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Chlubek M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Selected Functions and Disorders of Mitochondrial Metabolism under Lead Exposure. Cells 2024; 13:1182. [PMID: 39056765 PMCID: PMC11275214 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the energy metabolism of eukaryotic cells. Numerous studies indicate lead (Pb) as a widely occurring environmental factor capable of disrupting oxidative metabolism by modulating the mitochondrial processes. The multitude of known molecular targets of Pb and its strong affinity for biochemical pathways involving divalent metals suggest that it may pose a health threat at any given dose. Changes in the bioenergetics of cells exposed to Pb have been repeatedly demonstrated in research, primarily showing a reduced ability to synthesize ATP. In addition, lead interferes with mitochondrial-mediated processes essential for maintaining homeostasis, such as apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and the inflammatory response. This article describes selected aspects of mitochondrial metabolism in relation to potential mechanisms of energy metabolism disorders induced by Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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2
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Woo MS, Cao DL, Kim EJ, Jeong YY, Kang D. Broncho-Vaxom Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7135. [PMID: 39000242 PMCID: PMC11241551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a condition associated with acute respiratory failure, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. It involves cellular changes such as disruption of the alveolar-capillary membrane, excessive neutrophil migration, and release of inflammatory mediators. Broncho-Vaxom® (BV), a lyophilized product containing cell membrane components derived from eight bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract, is known for its potential to reduce viral and bacterial lung infections. However, the specific effect of BV on ALI has not been clearly defined. This study explored the preventive effects of BV and its underlying mechanisms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. Oral BV (1 mg/kg) gavage was administered one hour before the intratracheal injection of LPS to evaluate its preventive effect on the ALI model. The pre-administration of BV significantly mitigates inflammatory parameters, including the production of inflammatory mediators, macrophage infiltration, and NF-κB activation in lung tissue, and the increase in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, BV (3 μg/mL) pretreatment reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2, which are activated by LPS, in both mouse alveolar macrophage MH-S cells and human macrophage THP-1 cells. These findings showed that BV exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators through the NF-κB pathway, suggesting its potential to attenuate bronchial and pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dang Long Cao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yeong Jeong
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Thakku Sivakumar D, Jain K, Alfehaid N, Wang Y, Teng X, Fischer W, Engel T. The Purinergic P2X7 Receptor as a Target for Adjunctive Treatment for Drug-Refractory Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6894. [PMID: 39000004 PMCID: PMC11241490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) with anticonvulsants remain the mainstay of epilepsy treatment. Currently used ASMs are, however, ineffective to suppress seizures in about one third of all patients. Moreover, ASMs show no significant impact on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in epilepsy development or disease progression and may cause serious side-effects, highlighting the need for the identification of new drug targets for a more causal therapy. Compelling evidence has demonstrated a role for purinergic signalling, including the nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) during the generation of seizures and epilepsy. Consequently, drugs targeting specific ATP-gated purinergic receptors have been suggested as promising treatment options for epilepsy including the cationic P2X7 receptor (P27XR). P2X7R protein levels have been shown to be increased in the brain of experimental models of epilepsy and in the resected brain tissue of patients with epilepsy. Animal studies have provided evidence that P2X7R blocking can reduce the severity of acute seizures and the epileptic phenotype. The current review will provide a brief summary of recent key findings on P2X7R signalling during seizures and epilepsy focusing on the potential clinical use of treatments based on the P2X7R as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for drug-refractory seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyeshz Thakku Sivakumar
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Krishi Jain
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noura Alfehaid
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- International College of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinchen Teng
- International College of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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Chen YT, Lohia GK, Chen S, Riquelme SA. Immunometabolic Regulation of Bacterial Infection, Biofilms, and Antibiotic Susceptibility. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:143-158. [PMID: 38310854 PMCID: PMC10914382 DOI: 10.1159/000536649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon infection, mucosal tissues activate a brisk inflammatory response to clear the pathogen, i.e., resistance to disease. Resistance to disease is orchestrated by tissue-resident macrophages, which undergo profound metabolic reprogramming after sensing the pathogen. These metabolically activated macrophages release many inflammatory factors, which promote their bactericidal function. However, in immunocompetent individuals, pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella evade this type of immunity, generating communities that thrive for the long term. SUMMARY These organisms develop features that render them less susceptible to eradication, such as biofilms and increased tolerance to antibiotics. Furthermore, after antibiotic therapy withdrawal, "persister" cells rapidly upsurge, triggering inflammatory relapses that worsen host health. How these pathogens persisted in inflamed tissues replete with activated macrophages remains poorly understood. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we discuss recent findings indicating that the ability of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Salmonella to evolve biofilms and antibiotic tolerance is promoted by the similar metabolic routes that regulate macrophage metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar Lohia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sebastián A Riquelme
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Gairola S, Sinha A, Kaundal RK. Linking NLRP3 inflammasome and pulmonary fibrosis: mechanistic insights and promising therapeutic avenues. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:287-305. [PMID: 37991660 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disorder distinguished by redundant inflammation and matrix accumulation in the lung interstitium. The early inflammatory cascade coupled with recurring tissue injury orchestrates a set of events marked by perturbed matrix hemostasis, deposition of matrix proteins, and remodeling in lung tissue. Numerous investigations have corroborated a direct correlation between the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) activation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Dysregulated activation of NLRP3 within the pulmonary microenvironment exacerbates inflammation and may incite fibrogenic responses. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which the NLRP3 inflammasome elicits pro-fibrogenic responses remain inadequately defined. Contemporary findings suggest that the pro-fibrotic consequences stemming from NLRP3 signaling primarily hinge on the action of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β instigates IL-1 receptor signaling, potentiating the activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This signaling cascade, in turn, exerts influence over various transcription factors, including SNAIL, TWIST, and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB 1/2), which collectively foster myofibroblast activation and consequent lung fibrosis. Here, we have connected the dots to illustrate how the NLRP3 inflammasome orchestrates a multitude of signaling events, including the activation of transcription factors that facilitate myofibroblast activation and subsequent lung remodeling. In addition, we have highlighted the prominent role played by various cells in the formation of myofibroblasts, the primary culprit in lung fibrosis. We also provided a concise overview of various compounds that hold the potential to impede NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, thus offering a promising avenue for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Gairola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | - Antarip Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | - Ravinder K Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India.
