1
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Wang G, Burrill HM, Podzikowski LY, Eppinga MB, Zhang F, Zhang J, Schultz PA, Bever JD. Dilution of specialist pathogens drives productivity benefits from diversity in plant mixtures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8417. [PMID: 38110413 PMCID: PMC10728191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity benefits from diversity can arise when compatible pathogen hosts are buffered by unrelated neighbors, diluting pathogen impacts. However, the generality of pathogen dilution has been controversial and rarely tested within biodiversity manipulations. Here, we test whether soil pathogen dilution generates diversity- productivity relationships using a field biodiversity-manipulation experiment, greenhouse assays, and feedback modeling. We find that the accumulation of specialist pathogens in monocultures decreases host plant yields and that pathogen dilution predicts plant productivity gains derived from diversity. Pathogen specialization predicts the strength of the negative feedback between plant species in greenhouse assays. These feedbacks significantly predict the overyielding measured in the field the following year. This relationship strengthens when accounting for the expected dilution of pathogens in mixtures. Using a feedback model, we corroborate that pathogen dilution drives overyielding. Combined empirical and theoretical evidence indicate that specialist pathogen dilution generates overyielding and suggests that the risk of losing productivity benefits from diversity may be highest where environmental change decouples plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - Haley M Burrill
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- The Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Laura Y Podzikowski
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management (SKL-NUM), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peggy A Schultz
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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2
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Wood KEA, Kobe RK, Ibáñez I, McCarthy-Neumann S. Tree seedling functional traits mediate plant-soil feedback survival responses across a gradient of light availability. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293906. [PMID: 38011125 PMCID: PMC10681222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Though not often examined together, both plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) and functional traits have important influences on plant community dynamics and could interact. For example, seedling functional traits could impact seedling survivorship responses to soils cultured by conspecific versus heterospecific adults. Furthermore, levels of functional traits could vary with soil culturing source. In addition, these relationships might shift with light availability, which can affect trait values, microbe abundance, and whether mycorrhizal colonization is mutualistic or parasitic to seedlings. 2. To determine the extent to which functional traits mediate PSFs via seedling survival, we conducted a field experiment. We planted seedlings of four temperate tree species across a gradient of light availability and into soil cores collected beneath conspecific (sterilized and live) and heterospecific adults. We monitored seedling survival twice per week over one growing season, and we randomly selected subsets of seedlings to measure mycorrhizal colonization and phenolics, lignin, and NSC levels at three weeks. 3. Though evidence for PSFs was limited, Acer saccharum seedlings exhibited positive PSFs (i.e., higher survival in conspecific than heterospecific soils). In addition, soil microbes had a negative effect on A. saccharum and Prunus serotina seedling survival, with reduced survival in live versus sterilized conspecific soil. In general, we found higher trait values (measured amounts of a given trait) in conspecific than heterospecific soils and higher light availability. Additionally, A. saccharum survival increased with higher levels of phenolics, which were higher in conspecific soils and high light. Quercus alba survival decreased with higher AMF colonization. 4. We demonstrate that functional trait values in seedlings as young as three weeks vary in response to soil source and light availability. Moreover, seedling survivorship was associated with trait values for two species, despite both drought and heavy rainfall during the growing season that may have obscured survivorship-trait relationships. These results suggest that seedling traits could have an important role in mediating the effects of local soil source and light levels on seedling survivorship and thus plant traits could have an important role in PSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. A. Wood
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Kobe
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Inés Ibáñez
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah McCarthy-Neumann
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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3
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Steinauer K, Thakur MP, Emilia Hannula S, Weinhold A, Uthe H, van Dam NM, Martijn Bezemer T. Root exudates and rhizosphere microbiomes jointly determine temporal shifts in plant-soil feedbacks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1885-1899. [PMID: 36794528 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants influence numerous soil biotic factors that can alter the performance of later growing plants-defined as plant-soil feedback (PSF). Here, we investigate whether PSF effects are linked with the temporal changes in root exudate diversity and the rhizosphere microbiome of two common grassland species (Holcus lanatus and Jacobaea vulgaris). Both plant species were grown separately establishing conspecific and heterospecific soils. In the feedback phase, we determined plant biomass, measured root exudate composition, and characterised rhizosphere microbial communities weekly (eight time points). Over time, we found a strong negative conspecific PSF on J. vulgaris in its early growth phase which changed into a neutral PSF, whereas H. lanatus exhibited a more persistent negative PSF. Root exudate diversity increased considerably over time for both plant species. Rhizosphere microbial communities were distinct in conspecific and heterospecific soils and showed strong temporal patterns. Bacterial communities converged over time. Using path models, PSF effects could be linked to the temporal dynamics of root exudate diversity, whereby shifts in rhizosphere microbial diversity contributed to temporal variation in PSF to a lesser extent. Our results highlight the importance of root exudates and rhizosphere microbial communities in driving temporal changes in the strength of PSF effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steinauer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Plant Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Xi N, McCarthy-Neumann S, Feng J, Wu H, Wang W, Semchenko M. Light availability and plant shade tolerance modify plant-microbial interactions and feedbacks in subtropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:393-404. [PMID: 36647239 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are an important mechanism of species coexistence in forest communities. However, evidence remains limited for how light availability regulates PSFs in species with different shade tolerance via changes in plant-microbial interactions. Here we tested in a glasshouse experiment how PSFs changed as a function of light availability and tree shade tolerance. Soil bacterial and fungal communities were profiled using the 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequencing, respectively. Under low light, individual PSFs were positively related to shade tolerance, while the least shade-tolerant species produced the most positive PSFs under high light. Pairwise PSFs between species with contrasting shade tolerance were strongly positive under high light but negative under low light, thereby promoting the dominance of less shade-tolerant species in forest gaps and species coexistence under closed canopy, respectively. Under high light, PSFs were related to soil microbial composition and diversity, with the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi being the primary driver of PSFs. Under low light, none of soil microbial properties were significantly related to PSFs. These findings indicate PSFs and plant shade tolerance interact to promote species coexistence and improve our understanding of how soil microbes contribute to variation in PSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianxun Xi
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Sarah McCarthy-Neumann
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Jiayi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Haibin Road 1119, Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Hangyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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5
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Zhao W, Wang X, Howard MM, Kou Y, Liu Q. Functional shifts in soil fungal communities regulate differential tree species establishment during subalpine forest succession. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160616. [PMID: 36462659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil fungi can differentially affect plant performance and community dynamics. While fungi play key roles in driving the plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) that promote grassland succession, it remains unclear how the fungi-mediated PSFs affect tree species establishment during forest succession. We inoculated pioneer broadleaf (Betula platyphylla and Betula albosinensis) and nonpioneer coniferous tree seedlings (Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana) with fungal-dominated rooting zone soils collected from dominant plant species of early-, mid- and late-successional stages in a subalpine forest, and compared their biomass and fungal communities. All tree species accumulated abundant pathogenic fungi in early-successional inoculated soil, which generated negative biotic feedbacks and lowered seedling biomass. High levels of soil ectomycorrhizal fungi from mid- and late-successional stages resulted in positive biotic PSFs and strongly facilitated slow-growing coniferous seedling performance to favour successional development. B. albosinensis also grew better in mid- and late-successional soils with fewer pathogenic fungi than in early-successional soil, indicating its large susceptibility to pathogen attack. In contrast, the growth of another pioneer tree, B. platyphylla, was significantly suppressed in late-successional soil and was mostly driven by saprotrophic fungi, despite the unchanged pathogenic fungal community traits between the two fast-growing species. This unexpected result suggested a host specificity-dependent mechanism involved in the different impacts of fungal pathogens on host trees. Our findings reveal a critical role of functional shifts in soil fungal communities in mediating differential PSFs of tree species across successional stages, which should be considered to improve the prediction and management of community development following forest disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mia M Howard
