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Berauer BJ, Steppuhn A, Schweiger AH. The multidimensionality of plant drought stress: The relative importance of edaphic and atmospheric drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3528-3540. [PMID: 38940730 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Drought threatens plant growth and related ecosystem services. The emergence of plant drought stress under edaphic drought is well studied, whilst the importance of atmospheric drought only recently gained momentum. Yet, little is known about the interaction and relative contribution of edaphic and atmospheric drought on the emergence of plant drought stress. We conducted a gradient experiment, fully crossing gravimetric water content (GWC: maximum water holding capacity-permanent wilting point) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD: 1-2.25 kPa) using five wheat varieties from three species (Triticum monococcum, T. durum & T. aestivum). We quantified the occurrence of plant drought stress on molecular (abscisic acid), cellular (stomatal conductance), organ (leaf water potential) and stand level (evapotranspiration). Plant drought stress increased with decreasing GWC across all organizational levels. This effect was magnified nonlinearly by VPD after passing a critical threshold of soil water availability. At around 20%GWC (soil matric potential 0.012 MPa), plants lost their ability to regulate leaf water potential via stomata regulation, followed by the emergence of hydraulic dysfunction. The emergence of plant drought stress is characterized by changing relative contributions of soil versus atmosphere and their non-linear interaction. This highly non-linear response is likely to abruptly alter plant-related ecosystem services in a drying world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd J Berauer
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas H Schweiger
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Anderegg WRL, Martinez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Poyatos R. Community assembly influences plant trait economic spectra and functional trade-offs at ecosystem scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404034121. [PMID: 38905242 PMCID: PMC11214073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404034121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant functional traits hold the potential to greatly improve the understanding and prediction of climate impacts on ecosystems and carbon cycle feedback to climate change. Traits are commonly used to place species along a global conservative-acquisitive trade-off, yet how and if functional traits and conservative-acquisitive trade-offs scale up to mediate community and ecosystem fluxes is largely unknown. Here, we combine functional trait datasets and multibiome datasets of forest water and carbon fluxes at the species, community, and ecosystem-levels to quantify the scaling of the tradeoff between maximum flux and sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit. We find a strong conservative-acquisitive trade-off at the species scale, which weakens modestly at the community scale and largely disappears at the ecosystem scale. Functional traits, particularly plant water transport (hydraulic) traits, are strongly associated with the key dimensions of the conservative-acquisitive trade-off at community and ecosystem scales, highlighting that trait composition appears to influence community and ecosystem flux dynamics. Our findings provide a foundation for improving carbon cycle models by revealing i) that plant hydraulic traits are most strongly associated with community- and ecosystem scale flux dynamics and ii) community assembly dynamics likely need to be considered explicitly, as they give rise to ecosystem-level flux dynamics that differ substantially from trade-offs identified at the species-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. L. Anderegg
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84103
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84103
| | - Jordi Martinez-Vilalta
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CataloniaE08193, Spain
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CataloniaE08193, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CataloniaE08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, CataloniaE08010, Spain
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CataloniaE08193, Spain
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), CataloniaE08193, Spain
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3
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Ji Y, Zeng S, Yang L, Wan H, Xia J. Global eight drought types: Spatio-temporal characteristics and vegetation response. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:121069. [PMID: 38714034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The traditional classification of drought events into seasonal and flash types oversimplified the complexity and variability of global drought phenomena, limiting a deeper understanding of drought characteristics and their impacts on vegetation. To address this issue, soil moisture percentile methods and the Soil Moisture Anomaly Percentage Index (SMAPI) were employed to create time series for flash drought (FD) and seasonal drought (SD) events globally from 1981 to 2020. A novel categorization framework was proposed to subdivide the two basic drought categories into eight distinct drought types using a set relationship identification method. The results showed fluctuating trends in the frequencies of Independent FD and Inclusion FD, which declined rapidly after 2011 at rates of 0.05 and 0.04 times/year, respectively. Independent FD frequency was highest in humid areas and decreased with increasing aridity. The spatial distributions of Inclusion FD and SD were similar, with both frequencies highest in extremely arid areas and decreasing with increasing humidity. The frequency of Independent SD, which peaked in semi-arid areas, increased significantly after 2011 at a rate of 0.01 times/year. The occurrence of FD evolving into SD or emerging at the end of SD was rare, with a global average of 0.46 events/decade and little spatial variation. Between 1981 and 2020, FD showed a U-shaped trend in drought duration, while SD showed no clear pattern. The duration of FD showed little difference across arid and humid zones, but the duration of SD decreased significantly with increasing humidity. Vegetation responses to drought varied, with arid regions showing longer response time compared to humid regions. A positive correlation between temperature and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) during droughts was observed, while precipitation generally showed a negative correlation with SIF. Radiation had a minimal effect on SIF during droughts. The study offered a comprehensive categorization of drought events, enhancing our understanding of their spatiotemporal characteristics and vegetation responses on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyue Ji
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Corporation, Key Laboratory of Water Grid Project and Regulation of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Sidong Zeng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Linhan Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Corporation, Key Laboratory of Water Grid Project and Regulation of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Hui Wan
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Corporation, Key Laboratory of Water Grid Project and Regulation of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Fang W, Liu J, Lu N, Li R. The dynamics of nocturnal sap flow components of a typical revegetation shrub species on the semiarid Loess Plateau, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1370362. [PMID: 38576789 PMCID: PMC10991760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1370362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The components of nighttime sap flux (En), which include transpiration (Qn) and stem water recharge (Rn), play important roles in water balance and drought adaptation in plant communities in water-limited regions. However, the quantitative and controlling factors of En components are unclear. Methods This study used the heat balance method to measure sap flow density in Vitex negundo on the Loess Plateau for a normal precipitation year (2021) and a wetter year (2022). Results The results showed that the mean values were 1.04 and 2.34 g h-1 cm-2 for Qn, 0.19 and 0.45 g h-1 cm-2 for Rn in 2021 and 2022, respectively, and both variables were greater in the wetter year. The mean contributions of Qn to En were 79.76% and 83.91% in 2021 and 2022, respectively, indicating that the En was mostly used for Qn. Although the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (Ta) and soil water content (SWC) were significantly correlated with Qn and Rn on an hourly time scale, they explained a small fraction of the variance in Qn on a daily time scale. The main driving factor was SWC between 40-200 cm on a monthly time scale for the Qn and Rn variations. Rn was little affected by meteorological and SWC factors on a daily scale. During the diurnal course, Qn and Rn initially both declined after sundown because of decreasing VPD and Ta, and Qn was significantly greater than Rn, whereas the two variables increased when VPD was nearly zero and Ta decreased, and Rn was greater than Qn. Discussion These results provided a new understanding of ecophysiological responses and adaptation of V. negundo plantations to increasing drought severity and duration under climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fang
- Key Research Institute of Yellow Civilization and Sustainable Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping Li
- Key Research Institute of Yellow Civilization and Sustainable Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Power CC, Normand S, von Arx G, Elberling B, Corcoran D, Krog AB, Bouvin NK, Treier UA, Westergaard-Nielsen A, Liu Y, Prendin AL. No effect of snow on shrub xylem traits: Insights from a snow-manipulation experiment on Disko Island, Greenland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169896. [PMID: 38185160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Widespread shrubification across the Arctic has been generally attributed to increasing air temperatures, but responses vary across species and sites. Wood structures related to the plant hydraulic architecture may respond to local environmental conditions and potentially impact shrub growth, but these relationships remain understudied. Using methods of dendroanatomy, we analysed shrub ring width (RW) and xylem anatomical traits of 80 individuals of Salix glauca L. and Betula nana L. at a snow manipulation experiment in Western Greenland. We assessed how their responses differed between treatments (increased versus ambient snow depth) and soil moisture regimes (wet and dry). Despite an increase in snow depth due to snow fences (28-39 %), neither RW nor anatomical traits in either species showed significant responses to this increase. In contrast, irrespective of the snow treatment, the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and earlywood vessel size (LA95) for the study period were larger in S. glauca (p < 0.1, p < 0.01) and B. nana (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) at the wet than the dry site, while both species had larger vessel groups at the dry than the wet site (p < 0.01). RW of B. nana was higher at the wet site (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed for S. glauca. Additionally, B. nana Ks and LA95 showed different trends over the study period, with decreases observed at the dry site (p < 0.001), while for other responses no difference was observed. Our results indicate that, taking into account ontogenetic and allometric trends, hydraulic related xylem traits of both species, along with B. nana growth, were influenced by soil moisture. These findings suggest that soil moisture regime, but not snow cover, may determine xylem responses to future climate change and thus add to the heterogeneity of Arctic shrub dynamics, though more long-term species- and site- specific studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Power
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bo Elberling
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Derek Corcoran
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Amanda B Krog
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Urs Albert Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; SustainScapes - Center for Sustainable Landscapes under Global Change, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yijing Liu
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela L Prendin