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Mekala N, Trivedi J, Bhoj P, Togre N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Alcohol and e-cigarette damage alveolar-epithelial barrier by activation of P2X7r and provoke brain endothelial injury via extracellular vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:39. [PMID: 38225580 PMCID: PMC10789007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of nicotine containing products like electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) and alcohol are associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, resulting in the extracellular release of ATP, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mediating inflammatory responses. While nicotine effects on lungs is well-known, chronic alcohol (ETH) exposure also weakens lung immune responses and cause inflammation. Extracellular ATP (eATP) released by inflammatory/stressed cells stimulate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7r) activation in adjacent cells. We hypothesized that injury caused by alcohol and e-Cig to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) promote the release of eATP, mtDNA and P2X7r in circulation. This induces a paracrine signaling communication either directly or via EVs to affect brain cells (human brain endothelial cells - hBMVEC). METHODS We used a model of primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) and exposed the cells to 100 mM ethanol (ETH), 100 µM acetaldehyde (ALD), or e-Cig (1.75 µg/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine) conditioned media, and measured the mitochondrial efficiency using Agilent Seahorse machine. Gene expression was measured by Taqman RT-qPCR and digital PCR. hPAEpiC-EVs were extracted from culture supernatant and characterized by flow cytometric analysis. Calcium (Ca2+) and eATP levels were quantified using commercial kits. To study intercellular communication via paracrine signaling or by EVs, we stimulated hBMVECs with hPAEpiC cell culture medium conditioned with ETH, ALD or e-cig or hPAEpiC-EVs and measured Ca2+ levels. RESULTS ETH, ALD, or e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) stimulation depleted the mitochondrial spare respiration capacity in hPAEpiC. We observed increased expression of P2X7r and TRPV1 genes (3-6-fold) and increased intracellular Ca2+ accumulation (20-30-fold increase) in hPAEpiC, resulting in greater expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. hPAEpiC stimulated by ETH, ALD, and e-Cig conditioned media shed more EVs with larger particle sizes, carrying higher amounts of eATP and mtDNA. ETH, ALD and e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) exposure also increased the P2X7r shedding in media and via EVs. hPAEpiC-EVs carrying P2X7r and eATP cargo triggered paracrine signaling in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and increased Ca2+ levels. P2X7r inhibition by A804598 compound normalized mitochondrial spare respiration, reduced ER stress and diminished EV release, thus protecting the BBB function. CONCLUSION Abusive drugs like ETH and e-Cig promote mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hPAEpiC and disrupts the cell functions via P2X7 receptor signaling. EVs released by lung epithelial cells against ETH/e-cig insults, carry a cargo of secondary messengers that stimulate brain cells via paracrine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Mekala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jayshil Trivedi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhoj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Kargarpour Z, Cicko S, Köhler TC, Zech A, Stoshikj S, Bal C, Renner A, Idzko M, El-Gazzar A. Blocking P2Y2 purinergic receptor prevents the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1310098. [PMID: 38179047 PMCID: PMC10765495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1310098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality resulting from a direct or indirect injury of the lung. It is characterized by a rapid alveolar injury, lung inflammation with neutrophil accumulation, elevated permeability of the microvascular-barrier leading to an aggregation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs, followed by impaired oxygenation in the arteries and eventual respiratory failure. Very recently, we have shown an involvement of the Gq-coupled P2Y2 purinergic receptor (P2RY2) in allergic airway inflammation (AAI). In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the contribution of the P2RY2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS mouse model. We found that the expression of P2ry2 in neutrophils, macrophages and lung tissue from animals with LPS-induced ARDS was strongly upregulated at mRNA level. In addition, ATP-neutralization by apyrase in vivo markedly attenuated inflammation and blocking of P2RY2 by non-selective antagonist suramin partially decreased inflammation. This was indicated by a reduction in the number of neutrophils, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in the BALF, microvascular plasma leakage and reduced features of inflammation in histological analysis of the lung. P2RY2 blocking has also attenuated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration into the interstitium of the lungs in ARDS mouse model. Consistently, treatment of P2ry2 deficient mice with LPS lead to an amelioration of the inflammatory response showed by reduced number of neutrophils and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. In attempts to identify the cell type specific role of P2RY2, a series of experiments with conditional P2ry2 knockout animals were performed. We observed that P2ry2 expression in neutrophils, but not in the airway epithelial cells or CD4+ cells, was associated with the inflammatory features caused by ARDS. Altogether, our findings imply for the first time that increased endogenous ATP concentration via activation of P2RY2 is related to the pathogenesis of LPS-induced lung inflammation and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ARDS and predictably assess new treatments in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanja Cicko
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Köhler
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Slagjana Stoshikj
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bal
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Renner
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mekala N, Trivedi J, Bhoj P, Togre N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Alcohol and e-cigarette damage alveolar-epithelial barrier by activation of P2X7r and provoke brain endothelial injury via extracellular vesicles. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3552555. [PMID: 38014253 PMCID: PMC10680944 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3552555/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Use of nicotine containing products like electronic cigarettes (e-Cig) and alcohol are associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, resulting in the extracellular release of ATP, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mediating inflammatory responses. While nicotine effects on lungs is well-known, chronic alcohol (ETH) exposure also weakens lung immune responses and cause inflammation. Extracellular ATP (eATP) released by inflammatory/stressed cells stimulate purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7r) activation in adjacent cells. We hypothesized that injury caused by alcohol and e-Cig to pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) promote the release of eATP, mtDNA and P2X7r in circulation. This induces a paracrine signaling communication either directly or via EVs to affect brain cells (human brain endothelial cells - hBMVEC). Methods We used a model of primary human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (hPAEpiC) and exposed the cells to 100 mM ethanol (ETH), 100 μM acetaldehyde (ALD), or e-Cig (1.75μg/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine) conditioned media, and measured the mitochondrial efficiency using Agilent Seahorse machine. Gene expression was measured by Taqman RT-qPCR and digital PCR. hPAEpiC-EVs were extracted from culture supernatant and characterized by flow cytometric analysis. Calcium (Ca2+) and eATP levels were quantified using commercial kits. To study intercellular communication via paracrine signaling or by EVs, we stimulated hBMVECs with hPAEpiC cell culture medium conditioned with ETH, ALD or e-cig or hPAEpiC-EVs and measured Ca2+ levels. Results ETH, ALD, or e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) stimulation depleted the mitochondrial spare respiration capacity in hPAEpiC. We observed increased expression of P2X7r and TRPV1 genes (3-6-fold) and increased intracellular Ca2+ accumulation (20-30-fold increase) in hPAEpiC, resulting in greater expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers. hPAEpiC stimulated by ETH, ALD, and e-Cig conditioned media shed more EVs with larger particle sizes, carrying higher amounts of eATP and mtDNA. ETH, ALD and e-Cig (1.8% nicotine) exposure also increased the P2X7r shedding in media and via EVs. hPAEpiC-EVs carrying P2X7r and eATP cargo triggered paracrine signaling in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and increased Ca2+ levels. P2X7r inhibition by A804598 compound normalized mitochondrial spare respiration, reduced ER stress and diminished EV release, thus protecting the BBB function. Conclusion Abusive drugs like ETH and e-Cig promote mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hPAEpiC and disrupts the cell functions via P2X7 receptor signaling. EVs released by lung epithelial cells against ETH/e-cig insults, carry a cargo of secondary messengers that stimulate brain cells via paracrine signals.