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Yongping Kou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Eck JL, Kytöviita M, Laine A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence host infection during epidemics in a wild plant pathosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1922-1935. [PMID: 36093733 PMCID: PMC9827988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While pathogenic and mutualistic microbes are ubiquitous across ecosystems and often co-occur within hosts, how they interact to determine patterns of disease in genetically diverse wild populations is unknown. To test whether microbial mutualists provide protection against pathogens, and whether this varies among host genotypes, we conducted a field experiment in three naturally occurring epidemics of a fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, in the Åland Islands, Finland. In each population, we collected epidemiological data on experimental plants from six allopatric populations that had been inoculated with a mixture of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or a nonmycorrhizal control. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth in plants from every population, but also increased host infection rate. Mycorrhizal effects on disease severity varied among host genotypes and strengthened over time during the epidemic. Host genotypes that were more susceptible to the pathogen received stronger protective effects from inoculation. Our results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi introduce both benefits and risks to host plants, and shift patterns of infection in host populations under pathogen attack. Understanding how mutualists alter host susceptibility to disease will be important for predicting infection outcomes in ecological communities and in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalle L. Eck
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Minna‐Maarit Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00790HelsinkiFinland
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7
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Tree mycorrhizal type mediates conspecific negative density dependence effects on seedling herbivory, growth, and survival. Oecologia 2022; 199:907-918. [PMID: 35920917 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tree mycorrhizal type plays an important role in promoting plant species diversity and coexistence, via its mediating role in conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), i.e., the process by which an individual's performance is impaired by the density of conspecific plants. Previous findings suggest that ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species are generally less susceptible to CNDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species, due to the chemical and physical protection that EM fungi provide their host with. We examined how CNDD effects on leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival differ between AM and EM seedlings of ten tree species collected over 3 years in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. We found that AM and EM seedlings differed in how conspecific density affected their leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival. Specifically, AM seedlings leaf herbivory rates significantly increased with increasing conspecific seedling and adult density, and their growth and survival rates decreased with increasing conspecific adult density, these patterns were, however, absent in EM seedlings. Our work suggests that AM seedlings have a performance disadvantage relative to EM seedlings related to the negative effects from conspecific neighbors. We highlight the importance of integrating information on seedling leaf herbivory, seedling growth, to provide further understanding on potential mechanisms driving differences in CNDD between AM and EM tree seedlings.
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8
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Semchenko M, Barry KE, de Vries FT, Mommer L, Moora M, Maciá-Vicente JG. Deciphering the role of specialist and generalist plant-microbial interactions as drivers of plant-soil feedback. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1929-1944. [PMID: 35338649 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Feedback between plants and soil microbial communities can be a powerful driver of vegetation dynamics. Plants elicit changes in the soil microbiome that either promote or suppress conspecifics at the same location, thereby regulating population density-dependence and species co-existence. Such effects are often attributed to the accumulation of host-specific antagonistic or beneficial microbiota in the rhizosphere. However, the identity and host-specificity of the microbial taxa involved are rarely empirically assessed. Here we review the evidence for host-specificity in plant-associated microbes and propose that specific plant-soil feedbacks can also be driven by generalists. We outline the potential mechanisms by which generalist microbial pathogens, mutualists and decomposers can generate differential effects on plant hosts and synthesize existing evidence to predict these effects as a function of plant investments into defence, microbial mutualists and dispersal. Importantly, the capacity of generalist microbiota to drive plant-soil feedbacks depends not only on the traits of individual plants but also on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of plant communities. Identifying factors that promote specialization or generalism in plant-microbial interactions and thereby modulate the impact of microbiota on plant performance will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant-soil feedback and the ways it contributes to plant co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Semchenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kathryn E Barry
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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9
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Xi N, Crawford KM, De Long JR. Plant landscape abundance and soil fungi modulate drought effects on plant–soil feedbacks. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianxun Xi
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan Univ. Haikou China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat‐sen Univ. Guangzhou China
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10
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Catella SA, Olmsted CF, Markalanda SH, McFadden CJ, Wood CW, Kuebbing SE. A generalist nematode destabilises plant competition: no evidence for direct effects, but strong evidence for indirect effects on rhizobium abundance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2561-2572. [PMID: 34954852 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties quantifying pathogen load and mutualist abundance limit our ability to connect disease dynamics to host community ecology. For example, specific predictions about how differential pathogen load is hypothesised to drive host competitive outcomes are rarely tested. Additionally, although infection is known to affect mutualists, we rarely measure the magnitude of pathogen effects on mutualist abundance across host competitive contexts. We tested for both mechanisms in a plant-rhizobia-nematode system. We paired the legume Medicago lupulina with intraspecific and interspecific plant competitors, with and without a generalist nematode parasite Meloidogyne sp. Relative change in plant biomass was used to determine how nematode inoculation affected plant competitive outcomes. We counted nematode galls to test for direct effects of parasitism on plant competition and rhizobia nodules to test for indirect effects of nematode presence on rhizobium abundance. Parasites were destabilising despite similar nematode load across competition treatments. During interspecific compared with intraspecific competition, nematode inoculation decreased nodulation on M. lupulina, increased nodulation on Trifolium repens and had no effect on nodulation on Chamaecrista fasciculata. We found no support for hypothesised direct effects of nematode load on competitive outcomes and strong but idiosyncratic indirect effects of nematode inoculation on rhizobium abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Catella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Castilleja Fallon Olmsted
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Shaniya H Markalanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Connor J McFadden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Corlett W Wood
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sara E Kuebbing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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11
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Garzon‐Lopez CX, Barcenas EM, Ordoñez A, Jansen PA, Bohlman SA, Olff H. Recruitment limitation in three large‐seeded plant species in a tropical moist forest. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol X. Garzon‐Lopez
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Ecology and plant physiology group (Ecofiv) Universidad de los Andes Bogota Colombia
| | | | - Alejandro Ordoñez
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
- Department of Bioscience Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ancon Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie A. Bohlman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ancon Panama
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Han Olff
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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12
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Karunarathna A, Tibpromma S, Jayawardena RS, Nanayakkara C, Asad S, Xu J, Hyde KD, Karunarathna SC, Stephenson SL, Lumyong S, Kumla J. Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:695087. [PMID: 34434901 PMCID: PMC8381356 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grasslands are major primary producers and function as major components of important watersheds. Although a concise definition of grasslands cannot be given using a physiognomic or structural approach, grasslands can be described as vegetation communities experiencing periodical droughts and with canopies dominated by grasses and grass-like plants. Grasslands have a cosmopolitan distribution except for the Antarctic region. Fungal interactions with grasses can be pathogenic or symbiotic. Herbivorous mammals, insects, other grassland animals, and fungal pathogens are known to play important roles in maintaining the biomass and biodiversity of grasslands. Although most pathogenicity studies on the members of Poaceae have been focused on economically important crops, the plant-fungal pathogenic interactions involved can extend to the full range of ecological circumstances that exist in nature. Hence, it is important to delineate the fungal pathogen communities and their interactions in man-made monoculture systems and highly diverse natural ecosystems. A better understanding of the key fungal players can be achieved by combining modern techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) together with studies involving classic phytopathology, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It is of utmost importance to develop experimental designs that account for the ecological complexity of the relationships between grasses and fungi, both above and below ground. In grasslands, loss in species diversity increases interactions such as herbivory, mutualism, predation or infectious disease transmission. Host species density and the presence of heterospecific host species, also affect the disease dynamics in grasslands. Many studies have shown that lower species diversity increases the severity as well as the transmission rate of fungal diseases. Moreover, communities that were once highly diverse but have experienced decreased species richness and dominancy have also shown higher pathogenicity load due to the relaxed competition, although this effect is lower in natural communities. This review addresses the taxonomy, phylogeny, and ecology of grassland fungal pathogens and their interactions in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Ruvishika S Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Suhail Asad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Brown A, Heckman RW. Light alters the impacts of nitrogen and foliar pathogens on the performance of early successional tree seedlings. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11587. [PMID: 34285829 PMCID: PMC8272923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light limitation is a major driver of succession and an important determinant of the performance of shade-intolerant tree seedlings. Shade intolerance may result from a resource allocation strategy characterized by rapid growth and high metabolic costs, which may make shade-intolerant species particularly sensitive to nutrient limitation and pathogen pressure. In this study, we evaluated the degree to which nitrogen availability and fungal pathogen pressure interact to influence plant performance across different light environments. To test this, we manipulated nitrogen availability (high, low) and access by foliar fungal pathogens (sprayed with fungicide, unsprayed) to seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree, Liquidambar styraciflua, growing at low and high light availability, from forest understory to adjacent old field. Foliar fungal damage varied with light and nitrogen availability; in low light, increasing nitrogen availability tripled foliar damage, suggesting that increased nutrient availability in low light makes plants more susceptible to disease. Despite higher foliar damage under low light, spraying fungicide to exclude pathogens promoted 14% greater plant height only under high light conditions. Thus, although nitrogen availability and pathogen pressure each influenced aspects of plant performance, these effects were context dependent and overwhelmed by light limitation. This suggests that failure of shade-intolerant species to invade closed-canopy forest can be explained by light limitation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brown
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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14
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Spear ER, Broders KD. Host-generalist fungal pathogens of seedlings may maintain forest diversity via host-specific impacts and differential susceptibility among tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:460-474. [PMID: 33794003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host-specialized pathogens are credited with the maintenance of tropical forest diversity under the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. Yet, in diverse forests, selection may favor pathogens with broad host ranges, given their passive dispersal and the relative rarity of tree species. We surveyed the host associations of potential pathogens isolated from symptomatic seedlings in forests in Panama and used inoculations to assess the pathogenicity and host ranges of 27 fungal isolates, and differences among tree species in susceptibility. Thirty-one of the 33 nonsingleton operational taxonomic units (OTUs) isolated from seedlings are multi-host. All 31 multi-host OTUs exhibit low to moderate specialization, and we observed phylogenetically overdispersed host use for 19 OTUs. The pathogenicity of 10 isolates was experimentally confirmed; nine caused disease in seedlings in multiple families. However, the outcome of infection differs among tree species susceptible to a given multi-host pathogen. Furthermore, some tree species were seemingly resistant to all fungi tested, while others were susceptible to multiple fungi. Tree species adapted to environments with lower disease pressure were most likely to exhibit disease. Our results suggest that generalist pathogens contribute to the maintenance of local and regional forest diversity via host-specific impacts and the exclusion of disease-sensitive trees from disease-prone habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Spear
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Kirk D Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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15
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Short-lived legacies of Prunus serotina plant-soil feedbacks. Oecologia 2021; 196:529-538. [PMID: 34032891 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are often involved in fundamental ecological processes such as plant succession and species coexistence. After a plant initiating PSFs dies, legacies of PSFs occurring as soil signatures that influence subsequent plants could persist for an unknown duration. Altered resource environments following plant death (especially light availability) could affect whether legacy effects manifest and persist. To evaluate PSFs and their legacies, we obtained soils from a chronosequence of Prunus serotina harvests. In a greenhouse experiment, we planted conspecific seedlings under two light levels in these soils of varying time since the influence of live Prunus serotina, and compared seed/seedling survival in soils from live trees, stumps, and surrounding forest matrix within each site and across the chronosequence. PSF legacies were measured as the difference between seedling performance in live tree and stump soils within a site. Negative PSF legacies of P. serotina were short-lived, lasting up to 0.5 years after tree removal. These effects occurred under 5% but not 30% full sun. PSFs and their legacies manifested in seed/seedling survival, but not biomass. Though restricted to low light, short-lived legacies of P. serotina PSFs could have lasting impacts on plant community dynamics during post-disturbance regeneration by disfavoring P. serotina regeneration in small tree-fall gaps.
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16
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Brown AJ, White PS, Peet RK. Environmental context alters the magnitude of conspecific negative density dependence in a temperate forest. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J. Brown
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 120 South Road Chapel Hill North Carolina27599USA
| | - Peter S. White
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 120 South Road Chapel Hill North Carolina27599USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina27599USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 120 South Road Chapel Hill North Carolina27599USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina27599USA
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17
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Saadani M, Hönig L, Bien S, Koehler M, Rutten G, Wubet T, Braun U, Bruelheide H. Local Tree Diversity Suppresses Foliar Fungal Infestation and Decreases Morphological But Not Molecular Richness in a Young Subtropical Forest. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:173. [PMID: 33673628 PMCID: PMC7997179 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf fungal pathogens alter their host species' performance and, thus, changes in fungal species composition can translate into effects at the tree community scale. Conversely, the functional diversity of tree species in a host tree's local neighbourhood can affect the host's foliar fungal infestation. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect fungal infestations is important to advance our understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships. Here we make use of the largest BEF tree experiment worldwide, the BEF-China experiment, where we selected tree host species with different neighbour species. Identifying fungal taxa by microscopy and by high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, we analysed the fungal richness and infestation rates of our target trees as a function of local species richness. Based on the visual microscopic assessment, we found that a higher tree diversity reduced fungal richness and host-specific fungal infestation in the host's local neighbourhood, while molecular fungal richness was unaffected. This diversity effect was mainly explained by the decrease in host proportion. Thus, the dilution of host species in the local neighbourhood was the primary mechanism in reducing the fungal disease severity. Overall, our study suggests that diverse forests will suffer less from foliar fungal diseases compared to those with lower diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Saadani
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Steffen Bien
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Michael Koehler
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Gemma Rutten
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Uwe Braun
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany; (L.H.); (S.B.); (M.K.); (G.R.); (U.B.); (H.B.)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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18
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Domínguez-Begines J, Ávila JM, García LV, Gómez-Aparicio L. Soil-borne pathogens as determinants of regeneration patterns at community level in Mediterranean forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:588-600. [PMID: 32012277 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emergent diseases are an increasing problem in forests worldwide. Exotic pathogens are now threatening forests where pathogens have not traditionally been considered to be major ecological drivers of tree demography, such as water-limited Mediterranean forests. However, how pathogens might limit regeneration in invaded forests is largely unknown. Here we used fungicide to analyse the impact of soil-borne oomycete pathogens on seedling establishment at community level in Mediterranean forests invaded by the exotic oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. Fungicide effects were modelled as a function of the tree neighbourhood composition, the seed mass of the target species, and the abiotic environment. Fungicide application had positive effects on seedling performance that varied in magnitude and spatial structure among coexisting species. Seed mass predicted fungicide effects on seedling emergence, but not on survival or growth. Positive fungicide effects were modulated by levels of abiotic resources, mainly water, increasing with soil moisture. Our results support a novel role for soil-borne oomycete pathogens as one more axis of the regeneration niche of woody species in water-limited forests. Given the increasing numbers of exotic oomycete pathogens worldwide, more research is needed to understand the role of this relevant microbial group as a factor shaping seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Domínguez-Begines
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, LINC Global, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Ávila
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, LINC Global, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis V García
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, LINC Global, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lorena Gómez-Aparicio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, LINC Global, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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19
