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Chang W, Zhang C. Revisiting the Prevalence of Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among Ethnic Minority Immigrant Gay, Bisexual Men, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in North America: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Immigr Minor Health 2024:10.1007/s10903-024-01629-y. [PMID: 39212816 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-024-01629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Unhealthy alcohol use is a significant public health concern among ethnic minority immigrant gay, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in North America. The definition of unhealthy alcohol use is any use that increases the risk of health consequences or has already led to negative health consequences. Despite its association with various health problems, this issue remains understudied in this population. Therefore, we aim to synthesize key findings to provide the prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use and related factors among this population in North America. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in multiple scientific databases to identify studies on alcohol use among ethnic minority immigrant GBMSM. Using random-effect modeling strategies, we aggregate and weigh the individual estimates, providing a pooled prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use within this population. Our review included 20 articles with 2971 participants (i.e., 53% were Latino, 45% were Asian/Pacific Islanders, and 2% were African). The meta-analysis revealed that 64% (95% CI 0.50, 0.78) of the participants reported recent alcohol use, while 44% (95% CI 0.30, 0.59) engaged in unhealthy alcohol use. Co-occurring health issues identified in the studies are other substance use (32%; 95% CI 0.21, 0.45), positive HIV status (39%; 95% CI 0.14, 0.67), and mental health issues (39%; 95% CI 0.21, 0.58). We also identified several factors associated with unhealthy alcohol use, including risky sexual behaviors, experiences of discrimination based on race and sexual orientation, and experiences of abuse. However, meta-regression results revealed no statistically significant associations between alcohol use and co-occurring health problems. This is the first study to systematically review unhealthy alcohol use among ethnic minority immigrant GBMSM. Despite the high burden of alcohol use, there is a dearth of research among Asian and African GBMSM. Our findings underscore the need for more research in these groups and provide insights to inform targeted clinical prevention and early intervention strategies to mitigate the adverse consequences of unhealthy alcohol use among ethnic minority immigrant GBMSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonkyung Chang
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 255 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 255 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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2
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Doorley JD, Hooker JE, Briskin EA, Bakhshaie J, Vranceanu AM. Perceived discrimination and problematic opioid use among Black individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:397-404. [PMID: 38059948 PMCID: PMC11116081 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is prevalent, burdensome, and associated with an increased risk for opioid use disorder. Evidence suggests that perceived racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with problematic substance use among Black individuals, but studies have not focused on problematic opioid use among Black individuals with CMP specifically or explored the contribution of perceived discrimination, pain intensity, and pain-relevant psychological factors to this association. METHOD We recruited 401 Black individuals (Mage = 35.98, 51.9% female) with self-reported CMP and prescription opioid use. We tested whether perceived discrimination (a) was associated with self-reported problematic opioid use and (b) explained unique variance in this outcome after accounting for pain intensity, demographic factors, and psychological factors previously implicated in problematic opioid/substance use (distress tolerance and pain avoidance). RESULTS Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that our model as a whole explained significant variance in problematic opioid use, R² = .30, F(6, 394) = 28.66, p < .001. Perceived discrimination specifically was associated with more problematic opioid use (β = .39, SE = .05, p < .001) and explained unique variance in this outcome even after accounting for pain intensity (β = .06, SE = .04, p = .20), distress tolerance (β = -.10, SE = .05, p = .04), pain avoidance (β = .12, SE = .05, p = .02), age (β = -.10, SE = .05, p < .05), and employment status (β = .13, SE = .11, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Systemic efforts to combat racism along with individualized therapeutic approaches to process and cope with perceived racial discrimination may be particularly important to prevent and reduce problematic opioid use among Black individuals with CMP. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Doorley
- Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research (CHOIR), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia E. Hooker
- Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research (CHOIR), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellie A. Briskin
- Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research (CHOIR), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research (CHOIR), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research (CHOIR), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Hernandez-Vallant A, Votaw VR, Herron JL, Stein ER, Swan JE, Ulrich DM, Blackwell MA, McCrady BS. A clinical science guide for reviewing the cross-cultural rigor of assessments in an alcohol training clinic. Psychol Serv 2024; 21:305-316. [PMID: 36689373 PMCID: PMC10363250 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A standard component of service delivery in alcohol treatment clinics is evidence-based assessment (EBA). Although EBA is essential for selecting appropriate treatment modalities for alcohol use and associated problems, there are limitations in existing EBAs concerning evidence of cultural equivalence and utility among individuals seeking alcohol treatment. However, training in EBA, addictions, and clinical applications with diverse populations all are gaps in clinical training in doctoral programs in clinical psychology. The present work used the clinical science model to review the psychometric properties, cross-cultural utility, and measurement invariance of measures in an assessment battery used in an alcohol treatment training clinic. This article describes the results of that review, recommendations for retaining or replacing common assessment measures used in alcohol treatment clinics, and recommendations for alcohol treatment clinics interested in engaging in similar processes. Findings suggested that more research is needed to evaluate the psychometric properties of EBAs utilized in an alcohol treatment assessment battery, particularly among American Indian and Alaska Native people, and to test measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and other identity groups in alcohol treatment-seeking populations. Overall, routine reviews of cultural relevance are needed in clinical settings to stay current with the emerging literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hernandez-Vallant
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | - Victoria R. Votaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | - Jalene L. Herron
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | - Elena R. Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | - Julia E. Swan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
| | | | | | - Barbara S. McCrady
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
- Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions, University of New Mexico
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4
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Mahrs-Gould R, Jallo N, Svikis D, Ameringer S, Robins J, Elswick RK. Family history of substance problems among African Americans: Associations with drug use, drug use disorder, and prescription drug misuse. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38530153 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2024.2331108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A family history of substance problems is a well-known risk factor for substance use and use disorders; however, much of this research has been conducted in studies with predominantly White subjects. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between family history density of substance problems and drug use, risk for drug use disorder, and prescription drug misuse in a sample of African American adults. Results indicate that family history density of substance problems increased the risk for all drug outcomes in the full sample. However, when subgroup analyses by gender were conducted, family history was not a risk factor among men for prescription drug misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Jallo
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dace Svikis
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jo Robins
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - R K Elswick
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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5
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Hong S, Walton B, Kim HW, Rhee TG. Predicting the Behavioral Health Needs of Asian Americans in Public Mental Health Treatment: A Classification Tree Approach. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023; 50:630-643. [PMID: 36988832 PMCID: PMC10052246 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the fact that experiencing pandemic-related hardship and racial discrimination worsen Asian Americans' mental health, this study aimed to identify unique characteristics of behavioral health needs among Asian Americans (N = 544) compared to White Americans (N = 78,704) and Black Americans (N = 11,252) who received publicly funded behavioral health services in Indiana before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used 2019-2020 Adults Needs and Strengths Assessment (ANSA) data for adults eligible for Medicaid or funding from the state behavioral health agency. Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) was used to detect race-specific differences among demographic variables, the pandemic status, and ANSA items. Results indicated that, regardless of age, gender, or pandemic status, Asian Americans who received behavioral health services, struggled more with cultural-related factors compared to White and Black individuals. Within this context, intersections among behavioral/emotional needs (psychosis), life functioning needs (involvement in recovery, residential stability, decision making, medical/physical health), and strengths (job history, interpersonal, and spiritual) further differentiated the mental health functioning of Asian from White and Black Americans. Classification tree algorithms offer a promising approach to detecting complex behavioral health challenges and strengths of populations based on race, ethnicity, or other characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saahoon Hong