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Roth-Nebelsick A, Konrad W. Modeling and Analyzing Xylem Vulnerability to Embolism as an Epidemic Process. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2722:17-34. [PMID: 37897597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3477-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism can be quantified by "vulnerability curves" (VC) that are obtained by subjecting wood samples to increasingly negative water potential and monitoring the progressive loss of hydraulic conductivity. VC are typically sigmoidal, and various approaches are used to fit the experimentally obtained VC data for extracting benchmark data of vulnerability to embolism. In addition to such empirical methods, mechanistic approaches to calculate embolism propagation are epidemic modeling and network theory. Both describe the transmission of "objects" (in this case, the transmission of gas) between interconnected elements. In network theory, a population of interconnected elements is described by graphs in which objects are represented by vertices or nodes and connections between these objections as edges linking the vertices. A graph showing a population of interconnected xylem conduits represents an "individual" wood sample that allows spatial tracking of embolism propagation. In contrast, in epidemic modeling, the transmission dynamics for a population that is subdivided into infection-relevant groups is calculated by an equation system. For this, embolized conduits are considered to be "infected," and the "infection" is the transmission of gas from embolized conduits to their still water-filled neighbors. Both approaches allow for a mechanistic simulation of embolism propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfried Konrad
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Ndayambaza B, Si J, Deng Y, Jia B, He X, Zhou D, Wang C, Zhu X, Liu Z, Qin J, Wang B, Bai X. The Euphrates Poplar Responses to Abiotic Stress and Its Unique Traits in Dry Regions of China (Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia): What Should We Know? Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2213. [PMID: 38137039 PMCID: PMC10743205 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
At the moment, drought, salinity, and low-temperature stress are ubiquitous environmental issues. In arid regions including Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and other areas worldwide, the area of tree plantations appears to be rising, triggering tree growth. Water is a vital resource in the agricultural systems of countries impacted by aridity and salinity. Worldwide efforts to reduce quantitative yield losses on Populus euphratica by adapting tree plant production to unfavorable environmental conditions have been made in response to the responsiveness of the increasing control of water stress. Although there has been much advancement in identifying the genes that resist abiotic stresses, little is known about how plants such as P. euphratica deal with numerous abiotic stresses. P. euphratica is a varied riparian plant that can tolerate drought, salinity, low temperatures, and climate change, and has a variety of water stress adaptability abilities. To conduct this review, we gathered all available information throughout the Web of Science, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information on the impact of abiotic stress on the molecular mechanism and evolution of gene families at the transcription level. The data demonstrated that P. euphratica might gradually adapt its stomatal aperture, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, xylem architecture, and hydraulic conductivity to endure extreme drought and salt stress. Our analyses will give readers an understanding of how to manage a gene family in desert trees and the influence of abiotic stresses on the productivity of tree plants. They will also give readers the knowledge necessary to improve biotechnology-based tree plant stress tolerance for sustaining yield and quality trees in China's arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface Ndayambaza
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Si
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
| | - Yanfang Deng
- Qilian Mountain National Park Qinghai Provincial Administration, Xining 810000, China;
| | - Bing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohui He
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Resources and Environment, Baotou Teachers’ College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Dongmeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (B.N.); (B.J.); (X.H.); (D.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (B.W.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Laughlin DC, Siefert A, Fleri JR, Tumber-Dávila SJ, Hammond WM, Sabatini FM, Damasceno G, Aubin I, Field R, Hatim MZ, Jansen S, Lenoir J, Lens F, McCarthy JK, Niinemets Ü, Phillips OL, Attorre F, Bergeron Y, Bruun HH, Byun C, Ćušterevska R, Dengler J, De Sanctis M, Dolezal J, Jiménez-Alfaro B, Hérault B, Homeier J, Kattge J, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Noroozi J, Nowak A, Peñuelas J, Schmidt M, Škvorc Ž, Sultana F, Ugarte RM, Bruelheide H. Rooting depth and xylem vulnerability are independent woody plant traits jointly selected by aridity, seasonality, and water table depth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1774-1787. [PMID: 37743552 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations of woody taxa within arid environments were made possible by multiple trait innovations including deep roots and embolism-resistant xylem, but little is known about how these traits have coevolved across the phylogeny of woody plants or how they jointly influence the distribution of species. We synthesized global trait and vegetation plot datasets to examine how rooting depth and xylem vulnerability across 188 woody plant species interact with aridity, precipitation seasonality, and water table depth to influence species occurrence probabilities across all biomes. Xylem resistance to embolism and rooting depth are independent woody plant traits that do not exhibit an interspecific trade-off. Resistant xylem and deep roots increase occurrence probabilities in arid, seasonal climates over deep water tables. Resistant xylem and shallow roots increase occurrence probabilities in arid, nonseasonal climates over deep water tables. Vulnerable xylem and deep roots increase occurrence probabilities in arid, nonseasonal climates over shallow water tables. Lastly, vulnerable xylem and shallow roots increase occurrence probabilities in humid climates. Each combination of trait values optimizes occurrence probabilities in unique environmental conditions. Responses of deeply rooted vegetation may be buffered if evaporative demand changes faster than water table depth under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Andrew Siefert
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jesse R Fleri
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | | | - William M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Francesco Maria Sabatini
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriella Damasceno
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
| | - Isabelle Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mohamed Z Hatim
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Environmental Sciences Department, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Tanta University, Tanta, 3527, Egypt
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058, Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ülo Niinemets
- Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | | | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boul. de l'université, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, J9X5E4, Canada
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Science, Andong National University, Andong-si, 36729, South Korea
| | - Renata Ćušterevska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Vegetation Ecology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michele De Sanctis
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Trebon, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Borja Jiménez-Alfaro
- Biodiversity Research Institute (Univ. Oviedo-CSIC-Princ. Asturias), Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
- Resource Management, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jalil Noroozi
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Universitiy of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Botanical Garden, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Schmidt
- Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Željko Škvorc
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fahmida Sultana
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Rosina Magaña Ugarte
- Botany Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology and Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108, Germany
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9
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Ampornpitak R, Nathalang A, Tor-ngern P. Water-use characteristics of Syzygium antisepticum and Adinandra integerrima in a secondary forest of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand with implications for environmental management. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16525. [PMID: 38050611 PMCID: PMC10693818 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Southeast Asia has experienced widespread deforestation and change in land use. Consequently, many reforestation projects have been initiated in this region. However, it is imperative to carefully choose the tree species for planting, especially in light of the increasing climate variability and the potential alteration of plantation on the watershed water balance. Thus, the information regarding water-use characteristics of various tree species and sizes is critical in the tree species selection for reforestation. Methods We estimated tree water use (T) of dominant species including Syzygium antisepticum and Adinandra integerrima, hereafter Sa and Ai, respectively, in a secondary tropical forest in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, using sap flow data, and compared T between species and size classes. Additionally, we evaluated the responses of T of both species in each size class to environmental factors including soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Results Results showed consistently higher T in Sa compared to Ai across ranges of VPD and soil moisture. Under low soil moisture, T of Sa responded to VPD, following a saturating exponential pattern while Ai maintained T across different VPD levels, irrespective of tree size. No responses of T to VPD were observed in either species when soil water was moderate. When soil moisture was high, T of both species significantly increased and saturated at high VPD, albeit the responses were less sensitive in large trees. Our results imply that Ai may be suitable for reforestation in water-limited areas where droughts frequently occur to minimize reforestation impact on water availability to downstream ecosystems. In contrast, Sa should be planted in regions with abundant and reliable water resources. However, a mixed species plantation should be generally considered to increase forest resilience to increasing climate variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchanon Ampornpitak
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pantana Tor-ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environment Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Petek-Petrik A, Petrík P, Lamarque LJ, Cochard H, Burlett R, Delzon S. Drought survival in conifer species is related to the time required to cross the stomatal safety margin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6847-6859. [PMID: 37681745 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of water loss and the spread of xylem embolism have mostly been considered separately. The development of an integrated approach taking into account the temporal dynamics and relative contributions of these mechanisms to plant drought responses is urgently needed. Do conifer species native to mesic and xeric environments display different hydraulic strategies and temporal sequences under drought? A dry-down experiment was performed on seedlings of four conifer species differing in embolism resistance, from drought-sensitive to extremely drought-resistant species. A set of traits related to drought survival was measured, including turgor loss point, stomatal closure, minimum leaf conductance, and xylem embolism resistance. All species reached full stomatal closure before the onset of embolism, with all but the most drought-sensitive species presenting large stomatal safety margins, demonstrating that highly drought-resistant species do not keep their stomata open under drought conditions. Plant dry-down time to death was significantly influenced by the xylem embolism threshold, stomatal safety margin, and minimum leaf conductance, and was best explained by the newly introduced stomatal margin retention index (SMRIΨ50) which reflects the time required to cross the stomatal safety margin. The SMRIΨ50 may become a key tool for the characterization of interspecific drought survival variability in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Petek-Petrik
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Petrík
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33615 Pessac, France