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O'Grady SM, Kita H. ATP functions as a primary alarmin in allergen-induced type 2 immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1369-C1386. [PMID: 37842751 PMCID: PMC10861152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00370.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental allergens that interact with the airway epithelium can activate cellular stress pathways that lead to the release of danger signals known as alarmins. The mechanisms of alarmin release are distinct from damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which typically escape from cells after loss of plasma membrane integrity. Oxidative stress represents a form of allergen-induced cellular stress that stimulates oxidant-sensing mechanisms coupled to pathways, which facilitate alarmin mobilization and efflux across the plasma membrane. In this review, we highlight examples of alarmin release and discuss their roles in the initiation of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we discuss the concept of alarmin amplification, where "primary" alarmins, which are directly released in response to a specific cellular stress, stimulate additional signaling pathways that lead to secretion of "secondary" alarmins that include proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-33, as well as genomic and mitochondrial DNA that coordinate or amplify type 2 immunity. Accordingly, allergen-evoked cellular stress can elicit a hierarchy of alarmin signaling responses from the airway epithelium that trigger local innate immune reactions, impact adaptive immunity, and exacerbate diseases including asthma and other chronic inflammatory conditions that affect airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
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Fang XZ, Li M, Wang YX, Zhang P, Sun MM, Xu JX, Yang YY, He YJ, Yu Y, Li RT, Zhou T, Reng LH, Sun DY, Shu HQ, Yuan SY, Xu JQ, Shang Y. Mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 mediates mechanical ventilation-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis. J Adv Res 2023; 53:175-186. [PMID: 36526145 PMCID: PMC10658225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary fibrosis is a major cause of the poor prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). While mechanical ventilation (MV) is an indispensable life-saving intervention for ARDS, it may cause the remodeling process in lung epithelial cells to become disorganized and exacerbate ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis. Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that is known to play a role in regulating diverse physiological processes, but whether Piezo1 is necessary for MV-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the role of Piezo1 in MV-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells were stimulated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by mechanical stretch for 48 h. A two-hitmodel of MV afteracidaspiration-inducedlunginjuryin mice was used. Mice were sacrificed after 14 days of MV. Pharmacological inhibition and knockout of Piezo1 were used to delineate the role of Piezo1 in MV-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis. In some experiments, ATP or the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme apyrase was administered. RESULTS The stimulation of human lung epithelial cells to HCl resulted in phenotypes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which were enhanced by mechanical stretching. MV exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis in mice exposed to HCl. Pharmacologicalinhibitionorknockout of Piezo1 attenuated the MV-exacerbated EMT process and lung fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the observed effects were mediated by Piezo1-dependent Ca2+ influx and ATP release in lung epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a key role for Piezo1 in MV-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis that is mediated by increased ATP release in lung epithelial cells. Inhibiting Piezo1 may constitute a novelstrategyfor the treatment of MV-exacerbated ARDS-associated pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhi Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pain Management, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Miao-Miao Sun
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Yi Yang
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Jun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Le-Hao Reng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-Yi Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Qing Shu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Ying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Qian Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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11
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Gallenga CE, Maritati M, Mura M, Di Virgilio F, Conti P, Contini C. Macrophage Activation in Follicular Conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2198. [PMID: 37764042 PMCID: PMC10534302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, follicular conjunctivitis has become relevant. The conjunctiva acts as an open lymph node, reacting to the viral antigen that binds the epithelial cells, forming follicles of B cells with activated T cells and NK cells on its surface, which, in turn, talk to monocyte-derived inflammatory infected macrophages. Here, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major driver in releasing pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and caspase-1, leading to follicular conjunctivitis and bulbar congestion, even as isolated signs in the 'asymptomatic' patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences Doctoral Course Molecular Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Ophthalmology Unit, University—Hospital Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Martina Maritati
- Bone and Infections Lab, Santa Maria Maddalena NH, Occhiobello, 45030 Rovigo, Italy; mrtmtn#@unife.it
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Mura
- Ophthalmology Unit, University—Hospital Cona, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and for the Romagna, Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences Doctoral Course Molecular Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- School of Medicine, Immunology, G. D’Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
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12
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Sluyter R, Adriouch S, Fuller SJ, Nicke A, Sophocleous RA, Watson D. Animal Models for the Investigation of P2X7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098225. [PMID: 37175933 PMCID: PMC10179175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The study of animals has greatly advanced the investigation of P2X7 and helped to establish the numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles of this receptor in human health and disease. Following a short overview of the P2X7 distribution, roles and functional properties, this article discusses how animal models have contributed to the generation of P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies (including biologics), recombinant receptors and radioligands to study P2X7 as well as to the pharmacokinetic testing of P2X7 antagonists. This article then outlines how mouse and rat models have been used to study P2X7. These sections include discussions on preclinical disease models, polymorphic P2X7 variants, P2X7 knockout mice (including bone marrow chimeras and conditional knockouts), P2X7 reporter mice, humanized P2X7 mice and P2X7 knockout rats. Finally, this article reviews the limited number of studies involving guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys (rhesus macaques), dogs, cats, zebrafish, and other fish species (seabream, ayu sweetfish, rainbow trout and Japanese flounder) to study P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UniRouen, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy, (PANTHER), Univ Rouen Normandie, University of Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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13
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Dual Role of the P2X7 Receptor in Dendritic Outgrowth during Physiological and Pathological Brain Development. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1125-1142. [PMID: 36732073 PMCID: PMC9962779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0805-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At high levels, extracellular ATP operates as a "danger" molecule under pathologic conditions through purinergic receptors, including the ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Its endogenous activation is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders; however, its function during early embryonic stages remains largely unclear. Our objective was to determine the role of P2X7R in the regulation of neuronal outgrowth. For this purpose, we performed Sholl analysis of dendritic branches on primary hippocampal neurons and in acute hippocampal slices from WT mice and mice with genetic deficiency or pharmacological blockade of P2X7R. Because abnormal dendritic branching is a hallmark of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, a model of maternal immune activation (MIA)-induced schizophrenia, was used for further morphologic investigations. Subsequently, we studied MIA-induced behavioral deficits in young adult mice females and males. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological blockade of P2X7R led to branching deficits under physiological conditions. Moreover, pathologic activation of the receptor led to deficits in dendritic outgrowth on primary neurons from WT mice but not those from P2X7R KO mice exposed to MIA. Likewise, only MIA-exposed WT mice displayed schizophrenia-like behavioral and cognitive deficits. Therefore, we conclude that P2X7R has different roles in the development of hippocampal dendritic arborization under physiological and pathologic conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our main finding is a novel role for P2X7R in neuronal branching in the early stages of development under physiological conditions. We show how a decrease in the expression of P2X7R during brain development causes the receptor to play pathologic roles in adulthood. Moreover, we studied a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and found that, at higher ATP concentrations, endogenous activation of P2X7R is necessary and sufficient for the development of positive and cognitive symptoms.
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15
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Li N, Xu X, Qi Z, Gao C, Zhao P, Yang J, Damirin A. Lpar1-mediated Effects in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Crucial for Lung Repair in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:161-175. [PMID: 36287629 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0331oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ARDS/ALI) involves acute respiratory failure characterized by vascular endothelial and lung alveolar epithelial injury. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can mediate vasculogenesis. However, the limitations of EPCs, such as low survival and differentiation, are believed to inhibit the effectiveness of autologous cell therapies. This study demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive small molecule without immunogenicity, is involved in the survival and antiapoptotic effects in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. This study aimed to explore whether LPA improves the survival of EPCs, enhancing the cellular therapeutic efficacy in ARDS, and these results will expand the application of LPA in stem cells and regenerative medicine. LPA promoted the colony formation, proliferation, and migration of EPCs and upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) in EPCs. LPA pretreatment of transplanted EPCs improved the therapeutic effect by increasing EPC numbers in the rat lungs. LPA enhanced EPC proliferation and migration through Lpar1 coupled to Gi/o and Gq/11, respectively. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, or ERK1/2, was related to LPA-induced EPC proliferation but not migration. LPA/Lpar1-mediated Gi/o protein was also shown to be involved in promoting VEGF expression and inhibiting IL-1α expression in EPCs. Low LPA concentrations are present after lung injury; thus, the restoration of LPA may promote endothelial cell homeostasis and lung repair in ARDS. Inhalation of LPA significantly promoted the homing of endogenous EPCs to the lung and reduced lung injury in both rats with LPS-induced ALI and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected mice. Taken together, these data indicated that LPA/Lpar1-mediated effects in EPCs are involved in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis and lung tissue repair under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narengerile Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; and.,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiyuan Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhimin Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chanchan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Alatangaole Damirin
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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16
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Triazoles with inhibitory action on P2X7R impaired the acute inflammatory response in vivo and modulated the hemostatic balance in vitro and ex vivo. Inflamm Res 2022; 72:237-250. [PMID: 36463339 PMCID: PMC9734322 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate five triazole compounds as P2X7R inhibitors and evaluate their ability to reduce acute inflammation in vivo. MATERIAL The synthetic compounds were labeled 5e, 8h, 9i, 11, and 12. TREATMENT We administered 500 ng/kg triazole analogs in vivo, (1-10 µM) in vitro, and 1000 mg/kg for toxicological assays. METHODS For this, we used in vitro experiments, such as platelet aggregation, in vivo experiments of paw edema and peritonitis in mice, and in silico experiments. RESULTS The tested substances 5e, 8h, 9i, 11, and 12 produced a significant reduction in paw edema. Molecules 5e, 8h, 9i, 11, and 12 inhibited carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Substances 5e, 8h, 9i, 11, and 12 showed an anticoagulant effect, and 5e at a concentration of 10 µM acted as a procoagulant. All derivatives, except for 11, had pharmacokinetic, physicochemical, and toxicological properties suitable for substances that are candidates for new drugs. In addition, the ADMET risk assessment shows that derivatives 8h, 11, 5e, and 9i have high pharmacological potential. Finally, docking tests indicated that the derivatives have binding energies comparable to the reference antagonist with a competitive inhibition profile. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results indicate that the molecules tested as antagonist drugs of P2X7R had anti-inflammatory action against the acute inflammatory response.
