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Balogh A, Bódi-Jakus M, Karl VR, Bellák T, Széky B, Farkas J, Lamberto F, Novak D, Fehér A, Zana M, Dinnyés A. Establishment of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurosphere model to study pathomechanisms and chemical toxicity in Kleefstra syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22572. [PMID: 39343771 PMCID: PMC11439915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to establish and characterize a mature cortical spheroid model system for Kleefstra syndrome (KS) using patient-derived iPSC. We identified key differences in the growth behavior of KS spheroids determined by reduced proliferation marked by low Ki67 and high E-cadherin expression. Conversely, in the spheroid-based neurite outgrowth assay KS outperformed the control neurite outgrowth due to higher BDNF expression. KS spheroids were highly enriched in VGLUT1/2-expressing glutamatergic and ChAT-expressing cholinergic neurons, while TH-positive catecholamine neurons were significantly underrepresented. Furthermore, high NMDAR1 expression was also detected in the KS spheroid, similarly to other patients-derived neuronal cultures, denoting high NMDAR1 expression as a general, KS-specific marker. Control and KS neuronal progenitors and neurospheres were exposed to different toxicants (paraquat, rotenone, bardoxolone, and doxorubicin), and dose-response curves were assessed after acute exposure. Differentiation stage and compound-specific differences were detected with KS neurospheres being the most sensitive to paraquat. Altogether this study describes a robust 3D model system expressing the disease-specific markers and recapitulating the characteristic pathophysiological traits. This platform is suitable for testing developing brain-adverse environmental effects interactions, drug development, and screening towards individual therapeutic strategies.
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Grants
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
- 2020-1.1.5.-GYORSÍTÓSÁV-2021-00016 Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | | | | | - Tamás Bellák
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6724, Hungary
| | - Balázs Széky
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - János Farkas
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Federica Lamberto
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - David Novak
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Anita Fehér
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zana
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich Lajos Street 26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary.
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Bondi CD, Hartman HL, Tan RJ. NRF2 in kidney physiology and disease. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15961. [PMID: 38418382 PMCID: PMC10901725 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of NRF2 in kidney biology has received considerable interest over the past decade. NRF2 transcriptionally controls genes responsible for cellular protection against oxidative and electrophilic stress and has anti-inflammatory functions. NRF2 is expressed throughout the kidney and plays a role in salt and water handling. In disease, animal studies show that NRF2 protects against tubulointerstitial damage and reduces interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and may slow progression of polycystic kidney disease. However, the role of NRF2 in proteinuric glomerular diseases is controversial. Although the NRF2 inducer, bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me), increases glomerular filtration rate in humans, it has not been shown to slow disease progression in diabetic kidney disease and Alport syndrome. Furthermore, bardoxolone methyl was associated with negative effects on fluid retention, proteinuria, and blood pressure. Several animal studies replicate findings of worsened proteinuria and a more rapid progression of kidney disease, although considerable controversy exists. It is clear that further study is needed to better understand the effects of NRF2 in the kidney. This review summarizes the available data to clarify the promise and risks associated with targeting NRF2 activity in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry D. Bondi
- Renal‐Electrolyte Division, Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah L. Hartman
- Renal‐Electrolyte Division, Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Roderick J. Tan
- Renal‐Electrolyte Division, Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Lee S, Ali AR, Abed DA, Nguyen MU, Verzi MP, Hu L. Structural modification of C2-substituents on 1,4-bis(arylsulfonamido)benzene or naphthalene-N,N'-diacetic acid derivatives as potent inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116104. [PMID: 38159482 PMCID: PMC10794003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-associated diseases by activating the cellular expression of cytoprotective enzymes and proteins. Small molecule inhibitors can directly disrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI), resulting in elevated levels of Nrf2 protein and subsequent stimulation of related antioxidant responses. Previously, we found that 1,4-bis(arylsulfonamido)benzene or naphthalene-N,N'-diacetic acid derivatives with an ether type C2-substituent on the benzene or naphthalene core exhibited potent inhibitory activities with IC50's in the submicromolar or nanomolar range. We here describe a more detailed structure-activity relationship study around the C2 substituents containing various polar linkers shedding new insight on their binding interactions with the Keap1 Kelch domain. The key observation from our findings is that the substituents at the C2-position of the benzene or naphthalene scaffold impact their inhibitory potencies in biochemical assays as well as activities in cell culture. The biochemical FP and TR-FRET assays revealed that the naphthalene derivatives 17b and 18 with an additional carboxylate at the C2 were the most active inhibitors against Keap1-Nrf2 PPI. In the cell-based assay, the two compounds were shown to be potent Nrf2 activators of the transcription of the Nrf2-dependent genes, such as HMOX2, GSTM3, and NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Ahmed R Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Dhulfiqar Ali Abed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Mai-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States
| | - Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States.
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4
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Niihata K, Nishiwaki H, Kinoshita M, Kurosawa K, Sakuramachi Y, Matsunaga S, Okamura S, Tsujii S, Hayashino Y, Kurita N. Association between urinary C-megalin levels and progressive kidney dysfunction: a cohort study based on the diabetes distress and care registry at Tenri (DDCRT 24). Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:1643-1650. [PMID: 37439857 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the association between urinary levels of C-megalin, a full-length form of megalin, and kidney dysfunction progression and its dependence on the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in individuals with diabetes. METHODS We enrolled 1,547 individuals with diabetes who visited the ambulatory clinic at Tenri Hospital, a regional tertiary-care hospital in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture, Japan, with an estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) of ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between urinary C-megalin levels and eGFR decline by ≥ 40% from baseline. RESULTS Urinary C-megalin level was not associated with ≥ 40% eGFR decline in an age-, sex-, eGFR-, systolic blood pressure-, hemoglobin-, and UACR-adjusted model in the 1,547 patients enrolled in the study. However, urinary C-megalin levels were associated with a ≥ 40% decline in eGFR when accounting for the relationship between urinary C-megalin levels and UACR in the model. This association was UACR-dependent. CONCLUSIONS High urinary C-megalin levels were associated with progressive kidney dysfunction in individuals with diabetes, and this association was attenuated by high UACRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakuya Niihata
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Nishiwaki
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Showa University Research Administration Center (SURAC), Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kinoshita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Tenri, Japan
| | | | - Yui Sakuramachi
- Department of Endocrinology, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Tenri, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoru Tsujii
- Department of Endocrinology, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Tenri, Japan
| | | | - Noriaki Kurita
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Innovative Research and Education for Clinicians and Trainees (DiRECT), Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
- Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence (CIRC2LE), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- Institute for Health Outcomes and Process Evaluation Research (iHope International), Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Zaky HS, Abdel-Sattar SA, Allam A, Ahmed HI. Further insights into the impact of rebamipide on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: modulation of SIRT1 and β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathways. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:851-863. [PMID: 35899710 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic administered to treat acute Gram-negative infections. Nevertheless, its clinical application is limited due to nephrotoxicity. Therefore, our research aimed to investigate the potential renoprotective impact of rebamipide (RBM), a gastroprotective drug, on GM-induced kidney damage in rats, as well as putative nephroprotective pathways. RBM was orally administered (100 mg/kg/d for 14 d) commencing 7 d before the administration of GM (100 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneally). Nephrotoxicity was elucidated, and the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and β-catenin/cyclin D1 pathways were assessed. GM induced a significant elevation in the serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), as well as the relative kidney index. In addition, GM increased lipid peroxidation and lowered total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. GM administration also demonstrated a significant amplification in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), nuclear factor-κappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and caspase-3 kidney levels, as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio. Notably, RBM treatment amended all these changes induced by GM. Furthermore, the potential role of SIRT1 and β-catenin-dependent signaling pathways in GM-induced renal injury was assessed. Our findings showed that GM-treated rats demonstrated a substantial decrease in SIRT1, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) along with an increase in β-catenin, forkhead box O-3a (FOXO-3a), and cyclin D1 protein expressions. RMB treatment markedly attenuated the deterioration caused by GM on these pathways. Additionally, RBM alleviated the GM-induced deleterious kidney tissue histopathology. In conclusion, our findings have verified that RBM can halt GM-induced renal injury by partly modulating SIRT1 and β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Zaky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaia A Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Albatoul Allam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatalla I Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Nagai K, Fukuno S, Miura T, Yasuda-Imanishi E, Konishi H. Altered Gene Expression of Cytochrome P450 and ABC Transporter in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Exposed to Bardoxolone Methyl. