1
|
Riemma MA, Mele E, Donniacuo M, Telesca M, Bellocchio G, Castaldo G, Rossi F, De Angelis A, Cappetta D, Urbanek K, Berrino L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, anti-diabetic drugs in heart failure and cognitive impairment: potential mechanisms of the protective effects. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1422740. [PMID: 38948473 PMCID: PMC11212466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1422740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure and cognitive impairment emerge as public health problems that need to be addressed due to the aging global population. The conditions that often coexist are strongly related to advancing age and multimorbidity. Epidemiological evidence indicates that cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative processes shares similar aspects, in term of prevalence, age distribution, and mortality. Type 2 diabetes increasingly represents a risk factor associated not only to cardiometabolic pathologies but also to neurological conditions. The pathophysiological features of type 2 diabetes and its metabolic complications (hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance) play a crucial role in the development and progression of both heart failure and cognitive dysfunction. This connection has opened to a potential new strategy, in which new classes of anti-diabetic medications, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, are able to reduce the overall risk of cardiovascular events and neuronal damage, showing additional protective effects beyond glycemic control. The pleiotropic effects of GLP-1R agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors have been extensively investigated. They exert direct and indirect cardioprotective and neuroprotective actions, by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, ions overload, and restoring insulin signaling. Nonetheless, the specificity of pathways and their contribution has not been fully elucidated, and this underlines the urgency for more comprehensive research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Riemma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marialucia Telesca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bellocchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tobaiqy M, Elkout H. Psychiatric adverse events associated with semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide: a pharmacovigilance analysis of individual case safety reports submitted to the EudraVigilance database. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:488-495. [PMID: 38265519 PMCID: PMC10960895 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists that are effective for weight reduction. Recent reports of patients experiencing suicidal thoughts and other psychiatric adverse events while using GLP-1 agonists have raised concerns about the potential risk of self-harm and led the European Medicines Agency to investigate these medications. AIM To identify and analyse the psychiatric adverse events associated with semaglutide, liraglutide and tirzepatide. METHOD All individual case safety reports for semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide reported to the EudraVigilance database from 01/01/2021 to 30/05/2023 were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to explore study population characteristics. RESULTS During the study period, 31,444 adverse event reports were identified: semaglutide (n = 13,956; 44.4%), liraglutide (n = 16,748; 53.2%), and tirzepatide (n = 740; 2.3%). There were 372 reports with psychiatric adverse event reports (n = 372; 1.18%) with a total of 481 adverse events. Women accounted for 65% (n = 242) of these reports. Depression was the most commonly reported adverse event (n = 187; 50.3%), followed by anxiety (n = 144; 38.7%) and suicidal ideation (n = 73; 19.6%). Nine deaths (8 with liraglutide and 1 with semaglutide) and 11 life-threatening outcomes (4 associated with liraglutide and 7 with semaglutide) were reported. The fatal outcomes occurred primarily among men (8 out of 9) resulting from completed suicidal attempts and depression. CONCLUSION Psychiatric adverse events comprised only 1.2% of the total reports for semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide. However, the severity and fatal outcomes of some of these reports warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Tobaiqy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hajer Elkout
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, 13275, Libya
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osakabe N, Shimizu T, Fujii Y, Fushimi T, Calabrese V. Sensory Nutrition and Bitterness and Astringency of Polyphenols. Biomolecules 2024; 14:234. [PMID: 38397471 PMCID: PMC10887135 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the interaction of dietary constituents with taste and olfactory receptors and nociceptors expressed in the oral cavity, nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract regulate homeostasis through activation of the neuroendocrine system. Polyphenols, of which 8000 have been identified to date, represent the greatest diversity of secondary metabolites in plants, most of which are bitter and some of them astringent. Epidemiological studies have shown that polyphenol intake contributes to maintaining and improving cardiovascular, cognitive and sensory health. However, because polyphenols have very low bioavailability, the mechanisms of their beneficial effects are unknown. In this review, we focused on the taste of polyphenols from the perspective of sensory nutrition, summarized the results of previous studies on their relationship with bioregulation and discussed their future potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan;
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Takafumi Shimizu
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-Science and Engineering, Faculty of System Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Taiki Fushimi
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan;
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gorgogietas V, Rajaei B, Heeyoung C, Santacreu BJ, Marín-Cañas S, Salpea P, Sawatani T, Musuaya A, Arroyo MN, Moreno-Castro C, Benabdallah K, Demarez C, Toivonen S, Cosentino C, Pachera N, Lytrivi M, Cai Y, Carnel L, Brown C, Urano F, Marchetti P, Gilon P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M, Igoillo-Esteve M. GLP-1R agonists demonstrate potential to treat Wolfram syndrome in human preclinical models. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1306-1321. [PMID: 36995380 PMCID: PMC10244297 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Wolfram syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene. It is characterised by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, hearing loss and neurodegeneration. Considering the unmet treatment need for this orphan disease, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists under wolframin (WFS1) deficiency with a particular focus on human beta cells and neurons. METHODS The effect of the GLP-1R agonists dulaglutide and exenatide was examined in Wfs1 knockout mice and in an array of human preclinical models of Wolfram syndrome, including WFS1-deficient human beta cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived beta-like cells and neurons from control individuals and individuals affected by Wolfram syndrome, and humanised mice. RESULTS Our study shows that the long-lasting GLP-1R agonist dulaglutide reverses impaired glucose tolerance in WFS1-deficient mice, and that exenatide and dulaglutide improve beta cell function and prevent apoptosis in different human WFS1-deficient models including iPSC-derived beta cells from people with Wolfram syndrome. Exenatide improved mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress and prevented apoptosis in Wolfram syndrome iPSC-derived neural precursors and cerebellar neurons. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study provides novel evidence for the beneficial effect of GLP-1R agonists on WFS1-deficient human pancreatic beta cells and neurons, suggesting that these drugs may be considered as a treatment for individuals with Wolfram syndrome.
Collapse
Grants
- UH3 TR002065 NCATS NIH HHS
- U01 DK127786 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK132090 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UL1 TR000448 NCATS NIH HHS
- P60 DK020579 NIDDK NIH HHS
- P30 DK020579 NIDDK NIH HHS
- UL1 TR002345 NCATS NIH HHS
- UH2 TR002065 NCATS NIH HHS
- Pandarome project FWO and F.R.S.-FNRS under the Excellence of Science (EOS) programme
- Welbio-FNRS
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)/NIDDK
- Philanthropic supports from the Silberman Fund, the Ellie White Foundation for the Rare Genetic Disorders, the Snow Foundation, the Unravel Wolfram Syndrome Fund, the Stowe Fund, the Feiock Fund, the Cachia Fund, the Gildenhorn Fund, the Eye Hope Foundation, Ontario Wolfram League, Associazione Gentian - Sindrome di Wolfram Italia, Alianza de Familias Afectadas por el Sindrome Wolfram Spain, Wolfram syndrome UK, and Association Syndrome de Wolfram France.
