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Vaillancourt C, Ahmed M, Kirk S, Labonté MÈ, Laar A, Mah CL, Minaker L, Olstad DL, Potvin Kent M, Provencher V, Prowse R, Raine KD, Schram A, Zavala-Mora D, Rancourt-Bouchard M, Vanderlee L. Food environment research in Canada: a rapid review of methodologies and measures deployed between 2010 and 2021. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38373957 PMCID: PMC10875887 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous research methodologies have been used to examine food environments. Existing reviews synthesizing food environment measures have examined a limited number of domains or settings and none have specifically targeted Canada. This rapid review aimed to 1) map research methodologies and measures that have been used to assess food environments; 2) examine what food environment dimensions and equity related-factors have been assessed; and 3) identify research gaps and priorities to guide future research. A systematic search of primary articles evaluating the Canadian food environment in a real-world setting was conducted. Publications in English or French published in peer-reviewed journals between January 1 2010 and June 17 2021 and indexed in Web of Science, CAB Abstracts and Ovid MEDLINE were considered. The search strategy adapted an internationally-adopted food environment monitoring framework covering 7 domains (Food Marketing; Labelling; Prices; Provision; Composition; Retail; and Trade and Investment). The final sample included 220 articles. Overall, Trade and Investment (1%, n = 2), Labelling (7%, n = 15) and, to a lesser extent, Prices (14%, n = 30) were the least studied domains in Canada. Among Provision articles, healthcare (2%, n = 1) settings were underrepresented compared to school (67%, n = 28) and recreation and sport (24%, n = 10) settings, as was the food service industry (14%, n = 6) compared to grocery stores (86%, n = 36) in the Composition domain. The study identified a vast selection of measures employed in Canada overall and within single domains. Equity-related factors were only examined in half of articles (n = 108), mostly related to Retail (n = 81). A number of gaps remain that prevent a holistic and systems-level analysis of food environments in Canada. As Canada continues to implement policies to improve the quality of food environments in order to improve dietary patterns, targeted research to address identified gaps and harmonize methods across studies will help evaluate policy impact over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vaillancourt
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sara Kirk
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Kjipuktuk (Halifax), NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Catherine L Mah
- School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Leia Minaker
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3T1, Canada
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Monique Potvin Kent
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rachel Prowse
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kim D Raine
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave Northwest, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Ashley Schram
- School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet), ANU College of Asia & the Pacific, The Australian National University, 8 Fellows Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2600, Australia
| | - Daniela Zavala-Mora
- Science Library, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maryka Rancourt-Bouchard
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- École de Nutrition, Centre de Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, 2425 Rue de L'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Kowalski K, Auerbach J, Martenies SE, Starling AP, Moore B, Dabelea D, Magzamen S. Neighborhood Walkability, Historical Redlining, and Childhood Obesity in Denver, Colorado. J Urban Health 2023; 100:103-117. [PMID: 36622547 PMCID: PMC9918655 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a precursor to future health complications. In adults, neighborhood walkability is inversely associated with obesity prevalence. Recently, it has been shown that current urban walkability has been influenced by historical discriminatory neighborhood disinvestment. However, the relationship between this systemic racism and obesity has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of neighborhood walkability and redlining, a historical practice of denying home loans to communities of color, with childhood obesity. We evaluated neighborhood walkability and walkable destinations for 250 participants of the Healthy Start cohort, based in the Denver metropolitan region. Eligible participants attended an examination between ages 4 and 8. Walkable destinations and redlining geolocations were determined based on residential addresses, and a weighting system for destination types was developed. Sidewalks and trails in Denver were included in the network analyst tool in ArcMap to calculate the precise walkable environment for each child. We implemented linear regression models to estimate associations between neighborhood characteristics and child body mass index (BMI) z-scores and fat mass percent. There was a significant association between child BMI and redlining (β: 1.36, 95% CI: 0.106, 2.620). We did not find an association between walkability measures and childhood obesity outcomes. We propose that cities such as Denver pursue built environment policies, such as inclusionary zoning and direct investments in neighborhoods that have been historically neglected, to reduce the childhood health impacts of segregated poverty, and suggest further studies on the influences that redlining and urban built environment factors have on childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kowalski
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, CO, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Jeremy Auerbach
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, CO, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Sheena E Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, CO, Fort Collins, USA
- Department of Community Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brianna Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, CO, Fort Collins, USA.