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17
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Whitehead GS, Karcz TP, Tosh DK, Jung YH, Wen Z, Campbell RG, Gopinatth V, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Cook DN. Effects of Purinergic Receptor Deletion or Pharmacologic Modulation on Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:973-984. [PMID: 36268115 PMCID: PMC9578140 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease is associated with progressive accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-specific mRNA, which is recognized by innate immune receptors, such as TLR3. This in turn leads to dysregulated production of multiple cytokines, including IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL1, and TNF-α. Excessive production of these cytokines leads to acute lung injury (ALI), which consequently compromises alveolar exchange of O2 and CO2. It is therefore of considerable interest to develop novel therapies that reduce pulmonary inflammation and stem production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially for COVID-19 patients that are at high risk of developing severe disease. Purinergic signaling has a central role in fine-tuning the innate immune system, with P2 (nucleotide) receptor antagonists and adenosine receptor agonists having anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, we focused here on the potential role of purinergic receptors in driving neutrophilic inflammation and cytokine production in a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation. To mimic the effects of SARS-CoV-2-specific RNA accumulation in mice, we administered progressively increasing daily doses of a viral mimetic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] into the airways of mice over the course of 1 week. Some mice also received increasing daily doses of ovalbumin to mimic virus-encoded protein accumulation. Animals receiving both poly(I:C) and ovalbumin displayed particularly high cytokine levels and neutrophilia, suggestive of both innate and antigen-specific, adaptive immune responses. The extent of these responses was diminished by genetic deletion (P2Y14R, P2X7R) or pharmacologic modulation (P2Y14R antagonists, A3AR agonists) of purinergic receptors. These results suggest that pharmacologic modulation of select purinergic receptors might be therapeutically useful in treating COVID-19 and other pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Whitehead
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tadeusz P Karcz
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakoẃ, Poland
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Jung
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryan G Campbell
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Varun Gopinatth
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Molecular Recognition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Group, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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18
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Batista Simões JL, Sobierai LD, Pereira SM, Rodrigues Dos Santos MV, Bagatini MD. Therapeutic potential of P2X7 purinergic receptor modulation in the main organs affected by the COVID-19 cytokine storm. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1798-1814. [PMID: 35838210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220713115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Defined by the World Health Organization as a global public health pandemic, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has a global impact and the death of thousands of people. The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" virus (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of this disease, which uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) to infect the body, so any organ that expresses the gene ACE2 is a possible target for the new coronavirus. In addition, in severe cases of COVID-19, a cytokine storm occurs, which triggers widespread systemic inflammation due to the uncontrolled release of proinflammatory cytokines. In this perspective, the modulation of purinergic receptors are highlighted in the literature as a possible therapy, considering its application in other viral infections and systemic inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to gather information on the modulation of the P2X7 receptor in the main organs directly affected by the virus and by the cytokine storm: heart, brain, lung, liver and kidneys. Thus, demonstrating possible therapies for reducing inflammation, as well as reducing the level of morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.
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19
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Dorneles GP, Teixeira PC, da Silva IM, Schipper LL, Santana Filho PC, Rodrigues Junior LC, Bonorino C, Peres A, Fonseca SG, Monteiro MC, Boeck CR, Eller S, Oliveira TF, Wendland EM, Romão PRT. Alterations in CD39/CD73 axis of T cells associated with COVID-19 severity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3394-3407. [PMID: 35754396 PMCID: PMC9349448 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling modulates immune function and is involved in the immunopathogenesis of several viral infections. This study aimed to investigate alterations in purinergic pathways in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients. Mild and severe COVID‐19 patients had lower extracellular adenosine triphosphate and adenosine levels, and higher cytokines than healthy controls. Mild COVID‐19 patients presented lower frequencies of CD4+CD25+CD39+ (activated/memory regulatory T cell [mTreg]) and increased frequencies of high‐differentiated (CD27−CD28−) CD8+ T cells compared with healthy controls. Severe COVID‐19 patients also showed higher frequencies of CD4+CD39+, CD4+CD25−CD39+ (memory T effector cell), and high‐differentiated CD8+ T cells (CD27−CD28−), and diminished frequencies of CD4+CD73+, CD4+CD25+CD39+ mTreg cell, CD8+CD73+, and low‐differentiated CD8+ T cells (CD27+CD28+) in the blood in relation to mild COVID‐19 patients and controls. Moreover, severe COVID‐19 patients presented higher expression of PD‐1 on low‐differentiated CD8+ T cells. Both severe and mild COVID‐19 patients presented higher frequencies of CD4+Annexin‐V+ and CD8+Annexin‐V+ T cells, indicating increased T‐cell apoptosis. Plasma samples collected from severe COVID‐19 patients were able to decrease the expression of CD73 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of a healthy donor. Interestingly, the in vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell from severe COVID‐19 patients with adenosine reduced the nuclear factor‐κB activation in T cells and monocytes. Together, these data add new knowledge to the COVID‐19 immunopathology through purinergic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson P Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula C Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor M da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas L Schipper
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Santana Filho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Rodrigues Junior
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone G Fonseca
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marta C Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carina R Boeck
- Graduate Program in Nanosciences and Health Sciences and Life, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Pharmacosciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Pharmacosciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Wendland
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro R T Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Soni S, O'Dea KP, Abe E, Khamdan M, Shah SV, Sarathchandra P, Wilson MR, Takata M. Microvesicle-Mediated Communication Within the Alveolar Space: Mechanisms of Uptake by Epithelial Cells and Alveolar Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853769. [PMID: 35572508 PMCID: PMC9094433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-alveolar microvesicles (MVs) are important mediators of inter-cellular communication within the alveolar space, and are key components in the pathophysiology of lung inflammation such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite the abundance of data detailing the pro-inflammatory effects of MVs, it remains unclear how MVs interact or signal with target cells in the alveolus. Using both in vivo and in vitro alveolar models, we analyzed the dynamics of MV uptake by resident alveolar cells: alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Under resting conditions, the overwhelming majority of MVs were taken up by alveolar macrophages. However, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, epithelial cells internalized significantly more MVs (p<0.01) whilst alveolar macrophage internalization was significantly reduced (p<0.01). We found that alveolar macrophages adopted a pro-inflammatory phenotype after internalizing MVs under resting conditions, but reduction of MV uptake following LPS pre-treatment was associated with loss of inflammatory phenotype. Instead, MVs induced significant epithelial cell inflammation following LPS pre-treatment, when MV internalization was most significant. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we interrogated the mechanisms of MV internalization to identify which endocytic pathways and cell surface receptors are involved. We demonstrated that epithelial cells are exclusively dependent on the clathrin and caveolin dependent endocytotic pathway, whereas alveolar macrophage uptake may involve a significant phagocytic component. Furthermore, alveolar macrophages predominantly engulf MVs via scavenger receptors whilst, epithelial cells internalize MVs via a phosphatidylserine/integrin receptor mediated pathway (specifically alpha V beta III), which can be inhibited with phosphatidylserine-binding protein (i.e. annexin V). In summary, we have undertaken a comprehensive evaluation of MV internalization within the alveolar space. Our results demonstrate that different environmental conditions can modulate MV internalization, with inflammatory stimuli strongly enhancing epithelial cell uptake of MVs and inducing epithelial cell activation. Our data reveal the unique mechanisms by which alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells internalize MVs thereby elucidating how MVs exert their pathophysiological effect during lung inflammation and injury. As MVs are potential novel therapeutic targets in conditions such as ARDS, these data provide crucial insights into the dynamics of MV-target cell interactions and highlight potential avenues for researchers to modulate and inhibit their pro-inflammatory actions within the alveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanooj Soni
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran P O'Dea
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eiko Abe
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khamdan
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sneh V Shah
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masao Takata
