of dFdCMP, dFdCDP, and dFdCTP correlated with distribution of endogenous AMP, ADP, and ATP in viable tumor cell regions, showing that gemcitabine active metabolites are reaching the tumor cell compartment, while AZD6738 was located to nonviable tumor regions. The method revealed that the generation of active, phosphorylated dFdC metabolites as well as treatment-induced DNA damage primarily correlated with sites of high proliferation in KPC PDAC tumor tissue, rather than sites of high parent drug abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Strittmatter
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Frances M Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, Astra Zeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M Race
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ling
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sutton
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yann Wallez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Barnes
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Aarthi Gopinathan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Rebecca Brais
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Edmond Wong
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB12 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James Atkinson
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Smith
- DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Wilson
- DMPK, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Hamm
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy I Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Charles R Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Brajesh P Kaistha
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
- Clinical IO group, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB12 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0QS, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0QS, United Kingdom
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan I Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang J, Chen M, Wang M, Zhao W, Zhang C, Liu X, Cai M, Qiu Y, Zhang T, Zhou H, Zhao W, Si S, Shao R. The novel ER stress inducer Sec C triggers apoptosis by sulfating ER cysteine residues and degrading YAP via ER stress in pancreatic cancer cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:210-227. [PMID: 35127381 PMCID: PMC8800039 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Although gemcitabine (GEM) is a standard treatment for PAAD, resistance limits its application and therapy. Secoemestrin C (Sec C) is a natural compound from the endophytic fungus Emericella, and its anticancer activity has not been investigated since it was isolated. Our research is the first to indicate that Sec C is a broad-spectrum anticancer agent and could exhibit potently similar anticancer activity both in GEM-resistant and GEM-sensitive PAAD cells. Interestingly, Sec C exerted a rapid growth-inhibiting effect (80% death at 6 h), which might be beneficial for patients who need rapid tumor shrinkage before surgery. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reverse assays show that Sec C sulfates cysteines to disrupt disulfide-bonds formation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins to cause protein misfolding, leading to ER stress and disorder of lipid biosynthesis. Microarray data and subsequent assays show that ER stress-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) ubiquitinates and downregulates YAP to enhance ER stress via destruction complex (YAP-Axin-GSK-βTrCP), which also elucidates a unique degrading style for YAP. Potent anticancer activity in GEM-resistant cells and low toxicity make Sec C a promising anti-PAAD candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mengyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Conghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meilian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and Co-Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123348. [PMID: 34943856 PMCID: PMC8699513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of death and is the fourth most malignant tumor in men. The epigenetic and genetic alterations appear to be responsible for development of PC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful genetic tool that can bind to its target and reduce expression level of a specific gene. The various critical genes involved in PC progression can be effectively targeted using diverse siRNAs. Moreover, siRNAs can enhance efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in inhibiting PC progression. However, siRNAs suffer from different off target effects and their degradation by enzymes in serum can diminish their potential in gene silencing. Loading siRNAs on nanoparticles can effectively protect them against degradation and can inhibit off target actions by facilitating targeted delivery. This can lead to enhanced efficacy of siRNAs in PC therapy. Moreover, different kinds of nanoparticles such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles and metal nanostructures have been applied for optimal delivery of siRNAs that are discussed in this article. This review also reveals that how naked siRNAs and their delivery systems can be exploited in treatment of PC and as siRNAs are currently being applied in clinical trials, significant progress can be made by translating the current findings into the clinical settings.
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Alipour S, Pishkar L, Chaleshi V. Cytotoxic Effect of Portulaca Oleracea Extract on the Regulation of CDK1 and P53 Gene Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1792-1801. [PMID: 34431425 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1960386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The growth of pancreatic cancer has a high predominance in the world. Different therapeutic methods were unsuccessful due to tumor invasion and rapid metastasis. Plants have natural products that were used as therapeutic agents. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to assess the cytotoxic effect of Portulaca Oleracea against PANC-1 cancer cell line. MTT technique and flow cytometry were done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of P.Oleracea extracts against PANC-1 cancer cell line. For finding the change of CDK and P53 expression levels, qPCR carries out. The findings of the MTT assay exhibited that P.Oleracea extracts had toxicity potential on PANC- one cancer cell line. Also, the results of gene expression showed the high expression of P53 and reduction of CDK gene expression following treatment of cancer cells with plant extracts in. The flow cytometry assay showed apoptosis induced after P.Oleracea extract treatment in PANC- one cancer cell line. Also, microscopic observation is in agreement with flow cytometry and MTT assay. Results of the current study indicated that P.Oleracea extracts significantly induce apoptosis by regulating P53 and CDK expression, consequently. Therefore, P.Oleracea may be considered as a novel finding for pancreatic cancer treatment consequently of its cytotoxic and apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Alipour
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Leila Pishkar
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Mortoglou M, Tabin ZK, Arisan ED, Kocher HM, Uysal-Onganer P. Non-coding RNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: New approaches for better diagnosis and therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101090. [PMID: 33831655 PMCID: PMC8042452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with a 5-year survival rate less than 8%, which has remained unchanged over the last 50 years. Early detection is particularly difficult due to the lack of disease-specific symptoms and a reliable biomarker. Multimodality treatment including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (used sparingly) and surgery has become the standard of care for patients with PDAC. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is the most common diagnostic biomarker; however, it is not specific enough especially for asymptomatic patients. Non-coding RNAs are often deregulated in human malignancies and shown to be involved in cancer-related mechanisms such as cell growth, differentiation, and cell death. Several micro, long non-coding and circular RNAs have been reported to date which are involved in PDAC. Aim of this review is to discuss the roles and functions of non-coding RNAs in diagnosis and treatments of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mortoglou
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Zoey Kathleen Tabin
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - E Damla Arisan
- Institution of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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11
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Gemcitabine resistance in triple-negative breast cancer cells can be reverted by Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase in the nucleus or cytosol. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:247. [PMID: 32973960 PMCID: PMC7509507 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents has consistently presented a challenge in terms of the treatment of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In the present study, gemcitabine (dFdC)-resistant TNBC cells were established, and the effects of lentivirus-deoxyribonucleoside kinase (dNK) and a mutated form of dNK (lentivirus-dNKmut) on reversing the acquired drug resistance in dFdC-resistant TNBC cells were explored. Quantitative PCR and western blotting experiment results suggested that Drosophila melanogaster (Dm)-dNK was stably expressed in the lentivirus-infected MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231R cells in the nucleus or cytosol, and autoradiography experiments revealed similar levels of enzymatic activity in the cells expressing dNK or dNKmut. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that the IC50 values of dFdC were decreased 30~50-fold in the dFdC-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells following lentiviral transfection with dNK or dNKmut, and this effect was associated with a significantly increased rate of apoptosis compared with the cells transfected with the negative control lentivirus. In conclusion, Dm-dNK in the nucleus or cytosol may be a potential candidate for reversing acquired dFdC resistance in TNBC cells, which may form the basis of novel strategies for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant TNBC.
