1
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Zhu LW, Lu LW, Zhao P. Conserved responses of water use to evaporative demand in mixed forest across seasons in low subtropical China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 955:176826. [PMID: 39395492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
The positive correlation between diversity and production has been extensively documented. Given the intrinsic relationship between production and plant water consumption, it was anticipated that mixed forests would exhibit different water use compared to pure forests. In this study, the responses of water use to vapour pressure deficit were analyzed by monitoring the sap flow of Schima superba in both pure and mixed forests, as well as Castanopsis chinensis in mixed forest. Additionally, the relationships among leaf and stem traits were examined by measuring specific leaf area (SLA), N and P concentration per unit leaf mass, leaf δ18O and δ13C and wood density of sapwood (WD) during both wet and dry seasons. The results showed that S. superba demonstrated a comparable regulation of water use during both wet and dry seasons in mixed forest, whereas it exhibited less strict water use regulation during the wet season in comparison to the dry season in pure forest. Regardless of whether the forests were pure or mixed, both leaf δ13C and WD remained consistent across seasons, while there was an increase in SLA during the wet season compared to the dry season for S. superba. There was a different seasonal change in leaf δ18O for S. superba in pure and mixed forests. Water use and leaf economic spectrum may determine the adaptive strategies of coexisting species, and the coexisting tree species in mixed forest exhibited a resource-use differentiation, as indicated by seasonal variations in leaf and stem traits, likely explaining the conserved responses of sap flow to evaporative demand. Our research might provide insights into the impact of tree interaction on water use strategies and the water use-based forest management under current climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Long-Wei Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Gervais-Bergeron B, Chagnon PL, Labrecque M. Willow traits outperform taxonomy in predicting phytoremediation services. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 955:176754. [PMID: 39374697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Phytomanagement of contaminated sites can mitigate exposure risks for surrounding populations while providing numerous ecological services. To meet these goals, trait-based models are proposed to guide plant selection. However, this relies on the assumption that plant traits can effectively predict key services and that traits of individual species can be used to predict mean, or community-level traits of a given species assemblage. To critically evaluate these assumptions, we conducted a mesocosm study where three willow species were planted in all possible combinations (1 to 3 species) in contaminated soil under a controlled environment, for 110 days. At the community-level (for every mesocosm), we measured ten functional traits and three phytoremediation services (i.e. phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and translocation factor). We evaluated the differences between observed community-level traits and expectations from traits of the corresponding species grown in monocultures. Then, we compared the predictability of phytoremediation services through species composition and community-level traits. Our results indicate that, despite the short phylogenetic gradient, willow species exhibit distinct and predictable traits within assemblages. Moreover, trait values measured here are comparable to the values retrieved on the TRY database, confirming the potential of global databases to guide trait-based efforts in phytoremediation. Phytoremediation services were not predicted by species composition (mean R2adj = 0.05), but rather well explained by community-level traits (mean R2adj = 0.52). This suggests that models incorporating functional information are better suited to predict and understand phytoremediation services. Phytoextraction was generally correlated to fast-to-intermediate aboveground growth strategies with fast-growing belowground tissues, while translocation factors were associated with slower root growth. Phytostabilization was associated with faster-growing root systems and stress-tolerant capacities from the aboveground tissues. This experiment represent a strong test for trait-based models, given the short phylogenetic and contamination gradients tested. This reinforces the potential of trait-based models in phytoremediation and phytotechnologies more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gervais-Bergeron
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Luc Chagnon
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu RDC, 430 boulevard Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu J3B 3E6, Canada; Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, H2V OB3, Canada
| | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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3
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Yang J, Wang X, Carmona CP, Wang X, Shen G. Inverse relationship between species competitiveness and intraspecific trait variability may enable species coexistence in experimental seedling communities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2895. [PMID: 38570481 PMCID: PMC10991546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that intraspecific trait variability may promote species coexistence when competitively inferior species have higher intraspecific trait variability than their superior competitors. Here, we provide empirical evidence for this phenomenon in tree seedlings. We evaluated intraspecific variability and plastic response of ten traits in 6750 seedlings of ten species in a three-year greenhouse experiment. While we observed no relationship between intraspecific trait variability and species competitiveness in competition-free homogeneous environments, an inverse relationship emerged under interspecific competition and in spatially heterogeneous environments. We showed that this relationship is driven by the plastic response of the competitively inferior species: Compared to their competitively superior counterparts, they exhibited a greater increase in trait variability, particularly in fine-root traits, in response to competition, environmental heterogeneity and their combination. Our findings contribute to understanding how interspecific competition and intraspecific trait variability together structure plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xihua Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No.2), Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guochun Shen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No.2), Shanghai, 200092, China.
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4
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Phenotypic Plasticity Drives the Successful Expansion of the Invasive Plant Pedicularis kansuensis in Bayanbulak, China. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the phenotypic plasticity of the highly invasive native weed, Pedicularis kansuensis, we investigated and compared phenotypes (morphology, biomass, and nutrient composition) at different levels of invasion (low: 0 < cover ≤ 30%; medium: 30% < cover ≤ 70%; and high: cover > 70%). With the increase in invasion level, the plasticity of inflorescence length, single-leaf thickness, and specific leaf area increased, while the plasticity of single-leaf area and crown width decreased. During the invasion process, we observed significant density-dependent effects, including changed morphological characteristics, increased total aboveground biomass, and decreased plant height, inflorescence length, root length, crown width, single-leaf area, structure biomass of structures (root, stem, inflorescence), and individual biomass (p < 0.05). During the reproductive period of P. kansuensis, the resource allocation (C, N, and P content, total biomass, biomass allocation) to inflorescence was significantly higher than to root and stem, while the elemental ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P) of inflorescences were significantly lower than those of roots and stems (p < 0.05). When the invasion level increased, the ratio of inflorescence C:N and biomass allocation to roots increased significantly; conversely, inflorescence N and biomass allocation to inflorescences and stems decreased significantly (p < 0.05). This led to a decrease in resource allocation to aboveground parts and more resources allocated to the roots, significantly increasing the root-to-shoot ratio (p < 0.05). Based on the phenotypic differences among different invasion levels, we suggest that P. kansuensis adapted to a competitive environment by regulating morphology, biomass, and nutrient allocation, thereby enhancing the potential of invasion and spread.