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Food Environment Inequalities and Moderating Effects of Obesity on Their Relationships with COVID-19 in Chicago. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised challenges for people with health problems. Obesity is a global issue related to COVID-19. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) finds that obesity worsens COVID-19 outcomes. As body mass index increases, the COVID-19 death risk increases. Additionally, due to different restriction policies, the pandemic has transformed our food environment. Thus, it is important to develop an antivirus-enabled paradigm to decrease the COVID-19 spreading rate in neighborhoods with obesity concerns and design a sustainable and healthy food environment. It is found that both COVID-19 and obesity inequalities are associated with food environment inequalities, but few studies have examined the moderating effects of obesity and food environment on COVID-19. According to the Chicago Department of Public Health, more than 30% of the Chicago adult population is obese. Additionally, Chicago has 340,676 COVID-19 cases during the period between 1 March 2020 and 26 November 2021. This study uses regression models to examine the moderating effects of obesity and food environment on COVID-19 in Chicago. Besides food environment factors, green spaces and transportation access are considered. The results show COVID-19 is concentrated in areas with a high obesity rate and low food access. A 1 percent increase in obesity rate is associated with a 2.83 percent increase in COVID-19 death rate in a community. Additionally, the moderating effects of obesity on the association between food environment and COVID-19 are shown in the results.
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de Albuquerque FM, Pessoa MC, De Santis Filgueiras M, Gardone DS, de Novaes JF. Retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:1599-1618. [PMID: 35182145 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The community food environment covers the type, quantity, density, location, and access to retail food outlets, and its influence on eating behavior, obesity, and metabolic syndrome has been investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the evidence on longitudinal associations between objectively measured retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components in children, adolescents, and adults. DATA EXTRACTION This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. DATA SOURCES The Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Lilacs databases were searched without any restriction on publication dates. DATA ANALYSIS Of the 18 longitudinal studies included, significant associations were reported in 9 between retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components in adults (6 positive associations, 2 negative, and 1 both positive and negative), and in 3 studies of children and adolescents (2 negative associations and 1 both positive and negative). Six studies with adults found no association. CONCLUSION Limited evidence was found for longitudinal associations between retail food outlets and metabolic syndrome components. In future studies, researchers should consider the use of standardized retail food outlet measurements and accurate analysis to better understand the influence of the community food environment on metabolic syndrome. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no: CRD42020177137.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milene Cristine Pessoa
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Soares Gardone
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Farias de Novaes
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Huang H. A Spatial Analysis of Obesity: Interaction of Urban Food Environments and Racial Segregation in Chicago. J Urban Health 2021; 98:676-686. [PMID: 34264475 PMCID: PMC8280681 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The obesity rate in Chicago has increased up to more than 30% in the last two decades. Obesity is a major problem in Chicago, where 36% of the city's high school students and 61% of adults in the metropolitan area are overweight or obese. Simultaneously, Chicago remains highly segregated by race-a phenomenon that begs for spatial analysis of health. Extant work exploring associations between the food retail environment and obesity has provided mixed findings, and virtually, none of this work has been done with the effects of the interaction between racial segregation and the food retail environment on obesity, where obesity rates are among the highest in the segregation area for the city defined by racial segregation. This study explores whether being overweight or obese is associated with urban food environments, such as access to different types of food retail outlets, and how its associations interact with racial factors, at the community level. This study uses the 2016-2018 data from the Healthy Chicago Survey to investigate the spatial variations in obesity and their association with food environments in Chicago. Also, this study examines the moderating effects of racial segregation on associations between obesity and access to food retail outlets. Using spatial statistics and regression models with interaction terms, this study assesses how the urban food environment can interact with racial segregation to explain the spatial distribution of obesity. The results indicate that the obesity population is highly concentrated in the African American community. In Chicago, each additional convenience store in a community is associated with a 0.42% increase in the obesity rate. Fast food restaurant access is predictive of a greater obesity rate, and grocery store access is predictive of less obesity rate in a community with a higher percentage of African American population. Findings can be used to promote equitable access to food retail outlets, which may help reduce broader health inequities in Chicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Social Sciences, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, IL, Chicago, USA.