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Beals KK, Moore JAM, Kivlin SN, Bayliss SLJ, Lumibao CY, Moorhead LC, Patel M, Summers JL, Ware IM, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA. Predicting Plant-Soil Feedback in the Field: Meta-Analysis Reveals That Competition and Environmental Stress Differentially Influence PSF. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Schroeder JW, Dobson A, Mangan SA, Petticord DF, Herre EA. Mutualist and pathogen traits interact to affect plant community structure in a spatially explicit model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2204. [PMID: 32371877 PMCID: PMC7200732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical studies show that plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) can generate negative density dependent (NDD) recruitment capable of maintaining plant community diversity at landscape scales. However, the observation that common plants often exhibit relatively weaker NDD than rare plants at local scales is difficult to reconcile with the maintenance of overall plant diversity. We develop a spatially explicit simulation model that tracks the community dynamics of microbial mutualists, pathogens, and their plant hosts. We find that net PSF effects vary as a function of both host abundance and key microbial traits (e.g., host affinity) in ways that are compatible with both common plants exhibiting relatively weaker local NDD, while promoting overall species diversity. The model generates a series of testable predictions linking key microbial traits and the relative abundance of host species, to the strength and scale of PSF and overall plant community diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schroeder
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel F Petticord
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Republic of Panama
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21
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Montesinos-Navarro A, Pérez-Clemente RM, Sánchez-Martín R, Gómez-Cadenas A, Verdú M. Phylogenetic analysis of secondary metabolites in a plant community provides evidence for trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Peacher MD, Meiners SJ. Inoculum handling alters the strength and direction of plant-microbe interactions. Ecology 2020; 101:e02994. [PMID: 31997305 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pooling of soil samples in plant-microbe interaction studies is commonly employed, but the impact of sample handling has rarely been explored experimentally. Concerns have been raised that sample pooling may reduce biological variation leading to inflated type I errors or may alter the magnitude of microbial effects observed, invalidating the results achieved. To assess the impact of inocula pooling on plant-microbe interactions, we examined the reciprocal influence of unpooled and pooled soil microbial inocula on growth of Solidago altissima and Schizachyrium scoparium, with and without inoculum sterilization. Soil pooling had no effect on the variance among replicates in either plant species. However, pooling dramatically altered the magnitude and direction of microbial impacts on plant performance. Pooling of Solidago altissima soil increased the antagonistic effects on growth of both target species. In contrast, pooling of Schizachyrium scoparium soil shifted impacts on Solidago altissima from effectively neutral to slightly positive. Pooling in this system altered both the strength and direction of plant-microbe interactions relative to unpooled soils. Therefore soil mixing should be avoided when the research goal is to determine naturally occurring interaction strengths, even within a single habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Peacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, 61920, USA
| | - Scott J Meiners
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, 61920, USA
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23
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Li YM, Shaffer JP, Hall B, Ko H. Soil-borne fungi influence seed germination and mortality, with implications for coexistence of desert winter annual plants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224417. [PMID: 31671129 PMCID: PMC6822719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne fungi influence coexistence of plant species in mesic environments, but much less is known about their effects on demographic processes relevant to coexistence in arid and semi-arid systems. We isolated 43 fungal strains that naturally colonize seeds of an invasive winter annual (Brassica tournefortii) in the Sonoran Desert, and evaluated the impact of 18 of them on seed germination and mortality of B. tournefortii and a co-occurring native annual (Plantago ovata) under simulated summer and winter temperatures. Fungi isolated from B. tournefortii seeds impacted germination and mortality of seeds of both plant species in vitro. Seed responses reflected host-specific effects by fungi, the degree of which differed significantly between the strains, and depended on the temperature. In the winter temperature, ten fungal strains increased or reduced seed germination, but substantial seed mortality due to fungi was not observed. Two strains increased germination of P. ovata more strongly than B. tournefortii. In the summer temperature, fungi induced both substantial seed germination and mortality, with ten strains demonstrating host-specificity. Under natural conditions, host-specific effects of fungi on seed germination may further differentiate plant species niche in germination response, with a potential of promoting coexistence. Both host-specific and non-host-specific effects of fungi on seed loss may induce polarizing effects on plant coexistence depending on the ecological context. The coexistence theory provides a clear framework to interpret these polarizing effects. Moreover, fungi pathogenic to both plant species could induce host-specific germination, which challenges the theoretical assumption of density-independent germination response. These implications from an in vitro study underscore the need to weave theoretical modeling, reductive empirical experiments, and natural observations to illuminate effects of soil-borne fungi on coexistence of annual plant species in variable desert environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue M. Li
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Justin P. Shaffer
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brenna Hall
- College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hongseok Ko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States of America
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24
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McCarthy-Neumann S, Kobe RK. Site Soil-Fertility and Light Availability Influence Plant-Soil Feedback. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Qin M, Shi G, Miranda JP, Liu Y, Meng Y, Pan J, Chai Y, Jiang S, Zhou G, Feng H, Zhang Q. Revegetation differentially influences microbial trophic groups in a Qinghai-Tibetan alpine steppe ecosystem. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:992-1003. [PMID: 31410872 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Revegetation accelerates the recovery of degraded lands. Different microbial trophic groups underpin this acceleration from the aspects of soil structure stabilization, nutrient accumulation, and ecosystem functions. However, little is known about how revegetation influences the community and biodiversity of different soil microbial trophic groups. Here, six revegetation treatments with different plantings of plant species were established at an excavation pit in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Communities of plant, bacteria, and several key soil fungal groups were investigated after 12 years of revegetation. Plant and all microbial trophic group compositions were markedly influenced by revegetation treatments. Total fungal and pathogenic fungal compositions were not significantly predicted by any factor of plant and soil, but arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal composition could be mainly predicted by plant composition and plant P content. Bacterial composition was mainly determined by soil total N, organic carbon concentration, and moisture content; and saprotrophic fungal composition was mainly determined by soil organic carbon. Soil pH was the strongest factor to predict bacterial metabolic functions. Our findings highlight that even the differences of microbial compositions were because of different revegetation treatments, but each trophic microbial composition had different relations with plant and/or soil; especially, the bacterial community and metabolic functions and saprotrophic fungal community were more correlated with soil properties rather than plant community or characteristics per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Guoxi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Utilization of Agricultural Solid Waste Resource, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | | | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiming Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxing Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengjing Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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26
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Miller EC, Perron GG, Collins CD. Plant-driven changes in soil microbial communities influence seed germination through negative feedbacks. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9298-9311. [PMID: 31463022 PMCID: PMC6706191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) drive plant community diversity via interactions between plants and soil microbes. However, we know little about how frequently PSFs affect plants at the seed stage, and the compositional shifts in fungi that accompany PSFs on germination.We conducted a pairwise PSF experiment to test whether seed germination was differentially impacted by conspecific versus heterospecific soils for seven grassland species. We used metagenomics to characterize shifts in fungal community composition in soils conditioned by each plant species. To investigate whether changes in the abundance of certain fungal taxa were associated with multiple PSFs, we assigned taxonomy to soil fungi and identified putative pathogens that were significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species that experienced negative or positive PSFs.We observed negative, positive, and neutral PSFs on seed germination. Although conspecific and heterospecific soils for pairs with significant PSFs contained host-specialized soil fungal communities, soils with specialized microbial communities did not always lead to PSFs. The identity of host-specialized pathogens, that is, taxa uniquely present or significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species experiencing negative PSFs, overlapped among plant species, while putative pathogens within a single host plant species differed depending on the identity of the heterospecific plant partner. Finally, the magnitude of feedback on germination was not related to the degree of fungal community differentiation between species pairs involved in negative PSFs. Synthesis. Our findings reveal the potential importance of PSFs at the seed stage. Although plant species developed specialized fungal communities in rhizosphere soil, pathogens were not strictly host-specific and varied not just between plant species, but according to the identity of plant partner. These results illustrate the complexity of microbe-mediated interactions between plants at different life stages that next-generation sequencing can begin to unravel.