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12
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Fatima M, Iqbal Ahmed MM, Batool F, Riaz A, Ali M, Munch-Petersen B, Mutahir Z. Recombinant deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster can improve gemcitabine based combined gene/chemotherapy for targeting cancer cells. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:342-349. [PMID: 30903745 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster with a deletion of the last 20 amino acid residues (named DmdNKΔC20) was hypothesized as a potential therapeutic tool for gene therapy due to its broad substrate specificity and better catalytic efficiency towards nucleosides and nucleoside analogs. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of DmdNKΔC20 for sensitizing human cancer cell lines to gemcitabine and to further investigate its role in reversal of acquired drug resistance in gemcitabine-resistant cancer cell line. The DmdNKΔC20 gene was delivered to three different cancer cell lines, including breast, colon and liver cancer cells, using lipid-mediated transfection reagent. After transfection, gene expression of DmdNKΔC20 was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and the combined effect of DmdNKΔC20 and gemcitabine based cytotoxicity was observed by cell viability assay. We further evolved a gemcitabine-resistant breast cancer cell line (named MCF7-R) through directed evolution in the laboratory, which showed 375-fold more resistance compared with parental MCF7 cells. Upon transfection with DmdNKΔC20 gene, MCF7-R cells showed 83-fold higher sensitivity to gemcitabine compared with the control group of MCF7-R cells. Moreover, we observed 79% higher expression of p21 protein in transfected MCF7-R cells, which may indicate induction of apoptosis. Our findings highlight the importance and therapeutic potential of DmdNKΔC20 in combined gene/chemotherapy approach to target a wide range of cancers, particularly gemcitabine-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Fatima
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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13
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Aier I, Varadwaj PK. Understanding the Mechanism of Cell Death in Gemcitabine Resistant Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systems Biology Approach. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:483-490. [PMID: 32655287 PMCID: PMC7327974 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666191025102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is the standard chemotherapeutic drug administered in advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, due to drug resistance in PDAC patients, this treatment has become less effective. Over the years, clinical trials for the quest of finding novel compounds that can be used in combination with gemcitabine have met very little success. OBJECTIVE To predict the driving factors behind pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and to understand the effect of these components in the progression of the disease and their contribution to cell growth and proliferation. METHODS With the help of systems biology approaches and using gene expression data, which is generally found in abundance, dysregulated elements in key signalling pathways were predicted. Prominent dysregulated elements were integrated into a model to simulate and study the effect of gemcitabine-induced hypoxia. RESULTS In this study, several transcription factors in the form of key drivers of cancer-related genes were predicted with the help of CARNIVAL, and the effect of gemcitabine-induced hypoxia on the apoptosis pathway was shown to have an effect on the downstream elements of two primary pathway models; EGF/VEGF and TNF signalling pathway. CONCLUSION It was observed that EGF/VEGF signalling pathway played a major role in inducing drug resistance through cell growth, proliferation, and avoiding cell death. Targeting the major upstream components of this pathway could potentially lead to successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imlimaong Aier
- Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, 20015, India
| | - Pritish K. Varadwaj
- Department of Bioinformatics and Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, 20015, India
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14
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Roshanravan N, Asgharian P, Dariushnejad H, Mesri Alamdari N, Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Alipour S, Barati M, Ghavami A, Ghorbanzadeh V, Aamazadeh F, Ostadrahimi A. Eryngium Billardieri Induces Apoptosis via Bax Gene Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:667-674. [PMID: 30607339 PMCID: PMC6311640 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a high prevalence all over the world. Most of the therapeutic approaches failed as a result of tumor invasion and rapid metastasis. Several natural plants have been shown to have promising therapeutic effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic activity of Eryngium billardieri against PANC-1 cancer cell lines. Methods: Dimethylthiazole diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay) and flow cytometry were used to assess the cytotoxicity of E. billardieri extracts against PANC-1 cancer cell lines. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was conducted to investigate the expression levels of Bcl2- associated X protein (BAX) and cyclin D1. Results: The results of the MTT assay showed that E. billardieri extracts had cytotoxic effects on PANC- 1 cancer cell lines. Moreover, the findings from the gene expression confirmed the over expression of Bax, and under expression of cyclin D1 following treatment with dichloromethane (DCM) and n-hexane (n- hex) extracts in cancer cells (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the flow cytometry results showed that DCM and n- hex extracts of E. billardieri induced apoptosis in PANC- 1 cancer cell lines. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that DCM and n- hex extracts of E. billardieri significantly induce apoptosis by increasing Bax and decreasing cyclin D1 mRNA expression. Therefore, E. billardieri may be regarded as a novel approach for treatment of pancreatic cancer as a result of its promising apoptotic and cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dariushnejad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Naimeh Mesri Alamdari
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Connective Tissue Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,Iran
| | - Meisam Barati
- Students Research Committee, Cellular and Molecular Nutrition Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vajihe Ghorbanzadeh
- Razi Herbal Medicine Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aamazadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Jakubison BL, Schweickert PG, Moser SE, Yang Y, Gao H, Scully K, Itkin-Ansari P, Liu Y, Konieczny SF. Induced PTF1a expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells activates acinar gene networks, reduces tumorigenic properties, and sensitizes cells to gemcitabine treatment. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1104-1124. [PMID: 29719936 PMCID: PMC6026875 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize, package, and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum to aid in nutrient absorption and meet metabolic demands. When exposed to cellular stresses and insults, acinar cells undergo a dedifferentiation process termed acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM lesions with oncogenic mutations eventually give rise to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In healthy pancreata, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors MIST1 and PTF1a coordinate an acinar-specific transcription network that maintains the highly developed differentiation status of the cells, protecting the pancreas from undergoing a transformative process. However, when MIST1 and PTF1a gene expression is silenced, cells are more prone to progress to PDAC. In this study, we tested whether induced MIST1 or PTF1a expression in PDAC cells could (i) re-establish the transcriptional program of differentiated acinar cells and (ii) simultaneously reduce tumor cell properties. As predicted, PTF1a induced gene expression of digestive enzymes and acinar-specific transcription factors, while MIST1 induced gene expression of vesicle trafficking molecules as well as activation of unfolded protein response components, all of which are essential to handle the high protein production load that is characteristic of acinar cells. Importantly, induction of PTF1a in PDAC also influenced cancer-associated properties, leading to a decrease in cell proliferation, cancer stem cell numbers, and repression of key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters resulting in heightened sensitivity to gemcitabine. Thus, activation of pancreatic bHLH transcription factors rescues the acinar gene program and decreases tumorigenic properties in pancreatic cancer cells, offering unique opportunities to develop novel therapeutic intervention strategies for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad L Jakubison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick G Schweickert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah E Moser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Laboratory for Computational Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathleen Scully
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Laboratory for Computational Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Zhong R, Liang B, Xin R, Zhu X, Liu Z, Chen Q, Hou Y, Jin Z, Qi M, Ma S, Liu X. Deoxycytidine kinase participates in the regulation of radiation-induced autophagy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1000-1010. [PMID: 29393406 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a rate limiting enzyme critical for the phosphorylation of endogenous deoxynucleosides and for the anti‑tumor activity of many nucleoside analogs. dCK is activated in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and it is required for the G2/M checkpoint induced by IR. However, whether dCK plays a role in radiation-induced autophagy and apoptosis is less clear. In this study, we reported that dCK decreased IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis, and increased IR-induced autophagy in SKBR3 and MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell lines. A molecular switch exists between apoptosis and autophagy. We further demonstrated that serine 74 phosphorylation was required for the regulation of autophagy. In dCK wild‑type (WT) or dCK S74E (mutant) MDA‑MB‑231 cell models, the expression levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phospho-P70S6K significantly decreased following exposure to IR. Moreover, the ratio of Bcl‑2/Beclin1 (BECN1) significantly decreased in the S74E mutant cells; however, no change was observed in the ratio of Bcl‑2/BAX. Taken together, our findings indicate that phosphorylated and activated dCK inhibits IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis, and promotes IR-induced autophagy through the mTOR pathway and by inhibiting the binding of Bcl‑2 protein to BECN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhong