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5
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Guo H, Zhou XB, Tao Y, Yin JF, Zhang L, Guo X, Liu CH, Zhang YM. Perennial herb diversity contributes more than annual herb diversity to multifunctionality in dryland ecosystems of North-western China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099110. [PMID: 36890885 PMCID: PMC9986965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable attention has been given to how different aspects of biodiversity sustain ecosystem functions. Herbs are a critical component of the plant community of dryland ecosystems, but the importance of different life form groups of herbs is often overlooked in experiments on biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality. Hence, little is known about how the multiple attributes of diversity of different life form groups of herbs affect changes to the multifunctionality of ecosystems. METHODS We investigated geographic patterns of herb diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality along a precipitation gradient of 2100 km in Northwest China, and assessed the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional attributes of different life form groups of herbs on the multifunctionality. RESULTS We found that subordinate (richness effect) species of annual herbs and dominant (mass ratio effect) species of perennial herbs were crucial for driving multifunctionality. Most importantly, the multiple attributes (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional) of herb diversity enhanced the multifunctionality. The functional diversity of herbs provided greater explanatory power than did taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. In addition, the multiple attribute diversity of perennial herbs contributed more than annual herbs to multifunctionality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into previously neglected mechanisms by which the diversity of different life form groups of herbs affect ecosystem multifunctionality. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality, and will ultimately contribute to multifunctional conservation and restoration programs in dryland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-fei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuan-ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Hermlin HK, Lepik M, Zobel K. The importance of shoot morphological plasticity on plant coexistence: a pot experiment. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:791-797. [PMID: 35301789 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphological plasticity affects species coexistence by enhancing local coexistence. Here, we test the importance of plasticity to light availability for species coexistence. We hypothesise that high average plasticity in a species assemblage promotes coexistence and tested for the effect of differential plasticity on the competitive success of neighbouring species. Sixteen herbaceous species with known morphological plasticity were grown pairwise in 95 combinations in 285 pots. We calculated mean plasticity and difference of plasticity for each pair of species in a pot using previously estimated degree of plasticity in leaf number, leaf length, leaf area and SLA. We then related these to biomass-based evenness of abundance in a pot and to competitive success of the 16 species. Unexpectedly, average plasticity did not affect biomass production between coexisting species. Instead, large differences in plasticity among two competitive neighbours predicted low diversity (high degree of dominance) in an assemblage. Higher than neighbour plasticity generally predicted competitive superiority in an assemblage. The opposite was true for plasticity of SLA, where species with low plasticity tended to dominate. Unlike earlier field studies, our results show that phenotypic plasticity in various plant traits pose opposite effects to interspecific competition. Subsequently, these effects possibly affect species composition and richness through which plasticity has significant consequences for plant communities and, therefore, should be accounted for in relevant studies in plant ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Hermlin
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Lepik
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Zobel
- Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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7
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Liu H, Ye Q, Simpson KJ, Cui E, Xia J. Can evolutionary history predict plant plastic responses to climate change? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1260-1271. [PMID: 35488493 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant plastic responses are critical to the adaptation and survival of species under climate change, but whether they are constrained by evolutionary history (phylogeny) is largely unclear. Plant leaf traits are key in determining plants' performance in different environments, and if these traits and their variation are phylogenetically dependent, predictions could be made to identify species vulnerable to climate change. We compiled data on three leaf traits (photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content) and their variation under four environmental change scenarios (warming, drought, elevated CO2 , or nitrogen addition) for 434 species, from 210 manipulation experiments. We found phylogenetic signal in the three traits but not in their variation under the four scenarios. This indicates that closely related species show similar traits but that their plastic responses could not be predicted from species relatedness under environmental change. Meanwhile, phylogeny weakened the slopes but did not change the directions of conventional pairwise trait relationships, suggesting that co-evolved leaf trait pairs have consistent responses under contrasting environmental conditions. Phylogeny can identify lineages rich in species showing similar traits and predict their relationships under climate change, but the degree of plant phenotypic variation does not vary consistently across evolutionary clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), no. 1119, Haibin Road, Nansha District, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Kimberley J Simpson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Erqian Cui
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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8
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A quantitative synthesis of soil microbial effects on plant species coexistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122088119. [PMID: 35605114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122088119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceUnderstanding the processes that maintain plant diversity is a key goal in ecology. Many previous studies have shown that soil microbes can generate stabilizing or destabilizing feedback loops that drive either plant species coexistence or monodominance. However, theory shows that microbial controls over plant coexistence also arise through microbially mediated competitive imbalances, which have been largely neglected. Using data from 50 studies, we found that soil microbes affect plant dynamics primarily by generating competitive fitness differences rather than stabilizing or destabilizing feedbacks. Consequently, in the absence of other competitive asymmetries among plants, soil microbes are predicted to drive species exclusion more than coexistence. These results underscore the need for measuring competitive fitness differences when evaluating microbial controls over plant coexistence.
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9
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Anderegg LDL, Griffith DM, Cavender-Bares J, Riley WJ, Berry JA, Dawson TE, Still CJ. Representing plant diversity in land models: An evolutionary approach to make "Functional Types" more functional. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2541-2554. [PMID: 34964527 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants are critical mediators of terrestrial mass and energy fluxes, and their structural and functional traits have profound impacts on local and global climate, biogeochemistry, biodiversity, and hydrology. Yet, Earth System Models (ESMs), our most powerful tools for predicting the effects of humans on the coupled biosphere-atmosphere system, simplify the incredible diversity of land plants into a handful of coarse categories of "Plant Functional Types" (PFTs) that often fail to capture ecological dynamics such as biome distributions. The inclusion of more realistic functional diversity is a recognized goal for ESMs, yet there is currently no consistent, widely accepted way to add diversity to models, that is, to determine what new PFTs to add and with what data to constrain their parameters. We review approaches to representing plant diversity in ESMs and draw on recent ecological and evolutionary findings to present an evolution-based functional type approach for further disaggregating functional diversity. Specifically, the prevalence of niche conservatism, or the tendency of closely related taxa to retain similar ecological and functional attributes through evolutionary time, reveals that evolutionary relatedness is a powerful framework for summarizing functional similarities and differences among plant types. We advocate that Plant Functional Types based on dominant evolutionary lineages ("Lineage Functional Types") will provide an ecologically defensible, tractable, and scalable framework for representing plant diversity in next-generation ESMs, with the potential to improve parameterization, process representation, and model benchmarking. We highlight how the importance of evolutionary history for plant function can unify the work of disparate fields to improve predictive modeling of the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel M Griffith
- US Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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10