- Indiana University School of Social Work, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Betty Walton
- Indiana University School of Social Work, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hea-Won Kim
- Indiana University School of Social Work, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taeho Greg Rhee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Mouton C, Hughes JS, Olson JN. Using Drugs or Non-Drugs Alternatives to Alter Mental States in the Online, Virtual Era. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1324-1332. [PMID: 37287394 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2201938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: In the 1970s a body of literature was generated advocating the alternatives approach for drug misuse prevention and rehabilitation which encouraged healthy nonchemical behaviors leading to reinforcing moods. Although this behaviorally oriented approach was overshadowed with the popularity of cognitive therapy in the 1980s, many of the recommended alternative behaviors remain embedded in cognitive approaches for drug misuse prevention and rehabilitation. One objective of the present study was to replicate, in part, two studies conducted in the 1970s which examined usage patterns of non-drug alternatives. A second objective was to explore of the use of newer technologies like the internet and the smartphone to alter emotional states. A third objective was to examine perceived stress and discrimination experiences on preferences for drug and non-drug alternatives. Methods: Three questionnaires were administered: use of drugs and non-drug alternatives in response to everyday emotions; the Everyday Discrimination Scale; and the Perceived Stress Scale. A total of 483 adults participated; their mean age was 39 years. Results: The results revealed that non-drug alternatives were preferred to drugs in treating experiences of anxiety, depression, and hostility, and to induce pleasure. Drugs were used most often to deal with pain. Experiences of discrimination increased perceptions of stress, and stress, in turn, affected the use of drugs to cope with a range of emotions. Social media and virtual activities were not preferred methods for altering negative moods. Conclusions: Social media may actually be a contributor or cause of distress, rather than a means for reducing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Mouton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Jamie S Hughes
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - James N Olson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
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Carvajal MJ, Twahir A, Popovici I. Gender and ethnic disparities in students' perceptions of how different groups of persons suspected of possessing and/or selling illegal drugs are treated in the criminal justice system. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37139859 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2206800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomics status are disproportionately more likely to be detained, arrested, and convicted and receive longer sentences for drug offenses. This article explores gender and ethnic differentials among college students' perceptions on the criminal justice treatment of different gender, ethnic, and income groups applied to alleged drug offenders. It uses survey data provided by students at a large public university in South Florida. A two-way classification model examines the nature of disparities in perceptions. Students perceive widespread ethnic inequalities and female and Black students perceive greater disparities in the criminal justice system for all disadvantaged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Assma Twahir
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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8
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Yan Y, Yoshihama M, Hong JS, Jia F. Substance Use Among Asian American Adults in 2016-2020: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis of a National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:671-679. [PMID: 36996372 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare substance use among Asian American adults in 2020, when anti-Asian violence increased, with substance use among the same group during the previous 4 years and compare this with that of non-Hispanic Whites. Methods. Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016 to 2020, we investigated changes in substance use among Asian Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed difference-in-difference analyses to estimate adjusted changes in past-month substance use in the 2 groups. Results. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) among Asian Americans' past-month alcohol use, cocaine use, and tranquilizer misuse in 2020 versus in 2016 to 2019 was 1.3 times, 3.0 times, and 17.2 times, respectively, the same IRR among Whites. Conclusions. The significant increase in misuse of several substances among Asian Americans relative to Whites in 2020 calls for careful assessment, identification, and treatment of this understudied population group. Public Health Implications. Besides increasing Asian substance users' access to socioculturally responsive treatment programs, policy and resources should be focused on multilevel violence prevention efforts such as antiracial discrimination public education programs. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print March 30, 2023:e1-e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307256).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Yan
- Yueqi Yan is with the Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced. Mieko Yoshihama is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Jun Sung Hong is with the School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and the Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. Fan Jia is with the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Mieko Yoshihama
- Yueqi Yan is with the Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced. Mieko Yoshihama is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Jun Sung Hong is with the School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and the Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. Fan Jia is with the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- Yueqi Yan is with the Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced. Mieko Yoshihama is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Jun Sung Hong is with the School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and the Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. Fan Jia is with the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Fan Jia
- Yueqi Yan is with the Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced. Mieko Yoshihama is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Jun Sung Hong is with the School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, and the Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. Fan Jia is with the Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
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9
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Cénat JM, Kogan CS, Kebedom P, Ukwu G, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Darius WP, Mulopo Bakombo S, Dalexis RD, Ndengeyingoma A, Noorishad PG, Labelle PR. Prevalence and risk factors associated with psychostimulant use among Black individuals: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107567. [PMID: 36521424 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine) are among the most widely used drugs globally with detrimental short and long-term physical, psychological and social consequences. There is limited data on psychostimulant use for various racial and ethnic groups, including Black people, and the challenges they face living as minorities overcoming historical challenges including increased incarceration associated with drug possession. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were identified in five databases (APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE). Eligible studies were published in French or English, provided empiral data on psychostimulant use in Black individuals living in a minority context. The PRISMA guideline was used for structuring the review. Random-effects meta-analyses were generated to estimate the pooled prevalence of lifetime and periodic psychostimulant use among Black individuals using STATA 16. RESULTS Sixty-three studies published from 1991 to 2022 with a sample size of 139,683 Black individuals were included in the current meta-analysis. Results indicate a pooled prevalence estimate of 11.4% for any form of psychostimulant use among Black individuals. The pooled prevalence estimates were 12.4% (95% CI, 8.4% - 16.4%) for cocaine, 8.3% (95% CI, 0% - 19.1%) for amphetamines, and 11.4% (95% CI, 4.6% - 18.1%) for other stimulants. Prediction intervals for all psychostimulant types were highly heterogenous ranging from 0% to as high as 51.2% for amphetamine suggesting prevalence of use in some studies of Black people could be found to be as low as zero. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine differences between age groups, gender, reference period, and type of assessment. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence rates of psychostimulant use among Black people argues for greater access to evidence-based treatments. However, current psychosocial interventions are suboptimal, warranting further study. Consideration needs to be given to the challenges of the large range of prediction intervals, living in urban areas, racial discrimination experiences, race-based stress, and sociodemographic characteristics, including poverty, education level, age, gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philmona Kebedom
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gloria Ukwu
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wina Paul Darius