- Cancer Translational Medicine Laboratory, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xuanji Zhu
- Medical Records Room, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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17
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Amrutkar M, Gladhaug IP. Pancreatic Cancer Chemoresistance to Gemcitabine. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E157. [PMID: 29144412 PMCID: PMC5704175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), commonly referred to as pancreatic cancer, ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the Western world due to disease presentation at an advanced stage, early metastasis and generally a very limited response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Gemcitabine remains a cornerstone of PDAC treatment in all stages of the disease despite suboptimal clinical effects primarily caused by molecular mechanisms limiting its cellular uptake and activation and overall efficacy, as well as the development of chemoresistance within weeks of treatment initiation. To circumvent gemcitabine resistance in PDAC, several novel therapeutic approaches, including chemical modifications of the gemcitabine molecule generating numerous new prodrugs, as well as new entrapment designs of gemcitabine in colloidal systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes, are currently being investigated. Many of these approaches are reported to be more efficient than the parent gemcitabine molecule when tested in cellular systems and in vivo in murine tumor model systems; however, although promising, their translation to clinical use is still in a very early phase. This review discusses gemcitabine metabolism, activation and chemoresistance entities in the gemcitabine cytotoxicity pathway and provides an overview of approaches to override chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1057 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Rodriguez-Ruiz V, Maksimenko A, Salzano G, Lampropoulou M, Lazarou YG, Agostoni V, Couvreur P, Gref R, Yannakopoulou K. Positively charged cyclodextrins as effective molecular transporters of active phosphorylated forms of gemcitabine into cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8353. [PMID: 28827534 PMCID: PMC5566897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Positively charged cyclodextrins (PCCDs) are molecular carriers of particular interest for their ability to readily enter into cancer cells. Of main interest, guanidino- and aminoalkyl- PCCDs can be conveniently synthesized and form stable and strong inclusion complexes with various active molecules bearing phosphate groups. We have addressed here the challenge to deliver into cancer cells phosphorylated gemcitabine drugs well known for their instability and inability to permeate cell membranes. NMR data corroborated by semiempirical theoretical calculations have shown that aminoalkyl-CDs form sufficiently stable complexes with both mono- and tri-phosphate forms of gemcitabine by simple mixing of the compounds in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Confocal microscopy and radioactivity counting experiments revealed that the developed systems enabled phosphorylated gemcitabine to penetrate efficiently into aggressive human breast cancer cells (MCF7), eventually leading to a substantial reduction of IC50 values. Moreover, compared to free drugs, phosphorylated metabolites of gemcitabine encapsulated in PCCDs displayed improved in vitro activities also on the aggressive human cancer cells CCRF-CEM Ara-C/8 C, a nucleoside transport-deficient T leukemia cell line. The current study offers the proof-of-principle that phosphorylated nucleoside drugs could be efficiently transported by PCCDs into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Université de Cergy Pontoise, ERRMECe, Biomaterials for Health group, I MAT, F-95302, Cergy, Pontoise, France
| | - Andrey Maksimenko
- Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,UMR CNRS 8200, Gustave Roussy, DNA repair group, F-94051, Villejuif, France
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (UMR CNRS 8214), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Lampropoulou
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Ag. Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis G Lazarou
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Ag. Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Agostoni
- Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France. .,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (UMR CNRS 8214), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Ag. Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Abu-Fayyad A, Nazzal S. Synthesis, physiochemical characterization, and in vitro antitumor activity of the amide and pH cleavable hydrazone conjugates of γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E with methoxy-poly(ethylene) glycol. Int J Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28627454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of water soluble methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivatives of tocotrienol (T3) isomers of vitamin E was previously found to be reduced when compared to the parent free isomers. This could be due to the ester bond formation between the mPEG and the 6-OH group on the chroman moiety of the T3 isomer. To further investigate, the objectives of the current study were to (1) synthesize and characterize stable amide and cleavable hydrazone conjugates between mPEG and carbon-5 on the chroman moiety of T3, and (2) examine the cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized mPEG conjugates against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic (BxPC-3 and PANC-1) cancer cells. Conjugates were synthesized by direct conjugation of succinyl chloride derivatives of mPEG to the α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E, and were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. The micelles of the amide and hydrazone self-assembled conjugates were characterized for size, zeta, CMC, and stability at different pH media. The hydrolysis of the hydrazone conjugate was pH dependent with highest release at acidic (pH 5.5) conditions, whereas the amide conjugate was stable in all tested media. The amide conjugate nonetheless showed greater cytotoxicity than the hydrazone conjugate, which suggested that maintaining solubility and the presence of free 6-OH group are important for γ-T3 to exert anticancer activity in vitro. The results from the current study demonstrated the importance of considering the nature of the chemical bond between T3 and mPEG when designing functional ingredients for use in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Fayyad
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Sami Nazzal
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Abu-Fayyad A, Nazzal S. Gemcitabine-vitamin E conjugates: Synthesis, characterization, entrapment into nanoemulsions, and in-vitro deamination and antitumor activity. Int J Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28627455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is the first line therapy for pancreatic cancer. It is, however, extensively metabolized to the inactive form by deamination enzymatic reaction. Conjugation of gemcitabine with fatty acids on its 4-amino group was found to protect it from deamination deactivation reaction. The objective of the present study was to test the in-vitro anticancer activity of gemcitabine conjugated to the γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E against pancreatic tumor cells. This objective was based on reported studies in which it was demonstrated that free tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E can potentiate the anticancer activity of gemcitabine. To accomplish this objective, a full synthesis scheme for gemcitabine conjugation to fatty acids (stearic and linoleic) and the tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E (α-T and γ-T3) was presented. The conjugates were characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry analysis and tested for their susceptibility to deamination. Also discussed is the impact of entrapping the conjugates into nanoemulsions on the physiochemical properties of the delivery system and the in vitro anticancer activity of gemcitabine against Bx-PC-3 and PNAC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. In-vitro enzymatic deamination study showed that the γ-T3 conjugate of gemcitabine was least affected by deamination deactivation reaction when compared with the free and conjugated gemcitabine in solution. Furthermore, in-vitro cytotoxicity study demonstrated that entrapment of gemcitabine-lipid conjugates into nanoemulsions significantly enhanced their anticancer activity when compared to the free drug. It was concluded that conjugation to the γ-T3 isomer is a viable option for gemcitabine delivery and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Fayyad
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Sami Nazzal
- College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen S, Wang X, Ye X, Ma D, Chen C, Cai J, Fu Y, Cheng X, Chen Y, Gong X, Jin J. Identification of Human UMP/CMP Kinase 1 as Doxorubicin Binding Target Using Protein Microarray. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217707704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a leading anthracycline drug with exceptional efficacy; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its side effects, which include heart muscle damage, noncancerous cell death, and drug resistance. A total of 17,950 human proteins expressed in HEK293 cells were screened and yielded 14 hits. Competitive and binding experiments further verified the binding of DOX to UMP/CMP kinase 1 (CMPK1), and microscale thermophoresis showed that DOX binds to CMPK1 with a Kd of 1216 nM. In addition, we observed that the binding of DOX to CMPK1 activated the phosphorylation of CMP, dCMP, and UMP. A significant activation was observed at the concentration of 30 µM DOX and reached plateau at the concentration of DOX 30 µM, 150 µM, and 100 µM, respectively. DOX would add up stimulation of CMPK1 by DTT and overcome inhibition of CMPK1 by NaF, EDTA. In summary, we showed that DOX might bind to the nonactive site of CMPK1 and regulate its activity with magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianghui Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Ma
- OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
- OriGene Technologies Inc. at Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Caiwei Chen
- OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
- OriGene Technologies Inc. at Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Junlong Cai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohai Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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The Role of Deoxycytidine Kinase (dCK) in Radiation-Induced Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111939. [PMID: 27879648 PMCID: PMC5133934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is a key enzyme in deoxyribonucleoside salvage and the anti-tumor activity for many nucleoside analogs. dCK is activated in response to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage and it is phosphorylated on Serine 74 by the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase in order to activate the cell cycle G2/M checkpoint. However, whether dCK plays a role in radiation-induced cell death is less clear. In this study, we genetically modified dCK expression by knocking down or expressing a WT (wild-type), S74A (abrogates phosphorylation) and S74E (mimics phosphorylation) of dCK. We found that dCK could decrease IR-induced total cell death and apoptosis. Moreover, dCK increased IR-induced autophagy and dCK-S74 is required for it. Western blotting showed that the ratio of phospho-Akt/Akt, phospho-mTOR/mTOR, phospho-P70S6K/P70S6K significantly decreased in dCK-WT and dCK-S74E cells than that in dCK-S74A cells following IR treatment. Reciprocal experiment by co-immunoprecipitation showed that mTOR can interact with wild-type dCK. IR increased polyploidy and decreased G2/M arrest in dCK knock-down cells as compared with control cells. Taken together, phosphorylated and activated dCK can inhibit IR-induced cell death including apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe, and promote IR-induced autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Luo J, Hong Y, Tao X, Wei X, Zhang L, Li Q. An indispensable role of CPT-1a to survive cancer cells during energy stress through rewiring cancer metabolism. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6. [PMID: 27739027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are recently identified to rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production called the Warburg effect. Several attempts are being made to target this metabolic reprogramming pathway in treating cancers; however, the successful rate is very limited. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of fatty acid oxidation key enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT-1a), during the metabolic programming of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells induced by glucose deprivation. Knockdown of CPT-1a decreased the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione (GSH) generation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induced sensitivity to glucose deprivation, whereas upregulation of CPT-1a increased the intracellular ATP required for cell survival. Further investigation showed that CPT-1a inhibitor etomoxir (ETO) can restore the sensitivity of PDAC cells to gemcitabine and regress xenograft tumors in vivo. Finally, overexpression of CPT-1a expression is associated with chemoresistance in tumor specimens. Our data suggest that CPT-1a plays a key role in reprogramming cancer metabolism to escape from energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Luo
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xi Wei
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lun Zhang
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Bhutiani N, Agle S, Li Y, Li S, Martin RCG. Irreversible electroporation enhances delivery of gemcitabine to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114:181-6. [PMID: 27393627 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irreversible electroporation (IRE) utilizes short, high-voltage pulses to irreversibly permeabilize the cell membrane, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In addition to the irreversible zone, IRE creates a reversible zone that could be utilized for enhanced drug delivery. The hypothesis of this study is that a zone of reversible electroporation exists and allows for increased chemotherapy delivery. METHODS Ten immunocompromised mice with orthotopic human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumors (Panc1) were treated with either IRE between two doses of gemcitabine (15 mg/kg) (ECT) (N = 5) or gemcitabine alone (N = 5). Gemcitabine levels in the serum, liver, and pancreas were analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). RESULTS Concentration of gemcitabine within reversibly electroporated pancreatic tissue was higher in mice receiving ECT compared to those receiving gemcitabine alone (13,567 ng/ml vs.4,126 ng/ml; P = 0.0009). Pancreatic gemcitabine levels were 5.52 and 5.96 times higher than liver and serum levels, respectively, in the ECT group compared to 2.85 and 2.53 times higher (P = 0.117, P = 0.058), respectively, in mice receiving gemcitabine alone. CONCLUSION IRE can potentially reduce local recurrence by allowing increased drug delivery to the tissue in the reversible electroporation zone. This holds significant potential in augmenting efficacy of gemcitabine in treatment of locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:181-186. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Bhutiani
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Steven Agle
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suping Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains as a chemoresistant disease with the poorest prognosis. Gemcitabine has been the standard treatment during the last decade. Erlotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine produces a small increase in survival. However, these results remain insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular interplay in vitro between them regarding their effects over cytotoxicity, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. METHODS Using the human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1 and BxPC-3 in vitro, the effects of gemcitabine and erlotinib therapy on growth, proliferation, and invasion were tested by cytotoxicity, cell cycle, and Annexin V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, protein expression, and Chip assays. RESULTS Therapy decreased cell proliferation causing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest with induction of apoptosis in the Panc-1 cell line. This blockade was associated with increased p27 expression. Besides, treatments enhanced the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and the binding of NF-κB to the promoters of genes related to the proliferation and the evasion of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, although gemcitabine and erlotinib exert antiproliferative effects over pancreatic cancer cell lines, the gemcitabine-induced activation of NF-κB expression and its DNA-binding activities are important drawbacks of this treatment against pancreatic cancer.
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Brajša K, Vujasinović I, Jelić D, Trzun M, Zlatar I, Karminski-Zamola G, Hranjec M. Antitumor activity of amidino-substituted benzimidazole and benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives tested in 2D and 3D cell culture systems. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1139-45. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Grace Karminski-Zamola
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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27
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Kim DJ, Park YS, Kang MG, You YM, Jung Y, Koo H, Kim JA, Kim MJ, Hong SM, Lee KB, Jang JJ, Park KC, Yeom YI. Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 is a therapeutic target of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:119-29. [PMID: 26112218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite its wide use as a first-line therapeutic agent, gemcitabine has shown limited efficacy in advanced pancreatic cancer due to chemoresistance by as yet unidentified mechanisms. Our goal here was to identify molecular features involved in gemcitabine chemoresistance. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme of aerobic glycolysis, has recently emerged as an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment. It is involved in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and has previously unexpected non-metabolic functions that are heavily involved in tumor growth and survival. Herein, we report that the chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine was dependent on PKM2 expression and its non-metabolic function. Knocking-down of PKM2 significantly enhanced gemcitabine-induced cell apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3/7 and PARP cleavage, and this inhibitory activity was associated with p38-mediated activation of p53 phosphorylation at serine 46. Our findings support the potential of PKM2 as a novel target for gemcitabine chemoresistance and suggest the feasibility of combining gemcitabine and PKM2 inhibition for the improved chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joon Kim
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea
| | - Min Gu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, WA, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yeon-Mi You
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea
| | - Yuri Jung
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Han Koo
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; Department of Medical-BioScience, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Epigenomics Research Center, Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Kyong Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea.
| | - Young Il Yeom
- Genome Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea.