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Guillemot J, Martin-StPaul NK, Bulascoschi L, Poorter L, Morin X, Pinho BX, le Maire G, R L Bittencourt P, Oliveira RS, Bongers F, Brouwer R, Pereira L, Gonzalez Melo GA, Boonman CCF, Brown KA, Cerabolini BEL, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Schneider JV, Sheremetiev S, Brancalion PHS. Small and slow is safe: On the drought tolerance of tropical tree species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2622-2638. [PMID: 35007364 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how evolutionary history and the coordination between trait trade-off axes shape the drought tolerance of trees is crucial to predict forest dynamics under climate change. Here, we compiled traits related to drought tolerance and the fast-slow and stature-recruitment trade-off axes in 601 tropical woody species to explore their covariations and phylogenetic signals. We found that xylem resistance to embolism (P50) determines the risk of hydraulic failure, while the functional significance of leaf turgor loss point (TLP) relies on its coordination with water use strategies. P50 and TLP exhibit weak phylogenetic signals and substantial variation within genera. TLP is closely associated with the fast-slow trait axis: slow species maintain leaf functioning under higher water stress. P50 is associated with both the fast-slow and stature-recruitment trait axes: slow and small species exhibit more resistant xylem. Lower leaf phosphorus concentration is associated with more resistant xylem, which suggests a (nutrient and drought) stress-tolerance syndrome in the tropics. Overall, our results imply that (1) drought tolerance is under strong selective pressure in tropical forests, and TLP and P50 result from the repeated evolutionary adaptation of closely related taxa, and (2) drought tolerance is coordinated with the ecological strategies governing tropical forest demography. These findings provide a physiological basis to interpret the drought-induced shift toward slow-growing, smaller, denser-wooded trees observed in the tropics, with implications for forest restoration programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannès Guillemot
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Bulascoschi
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno X Pinho
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAe, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Guerric le Maire
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Brouwer
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Coline C F Boonman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerry A Brown
- Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - Bruno E L Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Julio V Schneider
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Cao JH, Qi R, Liu T, Li B, Gao BQ, Chen XL, Zhao Y, Zhao ZG. Patterns of species and phylogenetic diversity in Picea purpurea forests under different levels of disturbance on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Waterman R, Sultan SE. Transgenerational effects of parent plant competition on offspring development in contrasting conditions. Ecology 2021; 102:e03531. [PMID: 34496058 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conditions during a parent's lifetime can induce phenotypic changes in offspring, providing a potentially important source of variation in natural populations. Yet, to date, biotic factors have seldom been tested as sources of transgenerational effects in plants. In a greenhouse experiment with the generalist annual Polygonum persicaria, we tested for effects of parental competition on offspring by growing isogenic parent plants either individually or in competitive arrays and comparing their seedling progeny in contrasting growth environments. Offspring of competing vs. non-competing parents showed significantly altered development, resulting in greater biomass and total leaf area, but only when growing in neighbor or simulated canopy shade, rather than sunny dry conditions. A follow-up experiment in which parent plants instead competed in dry soil found that offspring in dry soil had slightly reduced growth, both with and without competitors. In neither experiment were effects of parental competition explained by changes in seed provisioning, suggesting a more complex mode of regulatory inheritance. We hypothesize that parental competition in moist soil (i.e., primarily for light) confers specific developmental effects that are beneficial for light-limited offspring, while parental competition in dry soil (i.e., primarily for belowground resources) produces offspring of slightly lower overall quality. Together, these results indicate that competitive conditions during the parental generation can contribute significantly to offspring variation, but these transgenerational effects will depend on the abiotic resources available to both parents and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Waterman
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 06459, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 06459, USA
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13
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Relyea RA, Stephens PR, Hammond JI. Phylogenetic patterns of trait and trait plasticity evolution: Insights from tadpoles. Evolution 2021; 75:2568-2588. [PMID: 34437719 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity has led to the widespread evolution of phenotypic plasticity in all taxonomic groups. Although phenotypic plasticity has been examined from multiple perspectives, few studies have examined evolutionary patterns of plasticity within a phylogeny. We conducted common-garden experiments on 20 species of tadpoles, spanning three families, exposed for 4 weeks to a control, predator cues, or reduced food (i.e., increased intraspecific competition). We quantified tadpole activity, growth, and relative morphology and found widespread differences in species responses to predator cues and reduced food. We detected pervasive phylogenetic signals in traits within each environment, but the phylogenetic signal was much less common in the trait plasticities. Among different models of continuous character evolution, Brownian Motion and Ornstein Uhlenbeck models provided better fits to the data than the Early Burst model. Tadpole activity level in predator environments had much higher evolutionary rates than in the control and reduced-food environments; we did not see this pattern in the other traits. In comparing traits versus trait plasticities, activity evolved much faster than the plasticity of activity whereas morphological traits evolved much slower than morphological plasticities. Collectively, these results suggest that traits and trait plasticities can exhibit dramatically different evolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
| | - Patrick R Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - John I Hammond
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, Marian University, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, 54935, USA
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14
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Krishna M, Winternitz J, Garkoti SC, Penuelas J. Functional leaf traits indicate phylogenetic signals in forests across an elevational gradient in the central Himalaya. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:753-764. [PMID: 33837511 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traits are the primary attributes that distinguish a species niche. Species and higher taxa are part of a structured phylogeny, and variation in plant traits depends on lineage as well as on environmental conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate linkages between taxonomic identity, shared ancestry, and environment for understanding the variation in leaf traits. We investigated the evolutionary relationships, based on multiple gene sequences among 26 plant species sampled along an elevational gradient from 650 to 3600 m a.s.l. in the central Himalaya. We tested for the phylogenetic signal based on three different measures in 10 leaf traits having a significant association with the resource acquisition-conservation trade-offs axis and influencing plant growth, development, and ecological performance. We further assessed the role of elevation and growth forms as the potential drivers of leaf traits variation while controlling for phylogeny. 5 out of 10 leaf traits showed significant phylogenetic signal. Plant species clustered more often by growth forms at the tips of the phylogeny indicating multiple instances of independent evolution. Evergreen taxa showed niche separation with deciduous and incorporated larger trait variation. Trait variations were guided by both growth forms and elevation when accounted for phylogeny. Growth form has a higher contribution to trait variation compared to elevation. Trade-offs were detected between resource conservation and resource acquisition machinery traits (that would maximise carbon gain), differing between growth forms and along elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Krishna
- School of Environmental sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jamie Winternitz
- Department of Animal, Behaviour Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Satish Chandra Garkoti
- School of Environmental sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Josep Penuelas
- Global Ecology Unit, CSIC, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08913, Spain
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15
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Wang S, Callaway RM. Plasticity in response to plant-plant interactions and water availability. Ecology 2021; 102:e03361. [PMID: 33829488 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The plastic responses of plants to abiotic and biotic environmental factors have generally been addressed separately; thus we have a poor understanding of how these factors interact. For example, little is known about the effects of plant-plant interactions on the plasticity of plants in response to water availability. Furthermore, few studies have compared the effects of intra- and interspecific interactions on plastic responses to abiotic factors. To explore the effects of intraspecific and interspecific plant-plant interactions on plant responses to water availability, we grew Leucanthemum vulgare and Potentilla recta with a conspecific or the other species, and grew pairs of each species as controls in pots with the roots, but not shoots, physically separated. We subjected these competitive arrangements to mesic and dry conditions, and then measured shoot mass, root mass, total mass and root : shoot ratio and calculated plasticity in these traits. The total biomass of both species was highly suppressed by both intra- and interspecific interactions in mesic soil conditions. However, in drier soil, intraspecific interactions for both species and the effect of P. recta on L. vulgare were facilitative. For plasticity in response to water supply, when adjusted for total biomass, drought increased shoot mass, and decreased root mass and root : shoot ratios for both species in intraspecific interactions. When grown alone, there were no plastic responses in any trait except total mass, for either species. Our results suggested that plants interacting with other plants often show improved tolerance for drought than those grown alone, perhaps because of neighbor-induced shifts in plasticity in biomass allocation. Facilitative effects might also be promoted by plasticity to drought in root : shoot ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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16