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assumpta Ndengeyingoma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Jones DM, Masyn KE, Spears CA. Discrimination, psychological functioning, and substance use among U.S. young adults aged 18-28, 2017. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:884-896. [PMID: 34398638 PMCID: PMC9134875 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test whether (a) discrimination is associated with past 30-day/current alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use among Black and White U.S. adults aged 18-28, (b) psychological distress (PD) and positive well-being (PW) are mediators of the discrimination-substance use relationships, and (c) the associations are moderated by race and sex. Using data from a 2017 U.S. nationally representative survey we conducted multiple-group moderated mediation analyses among 2,192 young adults aged 18-28 (508 Black males, 594 Black females, 533 White males, 557 White females). Black males had higher discrimination, Whites had higher PW, and females had higher PD scores. Discrimination was positively associated with PD and negatively associated with PW. Among all groups, discrimination was positively associated with other illicit drug (direct and indirect), and marijuana use through PD. Indirect effects were stronger among White males for other illicit drugs and Black males for marijuana. The indirect effect of discrimination and alcohol use through PW was positive for Black females and negative for all other groups examined. Among Black males only, discrimination was positively associated with cigarette and alcohol use through PD (positive) and cigarette smoking through PW (negative). This study highlights the negative influence of perceived discrimination on current licit and illicit substance use among Black and White young adults. Our results suggest that this relationship may be partially mediated by PD and PW, especially among Black male young adults. Future discrimination and substance use studies should consider potential mediation effects of poor mental health and differences by race and sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M. Jones
- Center for the Study of Tobacco, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Katherine E. Masyn
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
| | - Claire Adams Spears
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University
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11
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Ifatunji MA, Faustin Y, Lee W, Wallace D. Black Nativity and Health Disparities: A Research Paradigm for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9166. [PMID: 35954520 PMCID: PMC9367942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After more than a century of research and debate, the scientific community has yet to reach agreement on the principal causes of racialized disparities in population health. This debate currently centers on the degree to which "race residuals" are a result of unobserved differences in the social context or unobserved differences in population characteristics. The comparative study of native and foreign-born Black populations represents a quasi-experimental design where race is "held constant". Such studies present a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the social determinants of population health disparities. Since native and foreign-born Black populations occupy different sociocultural locations, and since populations with greater African ancestry have greater genetic diversity, comparative studies of these populations will advance our understanding of the complex relationship between sociocultural context, population characteristics and health outcomes. Therefore, we offer a conceptual framing for the comparative study of native and foreign-born Blacks along with a review of 208 studies that compare the mental and physical health of these populations. Although there is some complexity, especially with respect to mental health, the overall pattern is that foreign-born Blacks have better health outcomes than native-born Blacks. After reviewing these studies, we conclude with suggestions for future studies in this promising area of social and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- Departments of African American Studies and Sociology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yanica Faustin
- Department of Public Health Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA;
| | - Wendy Lee
- Department of Sociology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 54706, USA;
| | - Deshira Wallace
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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12
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Kupka P, Petruželka B, Walach V. Illicit drug use and exposure in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Czechia: policy representations and evidence. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022; 21:662-686. [PMID: 32701039 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use and illicit drug exposure in disadvantaged ("Roma") and more affluent neighborhoods in Czechia. The results of a survey among populations of both types of neighborhoods suggest no statistically significant difference between the two in terms of the overall lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use; however, lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use proved higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The population of disadvantaged neighborhoods has also lower chances to use LSD during their lifetime. Further differences were identified in drug exposure, with the population of more affluent neighborhoods being more frequently exposed to illicit drugs than the population of disadvantaged neighborhoods. The predictors of drug use and drug exposure were partially different for both populations. In the disadvantaged population, drug use was revealed, among other predictors, to be associated with housing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kupka
- University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czechia
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13
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Irby-Shasanmi A, Erving CL. Do Discrimination and Negative Interactions with Family Explain the Relationship between Interracial Relationship Status and Mental Disorder? SOCIUS: SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FOR A DYNAMIC WORLD 2022; 8. [PMID: 36303609 PMCID: PMC9601714 DOI: 10.1177/23780231221124852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using the stress process model, the authors investigate whether individuals in interracial relationships experience greater risk for past-year mood and anxiety disorder compared with their same-race relationship counterparts. The authors also assess interracial relationship status differences in external stressors (i.e., discrimination and negative interactions with family) and whether stress exposure explains mental disorder differences between individuals in interracial versus same-race romantic partnerships. Data are from the National Survey of American Life (2001–2003). Results show that individuals in interracial relationships are at greater risk for anxiety disorder (but not mood disorder) relative to those in same-race relationships. Interracially partnered individuals also report more discrimination from the public and greater negative interactions with family. External stressors partially explain the higher risk for anxiety disorder among individuals in interracial partnerships. This study addresses a void in the literature on discrimination, family relationships, and health for the growing population of individuals in interracial unions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Irby-Shasanmi
- Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Nicholson HL, Wheeler PB, Smith NC, Alawode OA. Examining the Relationship between Discrimination and Prescription Drug Misuse: Findings from a National Survey of Black Americans. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1014-1021. [PMID: 35395923 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2052096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research shows that substance use may be a way individuals cope with psychosocial stressors. Less is known about whether discrimination contributes to prescription drug misuse. Methods: Using a national sample of Black Americans, we examined whether two psychosocial stressors (i.e., everyday and lifetime major discrimination) were associated with lifetime prescription drug misuse (i.e., opioids, tranquilizers, sedatives, or stimulants). Results: Our logistic regression models separately examining the influence of everyday and major discrimination controlling for relevant demographic, health, and other drug use variables showed that only everyday discrimination was associated with higher odds of prescription drug misuse. In the model simultaneously considering both types of discrimination, only unit increases in everyday discrimination were associated with higher odds of prescription drug misuse. Conclusions: Encounters with everyday discrimination may be an important psychosocial stressor linked to prescription drug misuse in Black adults and possibly other racial-ethnic minorities. Intervention strategies aiming to reduce prescription drug misuse should consider developing ways to curb the negative health-related consequences of discriminatory experiences. Strategies to combat discrimination-related prescription drug misuse and limitations of this study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paris B Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Oluwatobi A Alawode
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Buckner JD, Glover NI, Shepherd JM, Zvolensky MJ. Racial Discrimination and Hazardous Drinking among Black Drinkers: The Role of Social Anxiety in the Minority Stress Model. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 57:256-262. [PMID: 34789059 PMCID: PMC9153382 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Black Americans who consume alcohol experience worse alcohol-related outcomes. Thus, identifying psycho-sociocultural factors that play a role in hazardous drinking among Black individuals is vital to informing prevention and treatment efforts to reduce these disparities. Racial discrimination is related to hazardous drinking among Black adults, suggesting that some may drink (and continue to drink despite drinking-related problems) to alleviate negative affect (e.g., depression, anxiety) associated with discrimination. Yet, despite the social nature of both racial discrimination and drinking, no known research has examined the role of social anxiety in the relations among racial discrimination experiences and hazardous drinking. Method: Participants were 164 Black current drinking undergraduates. Results: Racial discrimination was significantly, positively correlated with hazardous drinking, depression, and social anxiety. Discrimination was indirectly related to hazardous drinking via social anxiety, but not depression. Further, discrimination was indirectly related to hazardous drinking via social anxiety alone and via the sequential effects of social anxiety and drinking to cope, but not via coping motives alone. It was also related to hazardous drinking via the sequential effects of depression and drinking to cope but not depression alone. Alternative model testing indicated that social anxiety was not related to hazardous drinking via discrimination, strengthening confidence in directionality of proposed relations. Conclusions: Negative affect (social anxiety, depression) appears to be related to hazardous drinking among those who experience more discrimination due in part to drinking to cope. Social anxiety plays an important role in the relation between discrimination and hazardous drinking among Black adults.