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023; 73:473-475. [PMID: 37591260 DOI: 10.1055/a-2111-6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Bardoxolone methyl (BX) is expected to be an innovate therapeutic agent for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the present study was to examine whether the expression of subtypes of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and ABC transporters was altered in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by exposure to BX. The expression of mRNAs for CYP1A2, CYP2E1, P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1-3, and breast cancer resistance protein was significantly increased by exposure of HepG2 cells to BX, while the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA was significantly decreased under the same conditions. BX had no significant effect on the expression of mRNAs for CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the gene expression of several CYPs and ABC transporters in HepG2 cells was altered when exposed to BX, suggesting the need to pay careful attention to drug-drug interactions in patients receiving BX for CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagai
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Fukuno
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Pharmaceutical Education Support Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Koshien, Bancho, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Eri Yasuda-Imanishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Nishikiori-kita, Tondabayashi, Japan
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7
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Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. How to Increase Cellular Glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051094. [PMID: 37237960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has special antioxidant properties due to its high intracellular concentration, ubiquity, and high reactivity towards electrophiles of the sulfhydryl group of its cysteine moiety. In most diseases where oxidative stress is thought to play a pathogenic role, GSH concentration is significantly reduced, making cells more susceptible to oxidative damage. Therefore, there is a growing interest in determining the best method(s) to increase cellular glutathione for both disease prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the major strategies for successfully increasing cellular GSH stores. These include GSH itself, its derivatives, NRf-2 activators, cysteine prodrugs, foods, and special diets. The possible mechanisms by which these molecules can act as GSH boosters, their related pharmacokinetic issues, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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8
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Balaha MF, Alamer AA, Eisa AA, Aljohani HM. Shikonin Alleviates Gentamicin-Induced Renal Injury in Rats by Targeting Renal Endocytosis, SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt Cascades. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050826. [PMID: 37237729 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin causes kidney injury due to its accumulation in proximal tubule epithelial cells via the megalin/cubilin/CLC-5 complex. Recently, shikonin has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and chloride channel-inhibiting effects. The current study investigated the alleviation of gentamicin-induced renal injury by shikonin while preserving its bactericidal effect. Nine-week-old Wistar rats were administered 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg/day shikonin orally, one hour after the i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamicin for seven days. Shikonin significantly and dose-dependently alleviated gentamicin-induced renal injury, as revealed by restoring normal kidney function and histological architecture. Furthermore, shikonin restored renal endocytic function, as indicated by suppressing the elevated renal megalin, cubilin, and CLC-5 and enhancing the reduced NHE3 levels and mRNA expressions induced by gentamicin. These potentials could be attributed to the modulation of the renal SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt cascades, which enhanced the renal antioxidant system and suppressed renal inflammation and apoptosis, as indicated by enhancements of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1, GSH, SOD, TAC, Iκb-α, Bcl-2, PI3K, and Akt levels and mRNA expressions, with reduction of TLR-4, NF-κB, MAPK, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, iNOS, NO, cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax levels, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Therefore, shikonin is a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating gentamicin-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Balaha
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El-Gish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Alamer
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Animal House Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashim M Aljohani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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9
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Goto S, Hosojima M, Kabasawa H, Saito A. The endocytosis receptor megalin: From bench to bedside. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106393. [PMID: 36863658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The large (∼600 kDa) endocytosis receptor megalin/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 is highly expressed at the apical membrane of proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Megalin plays an important role in the endocytosis of various ligands via interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins, which mediate the trafficking of megalin in PTECs. Megalin mediates the retrieval of essential substances, including carrier-bound vitamins and elements, and impairment of the endocytic process may result in the loss of those substances. In addition, megalin reabsorbs nephrotoxic substances such as antimicrobial (colistin, vancomycin, and gentamicin) or anticancer (cisplatin) drugs and advanced glycation end product-modified or fatty acid-containing albumin. The megalin-mediated uptake of these nephrotoxic ligands causes metabolic overload in PTECs and leads to kidney injury. Blockade or suppression of the megalin-mediated endocytosis of nephrotoxic substances may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for drug-induced nephrotoxicity or metabolic kidney disease. Megalin reabsorbs urinary biomarker proteins such as albumin, α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin, and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; thus, the above-mentioned megalin-targeted therapy may have an effect on the urinary excretion of these biomarkers. We have previously established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the ectodomain (A-megalin) and full-length (C-megalin) forms of urinary megalin using monoclonal antibodies against the amino- and carboxyl-terminals of megalin, respectively, and reported their clinical usefulness. In addition, there have been reports of patients with novel pathological anti-brush border autoantibodies targeting megalin in the kidney. Even with these breakthroughs in the characterization of megalin, a large number of issues remain to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Goto
- Departments of Applied Molecular Medicine, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hosojima
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition Science, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kabasawa
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition Science, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
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10
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Warady BA, Pergola PE, Agarwal R, Andreoli S, Appel GB, Bangalore S, Block GA, Chapman AB, Chin MP, Gibson KL, Goldsberry A, Iijima K, Inker LA, Kashtan CE, Knebelmann B, Mariani LH, Meyer CJ, Nozu K, O’Grady M, Rheault MN, Silva AL, Stenvinkel P, Torra R, Chertow GM. Effects of Bardoxolone Methyl in Alport Syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:1763-1774. [PMID: 36411058 PMCID: PMC9718021 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alport syndrome is an inherited disease characterized by progressive loss of kidney function. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of bardoxolone methyl in patients with Alport syndrome. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We randomly assigned patients with Alport syndrome, ages 12-70 years and eGFR 30-90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, to bardoxolone methyl (n=77) or placebo (n=80). Primary efficacy end points were change from baseline in eGFR at weeks 48 and 100. Key secondary efficacy end points were change from baseline in eGFR at weeks 52 and 104, after an intended 4 weeks off treatment. Safety was assessed by monitoring for adverse events and change from baseline in vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiograms, laboratory measurements (including, but not limited to, aminotransferases, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, magnesium, and B-type natriuretic peptide), and body weight. RESULTS Patients randomized to bardoxolone methyl experienced preservation in eGFR relative to placebo at 48 and 100 weeks (between-group differences: 9.2 [97.5% confidence interval, 5.1 to 13.4; P<0.001] and 7.4 [95% confidence interval, 3.1 to 11.7; P=0.0008] ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively). After a 4-week off-treatment period, corresponding mean differences in eGFR were 5.4 (97.5% confidence interval, 1.8 to 9.1; P<0.001) and 4.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.7 to 8.1; P=0.02) ml/min per 1.73 m2 at 52 and 104 weeks, respectively. In a post hoc analysis with no imputation of missing eGFR data, the difference at week 104 was not statistically significant (1.5 [95% confidence interval, -1.9 to 4.9] ml/min per 1.73 m2). Discontinuations from treatment were more frequent among patients randomized to bardoxolone methyl; most discontinuations were due to protocol-specified criteria being met for increases in serum transaminases. Serious adverse events were more frequent among patients randomized to placebo. Three patients in each group developed kidney failure. CONCLUSIONS In adolescent and adult patients with Alport syndrome receiving standard of care, treatment with bardoxolone methyl resulted in preservation in eGFR relative to placebo after a 2-year study period; off-treatment results using all available data were not significantly different. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER A Phase 2/3 Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients with Alport Syndrome - CARDINAL (CARDINAL), NCT03019185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. Warady