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Zavala GA, Tenorio-Palos Y, Campos-Ponce M, Elton-Puente JE, López-González CA, Doak CM, Rosado JL, García OP. Proximity and High Density of Convenience Stores Was Associated With Obesity in Children of a Rural Community of Mexico: Using a Geographic Information System Approach. Food Nutr Bull 2021; 42:490-501. [PMID: 34427148 DOI: 10.1177/03795721211033146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food environment (FE) has been linked to obesity in urban areas, but there is limited information in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, where prevalence of obesity is high. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between FE and childhood obesity using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). METHODS A total of 218 (8-10 years) children participated in a cross-sectional study. Weight, height, and body fat were measured. Geolocation of convenience stores (CS) and participants' households was collected, and the amount of processed food (PF) in the stores was measured. The proximity to the nearest CS and the number of CS within a 250-m buffer from each participant's household was calculated using GIS. Linear regression models between obesity measurements and FE were performed. RESULTS The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 32%. A total of 91% of the children had access to a CS within 250 m. On average, 48% of the shelf-space of the CS were occupied with PF. A positive association between the density of CS with body fat % (β = .145; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .004), abdominal fat % (β = .206; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .003), and body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score (BMIz; β = .028; 95% CI, 0.005-0.062, P = .005) was found. Living closer to CS was associated with increases in body fat % (β = -0.009; 95% CI, -0.017 to -0.001, P = 0.025), abdominal fat % (β = -0.012; 95% CI, -0.023 to -0.001, P = 0.033), and BMIz (β = -0.002, 95% CI, -0.004 to -0.001, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION In a rural community in Mexico, a high density and low proximity to CS is associated with obesity in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Antonio Zavala
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.,Faculty of Health Sciences, 8748University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Yessica Tenorio-Palos
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maiza Campos-Ponce
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 8748University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Juana Elizabeth Elton-Puente
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto López-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge L Rosado
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Olga P García
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, School of Natural Sciences, 27772Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
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Ong V, Skinner K, Minaker LM. Life stories of food agency, health, and resilience in a rapidly gentrifying urban centre: Building a multidimensional concept of food access. Soc Sci Med 2021; 280:114074. [PMID: 34051555 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies examine how geographic and non-geographic elements of food access intersect. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the relationship between food access, food security, health, and gentrification in the rapidly gentrifying urban centre of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 low-income, longtime residents of Kitchener-Waterloo, and five key informants in the region. This study complicates concepts of food access that focus on density or proximity of (un)healthy food outlets and illustrates the complex decision-making processes of residents in procuring healthy, affordable, and appropriate foods. Race, equity, and food justice-based analysis also illuminate the disproportionate effects of gentrification on racialized residents, who face barriers to obtaining culturally-appropriate foods. These findings expand food access research by showing how individuals creatively cope with and adapt to changes within their food environments. To achieve a multidimensional concept of food access under conditions of gentrification, it is important to build an understanding of individuals' diverse priorities, adaptation strategies, motivations, and behaviours related to food procurement within the context of structural barriers to food security (including urban development practices and social assistance benefit levels). By supporting residents' food agency and food justice in gentrifying cities, it might be possible to develop more effective interventions to support food security and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ong
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Leia M Minaker