- the Walloon Region SPW-EER Win2Wal project BetaSource
- National Institutes of Health Human Islet Research Network Consortium on Beta Cell Death & Survival from Pancreatic β-Cell Gene Networks to Therapy [HIRN-CBDS])
- Eye Hope Foundation
- Fonds Erasme for Medical Research
- Alianza de familias afectadas por el síndrome de Wolfram (AFASW)
- Brussels Region Innoviris (Bridge) project DiaType
- Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (Innovate2CureType1)
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)
- Francophone Foundation for Diabetes Research (FFRD, that is sponsored by the French Diabetes Federation, Abbott, Eli Lilly,Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novo Nordisk)
- NIH/ National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyron Gorgogietas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bahareh Rajaei
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chae Heeyoung
- Institut de Recherche Expérimental et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Bruno J Santacreu
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Marín-Cañas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paraskevi Salpea
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Toshiaki Sawatani
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anyishai Musuaya
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - María N Arroyo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Khadija Benabdallah
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Celine Demarez
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Cosentino
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pachera
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Lytrivi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Cris Brown
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Gilon
- Institut de Recherche Expérimental et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yingyue Q, Sugawara K, Takahashi H, Yokoi N, Ohbayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Seino S, Ogawa W. Stimulatory effect of imeglimin on incretin secretion. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:746-755. [PMID: 36977210 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Imeglimin is a new antidiabetic drug structurally related to metformin. Despite this structural similarity, only imeglimin augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), with the mechanism underlying this effect remaining unclear. Given that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) also enhance GSIS, we examined whether these incretin hormones might contribute to the pharmacological actions of imeglimin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood glucose and plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed in C57BL/6JJcl (C57BL/6) or KK-Ay/TaJcl (KK-Ay) mice after administration of a single dose of imeglimin with or without the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin or the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-9. The effects of imeglimin, with or without GIP or GLP-1, on GSIS were examined in C57BL/6 mouse islets. RESULTS Imeglimin lowered blood glucose and increased plasma insulin levels during an OGTT in both C57BL/6 and KK-Ay mice, whereas it also increased the plasma levels of GIP and GLP-1 in KK-Ay mice and the GLP-1 levels in C57BL/6 mice. The combination of imeglimin and sitagliptin increased plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels during the OGTT in KK-Ay mice to a markedly greater extent than did either drug alone. Imeglimin enhanced GSIS in an additive manner with GLP-1, but not with GIP, in mouse islets. Exendin-9 had only a minor inhibitory effect on the glucose-lowering action of imeglimin during the OGTT in KK-Ay mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the imeglimin-induced increase in plasma GLP-1 levels likely contributes at least in part to its stimulatory effect on insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yingyue
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugawara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kento Ohbayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lutz TA. Mammalian models of diabetes mellitus, with a focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:350-360. [PMID: 36941447 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Although no single animal model replicates all aspects of diabetes mellitus in humans, animal models are essential for the study of energy balance and metabolism control as well as to investigate the reasons for their imbalance that could eventually lead to overt metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The most frequently used animal models in diabetes mellitus research are small rodents that harbour spontaneous genetic mutations or that can be manipulated genetically or by other means to influence their nutrient metabolism and nutrient handling. Non-rodent species, including pigs, cats and dogs, are also useful models in diabetes mellitus research. This Review will outline the advantages and disadvantages of selected animal models of diabetes mellitus to build a basis for their most appropriate use in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lei WS, Rodrick EB, Belcher SL, Kelly A, Kindler JM. Bone resorption and incretin hormones following glucose ingestion in healthy emerging adults. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2023; 31:100314. [PMID: 36845829 PMCID: PMC9950953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2023.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in adults indicate that macronutrient ingestion yields an acute anti-resorptive effect on bone, reflected by decreases in C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), a biomarker of bone resorption, and that gut-derived incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), facilitate this response. There remain knowledge gaps relating to other biomarkers of bone turnover, and whether gut-bone cross-talk is operative during the years surrounding peak bone strength attainment. This study first, describes changes in bone resorption during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), and second, tests relationships between changes in incretins and bone biomarkers during OGTT and bone micro-structure. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in 10 healthy emerging adults ages 18-25 years. During a multi-sample 2-hour 75 g OGTT, glucose, insulin, GIP, GLP-1, CTX, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), sclerostin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were assayed at mins 0, 30, 60, and 120. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) were computed from mins 0-30 and mins 0-120. Tibia bone micro-structure was assessed using second generation high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Results During OGTT, glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 increased significantly. CTX at min 30, 60, and 120 was significantly lower than min 0, with a maximum decrease of about 53 % by min 120. Glucose-iAUC0-30 inversely correlated with CTX-iAUC0-120 (rho = -0.91, P < 0.001), and GLP-1-iAUC0-30 positively correlated with BSAP-iAUC0-120 (rho = 0.83, P = 0.005), RANKL-iAUC0-120 (rho = 0.86, P = 0.007), and cortical volumetric bone mineral density (rho = 0.93, P < 0.001). Conclusions Glucose ingestion yields an anti-resorptive effect on bone metabolism during the years surrounding peak bone strength. Cross-talk between the gut and bone during this pivotal life stage requires further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shin Lei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eugene B. Rodrick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Staci L. Belcher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Kelly
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Kindler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bulushova NV, Zalunin IA, Asrarkulova AS, Kozlov DG. Incretin Analogues in the Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822070031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Malloy C, Ahern M, Lin L, Hoffman DA. Neuronal Roles of the Multifunctional Protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase-like 6 (DPP6). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169184. [PMID: 36012450 PMCID: PMC9409431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted action of voltage-gated ion channels in the brain is fundamental in controlling neuronal physiology and circuit function. Ion channels often associate in multi-protein complexes together with auxiliary subunits, which can strongly influence channel expression and function and, therefore, neuronal computation. One such auxiliary subunit that displays prominent expression in multiple brain regions is the Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 (DPP6). This protein associates with A-type K+ channels to control their cellular distribution and gating properties. Intriguingly, DPP6 has been found to be multifunctional with an additional, independent role in synapse formation and maintenance. Here, we feature the role of DPP6 in regulating neuronal function in the context of its modulation of A-type K+ channels as well as its independent involvement in synaptic development. The prevalence of DPP6 in these processes underscores its importance in brain function, and recent work has identified that its dysfunction is associated with host of neurological disorders. We provide a brief overview of these and discuss research directions currently underway to advance our understanding of the contribution of DPP6 to their etiology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rolim ME, Fortes MI, Von Frankenberg A, Duarte CK. Consumption of sourdough bread and changes in the glycemic control and satiety: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:801-816. [PMID: 35943419 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of clinical trials followed by meta-analysis, to evaluate the effect of sourdough bread on glycemic control and appetite and satiety regulators such as leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2), NPY (neuropeptide Y), AgRP (agouti-related protein), PYY (peptide YY), and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Clinical trials compared the intake of sourdough bread to that of an industrially fermented one or control glucose solution in adults over 18 years of age. This systematic review included all randomized, parallel, or crossover trials published up to June 2021 in the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. After the selection process, 18 studies were included. The analysis of the final average difference of the change in serum glucose after 60 minutes for the intervention indicated that the consumption of sourdough bread has a lower impact on blood glucose compared to that of industrial bread or glucose (MD = -0.29, IC 95% = [-0.46; -0.12]; I2 = 0%). The evaluation of blood glucose 120 minutes after the consumption of the intervention also indicated a lower increment in blood glucose when compared to the consumption of other types of bread or the same amount of glucose (MD = -0.21, IC 95% = [-0.32; -0.09]; I2 = 0%). The certainty of evidence varied from low to very low. The results showed that sourdough is effective in reducing the increment of postprandial glycemia, especially when prepared with whole wheat flour, although it does not reduce fasting serum insulin, nor does it change plasma PYY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esther Rolim
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Fortes
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anize Von Frankenberg
- Post-graduation Program: Endocrinoly, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Kümmel Duarte