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sharon Andreoli
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gerald B. Appel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Geoffrey A. Block
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Affairs, US Renal Care, Inc., Plano, Texas
| | | | | | - Keisha L. Gibson
- University of North Carolina Kidney Center at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Lesley A. Inker
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clifford E. Kashtan
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Alport Syndrome Treatments and Outcomes Registry, University of Minnesota Medical School and Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Citè, Paris, France
| | - Laura H. Mariani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Michelle N. Rheault
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Alport Syndrome Treatments and Outcomes Registry, University of Minnesota Medical School and Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roser Torra
- Inherited Kidney Disorders, Nephrology Department, Fundacio Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, REDINREN (Instituto de Investigacion Carlos III), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glenn M. Chertow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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11
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Avula UMR, Harris L, Hassanein M. Bardoxolone for CKD: The Paradox of Confusion and Dogma. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1955-1960. [PMID: 36514415 PMCID: PMC9717645 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000992022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mahesh R. Avula
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Liliia Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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12
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Elsakka EGE, Mokhtar MM, Hegazy M, Ismail A, Doghish AS. Megalin, a multi-ligand endocytic receptor, and its participation in renal function and diseases: A review. Life Sci 2022; 308:120923. [PMID: 36049529 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endocytosis mechanism is a complicated system that is essential for cell signaling and survival. Megalin, a membrane-associated endocytic receptor, and its related proteins such as cubilin, the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG, and NaPi-IIa are important in receptors-mediated endocytosis. Physiologically, megalin uptakes plasma vitamins and proteins from primary urine, preventing their loss. It also facilitates tubular retrieval of solutes and endogenous components that may be involved in modulation and recovery from kidney injuries. Moreover, megalin is responsible for endocytosis of xenobiotics and drugs in renal tubules, increasing their half-life and/or their toxicity. Fluctuations in megalin expression and/or functionality due to changes in its regulatory mechanisms are associated with some sort of kidney injury. Also, it's an important component of several pathological conditions, including diabetic nephropathy and Dent disease. Thus, exploring the fundamental role of megalin in the kidney might help in the protection and/or treatment of multiple kidney-related diseases. Hence, this review aimed to explore the physiological roles of megalin in the kidney and their implications for kidney-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Mokhtar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maghawry Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
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13
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Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM, Yadav SPS, Wagner MC. Albumin Uptake and Processing by the Proximal Tubule: Physiologic, Pathologic and Therapeutic Implications. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1625-1667. [PMID: 35378997 PMCID: PMC9255719 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 50 years the proximal tubule (PT) has been known to reabsorb, process, and either catabolize or transcytose albumin from the glomerular filtrate. Innovative techniques and approaches have provided insights into these processes. Several genetic diseases, nonselective PT cell defects, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and acute PT injury lead to significant albuminuria, reaching nephrotic range. Albumin is also known to stimulate PT injury cascades. Thus, the mechanisms of albumin reabsorption, catabolism, and transcytosis are being reexamined with the use of techniques that allow for novel molecular and cellular discoveries. Megalin, a scavenger receptor, cubilin, amnionless, and Dab2 form a nonselective multireceptor complex that mediates albumin binding and uptake and directs proteins for lysosomal degradation after endocytosis. Albumin transcytosis is mediated by a pH-dependent binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the endosomal compartments. This reclamation pathway rescues albumin from urinary losses and cellular catabolism, extending its serum half-life. Albumin that has been altered by oxidation, glycation, or carbamylation or because of other bound ligands that do not bind to FcRn traffics to the lysosome. This molecular sorting mechanism reclaims physiological albumin and eliminates potentially toxic albumin. The clinical importance of PT albumin metabolism has also increased as albumin is now being used to bind therapeutic agents to extend their half-life and minimize filtration and kidney injury. The purpose of this review is to update and integrate evolving information regarding the reabsorption and processing of albumin by proximal tubule cells including discussion of genetic disorders and therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Dept.of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Ruben M. Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Shiv Pratap S. Yadav
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Mark C. Wagner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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14
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Xiong H, Chen Z, Lin B, Xie B, Liu X, Chen C, Li Z, Jia Y, Wu Z, Yang M, Jia Y, Wang L, Zhou J, Meng X. Naringenin Regulates FKBP4/NR3C1/NRF2 Axis in Autophagy and Proliferation of Breast Cancer and Differentiation and Maturation of Dendritic Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 12:745111. [PMID: 35087512 PMCID: PMC8786807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is an important regulatory transcription factor involved in tumor immunity and tumorigenesis. In this study, we firstly identified that FKBP4/NR3C1 axis was a novel negative regulator of NRF2 in human breast cancer (BC) cells. The effect of FKBP4 appeared to be at protein level of NRF2 since it could not suppress the expression of NRF2 at mRNA level. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments further demonstrated that FKBP4 regulated NRF2 via regulating nuclear translocation of NR3C1. We then reported that naringenin, a flavonoid, widely distributed in citrus and tomato, could suppress autophagy and proliferation of BC cells through FKBP4/NR3C1/NRF2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Naringenin was also found to promote dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation through FKBP4/NR3C1/NRF2 axis. Therefore, our study found that naringenin could induce inhibition of autophagy and cell proliferation in BC cells and enhance DC differentiation and maturation, at least in part, though regulation of FKBP4/NR3C1/NRF2 signaling pathway. Identification of FKBP4/NR3C1/NRF2 axis would provide insights for novel anti-tumor strategy against BC among tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchu Xiong
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baihua Lin
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bojian Xie
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuazhua Wu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongshi Jia
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Azouz AA, Hanna DA, Abo-Saif AA, Anwar Shehata Messiha B. Interference with megalin expression/endocytic function by montelukast mitigates gentamicin nephrotoxicity: Downregulation of ClC-5 expression. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:150-161. [PMID: 35528850 PMCID: PMC9072701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Kidney Cancer and Chronic Kidney Disease: Too Close for Comfort. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121761. [PMID: 34944574 PMCID: PMC8699019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer and chronic kidney disease are two renal pathologies with very different clinical management strategies and therapeutical options. Nonetheless, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying both conditions are closely related. Renal physiology is adapted to operate with a limited oxygen supply, making the kidney remarkably equipped to respond to hypoxia. This tightly regulated response mechanism is at the heart of kidney cancer, leading to the onset of malignant cellular phenotypes. Although elusive, the role of hypoxia in chronic kidney diseases is emerging as related to fibrosis, a pivotal factor in decaying renal function. The present review offers a perspective on the common biological traits shared between kidney cancer and chronic kidney disease and the available and prospective therapies for both conditions.
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17
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Are Antioxidants Useful in Preventing the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111669. [PMID: 34829540 PMCID: PMC8614781 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive impairment of renal function for more than three months that affects 15% of the adult population. Because oxidative stress is involved in its pathogenesis, antioxidants are under study for the prophylaxis of CKD progression. The objective of this work was to meta-analyze the efficacy of antioxidant therapy in CKD patients and to identify the most effective candidate antioxidants. Our meta-analysis showed that, despite being quite heterogeneous, overall antioxidant therapy apparently reduced CKD progression. Pentoxifylline and bardoxolone methyl demonstrated a robust and statistically significant protection, while other products showed a favorable but non-significant tendency, due to a high interindividual variability. Off-target (i.e., antioxidant-independent) effects, such as body weight reduction and heart failure-associated blood dilution, might totally or partially explain the protection provided by effective antioxidants. This potential pleiotropy introduces uncertainty on the role of oxidative stress in CKD progression and on antioxidant therapy in its prevention, which needs to be further investigated. Independently, identification of factors determining the nephroprotective effect of each candidate on each patient is thus necessary for a prospectively personalized antioxidant therapy. Finally, pentoxifylline should be further explored for the prophylaxis of CKD progression.