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27
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Wang R, Shi YS, Zhang YX, Xu GF, Shen GC, Chen XY. Distance-dependent seed‒seedling transition in the tree Castanopsis sclerophylla is altered by fragment size. Commun Biol 2019; 2:277. [PMID: 31372516 PMCID: PMC6659698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative distance-dependence of conspecific seedling mortality (NDisDM) is a crucial stabilizing force that regulates plant diversity, but it remains unclear whether and how fragment size shifts the strength of NDisDM. Here, we surveyed the seed‒seedling transition process for a total of 25,500 seeds of a local dominant tree species on islands of various sizes in a reservoir and on the nearby mainland. We found significant NDisDM on the mainland and large and medium islands, with significantly stronger NDisDM on medium islands. However, positive distance-dependent mortality was detected on small islands. Changes in distance-dependence were critically driven by both rodent attack and pathogen infestation, which were significantly affected by fragment size. Our results emphasize the necessity of incorporating the effects of fragment size on distance-dependent regeneration of dominant plant species into the existing frameworks for better predicting the consequences of habitat fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Su Shi
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Gao-Fu Xu
- Xin’an River Development Corporation, 311700 Chun’an, China
| | - Guo-Chun Shen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 200092 Shanghai, China
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28
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Liao HL, Bonito G, Rojas JA, Hameed K, Wu S, Schadt CW, Labbé J, Tuskan GA, Martin F, Grigoriev IV, Vilgalys R. Fungal Endophytes of Populus trichocarpa Alter Host Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Rhizobiome Composition. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:853-864. [PMID: 30699306 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0133-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mortierella and Ilyonectria genera include common species of soil fungi that are frequently detected as root endophytes in many plants, including Populus spp. However, the ecological roles of these and other endophytic fungi with respect to plant growth and function are still not well understood. The functional ecology of two key taxa from the P. trichocarpa rhizobiome, M. elongata PMI93 and I. europaea PMI82, was studied by coupling forest soil bioassays with environmental metatranscriptomics. Using soil bioassay experiments amended with fungal inoculants, M. elongata was observed to promote the growth of P. trichocarpa. This response was cultivar independent. In contrast, I. europaea had no visible effect on P. trichocarpa growth. Metatranscriptomic studies revealed that these fungi impacted rhizophytic and endophytic activities in P. trichocarpa and induced shifts in soil and root microbial communities. Differential expression of core genes in P. trichocarpa roots was observed in response to both fungal species. Expression of P. trichocarpa genes for lipid signaling and nutrient uptake were upregulated, and expression of genes associated with gibberellin signaling were altered in plants inoculated with M. elongata, but not I. europaea. Upregulation of genes for growth promotion, downregulation of genes for several leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases, and alteration of expression of genes associated with plant defense responses (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene signal pathways) also suggest that M. elongata manipulates plant defenses while promoting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Liao
- 1 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL 32351, U.S.A
| | - Gregory Bonito
- 2 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - J Alejandro Rojas
- 3 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
- 4 Plant Pathology Department, University of Arkansas, 211 PTSC-Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Khalid Hameed
- 3 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
| | - Steven Wu
- 5 Independent Researcher, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Christopher W Schadt
- 6 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A
| | - Jessy Labbé
- 6 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- 6 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A
| | - Francis Martin
- 7 INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- 8 U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, U.S.A
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- 3 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A
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29
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Crawford KM, Bauer JT, Comita LS, Eppinga MB, Johnson DJ, Mangan SA, Queenborough SA, Strand AE, Suding KN, Umbanhowar J, Bever JD. When and where plant-soil feedback may promote plant coexistence: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1274-1284. [PMID: 31149765 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) theory provides a powerful framework for understanding plant dynamics by integrating growth assays into predictions of whether soil communities stabilise plant-plant interactions. However, we lack a comprehensive view of the likelihood of feedback-driven coexistence, partly because of a failure to analyse pairwise PSF, the metric directly linked to plant species coexistence. Here, we determine the relative importance of plant evolutionary history, traits, and environmental factors for coexistence through PSF using a meta-analysis of 1038 pairwise PSF measures. Consistent with eco-evolutionary predictions, feedback is more likely to mediate coexistence for pairs of plant species (1) associating with similar guilds of mycorrhizal fungi, (2) of increasing phylogenetic distance, and (3) interacting with native microbes. We also found evidence for a primary role of pathogens in feedback-mediated coexistence. By combining results over several independent studies, our results confirm that PSF may play a key role in plant species coexistence, species invasion, and the phylogenetic diversification of plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bauer
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Environmental Science, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Allan E Strand
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and The Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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30
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Liu Y, He F. Incorporating the disease triangle framework for testing the effect of soil‐borne pathogens on tree species diversity. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai China
| | - Fangliang He
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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31
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Bonito G, Benucci GMN, Hameed K, Weighill D, Jones P, Chen KH, Jacobson D, Schadt C, Vilgalys R. Fungal-Bacterial Networks in the Populus Rhizobiome Are Impacted by Soil Properties and Host Genotype. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 30984119 PMCID: PMC6450171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant root-associated microbial symbionts comprise the plant rhizobiome. These microbes function in provisioning nutrients and water to their hosts, impacting plant health and disease. The plant microbiome is shaped by plant species, plant genotype, soil and environmental conditions, but the contributions of these variables are hard to disentangle from each other in natural systems. We used bioassay common garden experiments to decouple plant genotype and soil property impacts on fungal and bacterial community structure in the Populus rhizobiome. High throughput amplification and sequencing of 16S, ITS, 28S and 18S rDNA was accomplished through 454 pyrosequencing. Co-association patterns of fungal and bacterial taxa were assessed with 16S and ITS datasets. Community bipartite fungal-bacterial networks and PERMANOVA results attribute significant difference in fungal or bacterial communities to soil origin, soil chemical properties and plant genotype. Indicator species analysis identified a common set of root bacteria as well as endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Populus in different soils. However, no single taxon, or consortium of microbes, was indicative of a particular Populus genotype. Fungal-bacterial networks were over-represented in arbuscular mycorrhizal, endophytic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi, as well as bacteria belonging to the orders Rhizobiales, Chitinophagales, Cytophagales, and Burkholderiales. These results demonstrate the importance of soil and plant genotype on fungal-bacterial networks in the belowground plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Khalid Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Deborah Weighill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Christopher Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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32
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Bonito G, Benucci GMN, Hameed K, Weighill D, Jones P, Chen KH, Jacobson D, Schadt C, Vilgalys R. Fungal-Bacterial Networks in the Populus Rhizobiome Are Impacted by Soil Properties and Host Genotype. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 30984119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00481/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant root-associated microbial symbionts comprise the plant rhizobiome. These microbes function in provisioning nutrients and water to their hosts, impacting plant health and disease. The plant microbiome is shaped by plant species, plant genotype, soil and environmental conditions, but the contributions of these variables are hard to disentangle from each other in natural systems. We used bioassay common garden experiments to decouple plant genotype and soil property impacts on fungal and bacterial community structure in the Populus rhizobiome. High throughput amplification and sequencing of 16S, ITS, 28S and 18S rDNA was accomplished through 454 pyrosequencing. Co-association patterns of fungal and bacterial taxa were assessed with 16S and ITS datasets. Community bipartite fungal-bacterial networks and PERMANOVA results attribute significant difference in fungal or bacterial communities to soil origin, soil chemical properties and plant genotype. Indicator species analysis identified a common set of root bacteria as well as endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Populus in different soils. However, no single taxon, or consortium of microbes, was indicative of a particular Populus genotype. Fungal-bacterial networks were over-represented in arbuscular mycorrhizal, endophytic, and ectomycorrhizal fungi, as well as bacteria belonging to the orders Rhizobiales, Chitinophagales, Cytophagales, and Burkholderiales. These results demonstrate the importance of soil and plant genotype on fungal-bacterial networks in the belowground plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Khalid Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Deborah Weighill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Christopher Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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33