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rings LM, Kamr AM, Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Swink JM, Burns TA, Christie K, David JB, Toribio RE. The enteroinsular axis during hospitalization in newborn foals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106686. [PMID: 34649126 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The enteroinsular axis (EIA) is an energy regulatory system that modulates insulin secretion through the release of enteroendocrine factors (incretins). Despite the importance of energy homeostasis in the equine neonate, information on the EIA in hospitalized foals is lacking. The goals of this study were to measure serum insulin and plasma incretin (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP], glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and glucagon-like peptide-2 [GLP-2]) concentrations, to determine the insulin and incretin association, as well as their link to disease severity and outcome in hospitalized foals. A total of 102 newborn foals ≤72 h old were classified into hospitalized (n = 88) and healthy groups (n = 14). Hospitalized foals included septic (n = 55) and sick non-septic (SNS; n = 33) foals based on sepsis scores. Blood samples were collected over 72 h to measure serum insulin and plasma GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations using immunoassays. Data were analyzed by nonparametric methods and univariate logistic regression. At admission, serum glucose and insulin and plasma GIP were significantly lower in hospitalized and septic compared to healthy foals (P < 0.01), while plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations were higher in hospitalized and septic foals than healthy and SNS foals, and decreased over time in septic foals (P < 0.05). As a percent of admission values, GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations dropped faster in healthy compared to hospitalized foals. Serum insulin concentrations were lower in hospitalized and septic non-survivors than survivors at admission (P < 0.01). Hospitalized foals with serum insulin < 5.8 µIU/mL, plasma GLP-1 >68.5 pM, and plasma GLP-2 >9 ng/mL within 24 h of admission were more likely to die (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.1-16.1; OR = 13.5, 95% CI = 1.4-123.7; OR = 12.5, 95% CI = 1.6-97.6, respectively; P < 0.05). Low GIP together with increased GLP-1 and GLP-2 concentrations indicates that different mechanisms may be contributing to reduced insulin secretion in critically ill foals, including impaired intestinal production (GIP, proximal intestine) and pancreatic endocrine resistance to enhanced incretin secretion (GLP-1, GLP-2; distal intestine). These imbalances could contribute to energy dysregulation in the critically ill equine neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Rings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - A M Kamr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - H M Kinsella
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - L D Hostnik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Swink
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Brown Equine Hospital, Somerset, PA 15501, USA
| | - T A Burns
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K Christie
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - J B David
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong S, Sun C. Can glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists cause acute kidney injury? An analytical study based on post-marketing approval pharmacovigilance data. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032199. [PMID: 36583004 PMCID: PMC9792852 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical studies after marketing have shown that the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist(GLP-1RA) may lead to acute kidney injury(AKI). However, few epidemiological studies have investigated the risk, clinical features, and outcomes of AKI caused by different GLP-1RA. In this study, Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data were used to compare the association between different GLP-1RA and AKI in the real world. METHODS FAERS data from January 2004 to December 2021 were mined using disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis to determine the correlation between different GLP-1RA and AKI, and the onset time, mortality, and hospitalization rate of different GLP-1RA were analyzed. RESULTS We identified 2670 cases of AKI events associated with GLP-1RA, of which liraglutide was the most commonly reported (34.98%). The patients with AKI were mainly males (47.94%), and the age group was mainly 45-84 years old (73.15%). obese patients with weight more than 99kg (24.42%) were more likely to have AKI. According to different signal mining methods, reporting odds ratio (ROR) (1.50, 95% confidence interval =1.41-1.60) and Bayesian confidence Propagation neural network (0.57, 95% confidence interval =0.54), liraglutide was more strongly associated with AKI than other GLP-1RA. The median time to onset of AKI was 63 days [quartile range (IQR): 15-458.5 days]. In addition, the hospitalization rate and fatality rate of patients with GLP-1RA-related AKI were 45.28% and 4.23% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data in the FAERS database, we analyzed the risk, onset time, and adverse reaction outcomes of GLP-1RA-induced AKI in detail. The results showed that liraglutide had the highest risk of AKI. From the early stage of treatment, we need to monitor patients' renal function regularly, especially for patients with high kidney risks such as obesity and age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
SUKSANGA A, SIRIPONGVUTIKORN S, YUPANQUI CT, LEELAWATTANA R. The potential antidiabetic properties of Liang (Gnetum gnemon var.tenerum) leaves. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.64522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Masaki T, Kodera Y, Terasaki M, Fujimoto K, Hirano T, Shichiri M. GIP_HUMAN[22-51] is a new proatherogenic peptide identified by native plasma peptidomics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14470. [PMID: 34262109 PMCID: PMC8280211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a new plasma peptidomic technique and comprehensively identified a large number of low-molecular weight and low-abundance native peptides using a single drop of human plasma. To discover a novel polypeptide that potently modulates the cardiovascular system, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of the large-scale identification results, sequentially synthesized the selected peptide sequences, tested their biological activities, and identified a 30-amino-acid proatherogenic peptide, GIP_HUMAN[22-51], as a potent proatherosclerotic peptide hormone. GIP_HUMAN[22-51] has a common precursor with the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and is located immediately N-terminal to GIP. Chronic infusion of GIP_HUMAN[22-51] into ApoE-/- mice accelerated the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, which were inhibited by co-infusions with an anti-GIP_HUMAN[22-51] antibody. GIP_HUMAN[22-51] increased the serum concentrations of many inflammatory and proatherogenic proteins, whereas neutralising antibodies reduced their levels. GIP_HUMAN[22-51] induced IκB-α degradation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in human vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. Immunoreactive GIP_HUMAN[22-51] was detected in human tissues but there was no colocalization with the GIP. The plasma GIP_HUMAN[22-51] concentration in healthy humans determined using a stable-isotope tagged peptide was approximately 0.6 nM. This study discovered a novel endogenous proatherogenic peptide by using a human plasma native peptidomic resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguto Masaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Michishige Terasaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
- Department of Physics, Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
- Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, 2-3-8 Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8934, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Radbakhsh S, Atkin SL, Simental-Mendia LE, Sahebkar A. The role of incretins and incretin-based drugs in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107845. [PMID: 34126341 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are gastrointestinal peptides secreted from enteroendocrine cells. These hormones play significant roles in many physiological processes via binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) on different organs and tissues; one of them is the immunomodulatory effect on the immune system and its molecular components such as cytokines and chemokines. Anti-inflammatory effects of incretins and dependent molecules involving long-acting analogs and DPP4 inhibitors through regulation of T and B cell activation may attenuate autoimmune diseases caused by immune system disorders in mistakenly recognizing self as the foreign agent. In this review, we investigate incretin effects on the immune system response and the potential benefits of incretin-based therapy for treating autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahrén B, Yamada Y, Seino Y. The Insulin Response to Oral Glucose in GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Knockout Mice: Review of the Literature and Stepwise Glucose Dose Response Studies in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665537. [PMID: 34122340 PMCID: PMC8190331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor for the insulin response to oral glucose is the pro-glucagon derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), together with the companion incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Studies in GIP and GLP-1 receptor knockout (KO) mice have been undertaken in several studies to examine this role of the incretin hormones. In the present study, we reviewed the literature on glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose in these mice. We found six publications with such studies reporting results of thirteen separate study arms. The results were not straightforward, since glucose intolerance in GIP or GLP-1 receptor KO mice were reported only in eight of the arms, whereas normal glucose tolerance was reported in five arms. A general potential weakness of the published study is that each of them have examined effects of only one single dose of glucose. In a previous study in mice with genetic deletion of both GLP-1 and GIP receptors we showed that these mice have impaired insulin response to oral glucose after large but not small glucose loads, suggesting that the relevance of the incretin hormones may be dependent on the glucose load. To further test this hypothesis, we have now performed a stepwise glucose administration through a gastric tube (from zero to 125mg) in model experiments in anesthetized female wildtype, GLP-1 receptor KO and GIP receptor KO mice. We show that GIP receptor KO mice exhibit glucose intolerance in the presence of impaired insulin response after 100 and 125 mg glucose, but not after lower doses of glucose. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor KO mice have normal glucose tolerance after all glucose loads, in the presence of a compensatory increase in the insulin response. Therefore, based on these results and the literature survey, we suggest that GIP and GLP-1 receptor KO mice retain normal glucose tolerance after oral glucose, except after large glucose loads in GIP receptor KO mice, and we also show an adaptive mechanism in GLP-1 receptor KO mice, which needs to be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim JH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist reduces di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced atherosclerotic processes in vascular smooth muscle cells. Physiol Res 2020; 69:1095-1102. [PMID: 33129247 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonist is an incretin hormone and regulates glucose metabolism. However, phthalates, known as endocrine disruptors, can interfere with hormone homeostasis. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the impact of GLP1R agonist on di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced atherosclerosis. For this purpose, the effects of GLP1R agonist on various atherogenesis-related cellular processes and pathways were assessed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). DEHP-induced cell proliferation and migration were significantly decreased by GLP1R agonist in VSMCs. Protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were significantly decreased in cells exposed to GLP1R agonist, compared with DEHP-treated cells. Expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were also reduced in GLP1R agonist-treated cells. Similarly, DEHP-associated phosphorylation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was decreased in GLP1R agonist-treated cells, compared with DEHP-treated cells. Our findings suggest that treatment with GLP1R agonist counteracts the activation of pathways related to atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dybjer E, Engström G, Helmer C, Nägga K, Rorsman P, Nilsson PM. Incretin hormones, insulin, glucagon and advanced glycation end products in relation to cognitive function in older people with and without diabetes, a population-based study. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1157-1166. [PMID: 32020688 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this observational study was to investigate relationships between physiological levels of glucometabolic biomarkers and cognitive test results in a population-based setting. METHODS Cross-sectional data were obtained from the Swedish population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer Study Re-examination 2007-2012 comprising 3001 older people (mean age 72 years). Through oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), fasting and post-load levels of serum insulin, plasma glucagon, serum glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured. Insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity levels were calculated. In 454 participants, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were estimated through skin autofluorescence. Associations between biomarkers and two cognitive tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) respectively, were explored in multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Positive associations following adjustments for known prognostic factors were found between MMSE scores and insulin sensitivity (B = 0.822, P = 0.004), 2-h plasma glucagon (B = 0.596, P = 0.026), 2-h serum GIP (B = 0.581, P = 0.040) and 2-h plasma GLP-1 (B = 0.585, P = 0.038), whereas negative associations were found between MMSE scores and insulin resistance (B = -0.734, P = 0.006), fasting plasma GLP-1 (B = -0.544, P = 0.033) and AGEs (B = -1.459, P = 0.030) were found. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of insulin sensitivity, GIP and GLP-1 were associated with better cognitive outcomes, but AGEs were associated with worse outcomes, supporting evidence from preclinical studies. Glucagon was linked to better outcomes, which could possibly reflect neuroprotective properties similar to the related biomarker GLP-1 which has similar intracellular properties. Longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to further evaluate neuromodulating effects of these biomarkers. Abstract presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2019, Barcelona, Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dybjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - G Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - K Nägga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Rorsman
- Metabolic Research, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lindgren O, Ahrén B. Consequences on islet and incretin hormone responses to dinner by omission of lunch in healthy men. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00141. [PMID: 32704562 PMCID: PMC7375076 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omission of breakfast results in higher glucose and lower insulin and incretin hormone levels after both lunch and dinner. Whether omission of lunch has a similar impact on the following meal is not known. AIM This study therefore explored whether omission of lunch ingestion affects glucose, islet and incretin hormones after dinner ingestion in healthy subjects. MATERIALS & METHODS Twelve male volunteers (mean age 22 years, BMI 22.5 kg/m2) underwent two test days in random order with standard breakfast and dinner on both days with provision or omission of standard lunch in between. RESULTS The results showed that throughout the 300 minutes study period, glucose, insulin, glucagon and GIP levels after dinner ingestion did not differ between the two tests. In contrast, C-peptide, and GLP-1 levels were 26%-35% higher at later time points after dinner ingestion when lunch had been omitted (P < .05). CONCLUSION We conclude that omission of lunch increases GLP-1 and insulin secretion and possibly also insulin clearance resulting in unchanged glucose and insulin levels after dinner ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Can dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors treat cognitive disorders? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107559. [PMID: 32380197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The linkage of neurodegenerative diseases with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive inflammatory responses and abnormal protein processing, and the correlation between cerebrovascular diseases and hyperglycemia has opened a new window for novel therapeutics for these cognitive disorders. Various antidiabetic agents have been studied for their potential treatment of cognitive disorders, among which the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been investigated more recently. So far, DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models, and cognitive benefits in diabetic patients with or without cognitive impairments. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms, advantages and limitations, and currently available evidence for developing DPP-4 inhibitors as a treatment of cognitive disorders.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alsalim W, Göransson O, Tura A, Pacini G, Mari A, Ahrén B. Persistent whole day meal effects of three dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on glycaemia and hormonal responses in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:590-598. [PMID: 31789451 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition has effects on both fasting and postprandial glucose. However, the extent of this effect over the whole day and whether different DPP-4 inhibitors have the same effects have not been established. We therefore explored the whole day effects of three different DPP-4 inhibitors versus placebo on glucose, islet and incretin hormones after ingestion of breakfast, lunch and dinner in subjects with metformin-treated and well-controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS The study was single-centre and crossover designed, involving 24 subjects [12 men, 12 women, mean age 63 years, body mass index 31.0 kg/m2 , glycated haemoglobin 44.7 mmol/mol (6.2%)], who underwent four test days in random order. Each whole day test included ingestion of standardized breakfast (525 kcal), lunch (780 kcal) and dinner (560 kcal) after intake of sitagliptin (100 mg) or vildagliptin (50 mg twice), or saxagliptin (5 mg) or placebo. RESULTS Compared with placebo, DPP-4 inhibition reduced glucose levels, increased beta-cell function (insulin secretory rate in relation to glucose), suppressed glucagon, increased intact glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) but suppressed total GLP-1 and GIP after all three meals. The effects were sustained throughout the daytime period with similar changes after each meal and did not differ between the DPP-4 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS DPP-4 inhibition has persistent daytime effects on glucose, islet and incretin hormones with no difference between three different DPP-4 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wathik Alsalim
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mari
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahrén B, Yamada Y, Seino Y. Islet adaptation in GIP receptor knockout mice. Peptides 2020; 125:170152. [PMID: 31522751 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor knockout (KO) mice are tools for studying GIP physiology. Previous results have demonstrated that these mice have impaired insulin response to oral glucose. In this study, we examined the insulin response to intravenous glucose by measuring glucose, insulin and C-peptide after intravenous glucose (0.35 g/kg) in 5-h fasted female GIP receptor KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. The 1 min insulin and C-peptide responses to intravenous glucose were significantly enhanced in GIP receptor KO mice (n = 26) compared to WT mice (n = 30) as was beta cell function (area under the 50 min C-peptide curve divided by area under the 50 min curve for glucose) (P = 0.001). Beta cell function after intravenous glucose was also enhanced in GIP receptor KO mice in the presence of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9 (30 nmol/kg; P = 0.007), the muscarinic antagonist atropine (5 mg/kg; P = 0.007) and the combination of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1.4 mg/kg) and the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (2.5 mg/kg; P = 0.042). Analysis of the regression between fasting glucose (6.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l in GIP receptor KO mice and 7.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l in WT mice, P = 0.003) and the 1 min C-peptide response to intravenous glucose showed a negative linear regression between these variables in both WT (n = 60; r = -0.425, P = 0.001) and GIP receptor KO mice (n = 56; r = -0.474, P < 0.001). We conclude that there is a beta cell adaptation in GIP receptor KO mice resulting in enhanced insulin secretion after intravenous glucose to which slight long-term reduction in circulating glucose in these mice may contribute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund university, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yuchiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Majeed M, Majeed S, Mundkur L, Nagabhushanam K, Arumugam S, Beede K, Ali F. Standardized Emblica officinalis fruit extract inhibited the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and displayed antioxidant potential. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:509-516. [PMID: 31487036 PMCID: PMC6973029 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emblica officinalis, known as amla in Ayurveda, has been used as a folk medicine to treat numerous pathological conditions, including diabetes. However, the novel extract of E. officinalis fruit extract (amla fruit extract, AFE, Saberry®) containing 100 g kg-1 β-glucogallin along with hydrolyzable tannins has not yet been extensively studied for its antidiabetic potential. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of AFE and its stability during gastric stress as well as its thermostability. METHODS The effect of AFE on the inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase and salivary α-amylase enzymes was studied using starch and yeast α-glucosidase enzyme using 4-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside as substrate. Further, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species inhibition assay was performed against AFE. RESULTS AFE potently inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in a concentration-dependent manner with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 135.70 μg mL-1 and 106.70 μg mL-1 respectively. Furthermore, it also showed inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 562.9 μg mL-1 ) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4; IC50 3770 μg mL-1 ) enzyme activities. AFE is a potent antioxidant showing a free radical scavenging activity (IC50 2.37 μg mL-1 ) and protecting against cellular reactive oxygen species (IC50 1.77 μg mL-1 ), and the effects elicited could be attributed to its phytoconstituents. CONCLUSION AFE showed significant gastric acid resistance and was also found to be thermostable against wet heat. Excellent α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP-4 inhibitory activities of AFE, as well as antioxidant activities, strongly recommend its use for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs LimitedBangaloreIndia
- Sabinsa CorporationEast WindsorNJUSA
- Sabinsa CorporationPaysonUTUSA
| | - Shaheen Majeed
- Sami Labs LimitedBangaloreIndia
- Sabinsa CorporationEast WindsorNJUSA
- Sabinsa CorporationPaysonUTUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chin YX, Chen X, Cao WX, Sharifuddin Y, Green BD, Lim PE, Xue CH, Tang QJ. Characterization of seaweed hypoglycemic property with integration of virtual screening for identification of bioactive compounds. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
26
|