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18
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Mousavi K, Niknahad H, Li H, Jia Z, Manthari RK, Zhao Y, Shi X, Chen Y, Ahmadi A, Azarpira N, Khalvati B, Ommati MM, Heidari R. The activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling blunts cholestasis-induced liver and kidney injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:911-927. [PMID: 34484683 PMCID: PMC8403611 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a severe clinical complication that severely damages the liver. Kidneys are also the most affected extrahepatic organs in cholestasis. The pivotal role of oxidative stress has been mentioned in the pathogenesis of cholestasis-induced organ injury. The activation of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is involved in response to oxidative stress. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential role of Nrf2 signaling activation in preventing bile acids-induced toxicity in the liver and kidney. Dimethyl fumarate was used as a robust activator of Nrf2 signaling. Rats underwent bile duct ligation surgery and were treated with dimethyl fumarate (10 and 40 mg/kg). Severe oxidative stress was evident in the liver and kidney of cholestatic animals (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the expression and activity of Nrf2 and downstream genes were time-dependently decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant mitochondrial depolarization, decreased ATP levels, and mitochondrial permeabilization were detected in bile duct-ligated rats (P < 0.05). Histopathological alterations included liver necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation and kidney interstitial inflammation, and cast formation. It was found that dimethyl fumarate significantly decreased hepatic and renal injury in cholestatic animals (P < 0.05). Based on these data, the activation of the cellular antioxidant response could serve as an efficient therapeutic option for managing cholestasis-induced organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mousavi
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Huifeng Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zhipeng Jia
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, Visakhapatnam, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Yangfei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yuanyu Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Asrin Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 75919-51176, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Bio-informatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
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19
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Sakashita M, Tanaka T, Inagi R. Metabolic Changes and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1143. [PMID: 34356375 PMCID: PMC8301131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease, and it is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of DKD. The control of blood glucose levels by various glucose-lowering drugs, the common use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and the aging of patients with diabetes can alter the disease course of DKD. Moreover, metabolic changes and associated atherosclerosis play a major role in the etiology of DKD. The pathophysiology of DKD is largely attributed to the disruption of various cellular stress responses due to metabolic changes, especially an increase in oxidative stress. Therefore, many antioxidants have been studied as therapeutic agents. Recently, it has been found that NRF2, a master regulator of oxidative stress, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of DKD and bardoxolone methyl, an activator of NRF2, has attracted attention as a drug that increases the estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with DKD. This review outlines the altered stress responses of cellular organelles in DKD, their involvement in the pathogenesis of DKD, and discusses strategies for developing therapeutic agents, especially bardoxolone methyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Sakashita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
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20
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Kocic G, Gajic M, Tomovic K, Hadzi-Djokic J, Anderluh M, Smelcerovic A. Purine adducts as a presumable missing link for aristolochic acid nephropathy-related cellular energy crisis, potential anti-fibrotic prevention and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4411-4427. [PMID: 34235731 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid nephropathy is a progressive exposome-induced disease characterized by tubular atrophy and fibrosis culminating in end-stage renal disease and malignancies. The molecular mechanisms of the energy crisis as a putative cause of fibrosis have not yet been elucidated. In light of the fact that aristolochic acid forms DNA and RNA adducts by covalent binding of aristolochic acid metabolites to exocyclic amino groups of (deoxy)adenosine and (deoxy)guanosine, we hypothesize here that similar aristolochic acid adducts may exist with other purine-containing molecules. We also provide new insights into the aristolochic acid-induced energy crisis and presumably a link between already known mechanisms. In addition, an overview of potential targets in fibrosis treatment is provided, which is followed by recommendations on possible preventive measures that could be taken to at least postpone or partially alleviate aristolochic acid nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Kocic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Gajic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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21
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Kim JH, Barbagallo B, Annunziato K, Farias-Pereira R, Doherty JJ, Lee J, Zina J, Tindal C, McVey C, Aresco R, Johnstone M, Sant KE, Timme-Laragy A, Park Y, Clark JM. Maternal preconception PFOS exposure of Drosophila melanogaster alters reproductive capacity, development, morphology and nutrient regulation. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112153. [PMID: 33774094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent synthetic surfactant widely detected in the environment. Developmental PFOS exposures are associated with low birth weight and chronic exposures increase risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. As an obesogen, PFOS poses a major public health exposure risk and much remains to be understood about the critical windows of exposure and mechanisms impacted, especially during preconception. Here, we leverage evolutionarily conserved pathways and processes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (wild-type Canton-S and megalin-UAS RNAi transgenic fly lines) to investigate the window of maternal preconception exposure to PFOS on reproductive and developmental toxicity, and examine receptor (megalin)-mediated endocytosis of nutrients and PFOS into the oocyte as a potential mechanism. Preconception exposure to 2 ng PFOS/female resulted in an internal concentration of 0.081 ng/fly over two days post exposure, no mortality and reduced megalin transcription. The number of eggs laid 1-3 days post exposure was reduced and contained 0.018 ng PFOS/egg. Following heat shock, PFOS was significantly reduced in eggs from megalin-knockdown transgenic females. Cholesterol and triglycerides were increased in eggs laid immediately following PFOS exposure by non-heat shocked transgenic females whereas decreased cholesterol and increased protein levels were found in eggs laid by heat shocked transgenic females. Preconception exposure likewise increased cholesterol in early emerging wildtype F1 adults and also resulted in progeny with a substantial developmental delay, a reduction in adult weights, and altered transcription of Drosophila insulin-like peptide genes. These findings support an interaction between PFOS and megalin that interferes with normal nutrient transport during oocyte maturation and embryogenesis, which may be associated with later in life developmental delay and reduced weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Belinda Barbagallo
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Kate Annunziato
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffery J Doherty
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jonghwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jake Zina
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Cole Tindal
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Cailin McVey
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Racheal Aresco
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Megan Johnstone
- Department of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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22
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Gu X, Liu Y, Wang N, Zhen J, Zhang B, Hou S, Cui Z, Wan Q, Feng H. Transcription of MRPL12 regulated by Nrf2 contributes to the mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:329-340. [PMID: 33444714 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasing evidences suggested that DKD correlates more closely to mitochondrial dysfunction than to hyperglycemia. Our previous study has reported that mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7/L12 (MRPL12) could positively control the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mtDNA copy number. The present study further investigated the role of MRPL12 in mitochondrial dysfunction of DKD. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics and immunohistochemistry, we found that MRPL12 underwent significant decreases in diabetic kidneys. Moreover, decreased expression of MRPL12 was associated with reduced mitochondrial OXPHOS in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and overexpression of MRPL12 could alleviated the impairment of OXPHOS induced by long term high glucose. We further explored the upstream mechanism and identified nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a potential transcription factor for MRPL12. Nrf2 changes consistently with MRPL12 in DKD and correlates with alterations of mitochondrial function, fibrosis and apoptosis of PTECs treated with high glucose challenge. Thus, the role of MRPL12 in the maintenance of mitochondrial function in DKD may be regulated by Nrf2, and provides new potential therapeutic targets for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gu
- School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Na Wang
- Medical Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shaoshuai Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Feng
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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23
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Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 as a treatment target of kidney diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:128-135. [PMID: 31592832 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor which regulates a wider range of downstream pathways than previously thought. This review focuses on the novel findings about the internal regulatory mechanisms of Nrf2, the expanding understanding of its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and the attempts to broaden the clinical application of its activators. RECENT FINDINGS Nrf2 is in charge of the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under stress and there exist the internal regulatory mechanisms for Nrf2 which have recently been elucidated. New downstream pathways of Nrf2 have been discovered, including the defense against ferroptosis, the latest concept of cell death. Several Nrf2 activators are at various stages of clinical development and are being tested in clinical trials for chronic kidney disease (CKD) including diabetic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. SUMMARY Nrf2 has been gathering attention as an emerging treatment target of chronic diseases which have oxidative stress and inflammation as their pathogenesis including CKD. Basic and clinical studies are under way to establish its role as a target for treatment of those diseases.
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24
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Nrf2 activation for kidney disease treatment-a mixed blessing? Kidney Int 2021; 99:20-22. [PMID: 33390228 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cellular antioxidative signaling is expected to be a silver bullet against kidney diseases, and clinical trials of compounds activating the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 have revealed their renoprotective effects. However, cardiac events have been observed in some cases with elevated urinary albumin excretion in these trials. Therefore, elucidating the negative effects of Nrf2 activation is essential. Rush and colleagues demonstrated that Nrf2 activation aggravates podocyte injury, a factor related to proteinuria and cardiac failure.
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25
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Rush BM, Bondi CD, Stocker SD, Barry KM, Small SA, Ong J, Jobbagy S, Stolz DB, Bastacky SI, Chartoumpekis DV, Kensler TW, Tan RJ. Genetic or pharmacologic Nrf2 activation increases proteinuria in chronic kidney disease in mice. Kidney Int 2020; 99:102-116. [PMID: 32818518 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway upregulates key cellular defenses. Clinical trials are utilizing pharmacologic Nrf2 inducers such as bardoxolone methyl to treat chronic kidney disease, but Nrf2 activation has been linked to a paradoxical increase in proteinuria. To understand this effect, we examined genetically engineered mice with elevated Nrf2 signaling due to reduced expression of the Nrf2 inhibitor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). These Keap1FA/FA mice lacked baseline proteinuria but exhibited increased proteinuria in experimental models evoked by adriamycin, angiotensin II, or protein overload. After injury, Keap1FA/FA mice had increased glomerulosclerosis, nephrin disruption and shedding, podocyte injury, foot process effacement, and interstitial fibrosis. Keap1FA/FA mice also had higher daytime blood pressures and lower heart rates measured by radiotelemetry. Conversely, Nrf2 knockout mice were protected from proteinuria. We also examined the pharmacologic Nrf2 inducer CDDO-Im. Compared to angiotensin II alone, the combination of angiotensin II and CDDO-Im significantly increased proteinuria, a phenomenon not observed in Nrf2 knockout mice. This effect was not accompanied by additional increases in blood pressure. Finally, Nrf2 was found to be upregulated in the glomeruli of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, fibrillary glomerulonephritis, and membranous nephropathy. Thus, our studies demonstrate that Nrf2 induction in mice may exacerbate proteinuria in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney M Rush
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Corry D Bondi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kacie M Barry
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Small
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Ong
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soma Jobbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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Yang JL, Sun MY, Yuan Q, Tang S, Dong MJ, Zhang RD, Liu YY, Mao L. Keap1-Nrf2 signaling activation by Bardoxolone-methyl ameliorates high glucose-induced oxidative injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10370-10380. [PMID: 32484788 PMCID: PMC7346051 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) high glucose (HG) stimulation will lead to significant cell death. Bardoxolone-methyl (BARD) is a NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) agonist. In this study we show that BARD, at only nM concentrations, activated Nrf2 signaling in HUVECs. BARD induced Keap1-Nrf2 disassociation, Nrf2 protein stabilization and nuclear translocation, increasing expression of antioxidant response element (ARE) genes. BARD pretreatment in HUVECs inhibited HG-induced reactive oxygen species production, oxidative injury and cell apoptosis. Nrf2 shRNA or knockout (using a CRISPR/Cas9 construct) reversed BARD-induced cytoprotection in HG-stimulated HUVECs. Conversely, forced activation of Nrf2 cascade by Keap1 shRNA mimicked BARD’s activity and protected HUVECs from HG. Importantly, BARD failed to offer further cytoprotection against HG in the Keap1-silened HUVECs. Taken together, Keap1-Nrf2 cascade activation by BARD protects HUVECs from HG-induced oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Meng-Yue Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Mei-Juan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Ri-Dong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Huai'an People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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27
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Abstract
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of cellular oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is regarded as a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, aberrant hyperactivation of Nrf2 is found in a variety of cancers and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, constitutive activation of Nrf2 confers cancer cells resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. Thus, inhibiting Nrf2 could be a new therapeutic strategy for cancer. With the aim of accelerating the discovery and development of novel Nrf2 inhibitors, we summarize the biological and pathological functions of Nrf2 in cancer. Furthermore, the recent studies of small molecular Nrf2 inhibitors and potential Nrf2 inhibitory mechanisms are also summarized in this review.