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Falzoni S, Salvi G, Giuliani AL, Di Virgilio F. Signalling by extracellular nucleotides in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119237. [PMID: 35150807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are released from all cells through regulated pathways or as a result of plasma membrane damage or cell death. Outside the cell, nucleotides act as signalling molecules triggering multiple responses via specific plasma membrane receptors of the P2 family. In the nervous system, purinergic signalling has a key function in neurotransmission. Outside the nervous system, purinergic signalling is one of the major modulators of basal tissue homeostasis, while its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of various disease, including inflammation and cancer. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence shows that selective P2 agonists or antagonists are effective treatments for many pathologies, thus highlighting the relevance of extracellular nucleotides and P2 receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giada Salvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Tung JP, Chiaretti S, Dean MM, Sultana AJ, Reade MC, Fung YL. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): Potential pathways of development, strategies for prevention and treatment, and future research directions. Blood Rev 2022; 53:100926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Schulte S, Heide J, Ackermann C, Peine S, Ramharter M, Mackroth MS, Woost R, Jacobs T, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Deciphering the Plasmodium falciparum malaria-specific CD4+ T-cell response: ex vivo detection of high frequencies of PD-1+TIGIT+ EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells using a novel HLA-DR11-restricted MHC class II tetramer. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:227-236. [PMID: 35020841 PMCID: PMC8982981 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the ex vivo frequency and phenotype of the Plasmodium falciparum-specific CD4+ T-cell response in humans. The exported protein 1 (EXP1) is expressed by plasmodia at both, the liver stage and blood stage, of infection making it a potential target for CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Here, a fluorochrome-labelled HLA-DRB1∗11:01-restriced MHC class II tetramer derived from the P. falciparum EXP1 (aa62-74) was established for ex vivo tetramer analysis and magnetic bead enrichment in 10 patients with acute malaria. EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells were detectable in 9 out of 10 (90%) malaria patients expressing the HLA-DRB1∗11 molecule with an average ex vivo frequency of 0.11% (0-0.22%) of total CD4+ T cells. The phenotype of EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells was further assessed using co-staining with activation (CD38, HLA-DR, CD26), differentiation (CD45RO, CCR7, KLRG1, CD127), senescence (CD57), and co-inhibitory (PD-1, TIGIT, LAG-3, TIM-3) markers as well as the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. EXP1-specific tetramer+ CD4+ T cells had a distinct phenotype compared to bulk CD4+ T cells and displayed a highly activated effector memory phenotype with elevated levels of co-inhibitory receptors and activation markers: EXP1-specific CD4+ T cells universally expressed the co-inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIGIT as well as the activation marker CD38 and showed elevated frequencies of CD39. These results demonstrate that MHC class II tetramer enrichment is a sensitive approach to investigate ex vivo antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in malaria patients that will aid further analysis of the role of CD4+ T cells during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schulte
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Sophia Mackroth
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany,Correspondence: Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Zarei M, Sahebi Vaighan N, Ziai SA. Purinergic receptor ligands: the cytokine storm attenuators, potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:633-643. [PMID: 34647511 PMCID: PMC8544669 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1988102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), at first, was reported in Wuhan, China, and then rapidly became pandemic throughout the world. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in COVID-19 patients is associated with high levels of cytokines and chemokines that cause multiple organ failure, systemic inflammation, and hemodynamic instabilities. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a common complication of COVID-19, is a consequence of cytokine storm. In this regard, several drugs have been being investigated to suppress this inflammatory condition. Purinergic signaling receptors comprising of P1 adenosine and P2 purinoceptors play a critical role in inflammation. Therefore, activation or inhibition of some subtypes of these kinds of receptors is most likely to be beneficial to attenuate cytokine storm. This article summarizes suggested therapeutic drugs with potential anti-inflammatory effects through purinergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navideh Sahebi Vaighan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Thapa K, Verma N, Singh TG, Kaur Grewal A, Kanojia N, Rani L. COVID-19-Associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Mechanistic insights on therapeutic intervention and emerging trends. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108328. [PMID: 34768236 PMCID: PMC8563344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused great distress worldwide. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is well familiar but when it happens as part of COVID-19 it has discrete features which are unmanageable. Numerous pharmacological treatments have been evaluated in clinical trials to control the clinical effects of CARDS, but there is no assurance of their effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature of the Medline, Scopus, Bentham, PubMed, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was examined to understand the novel therapeutic approaches used in COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and their outcomes. KEY FINDINGS Current therapeutic options may not be enough to manage COVID-19-associated ARDS complications in group of patients and therefore, the current review has discussed the pathophysiological mechanism of COVID-19-associated ARDS, potential pharmacological treatment and the emerging molecular drug targets. SIGNIFICANCE The rationale of this review is to talk about the pathophysiology of CARDS, potential pharmacological treatment and the emerging molecular drug targets. Currently accessible treatment focuses on modulating immune responses, rendering antiviral effects, anti-thrombosis or anti-coagulant effects. It is expected that considerable number of studies conducting globally may help to discover effective therapies to decrease mortality and morbidity occurring due to CARDS. Attention should be also given on molecular drug targets that possibly will help to develop efficient cure for COVID-19-associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Nitin Verma
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Neha Kanojia
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lata Rani
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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26
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Kong X, Bennett WC, Jania CM, Chason KD, German Z, Adouli J, Budney SD, Oby BT, van Heusden C, Lazarowski ER, Jaspers I, Randell SH, Hedgespeth BA, Cruse G, Hua X, Schworer SA, Smith GJ, Kelada SN, Tilley SL. Identification of an ATP/P2X7/mast cell pathway mediating ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e140207. [PMID: 34546976 PMCID: PMC8663556 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a highly reactive environmental pollutant with well-recognized adverse effects on lung health. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is one consequence of ozone exposure, particularly for individuals with underlying lung disease. Our data demonstrated that ozone induced substantial ATP release from human airway epithelia in vitro and into the airways of mice in vivo and that ATP served as a potent inducer of mast cell degranulation and BHR, acting through P2X7 receptors on mast cells. Both mast cell-deficient and P2X7 receptor-deficient (P2X7-/-) mice demonstrated markedly attenuated BHR to ozone. Reconstitution of mast cell-deficient mice with WT mast cells and P2X7-/- mast cells restored ozone-induced BHR. Despite equal numbers of mast cells in reconstituted mouse lungs, mice reconstituted with P2X7-/- mast cells demonstrated significantly less robust BHR than mice reconstituted with WT mast cells. These results support a model where P2X7 on mast cells and other cell types contribute to ozone-induced BHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - William C. Bennett
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corey M. Jania
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly D. Chason
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary German
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Adouli
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel D. Budney
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon T. Oby
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catharina van Heusden
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eduardo R. Lazarowski
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology and
| | - Scott H. Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry A. Hedgespeth
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Hua
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stephen A. Schworer
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Gregory J. Smith
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samir N.P. Kelada
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen L. Tilley
- Marsico Lung Institute and
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Leão Batista Simões J, Fornari Basso H, Cristine Kosvoski G, Gavioli J, Marafon F, Elias Assmann C, Barbosa Carvalho F, Dulce Bagatini M. Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108150. [PMID: 34537482 PMCID: PMC8435372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called “cytokine storm”, developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jullye Gavioli
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Filomena Marafon
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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28
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Kountz TS, Jairaman A, Kountz CD, Stauderman KA, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Differential Regulation of ATP- and UTP-Evoked Prostaglandin E 2 and IL-6 Production from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1275-1287. [PMID: 34389624 PMCID: PMC8816324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelial cells (AECs) lining the conducting passageways of the lung secrete a variety of immunomodulatory factors. Among these, PGE2 limits lung inflammation and promotes bronchodilation. By contrast, IL-6 drives intense airway inflammation, remodeling, and fibrosis. The signaling that differentiates the production of these opposing mediators is not understood. In this study, we find that the production of PGE2 and IL-6 following stimulation of human AECs by the damage-associated molecular pattern extracellular ATP shares a common requirement for Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. ATP-mediated synthesis of PGE2 required activation of metabotropic P2Y2 receptors and CRAC channel-mediated cytosolic phospholipase A2 signaling. By contrast, ATP-evoked synthesis of IL-6 occurred via activation of ionotropic P2X receptors and CRAC channel-mediated calcineurin/NFAT signaling. In contrast to ATP, which elicited the production of both PGE2 and IL-6, the uridine nucleotide, UTP, stimulated PGE2 but not IL-6 production. These results reveal that human AECs employ unique receptor-specific signaling mechanisms with CRAC channels as a signaling nexus to regulate release of opposing immunomodulatory mediators. Collectively, our results identify P2Y2 receptors, CRAC channels, and P2X receptors as potential intervention targets for airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Amit Jairaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Candace D Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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29