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Brown P, Watts V, Hanna M, Rizk M, Tucker E, Saddlemire A, Peteet B. Two Epidemics and a Pandemic: The Collision of Prescription Drug Misuse and Racism during COVID-19. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 53:413-421. [PMID: 34694200 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1992048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and prescription drug misuse (PDM) among Asian, Black, and Latinx Americans during the COVID-19 crisis. U.S. racial/ethnic minorities may have been uniquely affected by two national and one global pandemic: the opioid crisis, racism, and COVID-19. Opioid death rates increased among many groups prior to the pandemic. This country witnessed an increase in racialized acts against people of color across the spectrum in the spring and summer months of the world's COVID-19 outbreak. While studies have shown a clear link between perceived racial discrimination and substance abuse outside of the global pandemic, no identified studies have done so against the backdrop of a global health pandemic. Separate hierarchical regressions revealed a significant association between perceived racial discrimination and PDM for Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinx individuals. Findings build on the scant literature on PDM in diverse samples and establish a relationship between perceived racial discrimination and PDM, as previously identified for other abused substances. Future post-pandemic substance misuse interventions should consider the influence of perceived racial discrimination as they help individuals recover from the aftermath of this stressful trifecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brown
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - V Watts
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - M Hanna
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - M Rizk
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - E Tucker
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - A Saddlemire
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - B Peteet
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Sartor CE, Woerner J, Haeny AM. The contributions of everyday and major experiences of racial discrimination to current alcohol use and regular smoking in Black adults: Considering variation by demographic characteristics and family history. Addict Behav 2021; 114:106711. [PMID: 33153774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial discrimination has consistently been linked to elevated alcohol use and smoking in Black adults, but the independent contributions of everyday and major experiences of discrimination have rarely been investigated. The present study aimed to identify variation in magnitude of the links between each type of racial discrimination with current frequency of alcohol use and regular smoking by demographic characteristics and family history of problem drinking/regular smoking in Black adults in the U.S. METHODS Data were drawn from 4462 adults (29.40% Afro Caribbean, 70.60% African American; 63.20% female) in a nationally representative sample of Black Americans. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict current frequency of alcohol use and regular smoking using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) and Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale (MEDS), testing for interactions with demographic characteristics and family history. RESULTS In the alcohol model, an EDS by education level interaction was observed: OR = 1.04 (CI:1.02-1.07) for < high school; OR = 0.95 (CI:0.92-0.98) for ≥ high school. MEDS was independently associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.11, CI:1.04-1.18). In the smoking model, EDS was associated with elevated risk (OR = 1.03, CI:1.01-1.04) and a MEDS by age cohort interaction was observed: OR = 1.24 (CI:1.11-1.38) for <age 45; OR = 1.07 (CI:0.97-1.19) for ages 45-65. CONCLUSIONS Everyday and major experiences of racial discrimination contribute independently to both alcohol use and regular smoking in Black adults, with some variation by education level and age. Differentiating everyday from major experiences of discrimination in studies of mechanisms linking racial discrimination to substance use will enhance their informativeness for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Woerner
- Departments of Psychology and Sociology, University of Central Florida, 4297 Andromeda Loop N., Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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18
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Riley TN, Clifton RL, Khazvand S, Zapolski TCB. Discrimination and Substance Use: Examining the Moderating Role of Impulsivity among Racial-Ethnic Minority Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:897-904. [PMID: 33759684 PMCID: PMC8868491 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on substance use among racial-ethnic minority populations notes that discrimination experiences predict substance use outcomes. Individual-level factors, such as impulsivity, are also known risk factors for substance use. However, little is known about the direct and interaction effects between discrimination experiences and impulsivity among racial-ethnic minority youth. The current study examines the effects of perceived experiences of discrimination on alcohol and marijuana use among racial-ethnic minority youth, and whether individual differences in impulsivity traits help to further understand potential risk for substance use. METHODS Participants were 112 racial-ethnic minority adolescents (Mage = 15.27; African American, Hispanic, Multiracial, Native American/Alaskan Native, or Other). Adolescents completed self-report measures of perceived experiences of discrimination, alcohol and marijuana use (past year occurrence and problematic use), and five impulsivity traits (i.e., sensation seeking, lack of planning, lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and positive urgency). RESULTS A significant main effect of perceived discrimination on problem marijuana use was found, as well as a significant main effect of lack of premeditation on current marijuana use. Several marginally significant main effects emerged for alcohol use and problem alcohol use (i.e., positive urgency and sensation seeking, respectively). CONCLUSION While no significant moderation effects emerged, marginal findings suggest a potential interactive effect of discrimination and impulsivity traits on problem alcohol and marijuana use among racial-ethnic minority youth. Further research is needed in this area to replicate findings, which is critical to informing effective intervention and prevention efforts for this population of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennisha N Riley
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Richelle L Clifton
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shirin Khazvand
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Mattingly DT, Fleischer NL, Colston DC, Mezuk B. Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among African American and Afro-Caribbean adults: Results from the National Survey of American Life. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:1-20. [PMID: 33135969 PMCID: PMC8428662 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1836700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and patterns of substance use. Data come from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life (N = 3,589). PRD was derived from the Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale. Multinomial logistic regression estimated the relationship between PRD and patterns of substance use (i.e., never/former, single-substance, dual-substance, and polysubstance [3+ substances]) based on six substances; effect modification by ethnicity and sex was assessed by stratification. Study findings indicated that PRD was associated with greater odds of lifetime and current polysubstance use. Results from the effect modification analyses suggested differential associations by ethnicity and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T. Mattingly
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David C. Colston
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Briana Mezuk
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Glass JE, Williams EC, Oh H. Racial/ethnic discrimination and alcohol use disorder severity among United States adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108203. [PMID: 32810836 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racism, and resultant racial/ethnic discrimination is a ubiquitous social determinant of health that is linked to adverse alcohol-related outcomes. To our knowledge, no studies have examined whether manifestations of racial/ethnic discrimination increase risk of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) severity levels. METHODS Analyses were conducted among 17,115 racial/ethnic minority respondents of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol-Related Conditions III (NESARC-III), a cross-sectional survey fielded in 2012-2013. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between measures of racial/ethnic discrimination and past-year AUD severity levels following the DSM-5 definition, while adjusting for poverty thresholds set by the U.S. Census Bureau, and race/ethnicity (American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; Black or African American; Hispanic or Latino). We also evaluated whether associations between discrimination and AUD severity varied by poverty status and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Covariate-adjusted multinomial logistic regressions suggested that in comparison to those who did not experience discrimination, those who experienced discrimination had a 1.5-fold greater risk of mild AUD, a 1.6-fold greater risk of moderate AUD, and a 2.3-fold greater risk of severe AUD. We found no evidence to suggest that the strength of the association between racial/ethnic discrimination and AUD severity varied across race/ethnic group or poverty status. CONCLUSIONS Experience of racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with greater AUD severity in the U.S. regardless of one's specific racial/ethnic group membership or poverty status. Strategies to reduce risk for severe AUD should include efforts to minimize the occurrence and impact of interpersonal and institutional racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Glass
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA, 98101, United States.