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, University of Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33615 Pessac, France
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11
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He R, Shi H, Hu M, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Dang H. Divergent effects of warming on nonstructural carbohydrates in woody plants: a meta-analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14117. [PMID: 38148215 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, including soluble sugars and starch) are essential for supporting growth and survival of woody plants, and play multifunctional roles in various ecophysiological processes that are being rapidly changed by climate warming. However, it still remains unclear whether there is a consistent response pattern of NSC dynamics in woody plants to climate warming across organ types and species taxa. Here, based on a compiled database of 52 woody plant species worldwide, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of experimental warming on NSC dynamics. Our results indicated that the responses of NSC dynamics to warming were primarily driven by the fluctuations of starch, while soluble sugars did not undergo significant changes. The effects of warming on NSC shifted from negative to positive with the extension of warming duration, while the negative warming effects on NSC became more pronounced as warming magnitude increased. Overall, our study showed the divergent responses of NSC and its components in different organs of woody plants to experimental warming, suggesting a potentially changed carbon (C) balance in woody plants in future global warming. Thus, our findings highlight that predicting future changes in plant functions and terrestrial C cycle requires a mechanism understanding of how NSC is linked to a specific global change driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
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12
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Zhang G, Mao Z, Maillard P, Brancheriau L, Gérard B, Engel J, Fortunel C, Heuret P, Maeght JL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Stokes A. Functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among cell types in the wood of angiosperm trees from different climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1162-1176. [PMID: 37485789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wood performs several functions to ensure tree survival and carbon allocation to a finite stem volume leads to trade-offs among cell types. It is not known to what extent these trade-offs modify functional trade-offs and if they are consistent across climates and evolutionary lineages. Twelve wood traits were measured in stems and coarse roots across 60 adult angiosperm tree species from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical climates. Regardless of climate, clear trade-offs occurred among cellular fractions, but did not translate into specific functional trade-offs. Wood density was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Kth ) in stems and roots, but was not linked to nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), implying a functional trade-off between mechanical integrity and transport but not with storage. NSC storage capacity was positively associated with Kth in stems and negatively in roots, reflecting a potential role for NSC in the maintenance of hydraulic integrity in stems but not in roots. Results of phylogenetic analyses suggest that evolutionary histories cannot explain covariations among traits. Trade-offs occur among cellular fractions, without necessarily modifying trade-offs in function. However, functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among xylem cell types depending on the dominant role of each cell type in stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Loïc Brancheriau
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, 34000, France
- BioWooEB, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Bastien Gérard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maeght
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
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Hartill GE, Blackman CJ, Halliwell B, Jones RC, Holland BR, Brodribb TJ. Cold temperature and aridity shape the evolution of drought tolerance traits in Tasmanian species of Eucalyptus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1493-1500. [PMID: 37208009 PMCID: PMC10493950 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perennial plant species from water-limiting environments (including climates of extreme drought, heat and freezing temperatures) have evolved traits that allow them to tolerate these conditions. As such, traits that are associated with water stress may show evidence of adaptation to climate when compared among closely related species inhabiting contrasting climatic conditions. In this study, we tested whether key hydraulic traits linked to drought stress, including the vulnerability of leaves to embolism (P50 leaf) and the minimum diffusive conductance of shoots (gmin), were associated with climatic characteristics of 14 Tasmanian eucalypt species from sites that vary in precipitation and temperature. Across species, greater cavitation resistance (more negative P50 leaf) was associated with increasing aridity and decreasing minimum temperature. By contrast, gmin showed strong associations with aridity only. Among these Tasmanian eucalypts, evidence suggests that trait variation is influenced by both cold and dry conditions, highlighting the need to consider both aspects when exploring adaptive trait-climate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle E Hartill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
| | - Benjamin Halliwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
| | - Barbara R Holland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Sandy Bay, TAS, Australia
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14
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Vuerich M, Petrussa E, Boscutti F, Braidot E, Filippi A, Petruzzellis F, Tomasella M, Tromba G, Pizzuto M, Nardini A, Secchi F, Casolo V. Contrasting Responses of Two Grapevine Cultivars to Drought: The Role of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Xylem Hydraulic Recovery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:920-932. [PMID: 37384580 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Xylem embolism is one of the possible outcomes of decreasing xylem pressure when plants face drought. Recent studies have proposed a role for non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in osmotic pressure generation, required for refilling embolized conduits. Potted cuttings of grapevine Grenache and Barbera, selected for their adaptation to different climatic conditions, were subjected to a drought stress followed by re-irrigation. Stem embolism rate and its recovery were monitored in vivo by X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The same plants were further analyzed for xylem conduit dimension and NSC content. Both cultivars significantly decreased Ψpd in response to drought and recovered from xylem embolism after re-irrigation. However, although the mean vessel diameter was similar between the cultivars, Barbera was more prone to embolism. Surprisingly, vessel diameter was apparently reduced during recovery in this cultivar. Hydraulic recovery was linked to sugar content in both cultivars, showing a positive relationship between soluble NSCs and the degree of xylem embolism. However, when starch and sucrose concentrations were considered separately, the relationships showed cultivar-specific and contrasting trends. We showed that the two cultivars adopted different NSC-use strategies in response to drought, suggesting two possible scenarios driving conduit refilling. In Grenache, sucrose accumulation seems to be directly linked to embolism formation and possibly sustains refilling. In Barbera, maltose/maltodextrins could be involved in a conduit recovery strategy via the formation of cell-wall hydrogels, likely responsible for the reduction of conduit lumen detected by micro-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vuerich
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Elisa Petrussa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Enrico Braidot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Martina Tomasella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Mauro Pizzuto
- Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo, Via Udine, 39, Rauscedo (PN) 33095, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari (DISAFA), Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Via delle Scienze 91, Udine 33100, Italy
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15
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Lammerant R, Rita A, Borghetti M, Muscarella R. Water-limited environments affect the association between functional diversity and forest productivity. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10406. [PMID: 37560182 PMCID: PMC10408253 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between biodiversity and ecosystem function can depend on environmental conditions. This contingency can impede our ability to predict how biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) relationships will respond to future environmental change, causing a clear need to explore the processes underlying shifts in BEF relationships across large spatial scales and broad environmental gradients. We compiled a dataset on five functional traits (maximum height, wood density, specific leaf area [SLA], seed size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism [P50]), covering 78%-90% of the tree species in the National Forest Inventory from Italy, to test (i) how a water limitation gradient shapes the functional composition and diversity of forests, (ii) how functional composition and diversity of trees relate to forest annual increment via mass ratio and complementarity effects, and (iii) how the relationship between functional diversity and annual increment varies between Mediterranean and temperate climate regions. Functional composition varied with water limitation; tree communities tended to have more conservative traits in sites with higher levels of water limitation. The response of functional diversity differed among traits and climatic regions but among temperate forest plots, we found a consistent increase of functional diversity with water limitation. Tree diversity was positively associated with annual increment of Italian forests through a combination of mass ratio and niche complementarity effects, but the relative importance of these effects depended on the trait and range of climate considered. Specifically, niche complementarity effects were more strongly associated with annual increment in the Mediterranean compared to temperate forests. Synthesis: Overall, our results suggest that biodiversity mediates forest annual increment under water-limited conditions by promoting beneficial interactions between species and complementarity in resource use. Our work highlights the importance of conserving functional diversity for future forest management to maintain forest annual increment under the expected increase in intensity and frequency of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Lammerant
- Department of Ecology & GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Present address:
Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
| | - Angelo Rita
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
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16
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Villagra M, di Francescantonio D, Munaretto N, Campanello PI. Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) agroforestry systems: intraspecific differences in water relations and hydraulic architecture. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:585-598. [PMID: 37194220 DOI: 10.1071/fp22300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intensive farming systems benefit from the additional ecosystem services provided by tree integration, which generate different growing conditions for the main crop. We studied yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis ) responses to growing conditions in monoculture (the conventional cropping system of yerba mate) and in three agroforestry systems: (1) yerba mate+Balfourodendron riedelianum ; (2) yerba mate+Peltophorum dubium ; and (3) yerba mate+Toona ciliata . Mainly, we focused on water relations and the hydraulic architecture of yerba mate. Agroforestry cropping systems provided a shade cover of around 34-45% and yielded as high as the conventional system. The shade cover influenced the allocation pattern to enhance leaf light capture, incrementing the leaf area to the sapwood area at the branch level. We also found a higher specific hydraulic conductivity in stems of yerba mate plants in consortium with T. ciliata than in the conventional cropping system, as well as higher resistance to water deficits due to lower vulnerability to embolism in the stems. During a severe drought, yerba mate plants had a similar stem and leaf water potential in both agricultural systems. Still, plants in monoculture had lower hydraulic safety margins and higher signs of leaf damage and mortality. This indicates that integrating trees into the yerba mate cultivation increases water stress resistance which would be beneficial to avoid restrictions on crop productivity under severe droughts induced by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villagra