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AduPARE1A and gemcitabine combined treatment trigger synergistic antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer through NF-κB mediated uPAR activation. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:146. [PMID: 26227809 PMCID: PMC4521493 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined treatment of oncolytic adenoviruses with chemotherapeutic agents is foreseen as a therapeutic option for cancer. Here we have investigated the potential to use gemcitabine in combination with the oncolytic adenovirus AduPARE1A to treat pancreatic cancer and evaluate the underlying mechanism. METHODS We treated pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PANC-1 with AduPARE1A and gemcitabine individually or in combination and analyzed cell viability, combination index, apoptosis and viral production. We also investigated the effects of the combination on tumor growth and mice survival in two xenograft models. Furthermore, we analyzed uPAR promoter activity from different uPAR-controlled adenovirus and studied NF-κB mediated effects. RESULTS Synergistic cell killing from the combination AduPARE1A/Gemcitabine was observed in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells. Moreover, the combination treatment produced therapeutic benefits over either individual modality in two mouse models bearing orthotopic tumors, showing reduced tumor progression and significant prolonged mouse survival. Mechanistic studies showed that the synergistic cell death was not due to an increase in viral replication but occurred through an enhancement of apoptotic cell death. Gemcitabine stimulation increased the transcription of uPAR-controlled transgenes through the induction of NF-κB acting on the uPAR promoter. Interestingly, NF-κB gemcitabine-mediated induction of AduPAR adenoviruses interfered with the activation of NF-κB regulated genes, probably as a result of an intracellular competition for NF-κB DNA binding. Consequently, AduPARE1A infection sensitized cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in the combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data highlights the potential of the combination as a treatment modality for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Batchu RB, Gruzdyn OV, Qazi AM, Kaur J, Mahmud EM, Weaver DW, Gruber SA. Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by microRNA-26a leading to growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2015; 158:981-6; discussion 986-7. [PMID: 26189069 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA (miR)-26a has been identified as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer cells. Although wild-type p53 controls cell-cycle progression, its mutant form normally present in pancreatic cancer loses this capability. Phosphorylation is known to restore wild-type activity to mutant p53. We, therefore, examined whether miR-26a treatment can restore wild-type functions of mutant p53 via phosphorylation, resulting in inhibition of cell growth. METHODS The human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPc-3 harboring mutant p53 was used for colony formation, cell-cycle, and Western blotting assays. Gene profile analysis was conducted after transfection with pre-miR-26a. RESULTS miR-26a expression significantly decreased cell proliferation by 80% along with marked inhibition of colony formation and cell migration. Cell-cycle inhibition at the G0/G1 interface was observed along with enhanced drug retention and increased chemosensitivity to gemcitabine. Mutant p53 was phosphorylated rapidly at its Ser9 and Ser392 residues, but not at Ser15 or Ser20. Gene profile analysis of pre-miR-26a-transfected cells showed a significant increase in gene transcripts promoting apoptosis and p53 activation, with decreased levels of genes involved in cell-cycle progression. CONCLUSION Delivery of miR-26a may represent a novel strategy for inhibiting pancreatic cancer growth, at least in part by enhancing phosphorylation of mutant p53 to restore its wild-type functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Batchu
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI; Virocan Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd, Guntur, India.
| | - Oksana V Gruzdyn
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Aamer M Qazi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Scott A Gruber
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
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Slot Christiansen L, Egeblad L, Munch-Petersen B, Piškur J, Knecht W. New Variants of Tomato Thymidine Kinase 1 Selected for Increased Sensitivity of E. coli KY895 towards Azidothymidine. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:966-80. [PMID: 26061968 PMCID: PMC4491694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NA) are prodrugs that are phosphorylated by deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) as the first step towards a compound toxic to the cell. During the last 20 years, research around dNKs has gone into new organisms other than mammals and viruses. Newly discovered dNKs have been tested as enzymes for suicide gene therapy. The tomato thymidine kinase 1 (ToTK1) is a dNK that has been selected for its in vitro kinetic properties and then successfully been tested in vivo for the treatment of malignant glioma. We present the selection of two improved variants of ToTK1 generated by random protein engineering for suicide gene therapy with the NA azidothymidine (AZT).We describe their selection, recombinant production and a subsequent kinetic and biochemical characterization. Their improved performance in killing of E. coli KY895 is accompanied by an increase in specificity for the NA AZT over the natural substrate thymidine as well as a decrease in inhibition by dTTP, the end product of the nucleoside salvage pathway for thymidine. The understanding of the enzymatic properties improving the variants efficacy is instrumental to further develop dNKs for use in suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Slot Christiansen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
- Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Louise Egeblad
- Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Birgitte Munch-Petersen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; E-Mail:
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
- Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; E-Mail:
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Slot Christiansen L, Munch-Petersen B, Knecht W. Non-Viral Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases--Diversity and Practical Use. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:235-48. [PMID: 26059771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides to their corresponding monophosphate compounds. dNks also phosphorylate deoxyribonucleoside analogues that are used in the treatment of cancer or viral infections. The study of the mammalian dNKs has therefore always been of great medical interest. However, during the last 20 years, research on dNKs has gone into non-mammalian organisms. In this review, we focus on non-viral dNKs, in particular their diversity and their practical applications. The diversity of this enzyme family in different organisms has proven to be valuable in studying the evolution of enzymes. Some of these newly discovered enzymes have been useful in numerous practical applications in medicine and biotechnology, and have contributed to our understanding of the structural basis of nucleoside and nucleoside analogue activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgitte Munch-Petersen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden; Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden.
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Daylami R, Muilenburg DJ, Virudachalam S, Bold RJ. Pegylated arginine deiminase synergistically increases the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:102. [PMID: 25499121 PMCID: PMC4279680 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has proven to be one of the most chemo-resistant among all solid organ malignancies. Several mechanisms of resistance have been described, though few reports of strategies to overcome this chemo-resistance have been successful in restoring sensitivity to the primary chemotherapy (gemcitabine) and enter the clinical treatment arena. Methods We examined the ability of cellular arginine depletion through treatment with PEG-ADI to alter in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of gemcitabine. The effect on levels of key regulators of gemcitabine efficacy (e.g. RRM2, hENT1, and dCK) were examined. Results Combination of PEG-ADI and gemcitabine substantially increases growth arrest, leading to increased tumor response in vivo. PEG-ADI is a strong inhibitor of the gemcitabine-induced overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) levels both in vivo and in vitro, which is associated with gemcitabine resistance. This mechanism is through the abrogation of the gemcitabine-mediated inhibitory effect on E2F-1 function, a transcriptional repressor of RRM2. Conclusion The ability to alter gemcitabine resistance in a targeted manner by inducing metabolic stress holds great promise in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Daylami