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Wills J, Herbohn J, Wells J, Maranguit Moreno MO, Ferraren A, Firn J. Seedling diversity in actively and passively restored tropical forest understories. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02286. [PMID: 33421244 PMCID: PMC8047924 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methods for restoring tropical forests influence the ecological processes that shape recruitment of understory species. In turn, the traits of species recruited will influence the ecological processes the forests provide now and over the long term. We assess the phylogenetic and functional structure of seedlings beneath monoculture plantations, mixed-species plantations (both active restoration) and regenerating selectively logged native forests (passive restoration), considering traits of specific leaf area (SLA, including within-species variation), leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, life-form, potential plant height, and dispersal type. Monoculture plantations comprised seedlings that were more closely related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically clustered), and regenerating forest contained species more distantly related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically overdispersed). This suggests that seedlings beneath monocultures assemble through environmental filtering and through the dispersal limitation of predictable functional guilds. However, dispersal limitation is frequently overcome by human-assisted dispersal, increasing trait diversity. Comparing SLA values revealed that regenerating forests recruit seedlings with both high and low mean and variation of SLA, leading to higher overall diversity. Regenerating forest seedlings showed signs of environmental filtering, only based on within-species variation of SLA. Regenerating forest understories appear to favor species that show a high intraspecific variation in SLA values (e.g., Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) and at the same time provided habitat for later successional seedlings that show a lower intraspecific variation in SLA (e.g., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray). This trait diversity suggests limiting similarity or competitive exclusion may be reduced because of niche differences, allowing species with different traits to coexist. Phylogenetic and functionally distinct species are restricted in their regeneration capacity, many of which are of conservation significance (under the IUCN Red List). Reforestation projects should maximize desired ecological services (including conservation value) by actively managing for the recruitment of species that are phylogenetically and functionally (including intraspecifically) distinct. This management aim will increase the probability of fulfilling a wider array of niche spaces and potentially increase the diversity of ecosystem services provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah Wills
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
| | - John Herbohn
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine Coast (USC)MaroochydoreQueensland4558Australia
| | - Jessie Wells
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | | | - Angela Ferraren
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine Coast (USC)MaroochydoreQueensland4558Australia
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
- Present address:
School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesQueensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens PointBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
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17
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Palá-Paúl J, Copeland LM, Brophy JJ. The Essential Oil Composition of Trachymene incisa Rudge subsp. incisa Rudge from Australia. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030601. [PMID: 33806768 PMCID: PMC8005043 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa is an Australian endemic taxon that varies greatly in the abundance and length of the leaf trichomes. The essential oil composition of five populations of this subspecies, three corresponding to the typical glabrous form and two of the particularly hairy variant, has been analyzed in an attempt to determinate if that variability is also reflected in their composition. The oils have been extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The essential oils of T. incisa subsp. incisa were characterized by the high amount of sesquiterpenes that were the major fraction. The sesquiterepene hydrocarbons were significantly higher in the hairy variant in comparison to the glabrous one. According to the main compound, three different chemotypes were found: I.—β-selinene + bicyclogermacrene and II.—γ-bisabolene + α-pinene for the typical glabrous variant and III.—bicyclogermacrene + β-caryophyllene for the hairy variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Palá-Paúl
- Departamento Biodiversidad Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Joseph J. Brophy
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
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18
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19
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Schmid JS, Huth A, Taubert F. Influences of traits and processes on productivity and functional composition in grasslands: A modeling study. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Garbowski M, Avera B, Bertram JH, Courkamp JS, Gray J, Hein KM, Lawrence R, McIntosh M, McClelland S, Post AK, Slette IJ, Winkler DE, Brown CS. Getting to the root of restoration: considering root traits for improved restoration outcomes under drought and competition. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Garbowski
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Bethany Avera
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Jonathan H Bertram
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Jacob S Courkamp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Jesse Gray
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Kirsten M Hein
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Ryan Lawrence
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Mariah McIntosh
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT U.S.A
| | - Shelby McClelland
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Alison K Post
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
| | - Daniel E Winkler
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT U.S.A
| | - Cynthia S Brown
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO U.S.A
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21
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Luo S, Schmid B, Wagg C, Chen Y, Jiang B, Liang M, Liu X, Yu S. Community‐wide trait means and variations affect biomass in a biodiversity experiment with tree seedlings. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
| | | | - Cameron Wagg
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Minxia Liang
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Xubing Liu
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Dept of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. CN‐510275 Guangzhou PR China
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22
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Yan Y, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Li Y. Adaptation of Dominant Species to Drought in the Inner Mongolia Grassland - Species Level and Functional Type Level Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:231. [PMID: 31040855 PMCID: PMC6477032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of plants to drought through the adjustment of their leaf functional traits is a hot topic in plant ecology. However, while there is a good understanding of how individual species adapt to drought in this way, the way in which different functional types adapt to drought along a precipitation gradient remains poorly understood. In this study, we sampled 22 sites along a precipitation gradient in the Inner Mongolia grassland and measured eight leaf functional traits across 39 dominant species to determine the adaptive strategies of plant leaves to drought at the species and plant functional type levels. We found that leaf functional traits were mainly influenced by both aridity and phylogeny at the species level. There were four types of leaf adaptations to drought at the functional type level: adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio, the specific leaf area, the nitrogen content, and the specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content simultaneously. These findings indicate that there is the trade-offs relationship between water and nitrogen acquisition as the level of drought increases, which is consistent with the worldwide leaf economics spectrum. In this study, we highlighted that the leaf economic spectrum can be adopted to reveal the adaptations of plants to drought in the Inner Mongolia grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qingfu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, BIOCHANGE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuanheng Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
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23
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Burns JH, Murphy JE, Zheng YL. Tests of alternative evolutionary models are needed to enhance our understanding of biological invasions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:701-707. [PMID: 30394547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 701 I. Introduction 701 II. Why we need an explicitly evolutionary perspective 702 III. A case study invasion experiment 702 IV. The way forward 703 V. Conclusions 705 Acknowledgements 706 References 706 SUMMARY: Comparing models of trait evolution might generate new insights into the role of evolutionary history in biological invasions. Assumptions underlying Darwin's naturalization conundrum suggest that close relatives are functionally similar. However, newer work is suggesting more complex relationships between phylogenetic and functional distance. We present an example in which communities of close relatives are functionally divergent in leaf traits and have greater invader biomass. Such an approach leads to new questions, such as: When might selection lead to divergence between close relatives? For example, a history of sympatry might correspond with divergence. We suggest that moving beyond a simplistic version of Darwin's naturalization conundrum as alternative hypotheses will lead to a more nuanced view on how evolution has shaped biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer E Murphy