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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Pitt TM, Aucoin J, HubkaRao T, Goopy S, Cabaj J, Hagel B, McCormack GR. The Relationship of Urban Form on Children and Adolescent Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Canadian Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084180. [PMID: 33920876 PMCID: PMC8071316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban form can have an impact on health outcomes in children, and the synthesis of findings can identify gaps in the literature and regional reviews may help guide policymakers. This study aims to complete a scoping review of the research relating urban form to health outcomes in children and adolescents from urban Canadian settings. Thirteen online databases were searched to identify studies that had objective measures of urban form and health outcomes. Two research assistants independently reviewed 27,444 titles and abstracts, and 176 full-text articles, returning 32 unique studies with youth-specific data. The majority of the included studies were cross-sectional or ecological (n = 26). Six studies used Canada-wide data and the rest were from Ontario (n = 11), Alberta (n = 6), and Quebec (n = 6). Urban form characteristics included neighbourhood food environment (n = 11), parks/natural space/greenness (n = 10), road or intersection characteristics (n = 7), and aggregated urban form measures (n = 7). Studies examined a variety of health outcomes: the majority considered weight status (n = 16) and injury (n = 10). Although there is over-reliance on mainly cross-sectional study designs, there is evidence suggesting that urban form is associated with health outcomes in Canadian youth, with parks/greenspace, road connectivity, and road characteristics most consistently associated with health outcomes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tona M. Pitt
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (T.H.); (B.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-955-7517
| | - Janet Aucoin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (J.A.); (J.C.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Tate HubkaRao
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (T.H.); (B.H.)
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (J.A.); (J.C.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Suzanne Goopy
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Usher Institute, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK
| | - Jason Cabaj
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (J.A.); (J.C.); (G.R.M.)
- Alberta Health Services, 10301 Southport Lane SW, Calgary, AB T2W 1S7, Canada
| | - Brent Hagel
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (T.H.); (B.H.)
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (J.A.); (J.C.); (G.R.M.)
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Gavin R. McCormack
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (J.A.); (J.C.); (G.R.M.)
- School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
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Jia P, Luo M, Li Y, Zheng JS, Xiao Q, Luo J. Fast-food restaurant, unhealthy eating, and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e12944. [PMID: 31507064 PMCID: PMC7988557 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive access to fast-food restaurants (FFRs) in the neighbourhood is thought to be a risk factor for childhood obesity by discouraging healthful dietary behaviours while encouraging the exposure to unhealthful food venues and hence the compensatory intake of unhealthy food option. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for articles published until 1 January 2019 that analysed the association between access to FFRs and weight-related behaviours and outcomes among children aged younger than 18. Sixteen cohort studies and 71 cross-sectional studies conducted in 14 countries were identified. While higher FFR access was not associated with weight-related behaviours (eg, dietary quality score and frequency of food consumption) in most studies, it was commonly associated with more fast-food consumption. Despite that, insignificant results were observed for all meta-analyses conducted by different measures of FFR access in the neighbourhood and weight-related outcomes, although 17 of 39 studies reported positive associations when using overweight/obesity as the outcome. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a rather mixed relationship between FFR access and weight-related behaviours/outcomes among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands
| | - Miyang Luo
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,Department of Reproductive Immunology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yamei Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jiayou Luo
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Xin J, Zhao L, Wu T, Zhang L, Li Y, Xue H, Xiao Q, Wang R, Xu P, Visscher T, Ma X, Jia P. Association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e12908. [PMID: 31274248 PMCID: PMC7988541 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity increases the risk of adulthood obesity and is associated with other adverse health outcomes later in life. It may be influenced by environmental characteristics of neighborhoods where children live, particularly dietary supply-related environmental factors. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity. We searched and filtered relevant literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library published before 1 January 2019. Data on the basic characteristics of studies, measures of access to convenience stores, and associations of convenience stores with weight-related behaviors and outcomes were extracted from 41 included studies. In general, the density of and proximity to convenience stores in children's residential and school neighborhoods were positively associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. However, their associations with children's weight status varied significantly by regions. The association between convenience store access and children's weight status was found to be negative in Canada, rather mixed in the United States and the United Kingdom, and not significant in East Asia. We suggest future research to clearly define the convenience store, better measure the access to convenience store, and also measure children's journey and food purchasing and consumption behaviors, to explain pathways from convenience store access to childhood obesity for designing effective interventions and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Xin