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Hahn PG, Bullington L, Larkin B, LaFlamme K, Maron JL, Lekberg Y. Effects of Short- and Long-Term Variation in Resource Conditions on Soil Fungal Communities and Plant Responses to Soil Biota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1605. [PMID: 30459793 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.5926378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil biota can strongly influence plant performance with effects ranging from negative to positive. However, shifts in resource availability can influence plant responses, with soil pathogens having stronger negative effects in high-resource environments and soil mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), having stronger positive effects in low-resource environments. Yet the relative importance of long-term vs. short-term variation in resources on soil biota and plant responses is not well-known. To assess this, we grew the perennial herb Asclepias speciosa in a greenhouse experiment that crossed a watering treatment (wet vs. dry treatment) with a manipulation of soil biota (live vs. sterilized soil) collected from two geographic regions (Washington and Minnesota) that vary greatly in annual precipitation. Because soil biota can influence many plant functional traits, we measured biomass as well as resource acquisition (e.g., root:shoot, specific leaf area) and defense (e.g., trichome and latex production) traits. Due to their important role as mutualists and pathogens, we also characterized soil fungal communities in the field and greenhouse and used curated databases to assess fungal composition and potential function. We found that the experimental watering treatment had a greater effect than soil biota origin on plant responses; most plant traits were negatively affected by live soils under wet conditions, whereas responses were neutral or positive in live dry soil. These consistent differences in plant responses occurred despite clear differences in soil fungal community composition between inoculate origin and watering treatments, which indicates high functional redundancy among soil fungi. All plants grown in live soil were highly colonized by AMF and root colonization was higher in wet than dry soil; root colonization by other fungi was low in all treatments. The most parsimonious explanation for negative plant responses in wet soil is that AMF became parasitic under conditions that alleviated resource limitation. Thus, plant responses appeared driven by shifts within rather than between fungal guilds, which highlights the importance of coupling growth responses with characterizations of soil biota to fully understand underlying mechanisms. Collectively these results highlight how short-term changes in environmental conditions can mediate complex interactions between plants and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Hahn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | | | | | | | - John L Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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34
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Hahn PG, Bullington L, Larkin B, LaFlamme K, Maron JL, Lekberg Y. Effects of Short- and Long-Term Variation in Resource Conditions on Soil Fungal Communities and Plant Responses to Soil Biota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1605. [PMID: 30459793 PMCID: PMC6233719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil biota can strongly influence plant performance with effects ranging from negative to positive. However, shifts in resource availability can influence plant responses, with soil pathogens having stronger negative effects in high-resource environments and soil mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), having stronger positive effects in low-resource environments. Yet the relative importance of long-term vs. short-term variation in resources on soil biota and plant responses is not well-known. To assess this, we grew the perennial herb Asclepias speciosa in a greenhouse experiment that crossed a watering treatment (wet vs. dry treatment) with a manipulation of soil biota (live vs. sterilized soil) collected from two geographic regions (Washington and Minnesota) that vary greatly in annual precipitation. Because soil biota can influence many plant functional traits, we measured biomass as well as resource acquisition (e.g., root:shoot, specific leaf area) and defense (e.g., trichome and latex production) traits. Due to their important role as mutualists and pathogens, we also characterized soil fungal communities in the field and greenhouse and used curated databases to assess fungal composition and potential function. We found that the experimental watering treatment had a greater effect than soil biota origin on plant responses; most plant traits were negatively affected by live soils under wet conditions, whereas responses were neutral or positive in live dry soil. These consistent differences in plant responses occurred despite clear differences in soil fungal community composition between inoculate origin and watering treatments, which indicates high functional redundancy among soil fungi. All plants grown in live soil were highly colonized by AMF and root colonization was higher in wet than dry soil; root colonization by other fungi was low in all treatments. The most parsimonious explanation for negative plant responses in wet soil is that AMF became parasitic under conditions that alleviated resource limitation. Thus, plant responses appeared driven by shifts within rather than between fungal guilds, which highlights the importance of coupling growth responses with characterizations of soil biota to fully understand underlying mechanisms. Collectively these results highlight how short-term changes in environmental conditions can mediate complex interactions between plants and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G. Hahn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | | | | | | | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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35
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Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Foliar pathogens are unlikely to stabilize coexistence of competing species in a California grassland. Ecology 2018; 99:2250-2259. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Spear
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
| | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Biology Department Stanford University Stanford California 94305USA
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36
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Lekberg Y, Bever JD, Bunn RA, Callaway RM, Hart MM, Kivlin SN, Klironomos J, Larkin BG, Maron JL, Reinhart KO, Remke M, van der Putten WH. Relative importance of competition and plant-soil feedback, their synergy, context dependency and implications for coexistence. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1268-1281. [PMID: 29896848 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact simultaneously with each other and with soil biota, yet the relative importance of competition vs. plant-soil feedback (PSF) on plant performance is poorly understood. Using a meta-analysis of 38 published studies and 150 plant species, we show that effects of interspecific competition (either growing plants with a competitor or singly, or comparing inter- vs. intraspecific competition) and PSF (comparing home vs. away soil, live vs. sterile soil, or control vs. fungicide-treated soil) depended on treatments but were predominantly negative, broadly comparable in magnitude, and additive or synergistic. Stronger competitors experienced more negative PSF than weaker competitors when controlling for density (inter- to intraspecific competition), suggesting that PSF could prevent competitive dominance and promote coexistence. When competition was measured against plants growing singly, the strength of competition overwhelmed PSF, indicating that the relative importance of PSF may depend not only on neighbour identity but also density. We evaluate how competition and PSFs might interact across resource gradients; PSF will likely strengthen competitive interactions in high resource environments and enhance facilitative interactions in low-resource environments. Finally, we provide a framework for filling key knowledge gaps and advancing our understanding of how these biotic interactions influence community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch Missoula, MT, 59801, USA.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Rebecca A Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812.,Wildlife Biology and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - John L Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812
| | - Kurt O Reinhart
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT, 59301, USA
| | - Michael Remke
- School of Forestry, College of Engineering Forestry and Natural Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University (WUR), 6700 ES, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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37
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Halliday FW, Heckman RW, Wilfahrt PA, Mitchell CE. A multivariate test of disease risk reveals conditions leading to disease amplification. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1340. [PMID: 29046374 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that increasing biodiversity will dilute the risk of infectious diseases under certain conditions and will amplify disease risk under others. Yet, few empirical studies demonstrate amplification. This contrast may occur because few studies have considered the multivariate nature of disease risk, which includes richness and abundance of parasites with different transmission modes. By combining a multivariate statistical model developed for biodiversity-ecosystem-multifunctionality with an extensive field manipulation of host (plant) richness, composition and resource supply to hosts, we reveal that (i) host richness alone could not explain most changes in disease risk, and (ii) shifting host composition allowed disease amplification, depending on parasite transmission mode. Specifically, as predicted from theory, the effect of host diversity on parasite abundance differed for microbes (more density-dependent transmission) and insects (more frequency-dependent transmission). Host diversity did not influence microbial parasite abundance, but nearly doubled insect parasite abundance, and this amplification effect was attributable to variation in host composition. Parasite richness was reduced by resource addition, but only in species-rich host communities. Overall, this study demonstrates that multiple drivers, related to both host community and parasite characteristics, can influence disease risk. Furthermore, it provides a framework for evaluating multivariate disease risk in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter A Wilfahrt