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, UNAM-CONICET, Av. Tres Fronteras 183, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina; and Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Débora di Francescantonio
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, UNAM-CONICET, Av. Tres Fronteras 183, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina; and Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Nestor Munaretto
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santo Pipó, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Paula I Campanello
- Instituto de Biotecnología Esquel, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CONICET, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina; and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Argentina
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17
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Rowland L, Ramírez-Valiente JA, Hartley IP, Mencuccini M. How woody plants adjust above- and below-ground traits in response to sustained drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37306017 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Future increases in drought severity and frequency are predicted to have substantial impacts on plant function and survival. However, there is considerable uncertainty concerning what drought adjustment is and whether plants can adjust to sustained drought. This review focuses on woody plants and synthesises the evidence for drought adjustment in a selection of key above-ground and below-ground plant traits. We assess whether evaluating the drought adjustment of single traits, or selections of traits that operate on the same plant functional axis (e.g. photosynthetic traits) is sufficient, or whether a multi-trait approach, integrating across multiple axes, is required. We conclude that studies on drought adjustments in woody plants might overestimate the capacity for adjustment to drier environments if spatial studies along gradients are used, without complementary experimental approaches. We provide evidence that drought adjustment is common in above-ground and below-ground traits; however, whether this is adaptive and sufficient to respond to future droughts remains uncertain for most species. To address this uncertainty, we must move towards studying trait integration within and across multiple axes of plant function (e.g. above-ground and below-ground) to gain a holistic view of drought adjustments at the whole-plant scale and how these influence plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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18
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Ferdous J, Islam M, Rahman M. The role of tree size, wood anatomical and leaf stomatal traits in shaping tree hydraulic efficiency and safety in a South Asian tropical moist forest. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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19
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Kerr KL, Fickle JC, Anderegg WRL. Decoupling of functional traits from intraspecific patterns of growth and drought stress resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37129078 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in functional traits may mediate tree species' drought resistance, yet whether trait variation is due to genotype (G), environment (E), or G×E interactions remains unknown. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific trait variation and whether variation mediates drought response can improve predictions of species' response to future drought. Using populations of quaking aspen spanning a climate gradient, we investigated intraspecific variation in functional traits in the field as well as the influence of G and E among propagules in a common garden. We also tested for trait-mediated trade-offs in growth and drought stress tolerance. We observed intraspecific trait variation among the populations, yet this variation did not necessarily translate to higher drought stress tolerance in hotter/drier populations. Additionally, plasticity in the common garden was low, especially in propagules derived from the hottest/driest population. We found no growth-drought stress tolerance trade-offs and few traits exhibited significant relationships with mortality in the natural populations, suggesting that intraspecific trait variation among the traits measured did not strongly mediate responses to drought stress. Our results highlight the limits of trait-mediated responses to drought stress and the complex G×E interactions that may underlie drought stress tolerance variation in forests in dry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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20
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Segovia RA. Temperature predicts maximum tree-species richness and water availability and frost shape the residual variation. Ecology 2023; 104:e4000. [PMID: 36799257 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic hypothesis of biodiversity proposes that temperature is the main driver of variation in species richness, given its exponential effect on biological activity and, potentially, on rates of diversification. However, limited support for this hypothesis has been found to date. I tested the fit of this model to the variation of tree-species richness along a continuous latitudinal gradient in the Americas. I found that the kinetic hypothesis accurately predicts the upper bound of the relationship between the inverse of mean annual temperature (1/kT) and the natural logarithm of species richness, at a broad scale. In addition, I found that water availability and the number of days with freezing temperatures explain part of the residual variation of the upper bound model. The finding of the model fitting on the upper bound rather than on the mean values suggest that the kinetic hypothesis is modeling the variation of the potential maximum species richness per unit of temperature. Likewise, the distribution of the residuals of the upper bound model in function of the number of days with freezing temperatures suggest the importance of environmental thresholds rather than gradual variation driving the observable variation in species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Segovia
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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21
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Costa FRC, Schietti J, Stark SC, Smith MN. The other side of tropical forest drought: do shallow water table regions of Amazonia act as large-scale hydrological refugia from drought? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:714-733. [PMID: 35037253 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest function is of global significance to climate change responses, and critically determined by water availability patterns. Groundwater is tightly related to soil water through the water table depth (WT), but historically neglected in ecological studies. Shallow WT forests (WT < 5 m) are underrepresented in forest research networks and absent in eddy flux measurements, although they represent c. 50% of the Amazon and are expected to respond differently to global-change-related droughts. We review WT patterns and consequences for plants, emerging results, and advance a conceptual model integrating environment and trait distributions to predict climate change effects. Shallow WT forests have a distinct species composition, with more resource-acquisitive and hydrologically vulnerable trees, shorter canopies and lower biomass than deep WT forests. During 'normal' climatic years, shallow WT forests have higher mortality and lower productivity than deep WT forests, but during moderate droughts mortality is buffered and productivity increases. However, during severe drought, shallow WT forests may be more sensitive due to shallow roots and drought-intolerant traits. Our evidence supports the hypothesis of neglected shallow WT forests being resilient to moderate drought, challenging the prevailing view of widespread negative effects of climate change on Amazonian forests that ignores WT gradients, but predicts they could collapse under very strong droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av André Araújo 2223, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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22
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McCulloh KA, Augustine SP, Goke A, Jordan R, Krieg CP, O’Keefe K, Smith DD. At least it is a dry cold: the global distribution of freeze-thaw and drought stress and the traits that may impart poly-tolerance in conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1-15. [PMID: 36094836 PMCID: PMC9833871 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Conifers inhabit some of the most challenging landscapes where multiple abiotic stressors (e.g., aridity, freezing temperatures) often co-occur. Physiological tolerance to multiple stressors ('poly-tolerance') is thought to be rare because exposure to one stress generally limits responses to another through functional trade-offs. However, the capacity to exhibit poly-tolerance may be greater when combined abiotic stressors have similar physiological impacts, such as the disruption of hydraulic function imposed by drought or freezing. Here, we reviewed empirical data in light of theoretical expectations for conifer adaptations to drought and freeze-thaw cycles with particular attention to hydraulic traits of the stem and leaf. Additionally, we examined the commonality and spatial distribution of poly-stress along indices of these combined stressors. We found that locations with the highest values of our poly-stress index (PSi) are characterized by moderate drought and moderate freeze-thaw, and most of the global conifer distribution occupies areas of moderate poly-stress. Among traits examined, we found diverse responses to the stressors. Turgor loss point did not correlate with freeze-thaw or drought stress individually, but did with the PSi, albeit inverse to what was hypothesized. Leaf mass per area was more strongly linked with drought stress than the poly-stress and not at all with freeze-thaw stress. In stems, the water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity became more negative with increasing drought stress and poly-stress but did not correlate with freeze-thaw stress. For these traits, we identified a striking lack of coverage for substantial portions of species ranges, particularly at the upper boundaries of their respective PSis, demonstrating a critical gap in our understanding of trait prevalence and plasticity along these stress gradients. Future research should investigate traits that confer tolerance to both freeze-thaw and drought stress in a wide range of species across broad geographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P Augustine
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alex Goke
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rachel Jordan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christopher P Krieg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly O’Keefe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Saint Edward’s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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23
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Zhang C, Khan A, Duan CY, Cao Y, Wu DD, Hao GY. Xylem hydraulics strongly influence the niche differentiation of tree species along the slope of a river valley in a water-limited area. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:106-118. [PMID: 36253806 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic characteristics govern plant water transport, affecting both drought resistance and photosynthetic gas exchange. Therefore, they play critical roles in determining the adaptation of different species to environments with various water regimes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that variation in xylem traits associated with a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety against drought-induced embolism contributes to niche differentiation of tree species along a sharp water availability gradient on the slope of a unique river valley located in a semi-humid area. We found that tree species showed clear niche differentiation with decreasing water availability from the bottom towards the top of the valley. Tree species occupying different positions, in terms of vertical distribution distance from the bottom of the valley, showed a strong trade-off between xylem water transport efficiency and safety, as evidenced by variations in xylem structural traits at both the tissue and pit levels. This optimized their xylem hydraulics in their respective water regimes. Thus, the trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety contributes to clear niche differentiation and, thereby, to the coexistence of tree species in the valley with heterogeneous water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Attaullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun-Yang Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Sand Land Control and Utilization, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, China