Ahmed HM, Khraishah H, Cho L. Cardioprotective anti-hyperglycaemic medications: a review of clinical trials. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:2368-2375. [PMID: 29236983 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive clinical efforts to achieve stricter glycaemic control over the past few decades, cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of death among diabetic patients. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1-R) agonists have gained attention due to their apparent effects in reducing CV mortality. Four CV randomized controlled trials: EMPA-REG, CANVAS, LEADER, and SUSTAIN-6, found a decrease in CV events among patients with type 2 diabetes on empagliflozin, canagliflozin, liraglutide, and semaglutide, respectively. In light of this data, the US Food and Drug Administration has recently approved empagliflozin for CV mortality reduction in type 2 diabetic patients, making it the first diabetes medication approved for such an indication. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of novel anti-hyperglycaemic medication trials, and shed light on their mode of action and cardioprotective pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham M Ahmed
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk JB1 Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Haitham Khraishah
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk JB1 Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The relevance of AMP-activated protein kinase in insulin-secreting β cells: a potential target for improving β cell function? J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:423-432. [PMID: 31691163 PMCID: PMC6920233 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is present in different kinds of metabolically active cells. AMPK is an important intracellular energy sensor and plays a relevant role in whole-body energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated, among others, in response to glucose deprivation, caloric restriction and increased physical activity. Upon activation, AMPK affects metabolic pathways leading to increased formation of ATP and simultaneously reducing ATP-consuming processes. AMPK is also expressed in pancreatic β cells and is largely regulated by glucose, which is the main physiological stimulator of insulin secretion. Results of in vitro studies clearly show that glucose-induced insulin release is associated with a concomitant inhibition of AMPK in β cells. However, pharmacological activation of AMPK significantly potentiates the insulin-secretory response of β cells to glucose and to some other stimuli. This effect is primarily due to increased intracellular calcium concentrations. AMPK is also involved in the regulation of gene expression and may protect β cells against glucolipotoxic conditions. It was shown that in pancreatic islets of humans with type 2 diabetes, AMPK is downregulated. Moreover, studies with animal models demonstrated impaired link between glucose and AMPK activity in pancreatic islet cells. These data suggest that AMPK may be a target for compounds improving the functionality of β cells. However, more studies are required to better elucidate the relevance of AMPK in the (patho)physiology of the insulin-secreting cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dogruel H, Balci MK. Development of therapeutic options on type 2 diabetes in years: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist’s role intreatment; from the past to future. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:446-453. [PMID: 31523380 PMCID: PMC6715574 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i8.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hypergly-cemia. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) accounting for 90% of cases globally. The worldwide prevalence of DM is rising dramatically over the last decades, from 30 million cases in 1985 to 382 million cases in 2013. It’s estimated that 451 million people had diabetes in 2017. As the pathophysiology was understood over the years, treatment options for diabetes increased. Incretin-based therapy is one of them. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) not only significantly lower glucose level with minimal risk of hypoglycemia but also, they have an important advantage in themanagement of cardiovascular risk and obesity. Thus, we will review here GLP-1 RAsrole in the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Dogruel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Ataturk State Hospital, Antalya 07040, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Balci
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hoshiyama A, Fujimoto K, Konno R, Sasaki S, Momozono A, Kodera Y, Shichiri M. Identification of plasma binding proteins for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Endocr J 2019; 66:621-628. [PMID: 31061246 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), secreted from enteroendocrine K cells, has potent insulin-releasing and extrapancreatic glucoregulatory activities. However, exogenous GIP has less potent biological effects compared with another incretin hormone, GLP-1, which limits its use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The fate and secretion of administered native GIP remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify plasma binding proteins for human GIP. Fluorescent-labelled GIP was added to fresh human plasma and subjected to clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CN-PAGE). Then fluorescent protein bands were in-gel trypsin-digested and subjected to liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, revealing the presence of albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and transferrin. In contrast to GIP, the binding of fluorescent GLP-1 and glucagon to plasma protein fractions were minimal. CN-PAGE analysis of synthetic GIP incubated with human serum albumin, purified IgG or transferrin, and subsequent western blot analysis revealed that GIP binds to each of these proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that GIP readily binds to albumin, IgG and transferrin, three plasma proteins highly abundant in the human peripheral circulation. Separation of protein complexes using CN-PAGE and the identification of in-gel digested proteins by LC-MS/MS analysis provide a promising strategy to identify plasma binding proteins for bioactive peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hoshiyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akari Momozono
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Io F, Gunji E, Koretsune H, Kato K, Sugisaki-Kitano M, Okumura-Kitajima L, Kimura K, Uchida S, Yamamoto K. SGL5213, a novel and potent intestinal SGLT1 inhibitor, suppresses intestinal glucose absorption and enhances plasma GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
Alsalim W, Ahrén B. Insulin and incretin hormone responses to rapid versus slow ingestion of a standardized solid breakfast in healthy subjects. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2:e00056. [PMID: 31008364 PMCID: PMC6458458 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People with repeated rapid meal ingestion have been reported to have increased risk of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity. To explore whether speed of eating a breakfast influences the postprandial rise of glucose, insulin and the incretin hormones, 24 healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women, mean age 62 years) ingested a standardized solid breakfast consisting of 524 kcal (60% from carbohydrate, 20% from protein, 20% from fat) over 5 or 12 minutes on separate days in random order. Breakfast ingestion increased circulating glucose and insulin with maximal levels seen at 30 minutes after start of meal ingestion with no significant difference in the two tests. Similarly, breakfast increased circulating levels of total (reflecting secretion) glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) with, again, no difference between the tests. Furthermore, gastric emptying, as revealed by the indirect paracetamol test, did not differ between the tests. We therefore conclude that the speed of breakfast ingestion does not affect the postprandial rise of glucose, insulin or incretin hormones in healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wathik Alsalim
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alharby H, Abdelati T, Rizk M, Youssef E, Gaber N, Moghazy K, Yafei S. Association of fasting glucagon-like peptide-1 with oxidative stress and subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1077-1080. [PMID: 31336447 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) is a gut hormone that beside its main function in glucose homeostasis may play a role as an anti-oxidant and anti-atherosclerotic factor. The aim of this study was to estimate fasting total GLP-1 level in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and to determine its relation with oxidative stress and atherosclerotic vascular changes. METHODS The study included 60 T2DM male patients with age ≥40 and 30 healthy male subjects matched for age. All of them were subjected to measuring of fasting total GLP-1, 8-iso prostaglandin F2α (8-iso PGF2α) as a marker of oxidative stress and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. RESULTS Fasting total GLP-1 was not significantly different in diabetics in comparison with healthy subjects (p = 0.52). Fasting total GLP-1 was found to have significant negative correlations with both 8-iso PGF2α (p < 0.05) and CIMT (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Endogenous fasting GLP-1 appears to have anti-oxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects in T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Alharby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Lipidology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Yemen.
| | - Talaat Abdelati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Lipidology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Rizk
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Youssef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Lipidology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Noha Gaber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Lipidology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Moghazy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Saeed Yafei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Lipidology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Yemen
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tura A, Pacini G, Yamada Y, Seino Y, Ahrén B. Glucagon and insulin secretion, insulin clearance, and fasting glucose in GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R27-R37. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00288.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor knockout (KO) mice have perturbations in glucagon secretion or insulin clearance, and studies on impact on fasting glycemia have previously been inconsistent in these mice. We therefore studied glucagon secretion after oral whey protein (60 mg) and intravenous arginine (6.25 mg), insulin clearance after intravenous glucose (0.35 g/kg) and fasting glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels after standardized 5-h fasting in female GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Compared with WT controls, GIP receptor KO mice had normal glucagon responses to oral protein and intravenous arginine, except for an enhanced 1-min response to arginine, whereas glucagon levels after oral protein and intravenous arginine were enhanced in GLP-1 receptor KO mice. Furthermore, the intravenous glucose test revealed normal insulin clearance in both GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor KO mice, whereas β-cell glucose sensitivity was enhanced in GIP receptor KO mice and reduced in GLP-1 receptor KO mice. Finally, GIP receptor KO mice had reduced fasting glucose (6.7 ± 0.1, n = 56, vs. 7.