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Diego J Muilenburg
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | | | - Richard J Bold
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Suite 3010, University of California, Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Gemcitabine-based therapy for pancreatic cancer using the squalenoyl nucleoside monophosphate nanoassemblies. Int J Pharm 2014; 482:38-46. [PMID: 25448549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is currently the most effective agent against advanced pancreatic cancer. However, the major therapeutic hurdles using gemcitabine include rapid inactivation by blood deaminases and fast development of cell chemoresistance, induced by down-regulation of deoxycytidine kinase or nucleoside transporters. To overcome the above drawbacks we designed recently a novel nanomedicine strategy based on squalenoyl prodrug of 5'-monophosphate gemcitabine (SQdFdC-MP). This amphiphilic conjugate self-organized in water into unilamellar vesicles with a mean diameter of 100 nm. In this study the antitumor efficacy of SQdFdC-MP nanoassemblies (NAs) on chemoresistant and chemosensitive pancreatic adenocarcinoma models have been investigated. Cell viability assays showed that SQdFdC-MP NAs displayed higher antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects, particularly in chemoresistant pancreatic tumor cells. In in vivo studies, SQdFdC-MP NAs decreased significantly the growth (∼70%) of human MiaPaCa2 xenografts, also preventing tumor cell invasion, whereas native dFdC did not display any anticancer activity when tumor growth inhibition was only 35% with SQdFdC NAs. These results correlated with a reduction of Ki-67 antigen and the induction of apoptosis mediated by caspase-3 activation in tumor cells. These findings demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing SQdFdC-MP NAs to make tumor cells more sensitive to gemcitabine and thus providing an efficient new therapeutic alternative for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Lai IL, Chou CC, Lai PT, Fang CS, Shirley LA, Yan R, Mo X, Bloomston M, Kulp SK, Bekaii-Saab T, Chen CS. Targeting the Warburg effect with a novel glucose transporter inhibitor to overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2203-13. [PMID: 24879635 PMCID: PMC4178465 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine resistance remains a significant clinical challenge. Here, we used a novel glucose transporter (Glut) inhibitor, CG-5, as a proof-of-concept compound to investigate the therapeutic utility of targeting the Warburg effect to overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. The effects of gemcitabine and/or CG-5 on viability, survival, glucose uptake and DNA damage were evaluated in gemcitabine-sensitive and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies were conducted to determine the molecular basis of gemcitabine resistance and the mechanism of CG-5-induced sensitization to gemcitabine. The effects of CG-5 on gemcitabine sensitivity were investigated in a xenograft tumor model of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. In contrast to gemcitabine-sensitive pancreatic cancer cells, the resistant Panc-1 and Panc-1(GemR) cells responded to gemcitabine by increasing the expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 catalytic subunit (RRM2) through E2F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Acting as a pan-Glut inhibitor, CG-5 abrogated this gemcitabine-induced upregulation of RRM2 through decreased E2F1 expression, thereby enhancing gemcitabine-induced DNA damage and inhibition of cell survival. This CG-5-induced inhibition of E2F1 expression was mediated by the induction of a previously unreported E2F1-targeted microRNA, miR-520f. The addition of oral CG-5 to gemcitabine therapy caused greater suppression of Panc-1(GemR) xenograft tumor growth in vivo than either drug alone. Glut inhibition may be an effective strategy to enhance gemcitabine activity for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lu Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Po-Ting Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | - Ribai Yan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Kasloff SB, Pizzuto MS, Silic-Benussi M, Pavone S, Ciminale V, Capua I. Oncolytic activity of avian influenza virus in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Virol 2014; 88:9321-34. [PMID: 24899201 PMCID: PMC4136238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most lethal form of human cancer, with dismal survival rates due to late-stage diagnoses and a lack of efficacious therapies. Building on the observation that avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a tropism for the pancreas in vivo, the present study was aimed at testing the efficacy of IAVs as oncolytic agents for killing human PDA cell lines. Receptor characterization confirmed that human PDA cell lines express the alpha-2,3- and the alpha-2,6-linked glycan receptor for avian and human IAVs, respectively. PDA cell lines were sensitive to infection by human and avian IAV isolates, which is consistent with this finding. Growth kinetic experiments showed preferential virus replication in PDA cells over that in a nontransformed pancreatic ductal cell line. Finally, at early time points posttreatment, infection with IAVs caused higher levels of apoptosis in PDA cells than gemcitabine and cisplatin, which are the cornerstone of current therapies for PDA. In the BxPC-3 PDA cell line, apoptosis resulted from the engagement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, IAVs did not induce apoptosis in nontransformed pancreatic ductal HPDE6 cells. Using a model based on the growth of a PDA cell line as a xenograft in SCID mice, we also show that a slightly pathogenic avian IAV significantly inhibited tumor growth following intratumoral injection. Taken together, these results are the first to suggest that IAVs may hold promise as future agents of oncolytic virotherapy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. IMPORTANCE Despite intensive studies aimed at designing new therapeutic approaches, PDA still retains the most dismal prognosis among human cancers. In the present study, we provide the first evidence indicating that avian IAVs of low pathogenicity display a tropism for human PDA cells, resulting in viral RNA replication and a potent induction of apoptosis in vitro and antitumor effects in vivo. These results suggest that slightly pathogenic IAVs may prove to be effective for oncolytic virotherapy of PDA and provide grounds for further studies to develop specific and targeted viruses, with the aim of testing their efficacy in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kasloff
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micol Silic-Benussi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Jordheim LP, Dumontet C. Do hENT1 and RRM1 predict the clinical benefit of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer? Biomark Med 2014; 7:663-71. [PMID: 23905902 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is indicated in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In order to provide a better use of this drug, the search for immunohistological markers is a hot topic in the field of pancreatic cancer. In particular, the use of nucleoside transporter hENT1 and the intracellular target of gemcitabine RRM1 are current subjects for discussion. We have analyzed the majority of studies of hENT1 and RRM1 on pancreatic cancer, and will discuss the further directions that might be followed in order to integrate these proteins in routine clinical practice. The data that is currently available would benefit from the completion of well-designed randomized trials in order to confirm the clinical value of hENT1 and RRM1 as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients.
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37
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Zhou L, Qi L, Jiang L, Zhou P, Ma J, Xu X, Li P. Antitumor activity of gemcitabine can be potentiated in pancreatic cancer through modulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling by 6-shogaol. AAPS J 2014; 16:246-57. [PMID: 24424498 PMCID: PMC3933586 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic cancer still has a poor prognosis, even with the approval of several drugs, such as gemcitabine. Therefore, developing effective and safe antitumor agents is urgently needed. 6-Shogaol, a phenol extracted from ginger, has been linked to suppression of proliferation and survival of cancer with different mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated whether 6-shogaol could suppress pancreatic cancer progress and potentiate pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine treatment in vitro and in vivo. We found that 6-shogaol prevented the activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling. The modulation of NF-κB signaling by 6-shogaol was ascertained by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blot analysis. The suppression of NF-κB signaling and key cell survival regulators including COX-2, cyclinD1, survivin, cIAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, and MMP-9 brought the anti-proliferation effects in pancreatic cancer cells and sensitized them to gemcitabine treatment. Furthermore, in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model, we found a decreased proliferation index (Ki-67) and increased apoptosis by TUNEL staining in 6-shogaol treated tumors. It was also shown that 6-shogaol combined with gemcitabine treatment was more effective than drug alone, consistent with the downregulation of NF-κB activity along with its target genes COX-2, cyclinD1, survivin, cIAP-1, and XIAP. Overall, our results suggest that 6-shogaol can inhibit the growth of human pancreatic tumors and sensitize them to gemcitabine by suppressing of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Lianwen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Jiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009 China