| | - Emily C Williams
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States; Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, 1149 Hill St Suite 1422, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, United States
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Cheers to Equality! Both Hostile and Benevolent Sexism Predict Increases in College Women's Alcohol Consumption. SEX ROLES 2020; 83:675-684. [PMID: 34326567 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on research suggesting that alcohol consumption can be used as a means of coping with negative affect (Cooper, Frone, Russell, & Mudar, 1995), the current study examines sexism as a factor in college women's alcohol consumption. Despite being more prevalent than hostile sexism, benevolent sexism is often viewed as less sexist (Oswald, Baalbaki, & Kirkman, 2018) and having a less aversive impact on women (Bosson, Pinel, & Vandello, 2010). To increase understanding of the negative effects of both hostile and benevolent sexism, the current study experimentally manipulated sexism during a lab session and measured 176 U.S. college women's actual alcohol consumption that evening. As predicted, college women who experienced either the hostile or the benevolent sexism condition reported consuming a greater number of alcoholic drinks, and those in the hostile sexism condition were more likely to meet the binge drinking threshold than participants in the control condition. This pattern suggests the importance of examining the unique effects of benevolent sexism in addition to hostile sexism because both may influence women's behavior even in important health domains. Given the many negative consequences associated with alcohol consumption, our results provide evidence for education on healthy coping mechanisms and interventions to reduce both hostile and benevolent sexism.
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Pandey G, Seay MJ, Meyers JL, Chorlian DB, Pandey AK, Kamarajan C, Ehrenberg M, Pitti D, Kinreich S, Subbie-Saenz de Viteri S, Acion L, Anokhin A, Bauer L, Chan G, Edenberg H, Hesselbrock V, Kuperman S, McCutcheon VV, Bucholz KK, Schuckit M, Porjesz B. Density and Dichotomous Family History Measures of Alcohol Use Disorder as Predictors of Behavioral and Neural Phenotypes: A Comparative Study Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:697-710. [PMID: 31957047 PMCID: PMC8357185 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history (FH) is an important risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). A variety of dichotomous and density measures of FH have been used to predict alcohol outcomes; yet, a systematic comparison of these FH measures is lacking. We compared 4 density and 4 commonly used dichotomous FH measures and examined variations by gender and race/ethnicity in their associations with age of onset of regular drinking, parietal P3 amplitude to visual target, and likelihood of developing AUD. METHODS Data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) were utilized to compute the density and dichotomous measures. Only subjects and their family members with DSM-5 AUD diagnostic information obtained through direct interviews using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) were included in the study. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of FH measures at classifying DSM-5 AUD diagnosis. Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations of FH measures with alcohol outcomes. RESULTS Density measures had greater diagnostic accuracy at classifying AUD diagnosis, whereas dichotomous measures presented diagnostic accuracy closer to random chance. Both dichotomous and density measures were significantly associated with likelihood of AUD, early onset of regular drinking, and low parietal P3 amplitude, but density measures presented consistently more robust associations. Further, variations in these associations were observed such that among males (vs. females) and Whites (vs. Blacks), associations of alcohol outcomes with density (vs. dichotomous) measures were greater in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Density (vs. dichotomous) measures seem to present more robust associations with alcohol outcomes. However, associations of dichotomous and density FH measures with different alcohol outcomes (behavioral vs. neural) varied across gender and race/ethnicity. These findings have great applicability for alcohol research examining FH of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Pandey
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michael J Seay
- Department of Psychology, (MJS), University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - David B Chorlian
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ashwini K Pandey
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Morton Ehrenberg
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Daniel Pitti
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sivan Kinreich
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stacey Subbie-Saenz de Viteri
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Laura Acion
- Iowa Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Evaluation, (LA), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrey Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, (AA, VVM, KKB), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lance Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, (LB, GC, VH), University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, (LB, GC, VH), University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Howard Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (HE), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, (LB, GC, VH), University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, (S Kuperman), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, (AA, VVM, KKB), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, (AA, VVM, KKB), Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, (MS), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (GP, JLM, DBC, AKP, CK, ME, DP, S Kinreich, SS-SV, BP), Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
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Cressman AE, Howe CJ, Nunn AS, Adimora AA, Williams DR, Kempf MC, Chandran A, Wentz EL, Blackstock OJ, Kassaye SG, Cohen J, Cohen MH, Wingood GM, Metsch LR, Wilson TE. The Relationship Between Discrimination and Missed HIV Care Appointments Among Women Living with HIV. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:151-164. [PMID: 31049811 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Receiving regular HIV care is crucial for maintaining good health among persons with HIV. However, racial and gender disparities in HIV care receipt exist. Discrimination and its impact may vary by race/ethnicity and gender, contributing to disparities. Data from 1578 women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study ascertained from 10/1/2012 to 9/30/2016 were used to: (1) estimate the relationship between discrimination and missing any scheduled HIV care appointments and (2) assess whether this relationship is effect measure modified by race/ethnicity. Self-reported measures captured discrimination and the primary outcome of missing any HIV care appointments in the last 6 months. Log-binomial models accounting for measured sources of confounding and selection bias were fit. For the primary outcome analyses, women experiencing discrimination typically had a higher prevalence of missing an HIV care appointment. Moreover, there was no statistically significant evidence for effect measure modification by race/ethnicity. Interventions to minimize discrimination or its impact may improve HIV care engagement among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Cressman
- Department of Epidemiology, Centers for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Chanelle J Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Centers for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Amy S Nunn
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Health Equity Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- School of Medicine and UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapelhill, NC, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- Schools of Nursing, Public Health, Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aruna Chandran
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eryka L Wentz
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oni J Blackstock
- Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Cohen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gina M Wingood
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa R Metsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tracey E Wilson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Nicholson HL. Associations Between Major and Everyday Discrimination and Self-Rated Health Among US Asians and Asian Americans. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:262-268. [PMID: 31664673 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asians and Asian Americans in the USA have historically and continue to experience everyday and major forms of discrimination. However, much less is known, on a population-level, concerning the relationship between experiences with major discrimination and health outcomes among this racial/ethnic minority group, while also accounting for the daily influence of everyday discrimination. This analysis explores the concurrent association of both forms of discrimination among the Asian population in the USA. METHODS Using data from the 2016 National Asian American Survey, a nationally representative sample of Asians from 10 ethnic subgroups, I examined the association between various forms of self-reported encounters with major as well as everyday discrimination-several of which relate to the unique, racialized experiences of Asians-and self-rated health. I ran three weighted logistic regression models examining the individual and concurrent association between major and everyday discrimination and self-rated health, controlling for relevant demographic and acculturation factors. RESULTS When assessed in isolation, unit increases in major and everyday discrimination were associated with poorer self-rated health. However, when examined concurrently, only higher levels of encounters with major forms of discrimination were associated with higher odds of poorer self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS Although everyday discrimination contributes to poorer health outcomes among Asians, a finding consistent with past research, instances of lifetime major discrimination should be viewed as a more toxic form of discrimination that may more negatively impact their perceived health status. Reducing instances of structural-level discrimination is therefore key toward the prevention of poorer health outcomes among this rapidly growing racial/ethnic minority group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32606, USA.