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yu-Long Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
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24
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Muletz-Wolz CR, Barnett SE, DiRenzo GV, Zamudio KR, Toledo LF, James TY, Lips KR. Diverse genotypes of the amphibian-killing fungus produce distinct phenotypes through plastic responses to temperature. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:287-298. [PMID: 30650220 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypes are the target of selection and affect the ability of organisms to persist in variable environments. Phenotypes can be influenced directly by genes and/or by phenotypic plasticity. The amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has a global distribution, unusually broad host range, and high genetic diversity. Phenotypic plasticity may be an important process that allows this pathogen to infect hundreds of species in diverse environments. We quantified phenotypic variation of nine Bd genotypes from two Bd lineages (Global Pandemic Lineage [GPL] and Brazil) and a hybrid (GPL-Brazil) grown at three temperatures (12, 18 and 24°C). We measured five functional traits including two morphological traits (zoospore and zoosporangium sizes) and three life history traits (carrying capacity, time to fastest growth and exponential growth rate) in a phylogenetic framework. Temperature caused highly plastic responses within each genotype, with all Bd genotypes showing phenotypic plasticity in at least three traits. Among genotypes, Bd generally showed the same direction of plastic response to temperature: larger zoosporangia, higher carrying capacity, longer time to fastest growth and slower exponential growth at lower temperatures. The exception was zoospore size, which was highly variable. Our findings indicate that Bd genotypes have evolved novel phenotypes through plastic responses to temperature over very short timescales. High phenotypic variability likely extends to other traits and may facilitate the large host range and rapid spread of Bd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Samuel E Barnett
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Graziella V DiRenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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25
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Henn JJ, Buzzard V, Enquist BJ, Halbritter AH, Klanderud K, Maitner BS, Michaletz ST, Pötsch C, Seltzer L, Telford RJ, Yang Y, Zhang L, Vandvik V. Intraspecific Trait Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity Mediate Alpine Plant Species Response to Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1548. [PMID: 30483276 PMCID: PMC6243391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In a rapidly changing climate, alpine plants may persist by adapting to new conditions. However, the rate at which the climate is changing might exceed the rate of adaptation through evolutionary processes in long-lived plants. Persistence may depend on phenotypic plasticity in morphology and physiology. Here we investigated patterns of leaf trait variation including leaf area, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nutrients (C, N, P) and isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) across an elevation gradient on Gongga Mountain, Sichuan Province, China. We quantified inter- and intra-specific trait variation and the plasticity in leaf traits of selected species to experimental warming and cooling by using a reciprocal transplantation approach. We found substantial phenotypic plasticity in most functional traits where δ15N, leaf area, and leaf P showed greatest plasticity. These traits did not correspond with traits with the largest amount of intraspecific variation. Plasticity in leaf functional traits tended to enable plant populations to shift their trait values toward the mean values of a transplanted plants' destination community, but only if that population started with very different trait values. These results suggest that leaf trait plasticity is an important mechanism for enabling plants to persist within communities and to better tolerate changing environmental conditions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Henn
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Vanessa Buzzard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Aud H. Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Brian S. Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Christine Pötsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lorah Seltzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Telford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (CAS), Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (CAS), Chengdu, China
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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26
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Roscher C, Schumacher J, Lipowsky A, Gubsch M, Weigelt A, Schmid B, Buchmann N, Schulze ED. Functional groups differ in trait means, but not in trait plasticity to species richness in local grassland communities. Ecology 2018; 99:2295-2307. [PMID: 29989166 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in incorporating intraspecific variation of functional traits in community-level studies, it remains unclear whether species classified into functional groups based on interspecific trait differences are similar regarding their variation in trait expression in response to varying plant diversity and composition in local communities. In a large biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment) designed on a trait-based a priori definition of functional groups (grasses, legumes, small herbs, tall herbs), we studied means, extent of variation (coefficient of variation across communities) and plasticity to increased plant diversity (slopes over a logarithmic species richness ranging from 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 to 60 species) for nine functional traits. Species means and extent of variation in traits related to nitrogen (N) acquisition and N use differed among functional groups and were more similar in phylogenetically closely related species than expected by chance. Species in the same functional group showed a weak phylogenetic signal and varied widely in means and extent of variation in traits related to shoot architecture and to a smaller extent in leaf traits related to carbon acquisition. This indicated that functional groups were less distinguishable in light than in nitrogen acquisition strategies. The direction and degree of trait plasticity to increasing species richness did not show a phylogenetic signal and were not different among functional groups, but varied largely among species within functional groups. Correlation structures in trait means, extent of trait variation and trait plasticity revealed functional tradeoffs in the acquisition of nitrogen and light across species. While correlations between trait means and extent of trait variation varied from trait to trait (positive, negative or unrelated), trait means and trait plasticity were mostly unrelated. Our results suggest that the concept of functional groups is viable, but context-specific trait measurements are required to improve our understanding about the functional significance of intraspecific trait variation and interspecific trait differences in local plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Roscher
- Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Schumacher
- Institute of Mathematics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Lipowsky
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 100164, 07701, Jena, Germany
| | - Marlén Gubsch
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Special Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Mandal S, Shurin JB, Efroymson RA, Mathews TJ. Functional divergence in nitrogen uptake rates explains diversity–productivity relationship in microalgal communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shovon Mandal
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | | | - Rebecca A. Efroymson
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Teresa J. Mathews
- Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
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28
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Relyea RA, Stephens PR, Barrow LN, Blaustein AR, Bradley PW, Buck JC, Chang A, Collins JP, Crother B, Earl J, Gervasi SS, Hoverman JT, Hyman O, Lemmon EM, Luhring TM, Michelson M, Murray C, Price S, Semlitsch RD, Sih A, Stoler AB, VandenBroek N, Warwick A, Wengert G, Hammond JI. Phylogenetic patterns of trait and trait plasticity evolution: Insights from amphibian embryos. Evolution 2018; 72:663-678. [PMID: 29345312 PMCID: PMC6131697 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variation favors the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. For many species, we understand the costs and benefits of different phenotypes, but we lack a broad understanding of how plastic traits evolve across large clades. Using identical experiments conducted across North America, we examined prey responses to predator cues. We quantified five life-history traits and the magnitude of their plasticity for 23 amphibian species/populations (spanning three families and five genera) when exposed to no cues, crushed-egg cues, and predatory crayfish cues. Embryonic responses varied considerably among species and phylogenetic signal was common among the traits, whereas phylogenetic signal was rare for trait plasticities. Among trait-evolution models, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model provided the best fit or was essentially tied with Brownian motion. Using the best fitting model, evolutionary rates for plasticities were higher than traits for three life-history traits and lower for two. These data suggest that the evolution of life-history traits in amphibian embryos is more constrained by a species' position in the phylogeny than is the evolution of life history plasticities. The fact that an OU model of trait evolution was often a good fit to patterns of trait variation may indicate adaptive optima for traits and their plasticities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | | | - Lisa N Barrow
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Andrew R Blaustein
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Paul W Bradley
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110
| | - Julia C Buck
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Ann Chang
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - James P Collins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Brian Crother
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