| | - De-Dong Wu
- Institute of Sand Land Control and Utilization, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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24
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Ávila-Lovera E, Winter K, Goldsmith GR. Evidence for phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant-water relation traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:392-407. [PMID: 36271615 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships are likely to play a significant role in shaping plant physiological and structural traits observed in contemporary taxa. We review research on phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant-water relation traits, which play important roles in allowing plants to acquire, use, and conserve water. We found more evidence for a phylogenetic signal in structural traits (e.g. stomatal length and stomatal density) than in physiological traits (e.g. stomatal conductance and water potential at turgor loss). Although water potential at turgor loss is the most-studied plant-water relation trait in an evolutionary context, it is the only trait consistently found to not have a phylogenetic signal. Correlated evolution was common among traits related to water movement efficiency and hydraulic safety in both leaves and stems. We conclude that evidence for phylogenetic signal varies depending on: the methodology used for its determination, that is, model-based approaches to determine phylogenetic signal such as Blomberg's K or Pagel's λ vs statistical approaches such as ANOVAs with taxonomic classification as a factor; on the number of taxa studied (size of the phylogeny); and the setting in which plants grow (field vs common garden). More explicitly and consistently considering the role of evolutionary relationships in shaping plant ecophysiology could improve our understanding of how traits compare among species, how traits are coordinated with one another, and how traits vary with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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25
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Weithmann G, Paligi SS, Schuldt B, Leuschner C. Branch xylem vascular adjustments in European beech in response to decreasing water availability across a precipitation gradient. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2224-2238. [PMID: 35861677 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crucial for the climate adaptation of trees is a xylem anatomical structure capable of adjusting to changing water regimes. Although species comparisons across climate zones have demonstrated anatomical change in response to altered water availability and tree height, less is known about the adaptability of tree vascular systems to increasing water deficits at the intraspecific level. Information on the between-population and within-population variability of xylem traits helps assessing a species' ability to cope with climate change. We investigated the variability of wood anatomical and related hydraulic traits in terminal branches of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees across a precipitation gradient (520-890 mm year-1) and examined the influence of climatic water balance (CWB), soil water capacity (AWC), neighborhood competition (CI), tree height and branch age on these traits. Furthermore, the relationship between xylem anatomical traits and embolism resistance (P50) was tested. Within-population trait variation was larger than between-population variation. Vessel diameter, lumen-to-sapwood area ratio and potential conductivity of terminal branches decreased with decreasing CWB, but these traits were not affected by AWC, whereas vessel density increased with an AWC decrease. In contrast, none of the studied anatomical traits were influenced by variation in tree height (21-34 m) or CI. Branch age was highly variable (2-22 years) despite equal diameter and position in the flow path, suggesting different growth trajectories in the past. Vessel diameter decreased, and vessel density increased, with increasing branch age, reflecting negative annual radial growth trends. Although vessel diameter was not related to P50, vessel grouping index and lumen-to-sapwood area ratio showed a weak, though highly significant, positive relationship to P50. We conclude that the xylem anatomy of terminal tree-top branches in European beech is modified in response to increasing climatic aridity and/or decreasing soil water availability, independent of a tree height effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sharath Shyamappa Paligi
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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26
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Tordoni E, Petruzzellis F, Di Bonaventura A, Pavanetto N, Tomasella M, Nardini A, Boscutti F, Martini F, Bacaro G. Projections of leaf turgor loss point shifts under future climate change scenarios. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6640-6652. [PMID: 36054311 PMCID: PMC9825879 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the consequences of climate change is of utmost importance to mitigate impacts on vulnerable ecosystems; plant hydraulic traits are particularly useful proxies for predicting functional disruptions potentially occurring in the near future. This study assessed the current and future regional patterns of leaf water potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp ) by measuring and projecting the Ψtlp of 166 vascular plant species (159 angiosperms and 7 gymnosperms) across a large climatic range spanning from alpine to Mediterranean areas in NE Italy. For angiosperms, random forest models predicted a consistent shift toward more negative values in low-elevation areas, whereas for gymnosperms the pattern was more variable, particularly in the alpine sector (i.e., Alps and Prealps). Simulations were also developed to evaluate the number of threatened species under two Ψtlp plasticity scenarios (low vs. high plasticity), and it was found that in the worst-case scenario approximately 72% of the angiosperm species and 68% of gymnosperms within a location were at risk to exceed their physiological plasticity. The different responses to climate change by specific clades might produce reassembly in natural communities, undermining the resilience of natural ecosystems to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tordoni
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Institute of Ecology and Earth ScienceUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Azzurra Di Bonaventura
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | | | | | - Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | | | - Giovanni Bacaro
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
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27
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Chen Z, Li S, Wan X, Liu S. Strategies of tree species to adapt to drought from leaf stomatal regulation and stem embolism resistance to root properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926535. [PMID: 36237513 PMCID: PMC9552884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidences highlight the occurrence of increasing widespread tree mortality as a result of global climate change-associated droughts. However, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying divergent strategies of various tree species to adapt to drought has remained remarkably insufficient. Leaf stomatal regulation and embolism resistance of stem xylem serves as two important strategies for tree species to prevent hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, as comprising interconnected physiological mechanisms underlying drought-induced tree mortality. Hence, the physiological and anatomical determinants of leaf stomatal regulation and stems xylem embolism resistance are evaluated and discussed. In addition, root properties related to drought tolerance are also reviewed. Species with greater investment in leaves and stems tend to maintain stomatal opening and resist stem embolism under drought conditions. The coordination between stomatal regulation and stem embolism resistance are summarized and discussed. Previous studies showed that hydraulic safety margin (HSM, the difference between minimum water potential and that causing xylem dysfunction) is a significant predictor of tree species mortality under drought conditions. Compared with HSM, stomatal safety margin (the difference between water potential at stomatal closure and that causing xylem dysfunction) more directly merge stomatal regulation strategies with xylem hydraulic strategies, illustrating a comprehensive framework to characterize plant response to drought. A combination of plant traits reflecting species' response and adaptation to drought should be established in the future, and we propose four specific urgent issues as future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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28
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Blumstein M, Sala A, Weston DJ, Holbrook NM, Hopkins R. Plant carbohydrate storage: intra- and inter-specific trade-offs reveal a major life history trait. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2211-2222. [PMID: 35524463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs among carbon sinks constrain how trees physiologically, ecologically, and evolutionarily respond to their environments. These trade-offs typically fall along a productive growth to conservative, bet-hedging continuum. How nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) stored in living tree cells (known as carbon stores) fit in this trade-off framework is not well understood. We examined relationships between growth and storage using both within species genetic variation from a common garden, and across species phenotypic variation from a global database. We demonstrate that storage is actively accumulated, as part of a conservative, bet-hedging life history strategy. Storage accumulates at the expense of growth both within and across species. Within the species Populus trichocarpa, genetic trade-offs show that for each additional unit of wood area growth (in cm2 yr-1 ) that genotypes invest in, they lose 1.2 to 1.7 units (mg g-1 NSC) of storage. Across species, for each additional unit of area growth (in cm2 yr-1 ), trees, on average, reduce their storage by 9.5% in stems and 10.4% in roots. Our findings impact our understanding of basic plant biology, fit storage into a widely used growth-survival trade-off spectrum describing life history strategy, and challenges the assumptions of passive storage made in ecosystem models today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 15 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Noel Michelle Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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29
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Carter KR, Dickman LT. Recovery of seedling carbon balance despite hydraulic impairment following hot drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1527-1531. [PMID: 35445728 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Carter
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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30
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Cardoso AA, Kane CN, Rimer IM, McAdam SAM. Seeing is believing: what visualising bubbles in the xylem has revealed about plant hydraulic function. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:759-772. [PMID: 35718950 DOI: 10.1071/fp21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining water transport in the xylem is critical for vascular plants to grow and survive. The drought-induced accumulation of embolism, when gas enters xylem conduits, causes declines in hydraulic conductance (K ) and is ultimately lethal. Several methods can be used to estimate the degree of embolism in xylem, from measuring K in tissues to directly visualising embolism in conduits. One method allowing a direct quantification of embolised xylem area is the optical vulnerability (OV) technique. This method has been used across different organs and has a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we review studies using the OV technique, discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of this method, and summarise key advances arising from its use. Vulnerability curves generated by the OV method are regularly comparable to other methods, including the centrifuge and X-ray microtomography. A major advantage of the OV technique over other methods is that it can be simultaneously used to determine in situ embolism formation in leaves, stems and roots, in species spanning the phylogeny of land plants. The OV method has been used to experimentally investigate the spreading of embolism through xylem networks, associate embolism with downstream tissue death, and observe embolism formation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ian M Rimer