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Wenzel SL, Rhoades H, LaMotte-Kerr W, Duan L. Everyday discrimination among formerly homeless persons in permanent supportive housing. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DISTRESS AND THE HOMELESS 2019; 28:169-175. [PMID: 32952378 PMCID: PMC7500539 DOI: 10.1080/10530789.2019.1630959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of discrimination are associated with poor health and are particularly common among persons experiencing homelessness. Permanent supportive housing (PSH) provides a foundation for improved well-being among persons with homelessness histories, but research on discrimination among this population is lacking. We examined changes in experiences of, and perceived reasons for, everyday discrimination when persons moved into PSH. 421 adults in Los Angeles County completed baseline (pre-housing), 3-, 6- or 12-month post-housing structured interviews. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) examined change in discrimination outcomes, controlling for demographic characteristics. Everyday discrimination experiences decreased significantly when persons moved from homelessness into PSH, and remained consistently lower across the first year in PSH. Reports of homelessness/poverty, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood as reasons for discrimination also decreased from baseline levels. PSH may offer respite from everyday discrimination, but the persistence of discrimination and particularly racism in society requires structural solutions addressing implicit bias and systemic inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L. Wenzel
- Corresponding author: , 669 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, 213.740.0819
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Desalu JM, Goodhines PA, Park A. Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta-analytical review. Addiction 2019; 114:957-967. [PMID: 30714661 PMCID: PMC6510626 DOI: 10.1111/add.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Findings of the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use and related consequences are inconsistent, and the role of potential moderators in the association is largely unknown. This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the discrimination-alcohol literature among Black Americans, estimate the magnitude of associations and explore differences as a function of sample characteristics. METHODS Empirical studies reporting the association of racial discrimination with alcohol-related behaviors in an all-black sample were identified via systematic literature search. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using 33 effect sizes extracted from 27 studies, all of which used US samples (n = 26 894). RESULTS Significant positive associations were found for racial discrimination with alcohol consumption [k = 9, confidence interval (CI) = 0.08, 0.17, I2 = 49%, r = 0.12], heavy/binge drinking (k = 12, CI = 0.02, 0.10), I2 = 27%, r = 0.06), at-risk drinking (k = 4, CI = 0.06, 0.23, I2 = 0%, r = 0.14) and negative drinking consequences (k = 5, CI = 0.09, 0.25, I2 = 94%, r = 0.25), but not with alcohol use disorder (k = 3, CI = -0.01, 0.20, I2 = 90%, r = 0.10). Only alcohol consumption and negative drinking consequences showed significant between-study heterogeneity and had a sufficient quantity of studies for moderation analysis (i.e., 4 or more studies). The positive association of racial discrimination with negative drinking consequences was stronger among younger samples; the association with alcohol consumption did not differ by age or proportion of men. CONCLUSIONS Experiences of racial discrimination are associated with diverse alcohol-related behaviors among Black Americans, with a stronger association with problematic alcohol use, particularly among younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aesoon Park
- Department of PsychologySyracuse University Syracuse NY USA
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Haeny AM, Sartor CE, Arshanapally S, Ahuja M, Werner KB, Bucholz KK. The association between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and two stages of alcohol use in blacks. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 199:129-135. [PMID: 31048089 PMCID: PMC6684260 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to characterize the associations of racial and socioeconomic discrimination with timing of alcohol initiation and progression from initiation to problem drinking in Black youth. METHODS Data were drawn from a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder. Mothers and their offspring (N = 806; Mage = 17.87, SDage = 3.91; 50% female) were assessed via telephone interview. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine associations between discrimination and timing of first drink and progression from first drink to problem drinking in two separate models. Predictor variables were considered in a step-wise fashion, starting with offspring racial and socioeconomic discrimination, then adding (2) maternal racial and/or socioeconomic discrimination experiences; (3) religious service attendance and social support as potential moderators; and (4) psychiatric and psychosocial risk factors and other substance use. RESULTS Offspring racial discrimination (HR: 2.01, CI: 1.17-3.46 ≤ age 13) and maternal experiences of discrimination (HR: 0.79, CI: 0.67-0.93) were associated with timing of initiation in the unadjusted model only; offspring socioeconomic discrimination predicted timing of initiation among female offspring, even after adjusting for all covariates (HR: 1.49, CI: 1.14-1.93). Socioeconomic discrimination predicted a quicker transition from first use to problem drinking exclusively in the unadjusted model (HR: 1.70, CI: 1.12-2.58 ≤ age 18). No moderating effects of religious service attendance or social support were observed for either alcohol outcome. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest socioeconomic discrimination is a robust risk factor for initiating alcohol use in young Black female youth and should be considered in the development of targeted prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue New Haven, CT 06511, United States,Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Suraj Arshanapally
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Manik Ahuja
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly B. Werner
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 4633 World Pkwy Cir, St. Louis, MO 63134, United States
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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Matsuzaka S, Knapp M. Anti-racism and substance use treatment: Addiction does not discriminate, but do we? J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 19:567-593. [DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1548323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Matsuzaka
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, New York, New York
| | - Margaret Knapp
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, New York, New York
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Patrão AL, Almeida MDC, Matos SMA, Goes EF, Nogueira C, Aquino EML. Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in ELSA-Brasil Cohort: Focusing on Gender Differences. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1214-1225. [PMID: 30799670 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1573838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination is detrimental to physical and mental health, particularly insofar as health-risk behaviors are concerned. Particular attention has been paid to excess alcohol consumption and smoking in view of the ready availability of these substances in Western societies. OBJECTIVES To determine whether an association exists between perceived discrimination and excess alcohol intake and smoking in women and men enrolled in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. METHODS The sample included in the ELSA-Brasil cohort consisted of 15,105 civil servants. Data from waves 1 and 2 of the study were used. A multidimensional questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and evaluate perceived discrimination, alcohol consumption, and smoking. RESULTS An association was found between excess alcohol intake and perceived discrimination only in the men, with this association remaining significant in the youngest age group, in university-educated individuals, and in the group classified as middle-class. An association was found between smoking and lifetime perceived discrimination in women, particularly in those ≥60 years of age, brown-skinned women, those who had completed elementary school, and those classified as upper social class. This same association was found in the men, mainly those of 50-59 years of age, white-skinned males, those who had completed high school, those with a university education, and those classified as upper social class. Conclusions/Importance: Investing in public health policies aimed at combating the different forms of discrimination would appear essential. Not only does discrimination contribute to social injustice, but it also encourages health-risk behaviors such as excess alcohol intake and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Patrão
- a Institute of Collective Health , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | | | - Sheila M Alvim Matos
- a Institute of Collective Health , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | | | - Conceição Nogueira
- c c Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Porto University , Porto , Portugal
| | - Estela M L Aquino
- a Institute of Collective Health , Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
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Nicholson HL, Ford JA. Sociodemographic, neighborhood, psychosocial, and substance use correlates of cocaine use among Black adults: Findings from a pooled analysis of national data. Addict Behav 2019; 88:182-186. [PMID: 30218941 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine use (CU) is serious a public health issue affecting U.S. adults, including Blacks. Cocaine-related overdose deaths have also trended upwards among this population. However, there remains a lack of research on correlates of CU among a nationally representative sample of Black adults. METHODS The current study examines the prevalence and correlates of past-year CU among Black adults aged 18 and older (N = 9,821). Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2016) were used and a weighted logistic regression model was estimated. RESULTS Findings showed 2.4% of Black adults reported past-year CU-significantly higher than rates of CU among other assessed racial groups. Opioid use/misuse, encounters with drug dealers, easier access to cocaine, unemployment, and being 35 or older were associated with increased odds of CU. Greater risk perception of CU and religiosity were associated decreased odds of CU. CONCLUSION Results identified several correlates associated with past-year CU among Black adults. Findings suggest addressing CU among this population will likely require the development of multilevel prevention and intervention strategies and an increased focus on opioid use/misuse as opioids have been recently implicated in cocaine-related overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A Ford
- University of Central Florida, Department of Sociology, United States
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Chavez KE, Palfai TP, Squires LE, Cheng DM, Lloyd-Travaglini C, Saitz R. Perceived discrimination and drug involvement among black primary care patients who use drugs. Addict Behav 2018; 77:63-66. [PMID: 28965068 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination has been associated with disparities for Black patients on a variety of health outcomes. Studies have suggested that perceived discrimination is associated with drug use in Blacks, but they have been limited by use of samples with little drug use and single measures of drug involvement. The current study examined the association between perceived discrimination and multiple measures of drug involvement among a sample of 203 Black adult primary care patients who were participants in a randomized trial of screening and brief intervention for drug use. The main independent variable was everyday perceived discrimination. The three outcomes were frequency of drug use in the past ninety days, drug-related consequences, and total drug involvement risk severity score from the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Test [ASSIST]. Analyses were conducted using negative binomial regression models for frequency and consequence outcomes and median regression models for drug involvement risk. Greater perceived discrimination was not significantly associated with frequency of use, but was associated with more drug-related consequences and a higher drug use risk level. These findings suggest that perceived discrimination may be an important variable to consider when selecting drug intervention approaches for Black primary care patients.