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28
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Adelusi TI, Du L, Hao M, Zhou X, Xuan Q, Apu C, Sun Y, Lu Q, Yin X. Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling unfolds therapeutic targets for redox imbalanced-mediated diseases and diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109732. [PMID: 31945695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia/oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation and progression of diabetic complications while the components of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling are being exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment/management of these pathologies. Antioxidant agents like drugs, nutraceuticals and pure compounds that target the proteins of this pathway and their downstream genes hold the therapeutic strength to put the progression of this disease at bay. Here, we elucidate how the modulation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE had been exploited for the treatment/management of end-stage diabetic kidney complication (diabetic nephropathy) by looking into (1) Nrf2 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation by some protein kinases at specific amino acid sequences and (2) Keap1 downregulation/Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein inhibition (PPI) as potential therapeutic mechanisms exploited by Nrf2 activators for the modulation of diabetic nephropathy biomarkers (Collagen IV, Laminin, TGF-β1 and Fibronectin) that ultimately lead to the amelioration of this disease progression. Furthermore, we brought to limelight the relationship between diabetic nephropathy and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and finally elucidate how the modulation of this signaling pathway could be further explored to create novel therapeutic milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Qian Xuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chowdhury Apu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
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29
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Hodon J, Borkova L, Pokorny J, Kazakova A, Urban M. Design and synthesis of pentacyclic triterpene conjugates and their use in medicinal research. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111653. [PMID: 31499360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural products from plants and many other organisms that have various biological activities, such as antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, and protective activities. This review covers the synthesis and biological evaluation of pentacyclic triterpene (PT) conjugates with other molecules that have been found to increase the IC50 or improve the pharmacological profile of the parent PT. Some of these molecules are designed to target specific proteins or cellular organelles, which has resulted in highly selective lead structures for drug development. Other PT conjugates are useful for investigating their mechanism of action. This concept has been very successful: 1) Many compounds, especially mitochondria-targeting PT conjugates, have reached a selective cytotoxicity at low nanomolar concentrations in cancer cells. 2) A number of PT conjugates have had high activity against HIV or the influenza virus. 3) Fluorescent PT conjugates have been able to visualize the PT in living cells, which has allowed quantification of the uptake and distribution of the PT within the cell. 4) Biotinylated PT conjugates have been used to identify target proteins, which may help to show their mechanism of action. 5) A large number of PT conjugates with polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyamines, etc. form nanometer-sized micelles that have a much better pharmacological profile than the PT alone. In summary, the connection of a PT to an appropriate modifying molecule has resulted in extremely useful semisynthetic compounds with a high potential to treat cancer or viral infections or compounds that are useful for the study of the mechanism of action of PTs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hodon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Borkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pokorny
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kazakova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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30
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Gersey Z, Osiason AD, Bloom L, Shah S, Thompson JW, Bregy A, Agarwal N, Komotar RJ. Therapeutic Targeting of the Notch Pathway in Glioblastoma Multiforme. World Neurosurg 2019; 131:252-263.e2. [PMID: 31376551 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly form of brain tumor. After standard treatment of resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the 5-year survival is <5%. In recent years, research has uncovered several potential targets within the Notch signaling pathway, which may lead to improved patient outcomes. METHODS A literature search was performed for articles containing the terms "Glioblastoma" and "Receptors, Notch" between 2003 and July 2015. Of the 62 articles retrieved, 46 met our criteria and were included in our review. Nine articles were identified from other sources and were subsequently included, leaving 55 articles reviewed. RESULTS Of the 55 articles reviewed, 47 used established human GBM cell lines. Seventeen articles used human GBM surgical samples. Forty-five of 48 articles that assessed Notch activity showed increased expression in GBM cell lines. Targeting the Notch pathway was carried out through Notch knockdown and overexpression and targeting δ-like ligand, Jagged, γ-secretase, ADAM10, ADAM17, and Mastermindlike protein 1. Arsenic trioxide, microRNAs, and several other compounds were shown to have an effect on the Notch pathway in GBM. Notch activity in GBM was also shown to be associated with hypoxia and certain cancer-related molecular pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK/MAPK. Most articles concluded that Notch activity amplifies malignant characteristics in GBM and targeting this pathway can bring about amelioration of these effects. CONCLUSIONS Recent literature suggests targeting the Notch pathway has great potential for future therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gersey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam D Osiason
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Bloom
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sumedh Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - John W Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Amade Bregy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ricardo J Komotar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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31
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Effect of bardoxolone methyl on the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:1030-1036. [PMID: 31377056 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bardoxolone methyl attenuates inflammation by inducing nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 and suppressing nuclear factor κB. The Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes (BEACON) trial was a phase 3 placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, international, multicenter trial in 2185 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. BEACON was terminated because of safety concerns, largely related to a significant increase in early heart failure events in patients randomized to bardoxolone methyl. Bardoxolone methyl resulted in increased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Herein, we present post hoc analyses characterizing the relation between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and eGFR. The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and eGFR were assessed every four weeks through Week 12, followed by assessments every eight weeks thereafter, and 4 weeks after the last dose of bardoxolone methyl was administered. The initial increases in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio observed in patients randomized to bardoxolone methyl were attenuated after six months. Multivariable regression analysis identified baseline eGFR and eGFR over time as the dominant factors associated with change in the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Relative to placebo, bardoxolone methyl resulted in a significant decrease in albuminuria when indexed to eGFR (least-squared means: -0.035 [95% confidence interval -0.031 to -0.039]). Thus, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with bardoxolone methyl, changes in albuminuria are directly related to changes in eGFR, challenging the conventional construct that increases in albuminuria universally reflect kidney injury and denote harm.