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38
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Fremder E, Munster M, Aharon A, Miller V, Gingis-Velitski S, Voloshin T, Alishekevitz D, Bril R, Scherer SJ, Loven D, Brenner B, Shaked Y. Tumor-derived microparticles induce bone marrow-derived cell mobilization and tumor homing: a process regulated by osteopontin. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:270-81. [PMID: 24347266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute chemotherapy can induce rapid bone-marrow derived pro-angiogenic cell (BMDC) mobilization and tumor homing, contributing to tumor regrowth. To study the contribution of tumor cells to tumor regrowth following therapy, we focused on tumor-derived microparticles (TMPs). EMT/6 murine-mammary carcinoma cells exposed to paclitaxel chemotherapy exhibited an increased number of TMPs and significantly altered their angiogenic properties. Similarly, breast cancer patients had increased levels of plasma MUC-1(+) TMPs following chemotherapy. In addition, TMPs from cells exposed to paclitaxel induced higher BMDC mobilization and colonization, but had no increased effect on angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs and tumors than TMPs from untreated cells. Since TMPs abundantly express osteopontin, a protein known to participate in BMDC trafficking, the impact of osteopontin-depleted TMPs on BMDC mobilization, colonization, and tumor angiogenesis was examined. Although EMT/6 tumors grown in mice inoculated with osteopontin-depleted TMPs had lower numbers of BMDC infiltration and microvessel density when compared with EMT/6 tumors grown in mice inoculated with wild-type TMPs, no significant difference in tumor growth was seen between the two groups. However, when BMDCs from paclitaxel-treated mice were injected into wild-type EMT/6-bearing mice, a substantial increase in tumor growth and BMDC infiltration was detected compared to osteopontin-depleted EMT/6-bearing mice injected with BMDCs from paclitaxel-treated mice. Collectively, our results suggest that osteopontin expressed by TMPs play an important role in BMDC mobilization and colonization of tumors, but is not sufficient to enhance the angiogenic activity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Fremder
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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39
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Torres MP, Rachagani S, Souchek JJ, Mallya K, Johansson SL, Batra SK. Novel pancreatic cancer cell lines derived from genetically engineered mouse models of spontaneous pancreatic adenocarcinoma: applications in diagnosis and therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80580. [PMID: 24278292 PMCID: PMC3835415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal human malignancies with poor prognosis. Despite all advances in preclinical research, there have not been significant translation of novel therapies into the clinics. The development of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models that produce spontaneous pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Although these PDAC mouse models are ideal for studying potential therapies and specific genetic mutations, there is a need for developing syngeneic cell lines from these models. In this study, we describe the successful establishment and characterization of three cell lines derived from two (PDAC) mouse models. The cell line UN-KC-6141 was derived from a pancreatic tumor of a KrasG12D;Pdx1-Cre (KC) mouse at 50 weeks of age, whereas UN-KPC-960 and UN-KPC-961 cell lines were derived from pancreatic tumors of KrasG12D;Trp53R172H;Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice at 17 weeks of age. The cancer mutations of these parent mice carried over to the daughter cell lines (i.e. KrasG12D mutation was observed in all three cell lines while Trp53 mutation was observed only in KPC cell lines). The cell lines showed typical cobblestone epithelial morphology in culture, and unlike the previously established mouse PDAC cell line Panc02, expressed the ductal marker CK19. Furthermore, these cell lines expressed the epithelial-mesenchymal markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin, and also, Muc1 and Muc4 mucins. In addition, these cell lines were resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug Gemcitabine. Their implantation in vivo produced subcutaneous as well as tumors in the pancreas (orthotopic). The genetic mutations in these cell lines mimic the genetic compendium of human PDAC, which make them valuable models with a high potential of translational relevance for examining diagnostic markers and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joshua J. Souchek
- Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sonny L. Johansson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Methods of biological network inference for reverse engineering cancer chemoresistance mechanisms. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:151-63. [PMID: 24211413 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We review recent Bayesian network inference methodologies we developed to infer genetic and metabolic pathways associated to oncological drug chemoresistance. Bayesian inference is supported by a rigorous and widely accepted mathematical formalization of predictive analytics. It is an inherently integrative approach allowing the incorporation of prior knowledge and constraints. Moreover, it is recommended to treat noisy data, and large amount of data whose dynamics laws are mostly unknown. We focus on variational Bayesian methods for the inference of stochastic reaction processes and we present a compendium of the recent results of inference of gene and metabolic networks presiding at the development of pancreas cancer resistance to gemcitabine.
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41
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Oncosuppressive suicide gene virotherapy "PVH1-yCD/5-FC" for pancreatic peritoneal carcinomatosis treatment: NFκB and Akt/PI3K involvement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70594. [PMID: 23967078 PMCID: PMC3743896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis is common in advanced pancreatic cancer. Despite current standard treatment, patients with this disease until recently were considered incurable. Cancer gene therapy using oncolytic viruses have generated much interest over the past few years. Here, we investigated a new gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) approach for an oncosuppressive virotherapy strategy using parvovirus H1 (PV-H1) which preferentially replicates and kills malignant cells. Although, PV-H1 is not potent enough to destroy tumors, it represents an attractive vector for cancer gene therapy. We therefore sought to determine whether the suicide gene/prodrug system, yCD/5-FC could be rationally combined to PV-H1 augmenting its intrinsic oncolytic activity for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment. We showed that the engineered recombinant parvovirus rPVH1-yCD with 5-FC treatment increased significantly the intrinsic cytotoxic effect and resulted in potent induction of apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition in chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells. Additionally, the suicide gene-expressing PV-H1 infection reduced significantly the constitutive activities of NFκB and Akt/PI3K. Combination of their pharmacological inhibitors (MG132 and LY294002) with rPVH1-yCD/5-FC resulted in substantial increase of antitumor activity. In vivo, high and sustained expression of NS1 and yCD was observed in the disseminated tumor nodules and absent in normal tissues. Treatment of mice bearing intraperitoneal pancreatic carcinomatosis with rPVH1-yCD/5-FC resulted in a drastic inhibition of tumor cell spreading and subsequent increase in long-term survival. Together, the presented data show the improved oncolytic activity of wPV-H1 by yCD/5-FC and thus provides valuable effective and promising virotherapy strategy for prevention of tumor recurrence and treatment. In the light of this study, the suicide gene parvovirotherapy approach represents a new weapon in the war against pancreatic cancer. Moreover, these preliminary accomplishments are opening new field for future development of new combined targeted therapies to have a meaningful impact on advanced cancer.