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Land WG. Role of DAMPs in respiratory virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome-with a preliminary reference to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Genes Immun 2021; 22:141-160. [PMID: 34140652 PMCID: PMC8210526 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
When surveying the current literature on COVID-19, the "cytokine storm" is considered to be pathogenetically involved in its severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and eventually multiple organ failure. In this review, the similar role of DAMPs is addressed, that is, of those molecules, which operate upstream of the inflammatory pathway by activating those cells, which ultimately release the cytokines. Given the still limited reports on their role in COVID-19, the emerging topic is extended to respiratory viral infections with focus on influenza. At first, a brief introduction is given on the function of various classes of activating DAMPs and counterbalancing suppressing DAMPs (SAMPs) in initiating controlled inflammation-promoting and inflammation-resolving defense responses upon infectious and sterile insults. It is stressed that the excessive emission of DAMPs upon severe injury uncovers their fateful property in triggering dysregulated life-threatening hyperinflammatory responses. Such a scenario may happen when the viral load is too high, for example, in the respiratory tract, "forcing" many virus-infected host cells to decide to commit "suicidal" regulated cell death (e.g., necroptosis, pyroptosis) associated with release of large amounts of DAMPs: an important topic of this review. Ironically, although the aim of this "suicidal" cell death is to save and restore organismal homeostasis, the intrinsic release of excessive amounts of DAMPs leads to those dysregulated hyperinflammatory responses-as typically involved in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in respiratory viral infections. Consequently, as briefly outlined in this review, these molecules can be considered valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to monitor and evaluate the course of the viral disorder, in particular, to grasp the eventual transition precociously from a controlled defense response as observed in mild/moderate cases to a dysregulated life-threatening hyperinflammatory response as seen, for example, in severe/fatal COVID-19. Moreover, the pathogenetic involvement of these molecules qualifies them as relevant future therapeutic targets to prevent severe/ fatal outcomes. Finally, a theory is presented proposing that the superimposition of coronavirus-induced DAMPs with non-virus-induced DAMPs from other origins such as air pollution or high age may contribute to severe and fatal courses of coronavirus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Gottlieb Land
- German Academy for Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.
- Molecular ImmunoRheumatology, INSERM UMR_S1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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30
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Cornelissen CG, Bergs I, Müller AG, Daher A, Kersten A, Balfanz P, Lemmen S, Marx G, Marx N, Dreher M, Müller T. Broncho-alveolar lavage in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Intern Med J 2021; 51:965-967. [PMID: 34155764 PMCID: PMC8447080 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As data about microbiological testing and the cellular composition of the broncho‐alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in patients ventilated due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are lacking, this was investigated in a retrospective analysis (n = 58). Co‐infection with pathogens was detected in 31 patients, whereas the analysis of BAL cellularity showed an increased total cell count and an alveolitis dominated by neutrophils. None of the physicians performing bronchoscopies in COVID‐19 patients had serological evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Cornelissen
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Bergs
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annegret G Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ayham Daher
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kersten
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Balfanz
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lemmen
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Dreher
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Collagen I Modifies Connexin-43 Hemichannel Activity via Integrin α2β1 Binding in TGFβ1-Evoked Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073644. [PMID: 33807408 PMCID: PMC8038016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with sustained inflammation and progressive fibrosis, changes that have been linked to altered connexin hemichannel-mediated release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kidney fibrosis develops in response to increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), and up-regulation of collagen I is an early marker of renal disease. With ECM remodeling known to promote a loss of epithelial stability, in the current study we used a clonal human kidney (HK2) model of proximal tubular epithelial cells to determine if collagen I modulates changes in cell function, via connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannel ATP release. HK2 cells were cultured on collagen I and treated with the beta 1 isoform of the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGFβ1) ± the Cx43 mimetic Peptide 5 and/or an anti-integrin α2β1 neutralizing antibody. Phase microscopy and immunocytochemistry observed changes in cell morphology and cytoskeletal reorganization, whilst immunoblotting and ELISA identified changes in protein expression and secretion. Carboxyfluorescein dye uptake and biosensing measured hemichannel activity and ATP release. A Cytoselect extracellular matrix adhesion assay assessed changes in cell-substrate interactions. Collagen I and TGFβ1 synergistically evoked increased hemichannel activity and ATP release. This was paralleled by changes to markers of tubular injury, partly mediated by integrin α2β1/integrin-like kinase signaling. The co-incubation of the hemichannel blocker Peptide 5, reduced collagen I/TGFβ1 induced alterations and inhibited a positive feedforward loop between Cx43/ATP release/collagen I. This study highlights a role for collagen I in regulating connexin-mediated hemichannel activity through integrin α2β1 signaling, ahead of establishing Peptide 5 as a potential intervention.
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Franciosi MLM, Lima MDM, Schetinger MRC, Cardoso AM. Possible role of purinergic signaling in COVID-19. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2891-2898. [PMID: 33740184 PMCID: PMC7973800 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, accounts for more than 2.4 million deaths worldwide, making it the main public health problem in 2020. Purinergic signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of several viral infections which makes the purinergic system a potential target of investigation in COVID-19. During viral infections, the ATP release initiates a cascade that activates purinergic receptors. This receptor activation enhances the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and performs the chemotaxis of macrophages and neutrophils, generating an association between the immune and the purinergic systems. This review was designed to cover the possible functions of purinergic signaling in COVID-19, focusing on the possible role of purinergic receptors such as P2X7 which contributes to cytokine storm and inflammasome NLRP3 activation and P2Y1 that activates the blood coagulation pathway. The possible role of ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, which have the function of dephosphorylating ATP in an immunosuppressive component, adenosine, are also covered in detail. Moreover, therapeutic combination or association possibilities targeting purinergic system components are also suggested as a possible useful tool to be tested in future researches, aiming to unveil a novel option to treat COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Medicine Course, Member of the Brazilian Purine Club, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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Squires PE, Price GW, Mouritzen U, Potter JA, Williams BM, Hills CE. Danegaptide Prevents TGFβ1-Induced Damage in Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells of the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2809. [PMID: 33802083 PMCID: PMC7999212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem associated with a number of comorbidities. Recent evidence implicates increased hemichannel-mediated release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the main underlying pathology of CKD. Here, we evaluate the effect of danegaptide on blocking hemichannel-mediated changes in the expression and function of proteins associated with disease progression in tubular epithelial kidney cells. Primary human proximal tubule epithelial cells (hPTECs) were treated with the beta1 isoform of the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGFβ1) ± danegaptide. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting confirmed mRNA and protein expression, whilst a cytokine antibody array assessed the expression/secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. Carboxyfluorescein dye uptake and ATP biosensing measured hemichannel activity and ATP release, whilst transepithelial electrical resistance was used to assess paracellular permeability. Danegaptide negated carboxyfluorescein dye uptake and ATP release and protected against protein changes associated with tubular injury. Blocking Cx43-mediated ATP release was paralleled by partial restoration of the expression of cell cycle inhibitors, adherens and tight junction proteins and decreased paracellular permeability. Furthermore, danegaptide inhibited TGFβ1-induced changes in the expression and secretion of key adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and interleukins. The data suggest that as a gap junction modulator and hemichannel blocker, danegaptide has potential in the future treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Squires
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (P.E.S.); (G.W.P.); (J.A.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Gareth W. Price
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (P.E.S.); (G.W.P.); (J.A.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Ulrik Mouritzen
- Ciana Therapeutics, Ved Hegnet 2, 2960 Rungsted Kyst, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Joe A. Potter
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (P.E.S.); (G.W.P.); (J.A.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Bethany M. Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (P.E.S.); (G.W.P.); (J.A.P.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Claire E. Hills
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; (P.E.S.); (G.W.P.); (J.A.P.); (B.M.W.)