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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31
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Tulik M, Wojtan R, Jura-Morawiec J. Theoretical considerations regarding the functional anatomical traits of primary and secondary xylem in dragon tree trunk using the example of Dracaena draco. PLANTA 2022; 256:52. [PMID: 35906444 PMCID: PMC9338164 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Dracaena draco trunks, the primary and secondary xylem conduits co-function. Both are resistant to embolism; however, secondary conduits are mainly involved in mechanical support. Monocotyledonous dragon trees (Dracaena spp., Asparagaceae) possess in their trunks both primary and secondary xylem elements, organized into vascular bundles, that for dozens of years co-function and enable the plant to transport water efficiently as well as provide mechanical support. Here, based on the modified Hagen-Poiseuille's formula, we examined the functional anatomical xylem traits of the trunk in two young D. draco individuals to compare their function in both primary and secondary growth. We provided analyses of the: (i) conduits surface sculpture and their cell walls thickness, (ii) conduit diameter and frequency, (iii) hydraulically weighted diameter, (iv) theoretical hydraulic conductivity, (v) area-weighted mean conduit diameter, as well as (vi) vulnerability index. The conduits in primary growth, located in the central part of the trunk, were loosely arranged, had thinner cell walls, larger mean hydraulically weighted diameter, and significantly larger value of the theoretical hydraulic conductivity than conduits in secondary growth, which form a rigid cylinder near the trunk surface. Based on the vulnerability index, both primary and secondary conduits are resistant to embolism. Taking into account the distribution within a trunk, the secondary growth conduits seems to be mainly involved in mechanical support as they are twisted, form structures similar to sailing ropes and have thick cell walls, and a peripheral localization. D. draco has been adapted to an environment with water deficit by distinctive, spatial separation of the xylem elements fulfilling supportive and conductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Tulik
- Department of Forest Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Wojtan
- Department of Dendrometry and Forest Productivity, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jura-Morawiec
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - CBDC in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
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Sanaphre-Villanueva L, Pineda-García F, Dáttilo W, Pinzón-Pérez LF, Ricaño-Rocha A, Paz H. Above- and below-ground trait coordination in tree seedlings depend on the most limiting resource: a test comparing a wet and a dry tropical forest in Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13458. [PMID: 35722267 PMCID: PMC9205306 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of above- and below-ground organ plant coordination is crucial for understanding the biophysical constraints and trade-offs involved in species' performance under different environmental conditions. Environmental stress is expected to increase constraints on species trait combinations, resulting in stronger coordination among the organs involved in the acquisition and processing of the most limiting resource. To test this hypothesis, we compared the coordination of trait combinations in 94 tree seedling species from two tropical forest systems in Mexico: dry and moist. In general, we expected that the water limitation experienced by dry forest species would result in stronger leaf-stem-root coordination than light limitation experienced by moist forest species. Using multiple correlations analyses and tools derived from network theory, we found similar functional trait coordination between forests. However, the most important traits differed between the forest types. While in the dry forest the most central traits were all related to water storage (leaf and stem water content and root thickness), in the moist forest they were related to the capacity to store water in leaves (leaf water content), root efficiency to capture resources (specific root length), and stem toughness (wood density). Our findings indicate that there is a shift in the relative importance of mechanisms to face the most limiting resource in contrasting tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sanaphre-Villanueva
- Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad A.C., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Fernando Pineda-García
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Luisa Fernanda Pinzón-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Arlett Ricaño-Rocha
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México,Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México,Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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33
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Jacob V, Choat B, Churchill AC, Zhang H, Barton CVM, Krishnananthaselvan A, Post AK, Power SA, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. High safety margins to drought-induced hydraulic failure found in five pasture grasses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1631-1646. [PMID: 35319101 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Determining the relationship between reductions in stomatal conductance (gs ) and leaf water transport during dehydration is key to understanding plant drought responses. While numerous studies have analysed the hydraulic function of woody species, minimal research has been conducted on grasses. Here, we sought to characterize hydraulic vulnerability in five widely-occurring pasture grasses (including both C3 and C4 grasses) and determine whether reductions in gs and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) during dehydration could be attributed to xylem embolism. Using the optical vulnerability (OV) technique, we found that all species were highly resistant to xylem embolism when compared to other herbaceous angiosperms, with 50% xylem embolism (PX50 ) occurring at xylem pressures ranging from -4.4 to -6.1 MPa. We observed similar reductions in gs and Kleaf under mild water stress for all species, occurring well before PX50 . The onset of xylem embolism (PX12 ) occurred consistently after stomatal closure and 90% reduction of Kleaf . Our results suggest that factors other than xylem embolism are responsible for the majority of reductions in gs and Kleaf during drought and reductions in the productivity of pasture species under moderate drought may not be driven by embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Jacob
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Alison K Post
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sally A Power
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David T Tissue
- Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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Variations in leaf water status and drought tolerance of dominant tree species growing in multi-aged tropical forests in Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6882. [PMID: 35477746 PMCID: PMC9044374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale abandoned agricultural areas in Southeast Asia resulted in patches of forests of multiple successions and characteristics, challenging the study of their responses to environmental changes, especially under climatic water stress. Here, we investigated seasonal variation in leaf water status and drought tolerance of dominant tree species in three multi-aged tropical forests, ranging from 5 to > 200 years old, with contrasting soil moisture in Thailand. Seasonal variation in leaf water status differed among the forests with trees in young and intermediate sites demonstrating larger differences between seasons than the old-growth forest. Although vulnerability to embolism curves revealed that trees in old-growth forest were potentially more sensitive to declining leaf water status than others, they were predicted to lose < 5% of their hydraulic capacity as opposed to 13% for the trees in the younger sites. Our results suggest that the responses to water stress of tree species in different forest ages greatly vary with a tendency of trees in younger sites to be more resilience than those in older sites. Such information would benefit the selection of tree species that could adapt well to specific environments, thus improving the strategies for managing forests of different ages under a warmer future.
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Guillemot J, Martin-StPaul NK, Bulascoschi L, Poorter L, Morin X, Pinho BX, le Maire G, R L Bittencourt P, Oliveira RS, Bongers F, Brouwer R, Pereira L, Gonzalez Melo GA, Boonman CCF, Brown KA, Cerabolini BEL, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Schneider JV, Sheremetiev S, Brancalion PHS. Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2622-2638. [PMID: 35007364 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how evolutionary history and the coordination between trait trade-off axes shape the drought tolerance of trees is crucial to predict forest dynamics under climate change. Here, we compiled traits related to drought tolerance and the fast-slow and stature-recruitment trade-off axes in 601 tropical woody species to explore their covariations and phylogenetic signals. We found that xylem resistance to embolism (P50) determines the risk of hydraulic failure, while the functional significance of leaf turgor loss point (TLP) relies on its coordination with water use strategies. P50 and TLP exhibit weak phylogenetic signals and substantial variation within genera. TLP is closely associated with the fast-slow trait axis: slow species maintain leaf functioning under higher water stress. P50 is associated with both the fast-slow and stature-recruitment trait axes: slow and small species exhibit more resistant xylem. Lower leaf phosphorus concentration is associated with more resistant xylem, which suggests a (nutrient and drought) stress-tolerance syndrome in the tropics. Overall, our results imply that (1) drought tolerance is under strong selective pressure in tropical forests, and TLP and P50 result from the repeated evolutionary adaptation of closely related taxa, and (2) drought tolerance is coordinated with the ecological strategies governing tropical forest demography. These findings provide a physiological basis to interpret the drought-induced shift toward slow-growing, smaller, denser-wooded trees observed in the tropics, with implications for forest restoration programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannès Guillemot
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Bulascoschi
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno X Pinho
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAe, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Guerric le Maire
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Brouwer
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Coline C F Boonman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerry A Brown
- Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - Bruno E L Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Julio V Schneider
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Weithmann G, Link RM, Banzragch BE, Würzberg L, Leuschner C, Schuldt B. Soil water availability and branch age explain variability in xylem safety of European beech in Central Europe. Oecologia 2022; 198:629-644. [PMID: 35212818 PMCID: PMC8956530 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Xylem embolism resistance has been identified as a key trait with a causal relation to drought-induced tree mortality, but not much is known about its intra-specific trait variability (ITV) in dependence on environmental variation. We measured xylem safety and efficiency in 300 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees across 30 sites in Central Europe, covering a precipitation reduction from 886 to 522 mm year−1. A broad range of variables that might affect embolism resistance in mature trees, including climatic and soil water availability, competition, and branch age, were examined. The average P50 value varied by up to 1 MPa between sites. Neither climatic aridity nor structural variables had a significant influence on P50. However, P50 was less negative for trees with a higher soil water storage capacity, and positively related to branch age, while specific conductivity (Ks) was not significantly associated with either of these variables. The greatest part of the ITV for xylem safety and efficiency was attributed to random variability within populations. We conclude that the influence of site water availability on P50 and Ks is low in European beech, and that the high degree of within-population variability for P50, partly due to variation in branch age, hampers the identification of a clear environmental signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roman M Link