- Department of Health-Related Social and Behavioral Sciences, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Li Zhao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longhao Zhang
- Office of "Double First Class" Construction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029.,Center for Health Innovation, The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York, 10029
| | - Hong Xue
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Qian Xiao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Ruiou Wang
- Department of Health-Related Social and Behavioral Sciences, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyao Xu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tommy Visscher
- Research Center for Healthy Cities, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, the Netherlands.,European Association for the Study of Obesity, Patient Council and Prevention and Public Health Taskforce, Founding Chair New Investigators United, London, UK.,JOGG (Youth at a Healthy Weight), Chair Scientific Advisory Board, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Health-Related Social and Behavioral Sciences, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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11
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Li Y, Luo M, Wu X, Xiao Q, Luo J, Jia P. Grocery store access and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e12945. [PMID: 31650697 PMCID: PMC7988589 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grocery store is usually considered to be a healthy food outlet as it provides access to a variety of healthy food, such as fruits and vegetables, which may potentially improve overall dietary quality and protect against obesity. However, findings of the association between grocery store and childhood obesity are controversial. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association between access to grocery stores and childhood obesity. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published before January 1, 2019, using the combinations of three groups of keywords separately for grocery store, children and adolescents, and weight-related behaviours and outcomes. A total of 27 cross-sectional and eight longitudinal studies were identified. Controversial results existed among 24 studies, which examined the association between the access to grocery stores and weight-related outcomes. A null association was observed in almost all meta-analyses conducted by different measures of grocery stores and weight status, except the analysis between presence of grocery stores and overweight, which reached borderline significance. For weight-related behaviours, mixed findings were reported between grocery stores and dietary behaviours, and no significant associations were found for physical activity. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that access to grocery stores may have a rather small influence on child weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miyang Luo
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Xinyin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Enschede, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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12
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Silva FMOD, Novaes TG, Ribeiro AQ, Longo GZ, Pessoa MC. [Environmental factors associated with obesity in the adult population in a medium-sized Brazilian city]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00119618. [PMID: 31141028 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00119618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate associations between environmental variables and obesity in the adult population in a medium-sized Brazilian city. This was a cross-sectional study with individual data from a population-based study and environmental data obtained by direct observation, later georeferenced by the addresses. The sample included 965 adults 20 to 59 years of age, and the study used anthropometric, socioeconomic, demographic, behavioral, and self-rated health data. The outcome variable was obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Retail food outlets were classified as: supermarkets and establishments with a predominance of healthy, unhealthy, and mixed foods. Settings for physical activity were categorized as public and private. Characterization of the social environment used the census tracts' per capita income in tertiles and the crime rate. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed according to the generalized estimating equations model. An inverse association was found between density of public and private locations for physical activity and obesity (OR = 0.95, 95%CI: 0.92-0.99; OR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.97-0.99) in models adjusted by individual and environmental variables. In all the models, the highest per capita income tertile was inversely associated with obesity (p ≤ 0.05). The food environment and crime rates were not independently associated with obesity. These findings suggest that the census tract's income and its environment for physical activity can orient public policies to decrease obesity in this city.