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32
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Takiyama Y, Sera T, Nakamura M, Ishizeki K, Saijo Y, Yanagimachi T, Maeda M, Bessho R, Takiyama T, Kitsunai H, Sakagami H, Fujishiro D, Fujita Y, Makino Y, Abiko A, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Yagi N, Ota T, Haneda M. Impacts of Diabetes and an SGLT2 Inhibitor on the Glomerular Number and Volume in db/db Mice, as Estimated by Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT at SPring-8. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:329-346. [PMID: 30322799 PMCID: PMC6197731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent large-scale clinical studies demonstrate that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors protect the diabetic kidney. However, clinical and animal studies have not shown the changes of the total glomeruli in the whole kidney treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. METHODS We performed computed tomography (CT) imaging on mice using synchrotron radiation to investigate the impact of luseogliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, on the number and volume of glomeruli in the whole kidney. FINDINGS We did not observe a significant difference in the total glomerular number (Nglom) among mice. Luseogliflozin redistributed the number of glomeruli in different regions, accompanied by the normalization of diabetes-augmented renal volume (Vkidney). Diabetic db/db mice had a larger glomerular volume in the mid-cortex than did control db/m mice, and luseogliflozin increased the glomerular volume in all renal cortical zones of the whole kidney in db/db mice. According to the multivariate regression analysis, hemoglobin A1c level was the most relevant determinant of Vkidney, not Nglom or mean glomerular volume (Vglom), indicating that hyperglycemia induced renal (tubular) hypertrophy, but not glomerular enlargement. Luseogliflozin increased hypoxia in the juxtamedullary region, sustained upregulated renal renin expression and plasma renin activity, and failed to decrease albuminuria by downregulating megalin in db/db mice. INTERPRETATION Based on our findings, SGLT2 inhibitors may alter glomerular distribution and size in addition to their glucose-lowering effects, presumably by affecting oxygen metabolism and humoral factors. FUND: Funding for this research was provided by The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Japan Diabetes Foundation, and Asahikawa Medical University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Takiyama
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Kanaki Ishizeki
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Manami Maeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Bessho
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Takao Takiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kitsunai
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakagami
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujishiro
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Makino
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Atsuko Abiko
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Research & Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Research & Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Japan
| | - Naoto Yagi
- Research & Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Japan
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
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Allinovi M, De Chiara L, Angelotti ML, Becherucci F, Romagnani P. Anti-fibrotic treatments: A review of clinical evidence. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:333-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kurosaki Y, Imoto A, Kawakami F, Yokoba M, Takenaka T, Ichikawa T, Katagiri M, Ishii N. Oxidative stress increases megalin expression in the renal proximal tubules during the normoalbuminuric stage of diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F462-F470. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00108.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalin, an endocytic receptor expressed in proximal tubule cells, plays a critical role in renal tubular protein reabsorption and is associated with the albuminuria observed in diabetic nephropathy. We have previously reported increased oxidant production in the renal cortex during the normoalbuminuric stage of diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the relationship between oxidative stress and renal megalin expression during the normoalbuminuric stage of DM remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated whether oxidative stress affects megalin expression in the normoalbuminuric stage of DM in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and in immortalized human proximal tubular cells (HK-2). We demonstrated that increased expression of renal megalin accompanies oxidative stress during the early stage of DM, before albuminuria development. Telmisartan treatment prevented the diabetes-induced elevation in megalin level, possibly through an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. In HK-2 cells, hydrogen peroxide significantly increased megalin levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner; however, the elevation in megalin expression was decreased following prolonged exposure to severe oxidative stress induced by 0.4 mmol/l hydrogen peroxide. High-glucose treatment also significantly increased megalin expression in HK-2 cells. Concurrent administration of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine blocked the effects of high glucose on megalin expression. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in megalin expression was blocked by treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt inhibitors. Increase of phosphorylated Akt expression was also seen in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Taken together, our results indicate that mild oxidative stress increases renal megalin expression through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway in the normoalbuminuric stage of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kurosaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Imoto
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Yokoba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Katagiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohito Ishii
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Wang C, Luo Z, Carter G, Wellstein A, Jose PA, Tomlinson J, Leiper J, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS, Wang D. NRF2 prevents hypertension, increased ADMA, microvascular oxidative stress, and dysfunction in mice with two weeks of ANG II infusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R399-R406. [PMID: 29167164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00122.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythyroid factor 2 (Nrf2) transcribes genes in cultured endothelial cells that reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generate nitric oxide (NO) or metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which inhibits NO synthase (NOS). Therefore, we undertook a functional study to test the hypothesis that activation of Nrf2 by tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) preserves microvascular endothelial function during oxidative stress. Wild-type CB57BL/6 (wt), Nrf2 wt (+/+), or knockout (-/-) mice received vehicle (Veh) or tBHQ (0.1%; activator of Nrf2) during 14-day infusions of ANG II (to induce oxidative stress) or sham. MAP was recorded by telemetry. Mesenteric resistance arterioles were studied on isometric myographs and vascular NO and ROS by fluorescence microscopy. ANG II increased the mean arterial pressure (112 ± 5 vs. 145 ± 5 mmHg; P < 0.01) and excretion of 8-isoprostane F2α (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 3.8 ± 0.3 ng/mg creatinine; P < 0.05) at 12-14 days. However, 12 days of ANG II reduced endothelium-derived relaxation (27 ± 5 vs. 17 ± 3%; P < 0.01) and NO (0.38 ± 0.07 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 units; P < 0.01) but increased microvascular remodeling, endothelium-derived contractions (7.5 ± 0.5 vs. 13.0 ± 1.7%; P < 0.01), superoxide (0.09 ± 0.03 vs. 0.29 ± 0.08 units; P < 0.05), and contractions to U-46,619 (87 ± 6 vs. 118 ± 3%; P < 0.05), and endothelin-1(89 ± 4 vs. 123 ± 12%; P < 0.05). tBHQ prevented all of these effects of ANG II at 12-14 days in Nrf2+/+ mice but not in Nrf2-/- mice. In conclusion, tBHQ activates Nrf2 to prevent microvascular endothelial dysfunction, remodeling, and contractility, and moderate ADMA and hypertension at 12-14 days of ANG II infusion, thereby preserving endothelial function and preventing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, 5th Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai, Guangdong , China
| | - Zaiming Luo
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
| | - Gabriella Carter
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington, D.C
| | - James Tomlinson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - James Leiper
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - William J Welch
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
| | - Dan Wang
- Hypertension Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C
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Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:11-28. [PMID: 29128526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cullin 3-RING ligases (CRL3) play pivotal roles in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes, including neoplastic events. The substrate adaptors of CRL3 typically contain a BTB domain that mediates the interaction between Cullin 3 and target substrates to promote their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. The biological implications of CRL3 adaptor proteins have been well described where they have been found to play a role as either an oncogene, tumor suppressor, or can mediate either of these effects in a context-dependent manner. Among the extensively studied CRL3-based E3 ligases, the role of the adaptor protein SPOP (speckle type BTB/POZ protein) in tumorigenesis appears to be tissue or cellular context dependent. Specifically, SPOP acts as a tumor suppressor via destabilizing downstream oncoproteins in many malignancies, especially in prostate cancer. However, SPOP has largely an oncogenic role in kidney cancer. Keap1, another well-characterized CRL3 adaptor protein, likely serves as a tumor suppressor within diverse malignancies, mainly due to its specific turnover of its downstream oncogenic substrate, NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). In accordance with the physiological role the various CRL3 adaptors exhibit, several pharmacological agents have been developed to disrupt its E3 ligase activity, therefore blocking its potential oncogenic activity to mitigate tumorigenesis.
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Hisamichi M, Kamijo-Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Hoshino S, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y. Role of bardoxolone methyl, a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activator, in aldosterone- and salt-induced renal injury. Hypertens Res 2017; 41:8-17. [PMID: 28978980 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of bardoxolone methyl (BM), a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator with an antioxidant effect, in a salt-sensitive hypertension model induced by aldosterone (Ald) and salt. Tubulointerstitial damage with urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) was evaluated using human L-FABP chromosomal transgenic (L-FABP+/-) male mice. The mice in the Ald group (n=7) received systemic Ald infusions via an osmotic minipump and were given 1% NaCl water for 35 days. Those in the Ald-BM group (n=8) were administered BM intraperitoneally in addition to an injection of Ald and salt. The dose of BM was gradually increased every 7 days up to 10 mg kg-1 per day, which was maintained for 14 days. The administration of BM significantly increased renal expression of the Nrf2 target antioxidant gene. Tubulointerstitial damage was significantly ameliorated in the Ald-BM group compared to the Ald group. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of angiotensinogen expression in the kidneys of the Ald group was significantly prevented in the Ald-BM group. The upregulation of human L-FABP expression induced in the kidneys and increase in urinary L-FABP in the Ald group were significantly suppressed by BM administration. In conclusion, BM ameliorated tubulointerstitial damage in the Ald- and salt-induced hypertension model through suppression of both ROS production and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activation. Urinary L-FABP may be a useful marker reflecting the therapeutic efficacy of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Department of Anatomy, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Yonchuk JG, Foley JP, Bolognese BJ, Logan G, Wixted WE, Kou JP, Chalupowicz DG, Feldser HG, Sanchez Y, Nie H, Callahan JF, Kerns JK, Podolin PL. Characterization of the Potent, Selective Nrf2 Activator, 3-(Pyridin-3-Ylsulfonyl)-5-(Trifluoromethyl)-2H-Chromen-2-One, in Cellular and In Vivo Models of Pulmonary Oxidative Stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:114-125. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Nezu M, Suzuki N, Yamamoto M. Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 System to Prevent Kidney Disease Progression. Am J Nephrol 2017; 45:473-483. [PMID: 28502971 DOI: 10.1159/000475890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a critical transcription factor for the antioxidative stress response and it activates a variety of cytoprotective genes related to redox and detoxification. NRF2 activity is regulated by the oxidative-stress sensor molecule Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) that induces proteasomal degradation of NRF2 through ubiquitinating NRF2 under unstressed conditions. Because oxidative stress is a major pathogenic and aggravating factor for kidney diseases, the KEAP1-NRF2 system has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for renal protection. SUMMARY Oxidative-stress molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, accumulate in the kidneys of animal models for acute kidney injury (AKI), in which NRF2 is transiently and slightly activated. Genetic or pharmacological enhancement of NRF2 activity in the renal tubules significantly ameliorates damage related to AKI and prevents AKI progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing oxidative stress. These beneficial effects of NRF2 activation highlight the KEAP1-NRF2 system as an important target for kidney disease treatment. However, a phase-3 clinical trial of a KEAP1 inhibitor for patients with stage 4 CKD and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was terminated due to the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Because recent basic studies have accumulated positive effects of KEAP1 inhibitors in moderate stages of CKD, phase-2 trials have been restarted. The data from the ongoing projects demonstrate that a KEAP1 inhibitor improves the glomerular filtration rate in patients with stage 3 CKD and T2DM without safety concerns. Key Message: The KEAP1-NRF2 system is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for kidney disease, and KEAP1 inhibitors could be part of critical therapies for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nezu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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40
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Atilano-Roque A, Aleksunes LM, Joy MS. Bardoxolone methyl modulates efflux transporter and detoxifying enzyme expression in cisplatin-induced kidney cell injury. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:52-59. [PMID: 27480280 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is prescribed for the treatment of solid tumors and elicits toxicity to kidney tubules, which limits its clinical use. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, NFE2L2) is a critical transcription factor that has been shown to protect against kidney injury through activation of antioxidant mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the ability of short-term treatment with the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me) to protect against cisplatin-induced kidney cell toxicity. Cell viability was assessed in human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (hPTCs) exposed to low, intermediate, and high cisplatin concentrations in the presence and absence of CDDO-Me, administered either prior to or after cisplatin. Treatment with cisplatin alone resulted in reductions in hPTC viability, while CDDO-Me administered prior to or after cisplatin exposure yielded significantly higher cell viability (17%-71%). Gene regulation (mRNA expression) studies revealed the ability of CDDO-Me to modify protective pathways including Nrf2 induced detoxifying genes [GCLC (increased 1.9-fold), NQO1 (increased 9.3-fold)], and an efflux transporter [SLC47A1 (increased 4.5-fold)] at 12h. Protein assessments were in agreement with gene expression. Immunofluorescence revealed localization of GCLC and NQO1 to the nucleus and cytosol, respectively, with CDDO-Me administered prior to or after cisplatin exposure. The findings of enhanced cell viability and increased expression of detoxifying enzymes (GCLC and NQO1) and the multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) efflux transporter (SLC47A1) in hPTCs exposed to CDDO-Me, suggest that intermittent treatment with CDDO-Me prior to or after cisplatin exposure may be a promising approach to mitigate acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandla Atilano-Roque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Melanie S Joy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Camer D, Yu Y, Szabo A, Wang H, Dinh CHL, Huang XF. Bardoxolone methyl prevents obesity and hypothalamic dysfunction. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:178-87. [PMID: 27417254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is associated with hypothalamic leptin resistance and low grade chronic inflammation, which largely impairs the neuroregulation of negative energy balance. Neuroregulation of negative energy balance is largely controlled by the mediobasal and paraventricular nuclei regions of the hypothalamus via leptin signal transduction. Recently, a derivative of oleanolic acid, bardoxolone methyl (BM), has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. We tested the hypothesis that BM would prevent HF diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic leptin resistance, and inflammation in mice fed a HF diet. Oral administration of BM via drinking water (10 mg/kg daily) for 21 weeks significantly prevented an increase in body weight, energy intake, hyperleptinemia, and peripheral fat accumulation in mice fed a HF diet. Furthermore, BM treatment prevented HF diet-induced decreases in the anorexigenic effects of peripheral leptin administration. In the mediobasal and paraventricular nuclei regions of the hypothalamus, BM administration prevented HF diet-induced impairments of the downstream protein kinase b (Akt) pathway of hypothalamic leptin signalling. BM treatment also prevented an increase in inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in these two hypothalamic regions. These results identify a potential novel neuropharmacological application for BM in preventing HF diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic leptin resistance, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Camer
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Alexander Szabo
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Hongqin Wang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chi H L Dinh
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Lu MC, Ji JA, Jiang ZY, You QD. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway As a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target: An Update. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:924-63. [PMID: 27192495 DOI: 10.1002/med.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE ((Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1) nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway is one of the most important defense mechanisms against oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses, and it is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. In recent years, progress has been made in strategies aimed at modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. The Nrf2 activator DMF (Dimethylfumarates) has been approved by the FDA as a new first-line oral drug to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, while a phase 3 study of another promising candidate, CDDO-Me, was terminated for safety reasons. Directly inhibiting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions as a novel Nrf2-modulating strategy has many advantages over using electrophilic Nrf2 activators. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors has become a topic of intense research, and potent inhibitors of this target have been identified. In addition, inhibiting Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention because it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system. The main focus of this review is on recent progress in studies of agents that target the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and the therapeutic applications of such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian-Ai Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Granata A, Clementi A, Virzì GM, Brocca A, de Cal M, Scarfia VR, Zanoli L, Ronco C, Corrao S, Malatino L. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: From chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular impairment. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 30:1-6. [PMID: 26961461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4), or chronic renocardiac syndrome, has been defined as "chronic abnormalities in renal function leading to cardiac disease" and recognizes the extreme burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is common and increasingly recognized as a risk factor for CVD. Even though the treatment for CVD has dramatically improved over the past decades, it still takes responsibility for up to 50% of deaths in CKD patients. For this reason, patients with CKD should be thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors that require careful management, given the significant burden of CRS type 4 on the healthcare system. This review focuses on the most significant conventional and non-conventional CVD risk factors related to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Granata
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Agrigento, Italy
| | - Anna Clementi
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Agrigento, Italy; International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Virzì
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brocca
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo de Cal
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Luca Zanoli
- Unit of Internal Medicine "A. Francaviglia", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corrao
- Internal Medicine Department, National Relevance Hospital Trust ARNAS "Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli", Palermo, Italy; Centre of Research for Effectiveness and Appropriateness in Medicine (C.R.E.A.M.), Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Malatino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Yan YM, Wang XL, Zhou LL, Zhou FJ, Li R, Tian Y, Zuo ZL, Fang P, Chung ACK, Hou FF, Cheng YX. Lingzhilactones from Ganoderma lingzhi ameliorate adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:385-393. [PMID: 26571087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Several Ganoderma fungi are well-known for their medical uses to treat cancer, insomnia and kidney disease in East Asia. Triperpenoids and polysaccharides have been considered for a long time to be the major active components of the genus Ganoderma. The present study is to examine the effects of lingzhilactones from G. lingzhi on adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A combination of various chromatography led to the isolation of lingzhilactones A-C, their structures were identified by spectroscopic and computational methods. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected with the carboxymethyl-H2-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluoroprobe. The fibrotic markers were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Detection of SEAP was conducted with the chemiluminescent. Urine albumin was measured using an ELISA assay. Histology and immunohistochemical staining was used to assess fibrotic lesions in mice. RESULTS Three new lingzhilactones A-C (1-3) containing a fused lactone moiety were isolated from G. lingzhi. We found that 2 could inhibit ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit mRNA expression of collagen IV, fibronectin, IL-6 and increase expression of Nrf2 in rat tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that 2 could reduce urinary albumin levels, abrogate myofibroblastic activation and inhibit the phosphorylation of Smad3 in adriamycin-induced mice. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro and in vivo results suggested that lingzhilactone B could protect against renal injuries by increasing the activities of antioxidants and inhibiting inflammation. The inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation suggested that this substance displays in vivo antifibrotic activity by a mechanism that is dependent on disruption of Smad3. These results promote understanding of the traditional usage of G. lingzhi and provide promising findings which may be beneficial for anti-kidney disease drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Li-Li Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Nephrology, First Peopl e's Ho spital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi-Li Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Arthur C K Chung
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Fan-Fan Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Education Ministry, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China.