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bat-Enerel Banzragch
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Würzberg
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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Lachenbruch B, St Clair JB, Harrington CA. Differences in branch hydraulic architecture related to the aridity of growing sites and seed sources of coastal Douglas-fir saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:351-364. [PMID: 34553758 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand hydraulic adaptations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to local climate, we examined genetic (G) and environmental (E) responses of branch hydraulic architecture of 7-year-old saplings from dry and wet climates of origin grown at a relatively dry and a relatively wet common garden site in western Oregon. We sampled 2 years of branch growth from three dry-source and three wet-source families grown at both sites (72 branches, total). Overall, only 4 of the 11 traits had significant genetic (G) effects, whereas 9 traits had significant environmental (E) effects (P < 0.05). Both dry and wet sources had higher leaf-specific conductance (kl) at the dry than the wet site, but the values were achieved by different mechanisms and driven by G × E effects for leaf area/sapwood area (Al/As), shoot length (L), specific conductivity (Ks) and leaf-specific conductivity (Kl). Dry sources achieved higher kl in the dry site through higher Kl (via a lower Al/As and no change in Ks) with no difference in L. Wet sources achieved higher kl at the dry site through no difference in Kl (via no effect on Al/As, despite decreases in Al and As, and lower Ks) with lower L. Vulnerability to embolism (measured as percentage loss of conductivity at 4 MPa) had no G effect but an E effect, with slightly lower values at the dry site. Specific leaf area had G and E effects, with lower values for the dry sources and site. There were no G or E effects on wood density. The different responses of dry and wet sources to site aridity suggest that populations are differentially adapted to the aridity of growing sites. Population variation in response to aridity should be considered when selecting seed sources for establishing forests for future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Bradley St Clair
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Constance A Harrington
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625 93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
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Garcia MN, Hu J, Domingues TF, Groenendijk P, Oliveira RS, Costa FRC. Local hydrological gradients structure high intraspecific variability in plant hydraulic traits in two dominant central Amazonian tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:939-952. [PMID: 34545938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the intraspecific variability of functional traits helps understand how climate change might influence the distribution of organismal traits across environments, but this is notably understudied in the Amazon, especially for plant hydraulic traits commonly used to project drought responses. We quantified the intraspecific trait variability of leaf mass per area, wood density, and xylem embolism resistance for two dominant central Amazonian tree species, along gradients of water and light availability, while accounting for tree age and height. Intraspecific variability in hydraulic traits was high, with within-species variability comparable to the whole-community variation. Hydraulic trait variation was modulated mostly by the hydrological environment, with higher embolism resistance of trees growing on deep-water-table plateaus compared with shallow-water-table valleys. Intraspecific variability of leaf mass per area and wood density was mostly modulated by intrinsic factors and light. The different environmental and intrinsic drivers of variation among and within individuals lead to an uncoupled coordination among carbon acquisition/conservation and water-use traits. Our findings suggest multivariate ecological strategies driving tropical tree distributions even within species, and reflect differential within-population sensitivities along environmental gradients. Therefore, intraspecific trait variability must be considered for accurate predictions of the responses of tropical forests to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maquelle N Garcia
- Tropical Forest Science Program, National Institute of Amazon Researches, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jia Hu
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223, CEP 69008-971, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Barros FDV, Bittencourt PL, Eller CB, Signori‐Müller C, Meireles LD, Oliveira RS. Phytogeographic origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de V. Barros
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
| | - Paulo L. Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
| | - Cleiton B. Eller
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
| | - Caroline Signori‐Müller
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter EX4 4RJ Exeter UK
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Institute of Biology University of Campinas Brazil
| | - Leonardo D. Meireles
- Environmental Management Course School of Art, Science, and Humanities University of São Paulo – USP 03828‐000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
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Wang Z, Ding X, Li Y, Xie J. The compensation effect between safety and efficiency in xylem and role in photosynthesis of gymnosperms. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13617. [PMID: 35199364 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The classical theory of safety-efficiency trade-off is a common theme in plant sciences. Despite safety and efficiency partly compensating for each other physiologically (namely, there is a compensation effect, CE, among traits from the "whole" organism perspective), they are always mathematically described as a trade-off against one another. However, the compensation effect has never been defined and quantified, let alone its role in the xylem water transport and subsequently photosynthesis. Here, we developed an alternative theory to define the CE as a positive relationship between safety and efficiency, and further define a new trade-off index, SETO, that is expressed as CE multiplied by a trade-off factor (differing from the classical average trade-off value). Then, we tested SETO- and CE-photosynthetic rate relationships across different levels based on a common garden experiment using nine conifers and published data for gymnosperms. The results demonstrated that the compensation effect in xylem functions was the dominant force in facilitating photosynthetic rates from species- to phylum-scale. By integrating the compensation effect into the xylem hydraulic functional strategy, our study clearly indicated that the compensation effect is the evolutionary basis for the coordination of xylem hydraulic and photosynthesis physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang, China
| | - Jiangbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Higher plant photosynthetic capability in autumn responding to low atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100163. [PMID: 34901906 PMCID: PMC8640599 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been long established that the terrestrial vegetation in spring has stronger photosynthetic capability than in autumn. However, this study challenges this consensus by comparing photosynthetic capability of terrestrial vegetation between the spring and autumn seasons based on measurements of 100 in situ eddy covariance towers over global extratropical ecosystems. At the majority of these sites, photosynthetic capability, indicated by light use efficiency (LUE) and apparent quantum efficiency, is significantly higher in autumn than in spring, due to lower atmosphere vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at the same air temperature. Seasonal VPD differences also substantially explain the interannual variability of the differences in photosynthetic capability between spring and autumn. We further reveal that VPD in autumn is significantly lower than in spring over 74.14% of extratropical areas, based on a global climate dataset. In contrast, LUE derived from a data-driven vegetation production dataset is significantly higher in autumn in over 61.02% of extratropical vegetated areas. Six Earth system models consistently projected continuous larger VPD values in spring compared with autumn, which implies that the impacts on vegetation growth will long exist and should be adequately considered when assessing the seasonal responses of terrestrial ecosystems to future climate conditions. Autumn VPD is lower than spring VPD at the same air temperature over majority of the extratropical vegetated land Photosynthetic capability is significantly higher in autumn than in spring due to lower VPD Earth System Models projected continuous larger VPD values in spring as against autumn
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Sapes G, Sala A. Relative water content consistently predicts drought mortality risk in seedling populations with different morphology, physiology and times to death. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3322-3335. [PMID: 34251033 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicted increases in forest drought mortality highlight the need for predictors of incipient drought-induced mortality (DIM) risk that enable proactive large-scale management. Such predictors should be consistent across plants with varying morphology and physiology. Because of their integrative nature, indicators of water status are promising candidates for real-time monitoring of DIM, particularly if they standardize morphological differences among plants. We assessed the extent to which differences in morphology and physiology between Pinus ponderosa populations influence time to mortality and the predictive power of key indicators of DIM risk. Time to incipient mortality differed between populations but occurred at the same relative water content (RWC) and water potential (WP). RWC and WP were accurate predictors of drought mortality risk. These results highlight that variables related to water status capture critical thresholds during DIM and the associated dehydration processes. Both WP and RWC are promising candidates for large-scale assessments of DIM risk. RWC is of special interest because it allows comparisons across different morphologies and can be remotely sensed. Our results offer promise for real-time landscape-level monitoring of DIM and its global impacts in the near term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sapes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Assessing the Impact of Soil Moisture on Canopy Transpiration Using a Modified Jarvis-Stewart Model. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13192720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In dryland regions, soil moisture is an important limiting factor for canopy transpiration (T). Thus, clarifying the impact of soil moisture on T is critical for comprehensive forest—water management and sustainable development. In this study, T, meteorological factors (reference evapotranspiration, ETref), soil moisture (relative soil water content, RSWC), and leaf area index (LAI) in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation of Liupan Mountains in the dryland region of Northwest China were simultaneously monitored during the growing seasons in 2017–2019. A modified Jarvis—Stewart model was established by introducing the impact of RSWC in different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm, respectively) to quantify the independent contribution of RSWC of different soil layers to T. Results showed that with rising ETref, T firstly increased and then decreased, and with rising RSWC and LAI, T firstly increased and then gradually stabilised, respectively. The modified Jarvis—Stewart model was able to give comparable estimates of T to those derived from sap flow measurements. The contribution of RSWC to T in different soil layers has obvious specificity, and the contribution rate of 20–40 cm (13.4%) and 0–20 cm soil layers (6.6%) where roots are mainly distributed is significantly higher than that of 40–60 cm soil layer (1.9%). As the soil moisture status changes from moist (RSWC0–60cm ≥ 0.4) to drought (RSWC0–60cm < 0.4), the role of the soil moisture in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased compared with other layers. The impacts of soil moisture that were coupled into the Jarvis—Stewart model can genuinely reflect the environmental influence and can be used to quantify the contributions of soil moisture to T. Thus, it has the potential to become a new tool to guide the protection and management of forest water resources.