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l, n = 59, P = 0.001), whereas GLP-1 receptor KO mice had increased fasting glucose (9.1 ± 0.2, n = 44, vs. 7.7 ± 0.1 mmol/l, n = 41, P < 0.001). We therefore suggest that GIP has a limited role for glucagon secretion in mice, whereas GLP-1 is of importance for glucagon regulation, that GIP and GLP-1 are of importance for the regulation of β-cell function beyond their role as incretin hormones, and that they are both of importance for fasting glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Yuchiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pacini G, Ahrén B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: effects alone and in combination on insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/11/e13280. [PMID: 28611149 PMCID: PMC5471432 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) stimulate insulin secretion. They are both released after meal ingestion, and therefore they might cooperate in their actions. However, whether there is a cooperative action of the two incretins is not known. This study therefore investigated the effects on insulin secretion and glucose disappearance of GLP‐1 and GIP when given together with intravenous glucose both alone and in combination in mice. Four different doses were used (0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 nmol/kg), which ranged from subthreshold to maximal doses to stimulate first‐phase insulin secretion as evident from initial dose–response studies. It was found that at 0.03 nmol/kg and higher doses, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion was augmented by both incretins. When they were given in combination, no further increase was observed, indicating no synergistic effect. Also, glucose disappearance rate was increased by 0.03 and 3.0 nmol/kg of the two incretins, both when they were given alone and in combination with, again, no synergy. Finally, glucose effectiveness (an index of noninsulin‐mediated processes) was enhanced by the two incretins, in particular GIP. We also found that insulin‐dependent and insulin‐independent mechanisms contributed 38% and 62%, respectively, to glucose tolerance after glucose alone; with GIP, the contribution by noninsulin‐dependent processes was remarkably dominant and with GLP‐1, insulin‐dependent processes were prevailing. In conclusion, GIP and GLP‐1 stimulate insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness in mice with no synergistic action, but with a dissociated contributory effector on glucose disposal: with GLP‐1 being more active on insulin‐dependent processes and GIP more active on noninsulin‐dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Korani MA, Sonbol A. Study of the serum level of fasting glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetics and its relation to the glycemic profile. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_76_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
36
|
Mühlemann M, Zdzieblo D, Friedrich A, Berger C, Otto C, Walles H, Koepsell H, Metzger M. Altered pancreatic islet morphology and function in SGLT1 knockout mice on a glucose-deficient, fat-enriched diet. Mol Metab 2018; 13:67-76. [PMID: 29859847 PMCID: PMC6026318 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycemic control by medical treatment represents one therapeutic strategy for diabetic patients. The Na+-d-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is currently of high interest in this context. SGLT1 is known to mediate glucose absorption and incretin secretion in the small intestine. Recently, inhibition of SGLT1 function was shown to improve postprandial hyperglycemia. In view of the lately demonstrated SGLT1 expression in pancreatic islets, we investigated if loss of SGLT1 affects islet morphology and function. METHODS Effects associated with the loss of SGLT1 on pancreatic islet (cyto) morphology and function were investigated by analyzing islets of a SGLT1 knockout mouse model, that were fed a glucose-deficient, fat-enriched diet (SGLT1-/--GDFE) to circumvent the glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome. To distinguish diet- and Sglt1-/--dependent effects, wildtype mice on either standard chow (WT-SC) or the glucose-free, fat-enriched diet (WT-GDFE) were used as controls. Feeding a glucose-deficient, fat-enriched diet further required the analysis of intestinal SGLT1 expression and function under diet-conditions. RESULTS Consistent with literature, our data provide evidence that small intestinal SGLT1 mRNA expression and function is regulated by nutrition. In contrast, pancreatic SGLT1 mRNA levels were not affected by the applied diet, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms for SGLT1 in diverse tissues. Morphological changes such as increased islet sizes and cell numbers associated with changes in proliferation and apoptosis and alterations of the β- and α-cell population are specifically observed for pancreatic islets of SGLT1-/--GDFE mice. Glucose stimulation revealed no insulin response in SGLT1-/--GDFE mice while WT-GDFE mice displayed only a minor increase of blood insulin. Irregular glucagon responses were observed for both, SGLT1-/--GDFE and WT-GDFE mice. Further, both animal groups showed a sustained release of GLP-1 compared to WT-SC controls. CONCLUSION Loss or impairment of SGLT1 results in abnormal pancreatic islet (cyto)morphology and disturbed islet function regarding the insulin or glucagon release capacity from β- or α-cells, respectively. Consequently, our findings propose a new, additional role for SGLT1 maintaining proper islet structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mühlemann
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Berger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General Visceral Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Irwin DM, Mojsov S. Diversification of the functions of proglucagon and glucagon receptor genes in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 261:148-165. [PMID: 29510149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The teleost fish-specific genome duplication gave rise to a great number of species inhabiting diverse environments with different access to nutrients and life histories. This event produced duplicated gcg genes, gcga and gcgb, for proglucagon-derived peptides, glucagon and GLP-1 and duplicated gcgr receptor genes, gcgra and gcgrb, which play key roles connecting the consumption of nutrients with glucose metabolism. We conducted a systematic survey of the genomes from 28 species of fish (24 bony (Superclass Osteichthyes), 1 lobe-finned (Class Sarcoperygii), 1 cartilaginous (Superclass Chondrichthyes), and 2 jawless (Superclass Agnatha)) and find that almost all surveyed ray-finned fish contain gcga and gcgb genes with different coding potential and duplicated gcgr genes, gcgra and gcgrb that form two separate clades in the phylogenetic tree consistent with the accepted species phylogeny. All gcgb genes encoded only glucagon and GLP-1 and gcga genes encoded glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2, indicating that gcga was subfunctionalized to produce GLP-2. We find a single glp2r, but no glp1r suggesting that duplicated gcgrb was neofunctionalized to bind GLP-1, as demonstrated for the zebrafish gcgrb (Oren et al., 2016). In functional experiments with zebrafish gcgrb and GLP-1 from diverse fish we find that anglerfish GLP-1a, encoded by gcga, is less biologically active than the gcgb anglerfish GLP-1b paralog. But some other fish (zebrafish, salmon, and catfish) gcga GLP-1a display similar biological activities, indicating that the regulation of glucose metabolism by GLP-1 in ray-finned fish is species-specific. Searches of genomes in cartilaginous fish identified a proglucagon gene that encodes a novel GLP-3 peptide in addition to glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2, as well as a single gcgr, glp2r, and a new glucagon receptor-like receptor whose identity still needs to be confirmed. The sequence of the shark GLP-1 contained an N-terminal mammalian-like extension that in mammals undergoes a proteolytic cleavage to release biologically active GLP-1. Our results indicate that early in vertebrate evolution diverse regulatory mechanisms emerged for the control of glucose metabolism by proglucagon-derived peptides and their receptors and that in ray-finned fish they included subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Svetlana Mojsov
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nilsson M, Gjedde A, Brock B, Gejl M, Rungby J. The effects of incretin hormones on cerebral glucose metabolism in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:243-250. [PMID: 29274367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones, notably glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are gluco-regulatory hormones with pleiotropic effects also in the central nervous system. Apart from a local production of GLP-1, systemic administration of the hormone has been shown to influence a number of cerebral pathologies, including neuroinflammation. Given the brains massive dependence on glucose as its major fuel, we here review the mechanistics of cerebral glucose transport and metabolism, focusing on the deleterious effects of both hypo- and hyperglycaemia. GLP-1, when administered as long-acting analogues or intravenously, appears to decrease transport of glucose in normoglycaemic conditions, without affecting the total cerebral glucose content. During hypoglycaemia this effect seems abated, whereas during hyperglycaemia GLP-1 regulates cerebral glucose metabolism towards stable levels resembling normoglycaemia. In Alzheimer's disease, a 6-month intervention with GLP-1 maintained cerebral glucose levels at baseline levels, contrasting the decline otherwise seen in Alzheimer's. Kinetic studies suggest blood-brain barrier (BBB) glucose transport as the key player in GLP-1 mediated effects on cerebral glucose metabolism. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Departments of Clinical Research, and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Gejl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Windeløv JA, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Kuhre RE, Jepsen SL, Hornburg D, Pedersen J, Jensen EP, Galsgaard KD, Winther-Sørensen M, Ørgaard A, Deacon CF, Mann M, Kissow H, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Why is it so difficult to measure glucagon-like peptide-1 in a mouse? Diabetologia 2017; 60:2066-2075. [PMID: 28669086 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In humans, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 to a relatively stable metabolite, GLP-1(9-36)NH2, which allows measurement of GLP-1 secretion. However, little is known about the kinetics of the GLP-1 metabolite in mice. We hypothesised that the GLP-1 metabolite is rapidly degraded in this species by neutral endopeptidase(s) (NEP[s]). METHODS We administered glucose, mixed meal or water orally to 256 mice, and took blood samples before and 2, 6, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 90 min after stimulation. To study the metabolism of the GLP-1 metabolite, i.v. GLP-1(9-36)NH2 (800 fmol) or saline (154 mmol/l NaCl) was administered to 160 mice, some of which had a prior injection of a selective NEP 24.11 ± inhibitor (candoxatril, 5 mg/kg) or saline. Blood was collected before and 1, 2, 4 and 12 min after GLP-1/saline injection. Plasma GLP-1 levels were analysed using a customised single-site C-terminal ELISA, two different two-site ELISAs and MS. RESULTS GLP-1 secretion profiles after oral glucose administration differed markedly when assayed by C-terminal ELISA compared with sandwich ELISAs, with the former showing a far higher peak value and AUC. In mice injected with GLP-1(9-36)NH2, immunoreactive GLP-1 plasma levels peaked at approximately 75 pmol/l at 1 min when measured with sandwich ELISAs, returning to baseline (~20 pmol/l) after 12 min, but remained elevated using the C-terminal ELISA (~90 pmol/l at 12 min). NEP 24.11 inhibition by candoxatril significantly attenuated GLP-1(9-36)NH2 degradation in vivo and in vitro. MS identified GLP-1 fragments consistent with NEP 24.11 degradation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In mice, the GLP-1 metabolite is eliminated within a few minutes owing to endoproteolytic cleavage by NEP 24.11. Therefore, accurate measurement of GLP-1 secretion in mice requires assays for NEP 24.11 metabolites. Conventional sandwich ELISAs are inadequate because of endoproteolytic cleavage of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4-generated metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanne A Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hornburg