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Carter RT, Lau MY, Johnson V, Kirkinis K. Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta-Analytic Review. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Carter
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
| | - Michael Y. Lau
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology; Washington DC
| | - Veronica Johnson
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at the Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; City University of New York
| | - Katherine Kirkinis
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College; Columbia University
- Now at Department of Counseling Psychology; University at Albany-State University of New York
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Williams MT, Taylor RJ, Mouzon DM, Oshin LA, Himle JA, Chatters LM. Discrimination and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2017; 87:636-645. [PMID: 28816492 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a nationally representative sample of African American adults (n = 3,570) and correlations between OCD symptom dimensions and experiences of discrimination. Two categories of discrimination were examined, everyday racial discrimination and everyday nonracial discrimination (e.g., because of gender, age, and weight), to determine if racial discrimination had a unique impact on OCD symptoms. Results indicated that everyday racial discrimination was related to both categories of obsessions and all 4 categories of compulsions. Everyday nonracial discrimination, however, was not related to any of the categories of obsessions or compulsions. This indicates that racial discrimination is uniquely related to obsessions and compulsions for African Americans. The implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Dawne M Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University
| | - Linda A Oshin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Himle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Social Work, University of Michigan
| | - Linda M Chatters
- Schools of Social Work and Public Health, Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Perceived weight discrimination and high-risk health-related behaviors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1183-1186. [PMID: 28653501 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perceived weight discrimination has been associated with several health-risk behaviors related to eating and physical activity. The purpose of this research is to test whether weight discrimination is associated with nonweight-related high-risk behaviors that put the individual's health at risk. METHODS As part of a larger survey on health and well-being, participants (N = 5,163) reported on their experiences with weight discrimination and their engagement in four high-risk behaviors: current cigarette smoking, driving while intoxicated, risky sexual/drug use behaviors, and seat belt use. Logistic regression was used to test the association between weight discrimination and each behavior, controlling for relevant demographics and BMI. RESULTS Perceived weight discrimination was associated with increased risk of cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-1.99), driving while intoxicated (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.60-2.54), risky sexual/drug use behaviors (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.69-2.80), and not using a seat belt (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15-2.03). With the exception of seat belt use, all associations remained significant controlling for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results of this research indicate that the harmful associations between weight discrimination and health-risk behaviors are not limited to behaviors related to eating and physical activity but extend to high-risk behaviors that may contribute to the association between weight discrimination and poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Misra R, Hunte H. Perceived discrimination and health outcomes among Asian Indians in the United States. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:567. [PMID: 27729045 PMCID: PMC5059992 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perceived interpersonal discrimination while seeking healthcare services is associated with poor physical and mental health. Yet, there is a paucity of research among Asian Americans or its subgroups. This study examined the correlates of reported interpersonal discrimination when seeking health care among a large sample of Asian Indians, the 3rd largest Asian American subgroup in the US, and identify predictors of adverse self-rated physical health, a well-accepted measure of overall health status. Methods Cross-sectional survey. Participants comprised of 1824 Asian Indian adults in six states with higher concentration of Asian Indians. Results Mean age and years lived in the US was 45.7 ± 12.8 and 16.6 ± 11.1 years respectively. The majority of the respondents was male, immigrants, college graduates, and had access to care. Perceived interpersonal discrimination when seeking health care was reported by a relatively small proportion of the population (7.2 %). However, Asian Indians who reported poor self-rated health were approximately twice as likely to perceived discrimination when seeking care as compared to those in good or excellent health status (OR 1.88; 95 % CI 1.12–3.14). Poor self-rated health was associated with perceived health care discrimination after controlling for all of the respondent characteristics (OR 1.93; 95 % CI: 1.17–3.19). In addition, Asian Indians who lived for more than 10 years in the U.S. (OR 3.28; 95 % CI: 1.73–6.22) and had chronic illnesses (OR 1.39; 95 % CI: 1.17–1.64) (p < 0.05) were more likely to perceive discrimination when seeking health care. However, older Asian Indians, over the age of 55 years, were less likely to perceive discrimination than those aged 18–34 years Indian American. Conclusion Results offers initial support for the hypothesis that Asian Indians experience interpersonal discrimination when seeking health care services and that these experiences may be related to poor self-rated health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Misra
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia Univeristy, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9190, USA.