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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38
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Mommer L, Cotton TEA, Raaijmakers JM, Termorshuizen AJ, van Ruijven J, Hendriks M, van Rijssel SQ, van de Mortel JE, van der Paauw JW, Schijlen EGWM, Smit‐Tiekstra AE, Berendse F, de Kroon H, Dumbrell AJ. Lost in diversity: the interactions between soil-borne fungi, biodiversity and plant productivity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:542-553. [PMID: 29468690 PMCID: PMC5887887 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is consensus that plant species richness enhances plant productivity within natural grasslands, but the underlying drivers remain debated. Recently, differential accumulation of soil-borne fungal pathogens across the plant diversity gradient has been proposed as a cause of this pattern. However, the below-ground environment has generally been treated as a 'black box' in biodiversity experiments, leaving these fungi unidentified. Using next generation sequencing and pathogenicity assays, we analysed the community composition of root-associated fungi from a biodiversity experiment to examine if evidence exists for host specificity and negative density dependence in the interplay between soil-borne fungi, plant diversity and productivity. Plant species were colonised by distinct (pathogenic) fungal communities and isolated fungal species showed negative, species-specific effects on plant growth. Moreover, 57% of the pathogenic fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recorded in plant monocultures were not detected in eight plant species plots, suggesting a loss of pathogenic OTUs with plant diversity. Our work provides strong evidence for host specificity and negative density-dependent effects of root-associated fungi on plant species in grasslands. Our work substantiates the hypothesis that fungal root pathogens are an important driver of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - T. E. Anne Cotton
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSouth YorkshireS10 2TNUK
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial EcologyNetherlands Institute for Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 50Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
| | | | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hendriks
- Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchExperimental Plant EcologyRadboud University NijmegenPO Box 9010Nijmegen6500 GLthe Netherlands
| | - Sophia Q. van Rijssel
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Judith E. van de Mortel
- HAS University of Applied SciencesDepartment of Applied BiologyUniversity of Applied SciencesSpoorstraat 62Venlo5911 KJthe Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem van der Paauw
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Elio G. W. M. Schijlen
- Wageningen University and Research BU BiosciencePO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Annemiek E. Smit‐Tiekstra
- Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchExperimental Plant EcologyRadboud University NijmegenPO Box 9010Nijmegen6500 GLthe Netherlands
| | - Frank Berendse
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Institute for Water and Wetland ResearchExperimental Plant EcologyRadboud University NijmegenPO Box 9010Nijmegen6500 GLthe Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Dumbrell
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
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39
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Ridout M, Newcombe G. Sydowia polyspora is both a Foliar Endophyte and a Preemergent Seed Pathogen in Pinus ponderosa. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:640-644. [PMID: 30673488 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-17-1074-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor seedling performance and reduced seed emergence are often ascribed to known pathogens that cause low seedling recruitment and poor seed emergence in forest nurseries and regeneration plantings. On the other hand, foliar endophytes are often overlooked as a source of poor emergence or tree seedling disease. Here, we show that an endophytic fungus common to the foliar microbiome of Pinus ponderosa acts as a cryptic pathogen in delaying emergence. In a series of experiments, we inoculated seed of P. ponderosa with a suspension of Sydowia polyspora 12 h prior to sowing. S. polyspora reduced seed emergence of its host, P. ponderosa, by as much as 30%. A tetrazolium chloride viability assay showed that S. polyspora reduces emergence by preventing germination; seed remained viable. In sum, pathogens affecting tree seed emergence and seedling recruitment may be endophytic as well as in seed and soil and deserve greater attention in studies of natural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ridout
- Department of Forest, Rangelands and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-1133
| | - George Newcombe
- Department of Forest, Rangelands and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-1133
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40
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Bachelot B, Uriarte M, Muscarella R, Forero-Montaña J, Thompson J, McGuire K, Zimmerman J, Swenson NG, Clark JS. Associations among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and seedlings are predicted to change with tree successional status. Ecology 2018; 99:607-620. [PMID: 29281752 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the soil may influence tropical tree dynamics and forest succession. The mechanisms are poorly understood, because the functional characteristics and abundances of tree species and AM fungi are likely to be codependent. We used generalized joint attribute modeling to evaluate if AM fungi are associated with three forest community metrics for a sub-tropical montane forest in Puerto Rico. The metrics chosen to reflect changes during forest succession are the abundance of seedlings of different successional status, the amount of foliar damage on seedlings of different successional status, and community-weighted mean functional trait values (adult specific leaf area [SLA], adult wood density, and seed mass). We used high-throughput DNA sequencing to identify fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the soil. Model predictions showed that seedlings of mid- and late-successional species had less leaf damage when the 12 most common AM fungi were abundant compared to when these fungi were absent. We also found that seedlings of mid-successional species were predicted to be more abundant when the 12 most common AM fungi were abundant compared to when these fungi were absent. In contrast, early-successional tree seedlings were predicted to be less abundant when the 12 most common AM fungi were abundant compared to when these fungi were absent. Finally, we showed that, among the 12 most common AM fungi, different AM fungi were correlated with functional trait characteristics of early- or late-successional species. Together, these results suggest that early-successional species might not rely as much as mid- and late-successional species on AM fungi, and AM fungi might accelerate forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Robert Muscarella
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bisocience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jimena Forero-Montaña
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rıo Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rıo Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931, USA.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Krista McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
| | - Jess Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico-Rıo Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931, USA
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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41
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Wubs ERJ, Bezemer TM. Plant community evenness responds to spatial plant–soil feedback heterogeneity primarily through the diversity of soil conditioning. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Jasper Wubs
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Section Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryInstitute of BiologyLeiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands
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42
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Mycorrhizal associations and the spatial structure of an old-growth forest community. Oecologia 2017; 186:195-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. Interactions among symbionts operate across scales to influence parasite epidemics. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
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44
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Weisser WW, Roscher C, Meyer ST, Ebeling A, Luo G, Allan E, Beßler H, Barnard RL, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Engels C, Fischer C, Fischer M, Gessler A, Gleixner G, Halle S, Hildebrandt A, Hillebrand H, de Kroon H, Lange M, Leimer S, Le Roux X, Milcu A, Mommer L, Niklaus PA, Oelmann Y, Proulx R, Roy J, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scheu S, Tscharntke T, Wachendorf M, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Wilcke W, Wirth C, Schulze ED, Schmid B, Eisenhauer N. Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning in a 15-year grassland experiment: Patterns, mechanisms, and open questions. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Marçais B, Piou D, Dezette D, Desprez-Loustau ML. Can Oak Powdery Mildew Severity be Explained by Indirect Effects of Climate on the Composition of the Erysiphe Pathogenic Complex? PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:570-579. [PMID: 28026998 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0268-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coinfection by several pathogens is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the epidemiology and evolution of plant fungal pathogens. Oak mildew is induced by two closely related Erysiphe invasive species (Erysiphe alphitoides and E. quercicola) which differ in their mode of overwintering. We investigated how climate influences the co-occurrence of the two species in oak young stands and whether this is important for the disease epidemiology. We studied the frequency of flag-shoots (i.e., shoots developing from infected buds, usually associated with E. quercicola) in 95 oak regenerations over a 6-year period. Additionally, in 2012 and 2013, the oak mildew severity and the two Erysiphe spp. relative frequencies were determined in both spring and autumn in 51 regenerations and 43 1-year-old plantations of oaks. Both the frequency of flag-shoots and the proportion of Erysiphe lesions with E. quercicola presence were related to climate. We showed that survival of E. quercicola was improved after mild winters, with increase of both the flag-shoot frequency and the proportion of Erysiphe lesions with E. quercicola presence in spring. However, disease severity was not related to any complementarity effect between the two Erysiphe spp. causing oak powdery mildew. By contrast, increased E. alphitoides prevalence in spring was associated with higher oak mildew severity in autumn. Our results point out the critical role of between-season transmission and primary inoculum to explain disease dynamics which could be significant in a climate-warming context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Marçais