| | - Julia Earl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | | | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Oliver Hyman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | | | - Thomas M Luhring
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Moses Michelson
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Chris Murray
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505
| | - Steven Price
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Raymond D Semlitsch
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Andrew Sih
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Aaron B Stoler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Nick VandenBroek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402
| | - Alexa Warwick
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Greta Wengert
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - John I Hammond
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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29
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Roscher C, Gubsch M, Lipowsky A, Schumacher J, Weigelt A, Buchmann N, Schulze ED, Schmid B. Trait means, trait plasticity and trait differences to other species jointly explain species performances in grasslands of varying diversity. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Roscher
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Physiological Diversity; Permoserstrasse 15 DE-04318 Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Marlén Gubsch
- Inst. of Agricultural Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Annett Lipowsky
- Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; Jena Germany
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center; Univ. of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jens Schumacher
- Inst. of Mathematics; Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Dept of Special Botany and Functional Biodiversity; Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Inst. of Agricultural Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center; Univ. of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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30
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Hortal S, Lozano YM, Bastida F, Armas C, Moreno JL, Garcia C, Pugnaire FI. Plant-plant competition outcomes are modulated by plant effects on the soil bacterial community. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17756. [PMID: 29259319 PMCID: PMC5736699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition is a key process that determines plant community structure and dynamics, often mediated by nutrients and water availability. However, the role of soil microorganisms on plant competition, and the links between above- and belowground processes, are not well understood. Here we show that the effects of interspecific plant competition on plant performance are mediated by feedbacks between plants and soil bacterial communities. Each plant species selects a singular community of soil microorganisms in its rhizosphere with a specific species composition, abundance and activity. When two plant species interact, the resulting soil bacterial community matches that of the most competitive plant species, suggesting strong competitive interactions between soil bacterial communities as well. We propose a novel mechanism by which changes in belowground bacterial communities promoted by the most competitive plant species influence plant performance and competition outcome. These findings emphasise the strong links between plant and soil communities, paving the way to a better understanding of plant community dynamics and the effects of soil bacterial communities on ecosystem functioning and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hortal
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Y M Lozano
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Bastida
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Moreno
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Garcia
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - F I Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
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31
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Coelho de Souza F, Dexter KG, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Chave J, Galbraith DR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Pennington RT, Poorter L, Alexiades M, Álvarez-Dávila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Aymard C GA, Baraloto C, Barroso JG, Bonal D, Boot RGA, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Valverde FC, de Camargo PB, Di Fiore A, Elias F, Erwin TL, Feldpausch TR, Ferreira L, Fyllas NM, Gloor E, Herault B, Herrera R, Higuchi N, Honorio Coronado EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance S, Lloyd J, Lovejoy TE, Malhi Y, Maracahipes L, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill DA, Vargas PN, Oliveira EA, Lenza E, Palacios WA, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pipoly JJ, Pitman NCA, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Rudas A, Ruokolainen K, Salomão RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Thomas-Caesar R, van der Hout P, van der Heijden GMF, van der Meer PJ, Vasquez RV, Vieira SA, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Wang O, Young KR, Zagt RJ, Baker TR. Evolutionary heritage influences Amazon tree ecology. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1587. [PMID: 27974517 PMCID: PMC5204144 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant life-history strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.,Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | | | | | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRS, UMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologique, bâtiment 4R1, Toulouse 31062, France
| | | | | | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz. E, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.,Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | | | - Ana Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA & STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69.011-970, Brazil
| | - Luis E O C Aragão
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Drive, Exeter, Rennes EX4 4RJ, UK.,National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Eric J M M Arets
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa del Agro y del Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jorcely G Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR 1137 'Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere', Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Rene G A Boot
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
| | - José L C Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA & STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69.011-970, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.,Smithsonian Institution, 1100 Jefferson Dr, SW, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | | | - Plínio B de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC Room 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Fernando Elias
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Terry L Erwin
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Drive, Exeter, Rennes EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, 66.040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bruno Herault
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, Inra, U Antilles, U Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou 97310, French Guiana
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Centro de Ecología IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis - 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst, Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Thomas E Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University (GMU), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leandro Maracahipes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, Goias, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ben H Marimon-Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Sacta, Bolivia
| | - Paulo Morandi
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - David A Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Edmar A Oliveira
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eddie Lenza
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Walter A Palacios
- Universidad Técnica del Norte and Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Casilla 17-21-1787, Av. Río Coca E6-115, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - John J Pipoly
- Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, 950 NW 38th St., Oakland Park, FL 33309, USA
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, PO Box 90381, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ciol de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis - 69.067-375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ciol de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Kalle Ruokolainen
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Rafael P Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, 66.040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69910-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, Postbus 9517, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Thomas-Caesar
- Iwokrama Intertiol Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Peter van der Hout
- Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Jan Trooststraat 6, Rotterdam 3078 HP, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J van der Meer
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 9001, 6880 GB Velp, The Netherlands
| | - Rodolfo V Vasquez
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz. E, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Simone A Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - NEPAM, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent A Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado - regional Norte Amazónico, C/ Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Casilla 16, Riberalta, Bolivia.,Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Ophelia Wang
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kenneth R Young
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Roderick J Zagt
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
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32