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa P Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Ørgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Trahair LG, Marathe CS, Standfield S, Rayner CK, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Effects of small intestinal glucose on glycaemia, insulinaemia and incretin hormone release are load-dependent in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:225-232. [PMID: 27840416 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Studies concerning the glycaemic response to oral glucose, or meals in obesity have usually failed to account for gastric emptying. It has been suggested that the incretin effect may be diminished in obesity as a result of a reduction in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. We sought to determine the effect of two different rates of intraduodenal glucose infusions on glycaemic, insulinaemic and incretin hormone responses in lean and obese subjects and compare the effects of oral and intraduodenal glucose in obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS Eleven obese subjects (age 37.5±4.1 years, body mass index (BMI) 35.7±1.4 kg m-2) and 12 controls (age 34.7±4.0 years, BMI 23.9±0.7 kg m-2) received intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1 or 3 kcal min-1, or saline for 60 min (t=0-60 min), followed by intraduodenal saline (t=60-120 min). In obese subjects, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma total GLP-1 and total gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were measured. RESULTS In both the groups (P<0.001), the incremental areas under the curve (iAUC)0-60 min for glucose was greater with the 3 kcal min-1 than the 1 kcal min-1 infusion; the iAUC0-120 min for glucose during 3 kcal min-1 was greater (P<0.05), in the obese. Insulin responses to 1 kcal min-1 and, particularly, 3 kcal min-1 were greater (P<0.001) in the obese. Stimulation of GLP-1 and GIP were greater (P<0.001) in response to 3 kcal min-1, compared with 1 kcal min-1 and saline, without any difference between the groups. In the obese, glycaemic, insulinaemic and GIP, but not GLP-1, responses to oral and intraduodenal glucose were related (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The rate of duodenal glucose delivery is a major determinant of glycaemia, insulinaemia and incretin hormone release in obese subjects. Obesity is not apparently associated with impaired GLP-1 secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L G Trahair
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C S Marathe
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Standfield
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C K Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K L Jones
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Larsen MP, Torekov SS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes? J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:7583506. [PMID: 29082261 PMCID: PMC5610892 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7583506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incretin effect is impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes. AIM To assess the relation between the incretin hormone GLP-1 and the prediabetic subtypes: impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and the combined IFG/IGT to investigate whether a low GLP-1 response may be a predictor of prediabetes in adults. METHOD 298 articles were found using a broad search phrase on the PubMed database and after the assessment of titles and abstracts 19 articles were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies assessing i-IFG/IFG and i-IGT/IGT found both increased, unaltered, and reduced GLP-1 levels. Studies assessing IFG/IGT found unaltered or reduced GLP-1 levels. When assessing the five studies with the largest sample size, it clearly suggests a decreased GLP-1 response in IFG/IGT subjects. Several other factors (BMI, glucagon, age, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)), including medications (metformin), may also influence the secretion of GLP-1. CONCLUSION This review suggests that the GLP-1 response is a variable in prediabetes possibly due to a varying GLP-1-secreting profile during the development and progression of type 2 diabetes or difference in the measurement technique. Longitudinal prospective studies are needed to assess whether a reduced GLP-1 response is a predictor of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ploug Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Signe Sørensen Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bo S, Seletto M, Choc A, Ponzo V, Lezo A, Demagistris A, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Bertolino M, Cassader M, Gambino R. The acute impact of the intake of four types of bread on satiety and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglyceride and acylated ghrelin. A randomized controlled cross-over trial. Food Res Int 2016; 92:40-47. [PMID: 28290296 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to compare the effects of four different breads (one commercial par-baked wheat bread, three sourdough breads prepared with commercial wheat flour, organic wheat flour, organic einkorn flour) in 16 healthy subjects. The primary outcome of this randomized cross-over trial was evaluating intra-individual changes in glycemic areas-under-the-curve (AUCs) after 50g carbohydrate portions of each bread; secondary outcomes were changes in insulin, fatty free acids (FFA), triglyceride, acylated ghrelin and satiety AUCs. Blood samples and satiety ratings were collected every 30-min for 2-h after the consumption of each bread. The einkorn flour showed the lowest amylase activity, the commercial flour the highest; commercial bread had the highest carbohydrate content and the lowest dietary fiber content. Glucose AUCs were significantly lower after the consumption of sourdough breads made with organic (12,754±1433mg/dL×h) and einkorn flour (12,216±1210mg/dL×h), with respect to the commercial bread (13,849±2193mg/dL×h). Insulin AUCs decreased after the consumption of all sourdough breads when compared to commercial bread. FFA and triglyceride AUCs did not differ by kind of breads. Median ghrelin AUC was significantly lower and satiety higher after the einkorn bread (3710pg/mL×h; 3225±2414, respectively) than after commercial bread consumption (4140pg/mL×h; 1706±1766, respectively), but not with other sourdough breads. In conclusion, the use of sourdough may improve the nutritional features of breads; einkorn bread induced the least disturbance in carbohydrate homeostasis and the greater satiety. If confirmed by further research, these results might have implications in the approach towards chronic dysmetabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Seletto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - A Choc
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - V Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Lezo
- Unit of Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition, "OIRM-S. Anna Hospital -Città della Salute e della Scienza of Turin", Turin, Italy
| | - A Demagistris
- Unit of Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition, "Ordine Mauriziano" Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Evangelista
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, CPO, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Ciccone
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, CPO, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Bertolino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M Cassader
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Egholm C, Khammy MM, Dalsgaard T, Mazur A, Tritsaris K, Hansen AJ, Aalkjaer C, Dissing S. GLP-1 inhibits VEGFA-mediated signaling in isolated human endothelial cells and VEGFA-induced dilation of rat mesenteric arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1214-H1224. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00316.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1(1–36), and GLP-1(7–36) on vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA)-induced endothelium-dependent signaling and vasodilation. Our hypothesis was that GLP-1 released from intestinal l-cells modulates processes related to PLCγ activation, Src, and endothelial NOS (eNOS) signaling, thereby controlling endothelial vessel tone. By using RT-PCR analysis, we found mRNA for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC), human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, and rat arteries. In isolated rat mesenteric resistance arteries precontracted with the thromboxane analog U46619 to 80–90% of maximum contraction, VEGFA (25 ng/ml) caused a small and gradual relaxation (28.9 ± 3.9%). Pretreatment of arteries with either GLP-1(1–36) (500 nM) or GLP-1(7–36) (1 nM) abolished the VEGFA-induced relaxation. VEGFA-induced relaxations were also inhibited in endothelial-denuded arteries and in arteries pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM). In vivo studies on male Wistar rats also revealed that GLP-1(7–36) inhibited VEGFA-induced vasodilation of the same arteries. In isolated endothelial cells, GLP-1(1–36) and GLP-1(7–36) caused a reduction in VEGFA-induced phosphorylation of PLCγ. Ca2+ imaging of endothelial cells and rat mesenteric resistance arteries using fura-2, revealed that both GLP-1 analogs caused a reduction in VEGFA-induced Ca2+ signaling. GLP-1(1–36) also reduced VEGFA-induced eNOS phosphorylation in HDMEC. In conclusion, GLP-1 reduced relaxation induced by VEGFA in resistance arteries by inhibiting VEGFR2-mediated Ca2+ signaling and endothelial NO synthesis. GLP-1, on its own, also induced phosphorylation of Src and ERK1/2 that can lead to proliferation and is implicated in vessel permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Egholm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Makhala Michell Khammy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Dalsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra Mazur
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Katerina Tritsaris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anker J. Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Aalkjaer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Steen Dissing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Eelderink C, Noort MWJ, Sozer N, Koehorst M, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Rehfeld JF, Poutanen K, Vonk RJ, Oudhuis L, Priebe MG. The structure of wheat bread influences the postprandial metabolic response in healthy men. Food Funct 2016; 6:3236-48. [PMID: 26288992 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial high glucose and insulin responses after starchy food consumption, associated with an increased risk of developing several metabolic diseases, could possibly be improved by altering food structure. We investigated the influence of a compact food structure; different wheat products with a similar composition were created using different processing conditions. The postprandial glucose kinetics and metabolic response to bread with a compact structure (flat bread, FB) was compared to bread with a porous structure (control bread, CB) in a randomized, crossover study with ten healthy male volunteers. Pasta (PA), with a very compact structure, was used as the control. The rate of appearance of exogenous glucose (RaE), endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance rate (GCR) was calculated using stable isotopes. Furthermore, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, several intestinal hormones and bile acids were analyzed. The structure of FB was considerably more compact compared to CB, as confirmed by microscopy, XRT analysis (porosity) and density measurements. Consumption of FB resulted in lower peak glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (ns) responses and a slower initial RaE compared to CB. These variables were similar to the PA response, except for RaE which remained slower over a longer period after PA consumption. Interestingly, the GCR after FB was higher than expected based on the insulin response, indicating increased insulin sensitivity or insulin-independent glucose disposal. These results demonstrate that the structure of wheat bread can influence the postprandial metabolic response, with a more compact structure being more beneficial for health. Bread-making technology should be further explored to create healthier products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coby Eelderink