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42
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Li D, Liu Z, Zhao W, Zheng X, Wang J, Wang E. A small-molecule induces apoptosis and suppresses metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:658-67. [PMID: 23313624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumor diseases with the characters of aggressive growth and metastasis. With the inefficiency of the current therapeutics, new potential targets and new therapeutic agents for healing of pancreatic cancer are critically needed. We have previously found a small molecule, named 4-tert-butyl-2-[(cyclohexylamino) methyl]-6-methylphenol (TBMMP, NSC number: 48160), which can freeze the intermediate of Ras-GTP hydrolysis in the open non-signaling conformation with high affinity and high specificity in silico. In this work, we studied the effect and mechanism of TBMMP on two pancreatic cancer cell lines, CFPAC-1 and BxPC-3. The results showed that TBMMP could restrain the growth of the pancreatic cancer cells with IC(50) value 84.3 μM for CPFAC-1 and 94.5 μM for BxPC-3, respectively. Additionally, TBMMP increased cytochrome c release, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, activated caspase-3, -9, elevated ROS and increased expression of the Bax in the pancreatic cancer cell lines. The results indicated that TBMMP induced the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Further, we also found that TBMMP could suppress the metastasis of both pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Taken together, we proposed that TBMMP might be a therapeutic potential lead for treating patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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43
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Lecca P. An integrative network inference approach to predict mechanisms of cancer chemoresistance. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:458-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Graham LA, Suryadi J, West TK, Kucera GL, Bierbach U. Synthesis, aqueous reactivity, and biological evaluation of carboxylic acid ester-functionalized platinum-acridine hybrid anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7817-27. [PMID: 22871158 DOI: 10.1021/jm300879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of platinum-acridine hybrid agents containing carboxylic acid ester groups is described. The most active derivatives and the unmodified parent compounds showed up to 6-fold higher activity in ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) and breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) cell lines than cisplatin. Inhibition of cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations was observed in pancreatic (PANC-1) and nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC, NCI-H460) of 80- and 150-fold, respectively. Introduction of the ester groups did not affect the cytotoxic properties of the hybrids, which form the same monofunctional-intercalative DNA adducts as the parent compounds, as demonstrated in a plasmid unwinding assay. In-line high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESMS) shows that the ester moieties undergo platinum-mediated hydrolysis in a chloride concentration-dependent manner to form carboxylate chelates. Potential applications of the chloride-sensitive ester hydrolysis as a self-immolative release mechanism for tumor-selective delivery of platinum-acridines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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45
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Ardiani A, Johnson AJ, Ruan H, Sanchez-Bonilla M, Serve K, Black ME. Enzymes to die for: exploiting nucleotide metabolizing enzymes for cancer gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2012; 12:77-91. [PMID: 22384805 DOI: 10.2174/156652312800099571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy is an attractive strategy to selectively destroy cancer cells while minimizing unnecessary toxicity to normal cells. Since this idea was first introduced more than two decades ago, numerous studies have been conducted and significant developments have been made to further its application for mainstream cancer therapy. Major limitations of the suicide gene therapy strategy that have hindered its clinical application include inefficient directed delivery to cancer cells and the poor prodrug activation capacity of suicide enzymes. This review is focused on efforts that have been and are currently being pursued to improve the activity of individual suicide enzymes towards their respective prodrugs with particular attention to the application of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes in suicide cancer gene therapy. A number of protein engineering strategies have been employed and our discussion here will center on the use of mutagenesis approaches to create and evaluate nucleotide metabolizing enzymes with enhanced prodrug activation capacity and increased thermostability. Several of these studies have yielded clinically important enzyme variants that are relevant for cancer gene therapy applications because their utilization can serve to maximize cancer cell killing while minimizing the prodrug dose, thereby limiting undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-7520, USA
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46
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Hung SW, Mody HR, Govindarajan R. Overcoming nucleoside analog chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer: a therapeutic challenge. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:138-49. [PMID: 22425961 PMCID: PMC3569094 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical refractoriness to nucleoside analogs (e.g., gemcitabine, capecitabine) is a major scientific problem and is one of the main reasons underlying the extremely poor prognostic state of pancreatic cancer. The drugs' effects are suboptimal partly due to cellular mechanisms limiting their transport, activation, and overall efficacy. Nonetheless, novel therapeutic approaches are presently under study to circumvent nucleoside analog resistance in pancreatic cancer. With these new approaches come additional challenges to be addressed. This review describes the determinants of chemoresistance in the gemcitabine cytotoxicity pathways, provides an overview of investigational approaches for overcoming chemoresistance, and discusses new challenges presented. Understanding the future directions of the field may assist in the successful development of novel treatment strategies for enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Wai Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hardik R. Mody
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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47
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Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Holzmüller H, Url A, Jandl G, Berger A, Salmons B, Günzburg WH, Renner M. Evaluation of a gene-directed enzyme-product therapy (GDEPT) in human pancreatic tumor cells and their use as in vivo models for pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40611. [PMID: 22815775 PMCID: PMC3398047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) is a two-step treatment protocol for solid tumors that involves the transfer of a gene encoding a prodrug-activating enzyme followed by administration of the inactive prodrug that is subsequently activated by the enzyme to its tumor toxic form. However, the establishment of such novel treatment regimes to combat pancreatic cancer requires defined and robust animal model systems. Methods Here, we comprehensively compared six human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PaCa-44, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, Hs-766T, Capan-2, and BxPc-3) in subcutaneous and orthotopical mouse models as well as in their susceptibility to different GDEPTs. Results Tumor uptake was 83% to 100% in the subcutaneous model and 60% to 100% in the orthotopical mouse model, except for Hs-766T cells, which did not grow orthotopically. Pathohistological analyses of the orthotopical models revealed an infiltrative growth of almost all tumors into the pancreas; however, the different cell lines gave rise to tumors with different morphological characteristics. All of the resultant tumors were positive for MUC-1 staining indicating their origin from glandular or ductal epithelium, but revealed scattered pan-cytokeratin staining. Transfer of the cytochrome P450 and cytosine deaminase suicide gene, respectively, into the pancreatic cancer cell lines using retroviral vector technology revealed high level infectibility of these cell lines and allowed the analysis of the sensitivity of these cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs ifosfamide and 5-fluorocytosine, respectively. Conclusion These data qualify the cell lines as part of valuable in vitro and in vivo models for the use in defined preclinical studies for pancreas tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Hlavaty
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Petznek
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harry Holzmüller
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Url
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerrit Jandl
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - André Berger
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Brian Salmons
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter H. Günzburg
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Renner
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Sorin V, Ohana P, Gallula J, Birman T, Matouk I, Hubert A, Gilon M, Hochberg A, Czerniak A. H19-promoter-targeted therapy combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:351750. [PMID: 22701803 PMCID: PMC3371723 DOI: 10.5402/2012/351750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the eighth cancer leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and has a 5-year survival rate of 1–4% only. Gemcitabine is a first line agent for advanced pancreatic therapy; however, its efficacy is limited by its poor intracellular metabolism and chemoresistance. Studies have been conducted in an effort to improve gemcitabine treatment results by adding other chemotherapeutic agents, but none of them showed any significant advantage over gemcitabine monotherapy. We found that 85% of human pancreatic tumors analyzed by in situ hybridization analyses showed moderated to strong expression of the H19 gene. We designed a preclinical study combining gemcitabine treatment and a DNA-based therapy for pancreatic cancer using a non viral vector BC-819 (also known as DTA-H19), expressing the diphtheria toxin A chain under the control of the H19 gene regulatory sequences. The experiments conducted either in an orthotopic and heterotopic pancreatic carcinoma animal model showed better antitumor activity following the sequential administration of the vector BC-819 and gemcitabine as compared to the effect of each of them alone. The results presented in the current study indicate that treatment with BC-819 in combination with gemcitabine might be a viable new therapeutic option for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sorin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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49
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The interconnectedness of cancer cell signaling. Neoplasia 2012; 13:1183-93. [PMID: 22241964 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The elegance of fundamental and applied research activities have begun to reveal a myriad of spatial and temporal alterations in downstream signaling networks affected by cell surface receptor stimulation including G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Interconnected biochemical pathways serve to integrate and distribute the signaling information throughout the cell by orchestration of complex biochemical circuits consisting of protein interactions and covalent modification processes. It is clear that scientific literature summarizing results from both fundamental and applied scientific research activities has served to provide a broad foundational biologic database that has been instrumental in advancing our continued understanding of underlying cancer biology. This article reflects on historical advances and the role of innovation in the competitive world of grant-sponsored research.
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50
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Evaluation of a UCMK/dCK fusion enzyme for gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:199-204. [PMID: 22093835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While gemcitabine (2'-2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, dFdC) displays wide-ranging antineoplastic activity as a single agent, variable response rates and poor intracellular metabolism often limit its clinical efficacy. In an effort to enhance dFdC cytotoxicity and help normalize response rates, we created a bifunctional fusion enzyme that combines the enzymatic activities of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and uridine/cytidine monophosphate kinase (UCMK) in a single polypeptide. Our goal was to evaluate whether the created fusion could induce beneficial, functional changes toward dFdC, expedite dFdC conversion to its active antimetabolites and consequently amplify cell dFdC sensitivity. While kinetic analyses revealed the UCMK/dCK fusion enzyme to possess both native activities, the fusion rendered cells sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of dFdC at the same level as dCK expression alone. These results suggest that increased wild-type UCMK expression does not provide a significant enhancement in dFdC-mediated cytotoxicity and may warrant the implementation of studies aimed at engineering UCMK variants with improved activity toward gemcitabine monophosphate.
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