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Helsen K, Acharya KP, Brunet J, Cousins SAO, Decocq G, Hermy M, Kolb A, Lemke IH, Lenoir J, Plue J, Verheyen K, De Frenne P, Graae BJ. Biotic and abiotic drivers of intraspecific trait variation within plant populations of three herbaceous plant species along a latitudinal gradient. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 29233135 PMCID: PMC5727960 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is increasingly acknowledged among plant ecologists. However, our understanding of what drives ITV between individual plants (ITVBI) at the population level is still limited. Contrasting theoretical hypotheses state that ITVBI can be either suppressed (stress-reduced plasticity hypothesis) or enhanced (stress-induced variability hypothesis) under high abiotic stress. Similarly, other hypotheses predict either suppressed (niche packing hypothesis) or enhanced ITVBI (individual variation hypothesis) under high niche packing in species rich communities. In this study we assess the relative effects of both abiotic and biotic niche effects on ITVBI of four functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, plant height and seed mass), for three herbaceous plant species across a 2300 km long gradient in Europe. The study species were the slow colonizing Anemone nemorosa, a species with intermediate colonization rates, Milium effusum, and the fast colonizing, non-native Impatiens glandulifera. Results Climatic stress consistently increased ITVBI across species and traits. Soil nutrient stress, on the other hand, reduced ITVBI for A. nemorosa and I. glandulifera, but had a reversed effect for M. effusum. We furthermore observed a reversed effect of high niche packing on ITVBI for the fast colonizing non-native I. glandulifera (increased ITVBI), as compared to the slow colonizing native A. nemorosa and M. effusum (reduced ITVBI). Additionally, ITVBI in the fast colonizing species tended to be highest for the vegetative traits plant height and leaf area, but lowest for the measured generative trait seed mass. Conclusions This study shows that stress can both reduce and increase ITVBI, seemingly supporting both the stress-reduced plasticity and stress-induced variability hypotheses. Similarly, niche packing effects on ITVBI supported both the niche packing hypothesis and the individual variation hypothesis. These results clearly illustrates the importance of simultaneously evaluating both abiotic and biotic factors on ITVBI. This study adds to the growing realization that within-population trait variation should not be ignored and can provide valuable ecological insights. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-017-0151-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Helsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kamal P Acharya
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Brunet
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sara A O Cousins
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Decocq
- Edysan (FRE 3498 CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Martin Hermy
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape Research, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Annette Kolb
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB 02, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Isgard H Lemke
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB 02, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- Edysan (FRE 3498 CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Jan Plue
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium.,Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 22, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Bente J Graae
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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Cadotte MW, Livingstone SW, Yasui SLE, Dinnage R, Li JT, Marushia R, Santangelo J, Shu W. Explaining ecosystem multifunction with evolutionary models. Ecology 2017; 98:3175-3187. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Stuart W. Livingstone
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Simone-Louise E. Yasui
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Brisbane Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Research School of Biology; Australian National University; 46 Sullivans Creek Road Acton Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Jin-tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Robin Marushia
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - James Santangelo
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Wensheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 China
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34
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Cadotte MW, Davies TJ, Peres-Neto PR. Why phylogenies do not always predict ecological differences. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Toronto-Scarborough; 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong; Higher Education Institutes; College of Ecology and Evolution; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue Montréal Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding; University of Johannesburg; APK Campus PO Box 524 Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Pedro R. Peres-Neto
- Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity; Départment des sciences biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal; C.P. 8888, succursale Centreville Montréal Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montréal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
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Abstract
The ability to explain why multispecies assemblages produce greater biomass compared to monocultures, has been a central goal in the quest to understand biodiversity effects on ecosystem function. Species contributions to ecosystem function can be driven by two processes: niche complementarity and a selection effect that is influenced by fitness (competitive) differences, and both can be approximated with measures of species' traits. It has been hypothesised that fitness differences are associated with few, singular traits while complementarity requires multidimensional trait measures. Here, using experimental data from plant assemblages, I show that the selection effect was strongest when trait dissimilarity was low, while complementarity was greatest with high trait dissimilarity. Selection effects were best explained by a single trait, plant height. Complementarity was correlated with dissimilarity across multiple traits, representing above and below ground processes. By identifying the relevant traits linked to ecosystem function, we obtain the ability to predict combinations of species that will maximise ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Xu J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Chai Y, Wang M, Guo Y, Li T, Yue M. Using phylogeny and functional traits for assessing community assembly along environmental gradients: A deterministic process driven by elevation. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5056-5069. [PMID: 28770046 PMCID: PMC5528205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community assembly processes is the primary focus of community ecology. Using phylogenetic‐based and functional trait‐based methods jointly to explore these processes along environmental gradients are useful ways to explain the change of assembly mechanisms under changing world. Our study combined these methods to test assembly processes in wide range gradients of elevation and other habitat environmental factors. We collected our data at 40 plots in Taibai Mountain, China, with more than 2,300 m altitude difference in study area and then measured traits and environmental factors. Variance partitioning was used to distinguish the main environment factors leading to phylogeny and traits change among 40 plots. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to colligate other environment factors. Community assembly patterns along environmental gradients based on phylogenetic and functional methods were studied for exploring assembly mechanisms. Phylogenetic signal was calculated for each community along environmental gradients in order to detect the variation of trait performance on phylogeny. Elevation showed a better explanatory power than other environment factors for phylogenetic and most traits’ variance. Phylogenetic and several functional structure clustered at high elevation while some conserved traits overdispersed. Convergent tendency which might be caused by filtering or competition along elevation was detected based on functional traits. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf nitrogen content along PCA 1 axis showed conflicting patterns comparing to patterns showed on elevation. LDMC exhibited the strongest phylogenetic signal. Only the phylogenetic signal of maximum plant height showed explicable change along environmental gradients. Synthesis. Elevation is the best environment factors for predicting phylogeny and traits change. Plant's phylogenetic and some functional structures show environmental filtering in alpine region while it shows different assembly processes in middle‐ and low‐altitude region by different trait/phylogeny. The results highlight deterministic processes dominate community assembly in large‐scale environmental gradients. Performance of phylogeny and traits along gradients may be independent with each other. The novel method for calculating functional structure which we used in this study and the focus of phylogenetic signal change along gradients may provide more useful ways to detect community assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yongfu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Mao Wang
- School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China.,College of Grassland and Environment Sciences Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumchi China
| | - Yaoxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
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37
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Phenotypic Plasticity and Species Coexistence. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:803-813. [PMID: 27527257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists are increasingly interested in predicting how intraspecific variation and changing trait values impact species interactions and community composition. For many traits, much of this variation is caused by phenotypic plasticity, and thus the impact of plasticity on species coexistence deserves robust quantification. Partly due to a lack of sound theoretical expectations, empirical studies make contradictory claims regarding plasticity effects on coexistence. Our critical review of this literature, framed in modern coexistence theory, reveals that plasticity affects species interactions in ways that could impact stabilizing niche differences and competitive asymmetries. However, almost no study integrates these measures to quantify the net effect of plasticity on species coexistence. To address this challenge, we outline novel empirical approaches grounded in modern theory.