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Farr OM, Tsoukas MA, Triantafyllou G, Dincer F, Filippaios A, Ko BJ, Mantzoros CS. Short-term administration of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide decreases circulating leptin and increases GIP levels and these changes are associated with alterations in CNS responses to food cues: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Metabolism 2016; 65:945-53. [PMID: 27282865 PMCID: PMC4902873 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLP-1 agonists, including liraglutide, have emerged as effective therapies for type 2 diabetes (DM) and obesity. Here, we attempted to delineate how liraglutide, at doses approved for DM, may impact circulating hormones influencing energy homeostasis in diabetics. BASIC PROCEDURES Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of 20 patients with type 2 diabetes, we examined the effects of liraglutide as compared to placebo on fasting levels of circulating hormones important to energy homeostasis, including leptin, ghrelin, PYY, and GIP. After 17days (0.6mg for 7days, 1.2mg for 7days and 1.8mg for 3days) of treatment, we also studied changes in fMRI responses to food cues. MAIN FINDINGS By design, to avoid any confounding by weight changes, subjects were studied for 17days, i.e. before body weight changed. Participants on liraglutide had significantly increased GLP-1 levels (p<0.001), decreased percent change in leptin levels (p<0.01) and increased GIP levels (p<0.03) in comparison to placebo treated subjects. Whole brain regressions of functional activity in response to food cues reveal that increased GIP levels were associated with deactivation of the attention- and reward-related insula. Decreases in leptin levels were associated with activations in the reward-related midbrain, precuneus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and sensorimotor-related motor cortex and with deactivations in the attention-related parietal cortex and the cognitive control-related thalamus and pre-SMA. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate herein short-term changes to circulating levels of GIP and leptin in response to GLP-1 agonist liraglutide therapy. These findings suggest that liraglutide may alter the circulating levels of hormones important in energy homeostasis that, in turn, influence CNS perception of food cues. This could possibly lead to compensatory changes in energy homeostasis that could over time limit the efficacy of liraglutide to decrease body weight. These novel findings, which, pointing to the potential advantages of combination therapies, may have therapeutic implications, will need to be confirmed by larger and longer-term trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Michael A Tsoukas
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Georgios Triantafyllou
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Byung-Joon Ko
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Acute and short-term effects of caloric restriction on metabolic profile and brain activation in obese, postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1671-1678. [PMID: 27216819 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early anthropometric and metabolic changes during a caloric-restricted diet in obese postmenopausal women and correlations between these factors with activity in brain areas involved in processing of visual food related stimuli were investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS An 8-week prospective intervention study of 18 healthy postmenopausal women, with a body mass index of 30-35 kg m-2. The first 2 weeks subjects were on an isocaloric diet and 4 weeks on a 1000 kcal restricted diet followed by 2 weeks on an isocaloric diet. Anthropometric and laboratory analyses were performed weekly during the isocaloric diet and three times a week during the caloric-restricted diet. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained before and after the caloric restriction in four separate sessions (fasting or sated). Generalized Estimating Equations analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS A mean weight loss of 4.2±0.5 kg (4.8%) and a 4.2±0.4 cm decline in waist circumference were achieved. In the first week of caloric restriction, triglyceride, leptin, resistin and adiponectin levels as well as systolic blood pressure decreased and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 levels increased. During and after weight loss, a significant increase in ghrelin levels was observed. Before weight loss, increased activation of the right amygdala was seen in response to food stimuli, and free fatty acids and glucose correlated with activity in various areas involved in food reward processing. After weight loss, fasting ghrelin and sated leptin levels correlated with activity in these areas. CONCLUSIONS Already in the first week of caloric restriction in obese postmenopausal women, various favourable metabolic changes occur before clinically relevant weight loss is achieved. Activity in the amygdala region and correlations of metabolic factors with activity in brain areas involved in food reward processing differ substantially before and after weight loss.
Collapse
|
48
|
Plummer MP, Kar P, Cousins CE, Lange K, Chapman MJ, Nauck MA, Horowitz M, Meier JJ, Deane AM. The insulinotropic effect of pulsatile compared with continuous intravenous delivery of GLP-1. Diabetologia 2016; 59:966-9. [PMID: 26831299 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In healthy individuals, both insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are secreted in a pulsatile fashion. Insulin has greater glucose-lowering properties when administered in pulses compared with a constant i.v. infusion. The primary aim of this randomised double-dummy cross-over study was to compare the insulinotropic response to pulsatile and continuous i.v. infusions of equivalent doses of GLP-1. METHODS Twelve healthy participants aged 18-35 years were randomised to three different treatments on separate days: a continuous infusion day (GLP-1 at 0.6 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) [1 ml/min] and a 1 ml placebo bolus every 6 min); a pulsatile infusion day (placebo at 1 ml/min and a 3.6 pmol/kg GLP-1 bolus every 6 min); and a placebo day (placebo at 1 ml/min and a 1 ml placebo bolus every 6 min). Between 45 and 120 min, a hyperglycaemic clamp was used to maintain blood glucose at 9 mmol/l. Venous blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured every 5 min from 0 to 45 min and every 1 min from 45 to 120 min; plasma glucagon was measured every 15 min. The order of treatment was randomised by the Pharmacy Department and both study investigators and participants were blinded to the treatment arm. The dextrose requirement and glucagon data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and insulin data were analysed with a linear mixed effects maximum likelihood model. RESULTS Continuous and pulsatile infusions of GLP-1 increased the dextrose requirement by ~threefold (p < 0.001) and increased insulin secretion by ~ninefold (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the effect of both treatments. Although hyperglycaemia reduced plasma glucagon concentrations, there was no difference between the treatment days. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In healthy individuals, pulsatile and continuous administration of i.v. GLP-1 appears to have comparable insulinotropic effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12612001040853 FUNDING: This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Plummer
- Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Intensive Care Research Unit, Level 4 Emergency Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Palash Kar
- Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Intensive Care Research Unit, Level 4 Emergency Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Caroline E Cousins
- Intensive Care Research Unit, Level 4 Emergency Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marianne J Chapman
- Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Intensive Care Research Unit, Level 4 Emergency Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael A Nauck
- Division of Diabetes and GI Endocrinology, University Hospital St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Juris J Meier
- Division of Diabetes and GI Endocrinology, University Hospital St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adam M Deane
- Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Intensive Care Research Unit, Level 4 Emergency Block, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Song P, Onishi A, Koepsell H, Vallon V. Sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1109-25. [PMID: 26998950 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1168808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycemic control is important in diabetes mellitus to minimize the progression of the disease and the risk of potentially devastating complications. Inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 induces glucosuria and has been established as a new anti-hyperglycemic strategy. SGLT1 plays a distinct and complementing role to SGLT2 in glucose homeostasis and, therefore, SGLT1 inhibition may also have therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the physiology of SGLT1 in the small intestine and kidney and its pathophysiological role in diabetes. The therapeutic potential of SGLT1 inhibition, alone as well as in combination with SGLT2 inhibition, for anti-hyperglycemic therapy are discussed. Additionally, this review considers the effects on other SGLT1-expressing organs like the heart. EXPERT OPINION SGLT1 inhibition improves glucose homeostasis by reducing dietary glucose absorption in the intestine and by increasing the release of gastrointestinal incretins like glucagon-like peptide-1. SGLT1 inhibition has a small glucosuric effect in the normal kidney and this effect is increased in diabetes and during inhibition of SGLT2, which deliver more glucose to SGLT1 in late proximal tubule. In short-term studies, inhibition of SGLT1 and combined SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition appeared to be safe. More data is needed on long-term safety and cardiovascular consequences of SGLT1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panai Song
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Akira Onishi
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- e Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute , University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Volker Vallon
- a Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA.,b VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,f Department of Pharmacology , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahlkvist L, Omar B, Pacini G, Ahrén B. Evidence for neural contribution to islet effects of DPP-4 inhibition in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:46-52. [PMID: 26997369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that neural mechanisms may contribute to effects of the incretin hormones, and, therefore, also to the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibition. We therefore examined whether muscarinic mechanisms are involved in the stimulation of insulin secretion by DPP-4 inhibition. Fasted, anesthetized mice were given intraperitoneal saline or the muscarinic antagonist atropine (5mg/kg) before duodenal glucose (75mg/mouse), with or without the DPP-4 inhibitor NVPDPP728 (0.095mg/mouse), or before intravenous glucose (0.35g/kg) with or without co-administration with GLP-1 or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (both 3nmol/kg). Furthermore, isolated islets were incubated (1h) in 2.8 and 11.1mM glucose, with or without GIP or GLP-1 (both 100nM), in the presence or absence of atropine (100µM). Duodenal glucose increased circulating insulin and this effect was potentiated by DPP-4 inhibition. The increase in insulin achieved by DPP-4 inhibition was reduced by atropine by approximately 35%. Duodenal glucose also elicited an increase in circulating intact GLP-1 and GIP and this was augmented by DPP-4 inhibition, but these effects were not affected by atropine. Atropine did also not affect the augmentation by GLP-1 and GIP on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated islets. Based on these findings, we suggest that muscarinic mechanisms contribute to the stimulation of insulin secretion by DPP-4 inhibition through neural effects induced by GLP-1 and GIP whereas neural effects do not affect the levels of GLP-1 or GIP or the islet effects of the two incretin hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ahlkvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bilal Omar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|