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Zhou S, Wang P, Qiao Y, Ge Y, Wang Y, Quan S, Yao R, Zhuang S, Wang LJ, Du Y, Liu Z, Gong R. Genetic and Pharmacologic Targeting of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Reinforces the Nrf2 Antioxidant Defense against Podocytopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:2289-308. [PMID: 26647425 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-dictated nuclear exclusion and degradation of Nrf2 is pivotal in switching off the self-protective antioxidant stress response after injury. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying this regulation in glomerular disease. In primary podocytes, doxorubicin elicited cell death and actin cytoskeleton disorganization, concomitant with overactivation of GSK3β (the predominant GSK3 isoform expressed in glomerular podocytes) and minimal Nrf2 activation. SB216763, a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of GSK3, exerted a protective effect that depended on the potentiated Nrf2 antioxidant response, marked by increased Nrf2 expression and nuclear accumulation and augmented production of the Nrf2 target heme oxygenase-1. Ectopic expression of the kinase-dead mutant of GSK3β in cultured podocytes reinforced the doxorubicin-induced Nrf2 activation and prevented podocyte injury. Conversely, a constitutively active GSK3β mutant blunted the doxorubicin-induced Nrf2 response and exacerbated podocyte injury, which could be abolished by treatment with SB216763. In murine models of doxorubicin nephropathy or nephrotoxic serum nephritis, genetic targeting of GSK3β by doxycycline-inducible podocyte-specific knockout or pharmacologic targeting by SB216763 significantly attenuated albuminuria and ameliorated histologic signs of podocyte injury, including podocytopenia, loss of podocyte markers, podocyte de novo expression of desmin, and ultrastructural lesions of podocytopathy (such as foot process effacement). This beneficial outcome was likely attributable to an enhanced Nrf2 antioxidant response in glomerular podocytes because the selective Nrf2 antagonist trigonelline abolished the proteinuria-reducing and podocyte-protective effect. Collectively, our results suggest the GSK3β-regulated Nrf2 antioxidant response as a novel therapeutic target for protecting podocytes and treating proteinuric glomerulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Pei Wang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yingjin Qiao
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yingzi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songxia Quan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ricky Yao
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Li Juan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
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Saito Y, Tsuruma K, Ichihara K, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Brazilian green propolis water extract up-regulates the early expression level of HO-1 and accelerates Nrf2 after UVA irradiation. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:421. [PMID: 26611539 PMCID: PMC4661975 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation is the major cause of human skin aging. Suppression of UVA irradiation-induced skin fibroblast cell damage protects the skin against aging. An oxidative stress response transcription factor nuclear factor-(erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has an important role as a cytoprotective system against oxidative stress in the human skin and other organs. Propolis has been commonly used as a traditional medicine since ancient times. The water extract of propolis (WEP) mainly contains caffeoylquinic acids. In our previous study, we reported that WEP and its major constituents protected immortalized human skin fibroblast cells (NB1-RGB) against UVA irradiation-induced cell death. In this study, we examined the mechanism of WEP-mediated skin protection and the possible involvement of Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways. Methods Brazilian green propolis was used in the present study (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), Baccharis dracunculifolia is its main source. The Baccharis propolis was extracted with water at 50 °C to yield water extract. The NB1-RGB cell cultures were incubated for 23 h. After replenishing the medium, WEP or its constituents were added to the cell cultures. After 1 h, the cells were exposed to 10 J/cm2 of UVA light (365 nm UVA light source, CL-1000 L UV Closslinkers, Ultraviolet Products Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels in NB1-RGB cells were evaluated using western blotting. Nrf2 nuclear translocation changes in NB1-RGB cells were indicated using immunostaining. Results We demonstrated that WEP pretreatment up-regulated HO-1 expression level after UVA irradiation at earlier time points than vehicle pretreatment did, and three main constituents of WEP showed similar effects. Furthermore, WEP pretreatment also accelerated Nrf2 nuclear translocation after UVA irradiation. Conclusions Our findings indicated that WEP acts as an early inducer of HO-1 and rapid activator of Nrf2 to protect against UVA-induced oxidative stress.
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Javkhedkar AA, Banday AA. Antioxidant resveratrol restores renal sodium transport regulation in SHR. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12618. [PMID: 26603454 PMCID: PMC4673646 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) renal angiotensin (Ang) II receptor (AT1R) upregulation leads to overstimulation of Na/K-ATPase by Ang II. There are reports that antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress and blood pressure (BP) in SHR, however the effect of these compounds on AT1R function remains to be determined. Therefore, we hypothesized that polyphenol antioxidant resveratrol would mitigate oxidative stress, normalize renal AT1R signaling, and reduce BP in SHR. SHR and wistar-kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with resveratrol for 8 weeks. Untreated SHR exhibited oxidative stress and enhanced renal proximal tubular Ang II-induced G-protein activation and Na/K-ATPase stimulation. Treatment of SHR with resveratrol mitigated oxidative stress, reduced BP, and normalized renal AT1R signaling. In SHR, nuclear expression of transcription factor NF-κB was increased while expression of Nrf2 was reduced. SHR also exhibited a significant decrease in renal antioxidant capacity and activities of phase II antioxidant enzymes. Resveratrol treatment of SHR abolished renal NF-κB activation, restored Nrf2-phase II antioxidant signaling and Ang II-mediated Na/K-ATPase regulation. These data show that in SHR, oxidative stress via activation of NF-κB upregulates AT1R–G-protein signaling resulting in overstimulation Na/K-ATPase which contributes to hypertension. Resveratrol, via Nrf2, activates phase II antioxidant enzymes, mitigates oxidative stress, normalizes AT1R–G-protein signaling and Na/K-ATPase regulation, and decreases BP in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva A Javkhedkar
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anees A Banday
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Bardoxolone Methyl Prevents Mesenteric Fat Deposition and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet Mice. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:549352. [PMID: 26618193 PMCID: PMC4651788 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric fat belongs to visceral fat. An increased deposition of mesenteric fat contributes to obesity associated complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We have investigated the therapeutic effects of bardoxolone methyl (BARD) on mesenteric adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6J mice were administered oral BARD during HFD feeding (HFD/BARD), only fed a high-fat diet (HFD), or fed low-fat diet (LFD) for 21 weeks. Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse mesenteric morphology and macrophages, while Western blot was used to assess the expression of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and energy expenditure proteins. Supplementation of drinking water with BARD prevented mesenteric fat deposition, as determined by a reduction in large adipocytes. BARD prevented inflammation as there were fewer inflammatory macrophages and reduced proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha). BARD reduced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, suggesting an antioxidative stress effect. BARD upregulates energy expenditure proteins, judged by the increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) proteins. Overall, BARD induces preventive effect in HFD mice through regulation of mesenteric adipose tissue.
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Yamaguchi J, Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Recent advances in understanding of chronic kidney disease. F1000Res 2015; 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1212. [PMID: 26937272 PMCID: PMC4752023 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6970.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as any condition that causes reduced kidney function over a period of time. Fibrosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial inflammation are the hallmark of pathological features in CKD. Regardless of initial insult, CKD has some common pathways leading CKD to end-stage kidney disease, including hypoxia in the tubulointerstitium and proteinuria. Recent advances in genome editing technologies and stem cell research give great insights to understand the pathogenesis of CKD, including identifications of the origins of renal myofibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells upon injury. Environmental factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and epigenetic factors in relation to CKD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Yamaguchi
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Kuwahara S, Hosojima M, Kaneko R, Aoki H, Nakano D, Sasagawa T, Kabasawa H, Kaseda R, Yasukawa R, Ishikawa T, Suzuki A, Sato H, Kageyama S, Tanaka T, Kitamura N, Narita I, Komatsu M, Nishiyama A, Saito A. Megalin-Mediated Tubuloglomerular Alterations in High-Fat Diet-Induced Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1996-2008. [PMID: 26534923 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, an important risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease, is often complicated by CKD, which further increases cardiovascular risk and causes ESRD. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this relationship, we investigated the role of the endocytic receptor megalin in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). We studied a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity/MetS model using kidney-specific mosaic megalin knockout (KO) mice. Compared with control littermates fed a normal-fat diet, control littermates fed an HFD for 12 weeks showed autolysosomal dysfunction with autophagy impairment and increased expression of hypertrophy, lipid peroxidation, and senescence markers in PTECs of the S2 segment, peritubular capillary rarefaction with localized interstitial fibrosis, and glomerular hypertrophy with mesangial expansion. These were ameliorated in HFD-fed megalin KO mice, even though these mice had the same levels of obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia as HFD-fed control mice. Intravital renal imaging of HFD-fed wild-type mice also demonstrated the accumulation of autofluorescent lipofuscin-like substances in PTECs of the S2 segment, accompanied by focal narrowing of tubular lumens and peritubular capillaries. In cultured PTECs, fatty acid-rich albumin induced the increased expression of genes encoding PDGF-B and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via megalin, with large (auto)lysosome formation, compared with fatty acid-depleted albumin. Collectively, the megalin-mediated endocytic handling of glomerular-filtered (lipo)toxic substances appears to be involved primarily in hypertrophic and senescent PTEC injury with autophagy impairment, causing peritubular capillary damage and retrograde glomerular alterations in HFD-induced kidney disease. Megalin could be a therapeutic target for obesity/MetS-related CKD, independently of weight, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Akiyo Suzuki
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, and
| | | | - Shun Kageyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Protocol Data Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kitamura
- Protocol Data Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, and
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; and
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