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13
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Rautela YS, Reddy BV, Singh AK, Gupta A. The prevalence of obesity among adult population and its association with food outlet density in a hilly area of Uttarakhand. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7:809-814. [PMID: 30234058 PMCID: PMC6132005 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_161_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rising burden of obesity is a threat to both developed and developing countries. Obesity is a killer lifestyle disease. Different aspects of the local environment play a key role in the occurrence of obesity. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity among adult, its associated factors, and its relationship with retail food outlet density in Srikot, Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods This study was a community-based cross-sectional study, carried out in Srikot, Uttarakhand, in 2016 among 155 adults systematically sampled, aged above 20 years. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was used to interview the participants, and anthropometry measurements were done. The details regarding the geographic location and count of outlets were carried out. Obesity was considered body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Results In the present study, 61.3% were females. The mean age of the study participants was 38.3 (±13.6) years. The prevalence of overweight was 14.8% and obesity was 55.5%. A total of 92.9% of the study participants reported consumption of junk food. On mapping the study area, it was found that the total number of food outlets were 116. It was found that density of any food outlet per study participant was 0.7. Conclusion The Srikot in Uttarakhand is in an early stage of urbanization as evident from the burden of obesity, and this might worsen by prevalent outlet density of food in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashneel Singh Rautela
- Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Venkatashiva Reddy
- Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arti Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Ghenadenik AE, Kakinami L, Van Hulst A, Henderson M, Barnett TA. Neighbourhoods and obesity: A prospective study of characteristics of the built environment and their association with adiposity outcomes in children in Montreal, Canada. Prev Med 2018; 111:35-40. [PMID: 29462654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper examined prospective associations between built environment features assessed at baseline using direct audits and adiposity outcomes two years later in Montreal, Canada. Data stem from the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth study of 630 children aged 8-10 years with a parental history of obesity. Baseline measurements took place between 2005 and 2008. Follow-up took place between 2008 and 2011. Built environment features were assessed at baseline in up to 10 contiguous street segments around participants' residential addresses using on-site audits. Analyses were restricted to participants who reported the same address both at baseline and follow-up. Prospective associations between adiposity outcomes at follow-up (BMI z-score and waist-height ratio) and built environment features at baseline (traffic-calming features, pedestrian aids, disorder, physical activity facilities, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants) were examined using multivariable regression models. 391 children were included in the analyses. In fully-adjusted models, children living in residential areas with presence of pedestrian aids had lower BMI z-score, and lower waist-height ratio. Also, children residing in residential areas with at least one convenience store had lower BMI z-score, and lower waist-height ratio at follow-up. Findings provide evidence of the potential role of street-level urban design features in shaping childhood adiposity. To better inform policy and intervention, future research should explore the possibility of reducing obesogenic neighbourhoods by enhancing street-level design features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ghenadenik
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique (ESPUM), Université de Montréal. 7101, avenue du Parc 3(e) étage, Montréal, Quebec H3N 1X9, Canada; Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), 7101, avenue du Parc 3(e) étage, Montréal, Quebec H3N 1X9, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM). 900, rue Saint Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - L Kakinami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University. 1455, boulevard de Maisonneuve O., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University. 7141, rue Sherbrooke O., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - A Van Hulst
- Research Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020, avenue des Pins O., Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - M Henderson
- Research Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - T A Barnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175, chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) - Institut Armand Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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15
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Jalbert-Arsenault É, Robitaille É, Paquette MC. Development, reliability and use of a food environment assessment tool in supermarkets of four neighbourhoods in Montréal, Canada. HEALTH PROMOTION AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION IN CANADA-RESEARCH POLICY AND PRACTICE 2018; 37:293-302. [PMID: 28902478 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.37.9.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The food environment is a promising arena in which to influence people's dietary habits. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive food environment assessment tool for businesses and characterize the food environment of a low-tomedium income area of Montréal, Canada. METHODS We developed a tool, Mesure de l'environnement alimentaire du consommateur dans les supermarchés (MEAC-S), and tested it for reliability. We used the MEAC-S to assess the consumer food environment of 17 supermarkets in four neighbourhoods of Montréal. We measured the shelf length, variety, price, display counts and in-store positions of fruits and vegetables (FV) and ultra-processed food products (UPFPs). We also assessed fresh FV for quality. Store size was estimated using the total measured shelf length for all food categories. We conducted Spearman correlations between these indicators of the food environment. RESULTS Reliability analyses revealed satisfactory results for most indicators. Characterization of the food environment revealed high variability in shelf length, variety and price of FV between supermarkets and suggested a disproportionate promotion of UPFPs. Display counts of UPFPs outside their normal display location ranged from 7 to 26, and they occupied 8 to 33 strategic in-store positions, whereas the number of display counts of fresh FV outside their normal display location exceeded 1 in only 2 of the 17 stores surveyed, and they occupied a maximum of 2 strategic in-store positions per supermarket. Price of UPFPs was inversely associated with their prominence (p < .005) and promotion (p < .003). Store size was associated with display counts and strategic in-store positioning of UPFPs (p < .001), but not FV, and was inversely associated with the price of soft drinks (p < .003). CONCLUSION This study illustrates the variability of the food environment between supermarkets and underscores the importance of measuring in-store characteristics to adequately picture the consumer food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éric Robitaille
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Paquette
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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DuBreck CM, Sadler RC, Arku G, Gilliland JA. Examining community and consumer food environments for children: An urban-suburban-rural comparison in Southwestern Ontario. Soc Sci Med 2018; 209:33-42. [PMID: 29787926 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate how retail food environments for children in the City of London and Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada, vary according to level of urbanicity and level of socioeconomic distress. Urbanicity in this study is defined as a neighbourhood's designation as urban, suburban, or rural. We assessed community food environments (e.g., the type, location, and accessibility of food outlets) using 800m and 1600m network buffers (school zones) around all public and private elementary schools, and we calculated and compared density of junk food opportunities (JFO) (e.g., fast food and full-service restaurants, grocery stores, and convenience stores) within each school zone in urban, suburban and rural settings. The study also assessed consumer food environments (e.g., the price, promotion, placement, and availability of healthy options and nutrition information) through restaurant children's menu audits using the Children's Menu Assessment tool. Results suggest JFO density is greater around elementary schools in areas with higher levels of socioeconomic distress and urbanicity, while urbanicity is also associated with greater use of branded marketing and inclusion of an unhealthy dessert on children's menus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M DuBreck
- University of Western Ontario, Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Richard C Sadler
- University of Western Ontario, Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; Michigan State University, Department of Family Medicine/Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, 200 E 1st St, Flint, MI, 48502, United States
| | - Godwin Arku
- University of Western Ontario, Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- University of Western Ontario, Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; University of Western Ontario, School of Health Studies, Department of Paediatrics., Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5, Canada.
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17
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Speed KA, Meyer SB, Hanning RM, Majowicz SE. "Highly processed, highly packaged, very unhealthy. But they are low risk": exploring intersections between community food security and food safety. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2017; 37:323-332. [PMID: 29043759 PMCID: PMC5674763 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.37.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food insecurity and foodborne disease are important issues in Canada, and the public health actions taken to address them can be conceptualized as factors shaping the food environment. Given emerging evidence that these two areas may interrelate, the objective of this study was to explore ways in which community food security efforts and food safety practices (and the population health issues they aim to address) may intersect in British Columbia, Canada, and interpret what this might mean for conceptualizing and attaining healthier food environments. METHODS We conducted 14 key informant interviews with practitioners working in community food security and food safety in British Columbia, and used qualitative descriptive analysis to identify examples of intersections between the sectors. RESULTS Participants identified four key ways that the two sectors intersect. They identified (1) how their daily practices to promote safe or healthy food could be helped or hindered by the activities of the other sector; (2) that historically disjointed policies that do not consider multiple health outcomes related to food may complicate the interrelationship; (3) that the relationship of these sectors is also affected by the fact that specific types of food products, such as fresh produce, can be considered both risky and beneficial; and (4) that both sectors are working towards the same goal of improved population health, albeit viewing it through slightly different lenses. CONCLUSION Food security and food safety connect in several ways, with implications for characterizing and improving Canadian food environments. Collaboration across separated public health areas related to food is needed when designing new programs or policies aimed at changing the way Canadians eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Speed
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhona M Hanning