- First author: UMR1136 IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; second author: Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agro-alimentaire et de la forêt DGAL-SDQPV, Département de la Santé des Forêts, 251 rue de Vaugirard, 75732, Paris cedex 15, France; and second, third, and fourth authors: UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Dominique Piou
- First author: UMR1136 IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; second author: Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agro-alimentaire et de la forêt DGAL-SDQPV, Département de la Santé des Forêts, 251 rue de Vaugirard, 75732, Paris cedex 15, France; and second, third, and fourth authors: UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Damien Dezette
- First author: UMR1136 IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; second author: Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agro-alimentaire et de la forêt DGAL-SDQPV, Département de la Santé des Forêts, 251 rue de Vaugirard, 75732, Paris cedex 15, France; and second, third, and fourth authors: UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau
- First author: UMR1136 IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France; second author: Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agro-alimentaire et de la forêt DGAL-SDQPV, Département de la Santé des Forêts, 251 rue de Vaugirard, 75732, Paris cedex 15, France; and second, third, and fourth authors: UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, F-33610 Cestas, France
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46
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Phylogenetic relationships and spatial distributions of putative fungal pathogens of seedlings across a rainfall gradient in Panama. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Aguilar‐Trigueros CA, Rillig MC. Effect of different root endophytic fungi on plant community structure in experimental microcosms. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8149-8158. [PMID: 27878084 PMCID: PMC5108266 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of root-associated microbes in explaining plant community patterns represents a challenge in community ecology. Although typically overlooked, several lines of evidence point out that nonmycorrhizal, root endophytic fungi in the Ascomycota may have the potential to drive changes in plant community ecology given their ubiquitous presence, wide host ranges, and plant species-specific fitness effects. Thus, we experimentally manipulated the presence of root endophytic fungal species in microcosms and measured its effects on plant communities. Specifically, we tested whether (1) three different root endophyte species can modify plant community structure; (2) those changes can also modified the way plant respond to different soil types; and (3) the effects are modified when all the fungi are present. As a model system, we used plant and fungal species that naturally co-occur in a temperate grassland. Further, the soil types used in our experiment reflected a strong gradient in soil texture that has been shown to drive changes in plant and fungal community structure in the field. Results showed that each plant species responded differently to infection, resulting in distinct patterns of plant community structure depending on the identity of the fungus present. Those effects depended on the soil type. For example, large positive effects due to presence of the fungi were able to compensate for less nutrients levels in one soil type. Further, host responses when all three fungi were present were different from the ones observed in single fungal inoculations, suggesting that endophyte-endophyte interactions may be important in structuring plant communities. Overall, these results indicate that plant responses to changes in the species identity of nonmycorrhizal fungal community species and their interactions can modify plant community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Aguilar‐Trigueros
- Plant EcologyInstitut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Plant EcologyInstitut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
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48
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Liang M, Liu X, Gilbert GS, Zheng Y, Luo S, Huang F, Yu S. Adult trees cause density-dependent mortality in conspecific seedlings by regulating the frequency of pathogenic soil fungi. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1448-1456. [PMID: 27790825 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative density-dependent seedling mortality has been widely detected in tropical, subtropical and temperate forests, with soil pathogens as a major driver. Here we investigated how host density affects the composition of soil pathogen communities and consequently influences the strength of plant-soil feedbacks. In field censuses of six 1-ha permanent plots, we found that survival was much lower for newly germinated seedlings that were surrounded by more conspecific adults. The relative abundance of pathogenic fungi in soil increased with increasing conspecific tree density for five of nine tree species; more soil pathogens accumulated around roots where adult tree density was higher, and this greater pathogen frequency was associated with lower seedling survival. Our findings show how tree density influences populations of soil pathogens, which creates plant-soil feedbacks that contribute to community-level and population-level compensatory trends in seedling survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xubing Liu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fengmin Huang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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49
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Liu X, Liang M, Etienne RS, Gilbert GS, Yu S. Phylogenetic congruence between subtropical trees and their associated fungi. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8412-8422. [PMID: 28031793 PMCID: PMC5167024 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have detected phylogenetic signals in pathogen–host networks for both soil‐borne and leaf‐infecting fungi, suggesting that pathogenic fungi may track or coevolve with their preferred hosts. However, a phylogenetically concordant relationship between multiple hosts and multiple fungi in has rarely been investigated. Using next‐generation high‐throughput DNA sequencing techniques, we analyzed fungal taxa associated with diseased leaves, rotten seeds, and infected seedlings of subtropical trees. We compared the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the soil and foliar fungi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with the phylogeny of host tree species based on matK, rbcL, atpB, and 5.8S genes. We identified 37 foliar and 103 soil pathogenic fungi belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla and detected significantly nonrandom host–fungus combinations, which clustered on both the fungus phylogeny and the host phylogeny. The explicit evidence of congruent phylogenies between tree hosts and their potential fungal pathogens suggests either diffuse coevolution among the plant–fungal interaction networks or that the distribution of fungal species tracked spatially associated hosts with phylogenetically conserved traits and habitat preferences. Phylogenetic conservatism in plant–fungal interactions within a local community promotes host and parasite specificity, which is integral to the important role of fungi in promoting species coexistence and maintaining biodiversity of forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Liu
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Minxia Liang
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Shixiao Yu
- Department of Ecology School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
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50
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Nottebrock H, Schmid B, Treurnicht M, Pagel J, Esler KJ, Böhning-Gaese K, Schleuning M, Schurr FM. Coexistence of plant species in a biodiversity hotspot is stabilized by competition but not by seed predation. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Nottebrock
- Inst. of Landscape and Plant Ecology; Univ. of Hohenheim; August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3 DE-70599 Stuttgart Germany
- Inst. des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554; Univ. Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
- Dept of Conservation Biology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Baptiste Schmid
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Dept of Conservation Biology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Martina Treurnicht
- Inst. of Landscape and Plant Ecology; Univ. of Hohenheim; August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3 DE-70599 Stuttgart Germany
- Dept of Conservation Biology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Jörn Pagel
- Inst. of Landscape and Plant Ecology; Univ. of Hohenheim; August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3 DE-70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Dept of Conservation Biology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Inst. for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Frank M. Schurr
- Inst. of Landscape and Plant Ecology; Univ. of Hohenheim; August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3 DE-70599 Stuttgart Germany
- Inst. des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554; Univ. Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
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