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Soare AY, Freeman TL, Min AK, Malik HS, Osota EO, Swartz TH. P2RX7 at the Host-Pathogen Interface of Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00055-20. [PMID: 33441488 PMCID: PMC7849353 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2RX7) is an important molecule that functions as a danger sensor, detecting extracellular nucleotides from injured cells and thus signaling an inflammatory program to nearby cells. It is expressed in immune cells and plays important roles in pathogen surveillance and cell-mediated responses to infectious organisms. There is an abundance of literature on the role of P2RX7 in inflammatory diseases and the role of these receptors in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe the current knowledge of the role of P2RX7 in the host response to a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. We describe in vitro and in vivo evidence for the critical role these receptors play in mediating and modulating immune responses. Our observations indicate a role for P2X7 signaling in sensing damage-associated molecular patterns released by nearby infected cells to facilitate immunopathology or protection. In this review, we describe how P2RX7 signaling can play critical roles in numerous cells types in response to a diverse array of pathogens in mediating pathogenesis and immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracey L Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice K Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hagerah S Malik
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Osota
- University of California San Diego, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Pacheco PAF, Faria RX. The potential involvement of P2X7 receptor in COVID-19 pathogenesis: A new therapeutic target? Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e12960. [PMID: 32797724 PMCID: PMC7461012 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis remains under investigation. Growing evidence indicates the establishment of a hyperinflammatory response, characterized by sustained production of cytokines, such as IL-1β. The release and maturation of this cytokine are dependent on the activation of a catalytic multiprotein complex, known as "inflammasome". The most investigated is the NLRP3 inflammasome, which can be activated by various stimuli, such as the recognition of extracellular ATP by the P2X7 receptor. Based on the recent literature, we present evidence that supports the idea that the P2X7R/NLRP3 axis may be involved in the immune dysregulation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. F. Pacheco
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras ProtozoosesInstituto Oswaldo CruzFundação Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Robson X. Faria
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras ProtozoosesInstituto Oswaldo CruzFundação Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
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36
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Rumora L, Hlapčić I, Hulina-Tomašković A, Somborac-Bačura A, Bosnar M, Rajković MG. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and extracellular Hsp70 interplay in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytic and bronchial epithelial cellular models of COPD exacerbations. APMIS 2020; 129:80-90. [PMID: 33022793 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, interplay between pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs; e.g. extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) might influence patient's outcome. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome might have a role in dysfunctional immune system in COPD. We hypothesized that LPS, LTA, eHsp70 and their combinations induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and we aimed to explore this assumption. We used monocytic (monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and THP-1) and bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE and NCI-H292) to represent systemic and local airway compartments that could be affected in COPD. Bacterial components and eHsp70 stimulated NLRP3 and interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression as well as IL-1β and ATP release from all cells compared to non-treated cells. LDH secretion was induced in cell lines only. eHsp70 had inhibitory (NCI-H292) or stimulatory (NHBE) effects on eATP levels compared to PAMP alone. Regarding NLRP3 inflammasome activation, eHsp70 had mostly antagonistic effects. We demonstrated that bacterial components and eHsp70 activate NLRP3 inflammasome and increase ATP secretion. We suggest that extracellular Hsp70 might modulate immune responses provoked by bacterial infections and affect COPD patients' outcome during acute exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Rumora
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Hlapčić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Hulina-Tomašković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Somborac-Bačura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Grdić Rajković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Alves VS, Leite-Aguiar R, Silva JPD, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Purinergic signaling in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:480-490. [PMID: 32717399 PMCID: PMC7378483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing over the last several years. Among the reasons for the expansion of these diseases and the appearance of new neuropathogens are globalization, global warming, and the increased proximity between humans and wild animals due to human activities such as deforestation. Neurotropism affecting normal brain function is shared by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Neuroinfections caused by these agents activate immune responses, inducing neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. Purinergic signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway associated with these neuropathologies. During neuroinfections, host cells release ATP as an extracellular danger signal with pro-inflammatory activities. ATP is metabolized to its derivatives by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73; ATP and its metabolites modulate neuronal and immune mechanisms through P1 and P2 purinergic receptors that are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinfections. In this review we discuss the beneficial or deleterious effects of various components of the purinergic signaling pathway in infectious diseases that affect the CNS, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, bacterial meningitis, sepsis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. We also provide a description of this signaling pathway in emerging viral infections with neurological implications such as Zika and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Li N, Geng C, Hou S, Fan H, Gong Y. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Their Signaling Pathways in Primary Blast Lung Injury: New Research Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176303. [PMID: 32878118 PMCID: PMC7504526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) is a common cause of casualties in wars, terrorist attacks, and explosions. It can exist in the absence of any other outward signs of trauma, and further develop into acute lung injury (ALI) or a more severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The pathogenesis of PBLI at the cellular and molecular level has not been clear. Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) is a general term for endogenous danger signals released by the body after injury, including intracellular protein molecules (HMGB1, histones, s100s, heat shock proteins, eCIRP, etc.), secretory protein factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF, complements, etc.), purines and pyrimidines and their derived degradation products (nucleic acids, ATP, ADP, UDPG, uric acid, etc.), and extracellular matrix components (hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, heparin sulfate, biglycan, etc.). DAMPs can be detected by multiple receptors including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The study of DAMPs and their related signaling pathways, such as the mtDNA-triggered cGAS-YAP pathway, contributes to revealing the molecular mechanism of PBLI, and provides new therapeutic targets for controlling inflammatory diseases and alleviating their symptoms. In this review, we focus on the recent progress of research on DAMPs and their signaling pathways, as well as the potential therapeutic targets and future research directions in PBLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chenhao Geng
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (N.L.); (C.G.); (S.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (Y.G.)
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39
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Di Virgilio F, Tang Y, Sarti AC, Rossato M. A rationale for targeting the P2X7 receptor in Coronavirus disease 19. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4990-4994. [PMID: 32441783 PMCID: PMC7280564 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pneumonia which shares several of the features of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Coronavirus disease 19 (Covid‐19) for which there is no effective treatment, so far. ARDS is caused and sustained by an uncontrolled inflammatory activation characterized by a massive release of cytokines (cytokine storm), diffuse lung oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and disseminated coagulation. Macrophage and T lymphocyte dysfunction plays a central role in this syndrome. In several experimental in vitro and in vivo models, many of these pathophysiological changes are triggered by stimulation of the P2X7 receptor. We hypothesize that this receptor might be an ideal candidate to target in Covid‐19‐associated severe pneumonia. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID‐19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Rossato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Wirsching E, Fauler M, Fois G, Frick M. P2 Purinergic Signaling in the Distal Lung in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4973. [PMID: 32674494 PMCID: PMC7404078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal lung provides an intricate structure for gas exchange in mammalian lungs. Efficient gas exchange depends on the functional integrity of lung alveoli. The cells in the alveolar tissue serve various functions to maintain alveolar structure, integrity and homeostasis. Alveolar epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, regulate the alveolar surface liquid (ASL) volume and, together with resident and infiltrating immune cells, provide a powerful host-defense system against a multitude of particles, microbes and toxicants. It is well established that all of these cells express purinergic P2 receptors and that purinergic signaling plays important roles in maintaining alveolar homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that purinergic signaling also contributes to development and progression of severe pathological conditions like pulmonary inflammation, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. Within this review we focus on the role of P2 purinergic signaling in the distal lung in health and disease. We recapitulate the expression of P2 receptors within the cells in the alveoli, the possible sources of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) within alveoli and the contribution of purinergic signaling to regulation of surfactant secretion, ASL volume and composition, as well as immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of the role for P2 signaling in infectious pneumonia, ALI/ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (E.W.); (M.F.); (G.F.)