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Yenerall J, You W, Hill J. Investigating the Spatial Dimension of Food Access. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14080866. [PMID: 28767093 PMCID: PMC5580570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the sensitivity of food access models to a dataset’s spatial distribution and the empirical definition of food access, which contributes to understanding the mixed findings of previous studies. Data was collected in the Dan River Region in the United States using a telephone survey for individual-level variables (n = 784) and a store audit for the location of food retailers and grocery store quality. Spatial scanning statistics assessed the spatial distribution of obesity and detected a cluster of grocery stores overlapping with a cluster of obesity centered on a grocery store suggesting that living closer to a grocery store increased the likelihood of obesity. Logistic regression further examined this relationship while controlling for demographic and other food environment variables. Similar to the cluster analysis results, increased distance to a grocery store significantly decreased the likelihood of obesity in the urban subsample (average marginal effects, AME = −0.09, p-value = 0.02). However, controlling for grocery store quality nullified these results (AME = −0.12, p-value = 0.354). Our findings suggest that measuring grocery store accessibility as the distance to the nearest grocery store captures variability in the spatial distribution of the health outcome of interest that may not reflect a causal relationship between the food environment and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Yenerall
- Office of Health Policy, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Wen You
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| | - Jennie Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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19
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Paquet C, de Montigny L, Labban A, Buckeridge D, Ma Y, Arora N, Dubé L. The moderating role of food cue sensitivity in the behavioral response of children to their neighborhood food environment: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:86. [PMID: 28679391 PMCID: PMC5499022 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neighborhood food cues have been inconsistently related to residents’ health, possibly due to variations in residents’ sensitivity to such cues. This study sought to investigate the degree to which children’s predisposition to eat upon exposure to food environment and food cues (external eating), could explain differences in strength of associations between their food consumption and the type of food outlets and marketing strategies present in their neighborhood. Methods Data were obtained from 616 6–12 y.o. children recruited into a population-based cross-sectional study in which food consumption was measured through a 24-h food recall and responsiveness to food cues measured using the external eating scale. The proportion of food retailers within 3 km of residence considered as “healthful” was calculated using a Geographical Information System. Neighborhood exposure to food marketing strategies (displays, discount frequency, variety, and price) for vegetables and soft drinks were derived from a geocoded digital marketing database. Adjusted mixed models with spatial covariance tested interaction effects of food environment indicators and external eating on food consumption. Results In children with higher external eating scores, healthful food consumption was more positively related to vegetable displays, and more negatively to the display and variety of soft drinks. No interactions were observed for unhealthful food consumption and no main effects of food environment indicators were found on food consumption. Conclusions Children differ in their responsiveness to marketing-related visual food cues on the basis of their external eating phenotype. Strategies aiming to increase the promotion of healthful relative to unhealthful food products in stores may be particularly beneficial for children identified as being more responsive to food cues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0540-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Paquet
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia. .,Research Centre of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | - Luc de Montigny
- de Montigny Consulting, 3840 de l'Hôtel-de-Ville Ave., Montreal, Québec, H2W 2G5, Canada
| | - Alice Labban
- Business Administration Division, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Hwy, Malibu, CA, 90263-4237, USA
| | - David Buckeridge
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Yu Ma
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics (MCCHE), Faculty of Management, McGill University, 1001 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1G5, Canada
| | - Narendra Arora
- The INCLEN Trust International, F-1/5, 2nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area Phase - 1, New Delhi, India
| | - Laurette Dubé
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics (MCCHE), Faculty of Management, McGill University, 1001 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1G5, Canada
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20
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Fuller D, Engler-Stringer R, Muhajarine N. Retail food environments research: Promising future with more work to be done. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2016; 107:5622. [PMID: 27281524 PMCID: PMC6972069 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.107.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As members of the scientific committee for the Food Environments in Canada conference, we reflect on the current state of food environments research in Canada. We are very encouraged that the field is growing and there have been many collaborative efforts to link researchers in Canada, including the 2015 Food Environments in Canada Symposium and Workshop. We believe there are 5 key challenges the field will need to collectively address: theory and causality; replication and extension; consideration of rural, northern and vulnerable populations; policy analysis; and intervention research. In addressing the challenges, we look forward to working together to conduct more sophisticated, complex and community-driven food environments research in the future.
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