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44
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Rosas T, Mencuccini M, Batlles C, Regalado Í, Saura‐Mas S, Sterck F, Martínez‐Vilalta J. Are leaf, stem and hydraulic traits good predictors of individual tree growth? Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rosas
- CREAF Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- ICREA Barcelona Spain
| | - Carles Batlles
- CREAF Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
| | | | - Sandra Saura‐Mas
- CREAF Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
- CREAF Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
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45
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Liu Q, Peng C, Schneider R, Cyr D, Liu Z, Zhou X, Kneeshaw D. TRIPLEX-Mortality model for simulating drought-induced tree mortality in boreal forests: Model development and evaluation. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Limited Phenotypic Variation in Vulnerability to Cavitation and Stomatal Sensitivity to Vapor Pressure Deficit among Clones of Aristotelia chilensis from Different Climatic Origins. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091777. [PMID: 34579309 PMCID: PMC8469263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz is a promising species in the food industry as it provides 'super fruits' with remarkable antioxidant activity. However, under the predicted climate change scenario, the ongoing domestication of the species must consider selecting the most productive genotypes and be based on traits conferring drought tolerance. We assessed the vulnerability to cavitation and stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in A. chilensis clones originated from provenances with contrasting climates. A nursery experiment was carried out for one growing season on 2-year-old potted plants. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gs) responses to VPD were taken in spring, summer, and autumn, whereas vulnerability to cavitation was evaluated at the end of spring. Overall, the vulnerability to cavitation of the species was moderate (mean P50 of -2.2 MPa). Parameters of the vulnerability curves (Kmax, P50, P88, and S50) showed no differences among clones or when northern and southern clones were compared. Moreover, there were no differences in stomatal sensitivity to VPD at the provenance or the clonal level. However, compared with other studies, the stomatal sensitivity was considered moderately low, especially in the range of 1 to 3 kPa of VPD. The comparable performance of genotypes from contrasting provenance origins suggests low genetic variation for these traits. Further research must consider testing on diverse environmental conditions to assess the phenotypic plasticity of these types of traits.
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47
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Fuchs S, Leuschner C, Mathias Link R, Schuldt B. Hydraulic variability of three temperate broadleaf tree species along a water availability gradient in central Europe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1387-1400. [PMID: 33964029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits are key for understanding and predicting tree drought responses. Information about the degree of the traits' intra-specific variability may guide the selection of drought-resistant genotypes and is crucial for trait-based modelling approaches. For the three temperate minor broadleaf tree species Acer platanoides, Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata, we measured xylem embolism resistance (P50 ), leaf turgor loss point (PTLP ), specific hydraulic conductivity (KS ), Huber values (HVs), and hydraulic safety margins in adult trees across a precipitation gradient. We further quantified trait variability on different organizational levels (inter-specific to within-canopy variation), and analysed its relationship to climatic and soil water availability. Although we observed a certain intra-specific trait variability (ITV) in safety-related traits (P50 , PTLP ) with higher within-tree and between-tree than between populations variability, the magnitude was small compared to inter-specific differences, which explained 78.4% and 58.3% of the variance in P50 and PTLP , respectively. In contrast, efficiency-related traits (KS , HV) showed a high ITV both within populations and within the crowns of single trees. Surprisingly, the observed ITV of all traits was neither driven by climatic nor soil water availability. In conclusion, the high degree of conservatism in safety-related traits highlights their potential for trait-based modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fuchs
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Roman Mathias Link
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen, 37073, Germany
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48
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Peters JMR, López R, Nolf M, Hutley LB, Wardlaw T, Cernusak LA, Choat B. Living on the edge: A continental-scale assessment of forest vulnerability to drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3620-3641. [PMID: 33852767 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, forests are facing an increasing risk of mass tree mortality events associated with extreme droughts and higher temperatures. Hydraulic dysfunction is considered a key mechanism of drought-triggered dieback. By leveraging the climate breadth of the Australian landscape and a national network of research sites (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network), we conducted a continental-scale study of physiological and hydraulic traits of 33 native tree species from contrasting environments to disentangle the complexities of plant response to drought across communities. We found strong relationships between key plant hydraulic traits and site aridity. Leaf turgor loss point and xylem embolism resistance were correlated with minimum water potential experienced by each species. Across the data set, there was a strong coordination between hydraulic traits, including those linked to hydraulic safety, stomatal regulation and the cost of carbon investment into woody tissue. These results illustrate that aridity has acted as a strong selective pressure, shaping hydraulic traits of tree species across the Australian landscape. Hydraulic safety margins were constrained across sites, with species from wetter sites tending to have smaller safety margin compared with species at drier sites, suggesting trees are operating close to their hydraulic thresholds and forest biomes across the spectrum may be susceptible to shifts in climate that result in the intensification of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M R Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosana López
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus Nolf
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Tim Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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49
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Thonglim A, Delzon S, Larter M, Karami O, Rahimi A, Offringa R, Keurentjes JJB, Balazadeh S, Smets E, Lens F. Intervessel pit membrane thickness best explains variation in embolism resistance amongst stems of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:171-182. [PMID: 33216143 PMCID: PMC8324034 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability to avoid drought-induced embolisms in the xylem is one of the essential traits for plants to survive periods of water shortage. Over the past three decades, hydraulic studies have been focusing on trees, which limits our ability to understand how herbs tolerate drought. Here we investigate the embolism resistance in inflorescence stems of four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that differ in growth form and drought response. We assess functional traits underlying the variation in embolism resistance amongst the accessions studied using detailed anatomical observations. METHODS Vulnerability to xylem embolism was evaluated via vulnerability curves using the centrifuge technique and linked with detailed anatomical observations in stems using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS The data show significant differences in stem P50, varying 2-fold from -1.58 MPa in the Cape Verde Island accession to -3.07 MPa in the woody soc1 ful double mutant. Out of all the anatomical traits measured, intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM) best explains the differences in P50, as well as P12 and P88. The association between embolism resistance and TPM can be functionally explained by the air-seeding hypothesis. There is no evidence that the correlation between increased woodiness and increased embolism resistance is directly related to functional aspects. However, we found that increased woodiness is strongly linked to other lignification characters, explaining why mechanical stem reinforcement is indirectly related to increased embolism resistance. CONCLUSIONS The woodier or more lignified accessions are more resistant to embolism than the herbaceous accessions, confirming the link between increased stem lignification and increased embolism resistance, as also observed in other lineages. Intervessel pit membrane thickness and, to a lesser extent, theoretical vessel implosion resistance and vessel wall thickness are the missing functional links between stem lignification and embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaree Thonglim
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maximilian Larter
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arezoo Rahimi
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Research Group Functional Traits, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Feng F, Losso A, Tyree M, Zhang S, Mayr S. Cavitation fatigue in conifers: a study on eight European species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1580-1590. [PMID: 33905499 PMCID: PMC8260135 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After drought-induced embolism and repair, tree xylem may be weakened against future drought events (cavitation fatigue). As there are few data on cavitation fatigue in conifers available, we quantified vulnerability curves (VCs) after embolism/repair cycles on eight European conifer species. We induced 50% and 100% loss of conductivity (LC) with a cavitron, and analyzed VCs. Embolism repair was obtained by vacuum infiltration. All species demonstrated complete embolism repair and a lack of any cavitation fatigue after 50% LC . After 100% LC, European larch (Larix decidua), stone pine (Pinus cembra), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and silver fir (Abies alba) remained unaffected, while mountain pine (Pinus mugo), yew (Taxus baccata), and common juniper (Juniperus communis) exhibited 0.4-0.9 MPa higher vulnerability to embolism. A small cavitation fatigue observed in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was probably biased by incomplete embolism repair, as indicated by a correlation of vulnerability shifts and conductivity restoration. Our data demonstrate that cavitation fatigue in conifers is species-specific and depends on the intensity of preceding LC. The lack of fatigue effects after moderate LC, and relevant effects in only three species after high LC, indicate that conifers are relatively resistant against cavitation fatigue. This is remarkable considering the complex and delicate conifer pit architecture and may be important considering climate change projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, Ningshan, Shaanxi 711600, China
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Melvin Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Shuoxin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Huoditang, Ningshan, Shaanxi 711600, China
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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