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41
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Zyma M, Pawliczak R. Characteristics and the role of purinergic receptors in pathophysiology with focus on immune response. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:97-117. [PMID: 32037918 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1723582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is mostly thought to be energy carrier, but evidence presented in multiple studies proves ATP involvement into variety of processes, due to its neuromodulatory capabilities. ATP and its metabolite-adenosine, bind to the purinergic receptors, which are divided into two types: adenosine binding P1 receptor and ADP/ATP binding P2 receptor. These receptors are expressed in different tissues and organs. Recent studies report their immunomodulatory characteristics, connected with varying immunological processes, such as immunological response or antigen presentation. Besides, they seem to play an important role in medical conditions such as bronchial asthma or variety of cancers. In this article, we would like to review recent discoveries on the field of purinergic receptors research focusing on their role in immunological system, and shed a new light upon the importance of these receptors in modern medicine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Zyma
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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42
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Hlapčić I, Hulina-Tomašković A, Somborac-Bačura A, Rajković MG, Dugac AV, Popović-Grle S, Rumora L. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate is associated with airflow limitation severity and symptoms burden in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15349. [PMID: 31653924 PMCID: PMC6814706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP)-driven inflammation was observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but was not investigated in patients' blood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate eATP concentration in plasma of COPD patients and its association with disease severity and smoking. Study included 137 patients with stable COPD and 95 control subjects. eATP concentration was determined in EDTA plasma by luminometric method, and mRNA expression of eATP receptors P2X7R and P2Y2R was analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). eATP concentration was increased in COPD patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). Moreover, it was increasing with disease severity (GOLD 2-4) as well as symptoms burden and exacerbations history (GOLD A-D) (P < 0.05). eATP in healthy smokers differed from healthy non-smokers (P < 0.05) but was similar to GOLD 2 and GOLD A patients. eATP showed great diagnostic performances (OR = 12.98, P < 0.001) and correctly classified 79% of study participants. It demonstrated association with FEV1 and multicomponent indices (ADO, BODEx, BODCAT, CODEx, DOSE). Regarding gene expression, P2Y2R was increased in the blood of COPD patients. Plasma eATP could become a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker in COPD, as it seems to be associated with patients' condition, quality of life and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hlapčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Hulina-Tomašković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Somborac-Bačura
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Grdić Rajković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Vukić Dugac
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinical Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Popović-Grle
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinical Department for Lung Diseases Jordanovac, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Rumora
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zhou S, Liu G, Guo J, Kong F, Chen S, Wang Z. Pro-inflammatory Effect of Downregulated CD73 Expression in EAE Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:233. [PMID: 31191254 PMCID: PMC6549520 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73, an ectonucleotidase, participates in the regulation of immune responses by controlling the conversion of extracellular AMP to adenosine. In this study, we investigated whether any type of brain cells, especially neuroglia cells, exhibit altered CD73 expression, localization or activity upon experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induction and whether altered CD73 manipulates the activation of effector T cells that interact with such cell types. First, the amount of cell membrane-exposed CD73 was detected by flow cytometry in various types of brain cells collected from either naïve or EAE mice. Compared to that in astrocytes from naïve control mice, the amount of membrane-bound CD73 was significantly decreased in astrocytes from EAE mice, while no significant differences were detected in other cell types. Thereafter, wild-type and CD73-/- astrocytes were used to study whether CD73 influences the function of inflammatory astrocytes, such as the production of cytokines/chemokines and the activation of effector T cells that interact with astrocytes. The results indicated that the addition of exogenous AMP significantly inhibited cytokine/chemokine production by wild type astrocytes but had no effect on CD73-/- astrocytes and that the effect of AMP was almost completely blocked by the addition of either a CD73 inhibitor (APCP) or an adenosine receptor A1 subtype (ARA1) antagonist (DPCPX). Although the addition of AMP did not affect CD73-/- astrocytes, the addition of adenosine successfully inhibited their cytokine/chemokine production. The antigen-specific interaction of astrocytes with invading CD4 cells caused CD73 downregulation in astrocytes from mice that underwent EAE induction. Collectively, our findings support the conclusion that, upon EAE induction, likely due to an interaction with invading CD4+ cells, astrocytes lose most of their membrane-localized CD73; this inhibits the generation of adenosine in the local microenvironment. As adenosine has anti-inflammatory effects on astrocytes and CNS-infiltrating effector T cells in EAE, the downregulation of CD73 in astrocytes may be considered a pro-inflammatory process for facilitating the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, The 2nd Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanqiang Kong
- Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Beamer E, Conte G, Engel T. ATP release during seizures - A critical evaluation of the evidence. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:65-73. [PMID: 30660718 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
That adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) functions as an extracellular signaling molecule has been established since the 1970s. Ubiquitous throughout the body as the principal molecular store of intracellular energy, ATP has a short extracellular half-life and is difficult to measure directly. Extracellular ATP concentrations are dependent both on the rate of cellular release and of enzymatic degradation. Some findings from in vitro studies suggest that extracellular ATP concentrations increase during high levels of neuronal activity and seizure-like events in hippocampal slices. Pharmacological studies suggest that antagonism of ATP-sensitive purinergic receptors can suppress the severity of seizures and block epileptogenesis. Directly measuring extracellular ATP concentrations in the brain, however, has a number of specific challenges, notably, the rapid hydrolysis of ATP and huge gradient between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Two studies using microdialysis found no change in extracellular ATP in the hippocampus of rats during experimentally-induced status epilepticus. One of which demonstrated that ATP increased measurably, only in the presence of ectoATPase inhibitors, with the other study demonstrating increases only during later spontaneous seizures. Current evidence is mixed and seems highly dependent on the model used and method of detection. More sensitive methods of detection with higher spatial resolution, which induce less tissue disruption will be necessary to provide evidence for or against the hypothesis of seizure-induced elevations in extracellular ATP. Here we describe the current hypothesis for ATP release during seizures and its role in epileptogenesis, describe the technical challenges involved and critically examine the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02YN77, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02YN77, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02YN77, Dublin, Ireland
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Wan H, Xie T, Xu Q, Hu X, Xing S, Yang H, Gao Y, He Z. Thy-1 depletion and integrin β3 upregulation-mediated PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway activation inhibits lung fibroblast autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1636-1649. [PMID: 31249375 PMCID: PMC7102294 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced autophagy inhibition in lung fibroblasts is closely associated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) pathway. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that LPS activated the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and inhibited lung fibroblast autophagy by depleting thymocyte differentiation antigen-1 (Thy-1) and upregulating integrin β3 (Itgb3). Challenge of the human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cell line with LPS resulted in significant upregulation of integrin β3, activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and inhibition of autophagy, which could be abolished by integrin β3 silencing by specific shRNA or treatment with the integrin β3 inhibitor cilengitide. Meanwhile, LPS could inhibit Thy-1 expression accompanied with PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway activation and lung fibroblast autophagy inhibition; these effects could be prevented by Thy-1 overexpression. Meanwhile, Thy-1 downregulation with Thy-1 shRNA could mimic the effects of LPS, inducing the activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and inhibiting lung fibroblast autophagy. Furthermore, protein immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that LPS reduced the binding of Thy-1 to integrin β3. Thy-1 downregulation, integrin β3 upregulation and autophagy inhibition were also detected in a mouse model of LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which could be prohibited by intratracheal injection of Thy-1 overexpressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) or intraperitoneal injection of the integrin β3 inhibitor cilengitide. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Thy-1 depletion and integrin β3 upregulation are involved in LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxi Wan
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyi Xu
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Hu
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Shunpeng Xing
- 0000 0004 0368 8293grid.16821.3cDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- 0000000123704535grid.24516.34Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengyu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
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