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Abakumova M, Zobel K, Lepik A, Semchenko M. Plasticity in plant functional traits is shaped by variability in neighbourhood species composition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:455-63. [PMID: 26996338 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant functional traits can vary widely as a result of phenotypic plasticity to abiotic conditions. Trait variation may also reflect responses to the identity of neighbours, although not all species are equally responsive to their biotic surroundings. We hypothesized that responses to neighbours are shaped by spatial community patterns and resulting variability in neighbour composition. More precisely, we tested the theoretical prediction that plasticity is most likely to evolve if alternative environments (in this case, different neighbour species) are common and encountered at similar frequencies. We estimated the frequencies of encountering different neighbour species in the field for 27 grassland species and measured the aboveground morphological responses of each species to conspecific vs heterospecific neighbours in a common garden. Responses to neighbour identity were dependent on how frequently the experimental neighbours were encountered by the focal species in their home community, with the greatest plasticity observed in species that encountered both neighbours (conspecific and heterospecific) with high and even frequency. Biotic interactions with neighbouring species can impose selection on plasticity in functional traits, which may feed back through trait divergence and niche differentiation to influence species coexistence and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abakumova
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Lepik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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39
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Lopez B, Burgio K, Carlucci M, Palmquist K, Parada A, Weinberger V, Hurlbert A. A new framework for inferring community assembly processes using phylogenetic information, relevant traits and environmental gradients. ONE ECOSYSTEM 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.1.e9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Fernandez C, Monnier Y, Santonja M, Gallet C, Weston LA, Prévosto B, Saunier A, Baldy V, Bousquet-Mélou A. The Impact of Competition and Allelopathy on the Trade-Off between Plant Defense and Growth in Two Contrasting Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:594. [PMID: 27200062 PMCID: PMC4855863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to plant-animal interactions, the conceptual framework regarding the impact of secondary metabolites in mediating plant-plant interference is currently less well defined. Here, we address hypotheses about the role of chemically-mediated plant-plant interference (i.e., allelopathy) as a driver of Mediterranean forest dynamics. Growth and defense abilities of a pioneer (Pinus halepensis) and a late-successional (Quercus pubescens) Mediterranean forest species were evaluated under three different plant interference conditions: (i) allelopathy simulated by application of aqueous needle extracts of Pinus, (ii) resource competition created by the physical presence of a neighboring species (Pinus or Quercus), and (iii) a combination of both allelopathy and competition. After 24 months of experimentation in simulated field conditions, Quercus was more affected by plant interference treatments than was Pinus, and a hierarchical response to biotic interference (allelopathy < competition < allelopathy + competition) was observed in terms of relative impact on growth and plant defense. Both species modulated their respective metabolic profiles according to plant interference treatment and thus their inherent chemical defense status, resulting in a physiological trade-off between plant growth and production of defense metabolites. For Quercus, an increase in secondary metabolite production and a decrease in plant growth were observed in all treatments. In contrast, this trade-off in Pinus was only observed in competition and allelopathy + competition treatments. Although Pinus and Quercus expressed differential responses when subjected to a single interference condition, either allelopathy or competition, species responses were similar or positively correlated when strong interference conditions (allelopathy + competition) were imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fernandez
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Yogan Monnier
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Mathieu Santonja
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Christiane Gallet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - Université de Savoie-Mont-BlancChambéry, France
| | - Leslie A. Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation- Charles Sturt UniversityWagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernard Prévosto
- Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Pour l'Environnement et l'AgricultureAix-en-Provence, France
| | - Amélie Saunier
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Virginie Baldy
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Anne Bousquet-Mélou
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale - Aix Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD - Avignon UniversitéMarseille, France
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41
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Plant trait expression responds to establishment timing. Oecologia 2015; 178:525-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Christin PA, Osborne CP. The evolutionary ecology of C4 plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:765-81. [PMID: 25263843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a physiological syndrome resulting from multiple anatomical and biochemical components, which function together to increase the CO2 concentration around Rubisco and reduce photorespiration. It evolved independently multiple times and C4 plants now dominate many biomes, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The C4 syndrome comes in many flavours, with numerous phenotypic realizations of C4 physiology and diverse ecological strategies. In this work, we analyse the events that happened in a C3 context and enabled C4 physiology in the descendants, those that generated the C4 physiology, and those that happened in a C4 background and opened novel ecological niches. Throughout the manuscript, we evaluate the biochemical and physiological evidence in a phylogenetic context, which demonstrates the importance of contingency in evolutionary trajectories and shows how these constrained the realized phenotype. We then discuss the physiological innovations that allowed C4 plants to escape these constraints for two important dimensions of the ecological niche--growth rates and distribution along climatic gradients. This review shows that a comprehensive understanding of C4 plant ecology can be achieved by accounting for evolutionary processes spread over millions of years, including the ancestral condition, functional convergence via independent evolutionary trajectories, and physiological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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43
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Beans CM. The case for character displacement in plants. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:852-65. [PMID: 24683467 PMCID: PMC3967910 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence for character displacement as a widespread response to competition is now building. This progress is largely the result of the establishment of rigorous criteria for demonstrating character displacement in the animal literature. There are, however, relatively few well-supported examples of character displacement in plants. This review explores the potential for character displacement in plants by addressing the following questions: (1) Why aren't examples of character displacement in plants more common? (2) What are the requirements for character displacement to occur and how do plant populations meet those requirements? (3) What are the criteria for testing the pattern and process of character displacement and what methods can and have been used to address these criteria in the plant literature? (4) What are some additional approaches for studying character displacement in plants? While more research is needed, the few plant systems in which character displacement hypotheses have been rigorously tested suggest that character displacement may play a role in shaping plant communities. Plants are especially amenable to character displacement studies because of the experimental ease with which they can be used in common gardens, selection analyses, and breeding designs. A deeper investigation of character displacement in plants is critical for a more complete understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that permit the coexistence of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Beans
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia
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44
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Single pollinator species losses reduce floral fidelity and plant reproductive function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13044-8. [PMID: 23878216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307438110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional impacts of pollinator species losses on plant populations is critical given ongoing pollinator declines. Simulation models of pollination networks suggest that plant communities will be resilient to losing many or even most of the pollinator species in an ecosystem. These predictions, however, have not been tested empirically and implicitly assume that pollination efficacy is unaffected by interactions with interspecific competitors. By contrast, ecological theory and data from a wide range of ecosystems show that interspecific competition can drive variation in ecological specialization over short timescales via behavioral or morphological plasticity, although the potential implications of such changes in specialization for ecosystem functioning remain unexplored. We conducted manipulative field experiments in which we temporarily removed single pollinator species from study plots in subalpine meadows, to test the hypothesis that interactions between pollinator species can shape individual species' functional roles via changes in foraging specialization. We show that loss of a single pollinator species reduces floral fidelity (short-term specialization) in the remaining pollinators, with significant implications for ecosystem functioning in terms of reduced plant reproduction, even when potentially effective pollinators remained in the system. Our results suggest that ongoing pollinator declines may have more serious negative implications for plant communities than is currently assumed. More broadly, we show that the individual functional contributions of species can be dynamic and shaped by the community of interspecific competitors, thereby documenting a distinct mechanism for how biodiversity can drive ecosystem functioning, with potential relevance to a wide range of taxa and systems.
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45
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Bennett JA, Lamb EG, Hall JC, Cardinal-McTeague WM, Cahill JF. Increased competition does not lead to increased phylogenetic overdispersion in a native grassland. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:1168-76. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB; T6G 2E9; Canada
| | - Eric G. Lamb
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon; SK; S7N 5A8; Canada
| | - Jocelyn C. Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB; T6G 2E9; Canada
| | | | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB; T6G 2E9; Canada
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46
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Schwinning S, Kelly CK. Plant competition, temporal niches and implications for productivity and adaptability to climate change in water-limited environments. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schwinning
- Department of Biology; Texas State University; San Marcos; Texas 78666; USA
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