| | - Haslyn Hunte
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia Univeristy, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9190, USA
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Parker LJ, Benjamin T, Archibald P, Thorpe RJ. The Association Between Marijuana Usage and Discrimination Among Adult Black Men. Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:435-442. [PMID: 27561924 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316664896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black men may use marijuana as an externalizing coping mechanism to handle the chronic stress of discrimination. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and marijuana use among a national sample of Black men. Using the National Survey of American Life, logistic regression analyses was used to determine the association between recent marijuana use and everyday discrimination, major discrimination, and a fully adjusted model that include everyday and major discrimination among adult Black men ( n = 1,833). Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between the frequency of marijuana usage and everyday discrimination and major discrimination among men who used marijuana in the past year. Everyday discrimination was not associated with marijuana use. In the fully adjusted model, men who experienced major discrimination had a higher odds of marijuana use ( OR: 1.19, 95% CI [1.05, 1.34]), than those who did not control for everyday discrimination and covariates of interest. Among recent marijuana users, men who used almost every day had a decreased risks for major discrimination (RRR: 0.72, 95% CI [0.56, 0.92]), compared with men who used less than once a month. The findings suggest that recent marijuana use among Black men is associated with experiences of major discrimination. Interestingly, men who used almost every day had a decreased risk for major discrimination. Marijuana may be used as a coping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Archibald
- 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Stock ML, Peterson LM, Molloy BK, Lambert SF. Past racial discrimination exacerbates the effects of racial exclusion on negative affect, perceived control, and alcohol-risk cognitions among Black young adults. J Behav Med 2016; 40:377-391. [PMID: 27646550 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Racial discrimination is associated with alcohol use and risky sex cognitions and behaviors, which are risk factors for negative health outcomes, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. The current study investigated the causal impact of racial discrimination on alcohol and sexual-risk cognitions while exploring potential mediators that might help explain this relation: negative affect, perceived control, and meaningful existence. We also examined if past discrimination impacts the strength of (moderates) these effects. Participants were 287 Black/African American young adults aged 18-25. They were randomly assigned to be excluded or included by White peers via the game Cyberball. Racial exclusion (vs. inclusion) predicted greater: perceived racial discrimination, negative affect, alcohol use willingness, and reduced perceived control and meaningful existence. Furthermore, excluded participants who experienced more past racial discrimination reported the lowest perceived control, and greatest negative affect and alcohol-risk cognitions. The findings suggest that past racial discrimination exacerbates the harmful health effects of immediate experiences of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Stock
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, 2125 G St. N.W., Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Brianne K Molloy
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, 2125 G St. N.W., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, 2125 G St. N.W., Washington, DC, USA
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Lee CS, Colby SM, Magill M, Almeida J, Tavares T, Rohsenow DJ. A randomized controlled trial of culturally adapted motivational interviewing for Hispanic heavy drinkers: Theory of adaptation and study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 50:193-200. [PMID: 27565832 PMCID: PMC5063031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NIH Strategic Plan prioritizes health disparities research for socially disadvantaged Hispanics, to reduce the disproportionate burden of alcohol-related negative consequences compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Cultural adaptation of evidence-based treatments, such as motivational interviewing (MI), can improve access and response to alcohol treatment. However, the lack of rigorous clinical trials designed to test the efficacy and theoretical underpinnings of cultural adaptation has made proof of concept difficult. OBJECTIVE The CAMI2 (Culturally Adapted Motivational Interviewing) study design and its theoretical model, is described to illustrate how MI adapted to social and cultural factors (CAMI) can be discriminated against non-adapted MI. METHODS AND DESIGN CAMI2, a large, 12month randomized prospective trial, examines the efficacy of CAMI and MI among heavy drinking Hispanics recruited from the community (n=257). Outcomes are reductions in heavy drinking days (Time Line Follow-Back) and negative consequences of drinking among Hispanics (Drinkers Inventory of Consequences). A second aim examines perceived acculturation stress as a moderator of treatment outcomes in the CAMI condition. SUMMARY The CAMI2 study design protocol is presented and the theory of adaptation is presented. Findings from the trial described may yield important recommendations on the science of cultural adaptation and improve MI dissemination to Hispanics with alcohol risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Molly Magill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joanna Almeida
- Simmons College, School of Social Work, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tonya Tavares
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damaris J Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Taylor RJ, Miller R, Mouzon D, Keith VM, Chatters LM. Everyday Discrimination among African American Men: The Impact of Criminal Justice Contact. RACE AND JUSTICE 2016; 8:154-177. [PMID: 29552376 PMCID: PMC5849240 DOI: 10.1177/2153368716661849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of criminal justice contact on experiences of everyday discrimination among a national sample of African American men. African American men have a high likelihood of being targets of major discrimination, as well as experiencing disproportionate contact with the criminal justice system. Few studies, however, examine everyday discrimination (e.g., commonplace social encounters of unfair treatment) among this group. Using data from the National Survey of American Life, we provide a descriptive assessment of different types of everyday discrimination among African American men. Specifically, we examined differences in everyday discrimination among men who have never been arrested, those who have been arrested but not incarcerated, and men who have a previous history of criminal justice intervention categorized by type of incarceration experienced (i.e., reform school, detention, jail, or prison). Study findings indicated overall high levels of reported everyday discrimination, with increased likelihood and a greater number of experiences associated with more serious forms of criminal justice contact. However, in many instances, there were no or few differences in reported everyday discrimination for African American men with and without criminal justice contact, indicating comparable levels of exposure to experiences with unfair treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben Miller
- School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Dawne Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - Verna M Keith
- Department of Sociology, Race and Ethnic Studies Institute, Texas A & M University
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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Sartor CE, Jackson KM, McCutcheon VV, Duncan AE, Grant JD, Werner KB, Bucholz KK. Progression from First Drink, First Intoxication, and Regular Drinking to Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison of African American and European American Youth. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1515-23. [PMID: 27256613 PMCID: PMC4930366 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences between African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) in the prevalence and age at onset of alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have been documented, but distinctions in the timing of early stage transitions and contribution of various psychiatric and psychosocial risk factors to the progression from initiation to AUD have yet to be investigated. The current study characterized progression from alcohol use initiation-defined alternatively as first drink, first intoxication, and regular drinking onset-to AUD in AA and EA youth. METHODS Psychiatric interviews were administered via telephone to 1,461 participants (56% AA, 44% EA) in a high-risk family study (50.3% female, mean age = 17.6 [SD = 3.8]). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted separately for the AA and EA subsamples to predict DSM-5 AUD as a function of age at alcohol use initiation, with age at first drink, age at first intoxication, and age at regular drinking onset as the point of origin in separate models. RESULTS Across race/ethnicity, regardless of how it was measured, early alcohol use initiation predicted AUD, but hazard ratios (HRs) were lowest for first drink. Regular smoking and social anxiety disorder were significant predictors in both racial/ethnic groups, but associations with conduct disorder (all 3 models: HR range = 2.07 to 4.15) and major depressive disorder (regular drinking: HR = 4.51, confidence interval [CI]: 1.60 to 12.69 for AUD onset ≥ age 20) were specific to AAs. Posttraumatic stress disorder (HR = 5.38, CI: 1.44 to 20.08) and generalized anxiety disorder (HR = 7.35, CI: 2.31 to 23.34 for AUD onset ≤ age 17) were strongly associated with progression from regular drinking to AUD exclusively in EAs. CONCLUSIONS Early alcohol use initiation is a marker of risk for AUD in both AA and EA youth, but the contributions of various psychiatric risk factors to the development of AUD are not universal across racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E. Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Vivia V. McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexis E. Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia D. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kimberly B. Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen K. Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gilbert PA, Zemore SE. Discrimination and drinking: A systematic review of the evidence. Soc Sci Med 2016; 161:178-94. [PMID: 27315370 PMCID: PMC4921286 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that discrimination is associated with heavy and hazardous drinking, particularly within stress and coping frameworks, there has been no comprehensive review of the evidence. In response, we conducted a systematic review of the English language peer-reviewed literature to summarize studies of discrimination and alcohol-related outcomes, broadly defined. Searching six online data bases, we identified 938 non-duplicative titles published between 1980 and 2015, of which 97 met all inclusion criteria for our review and reported quantitative tests of associations between discrimination and alcohol use. We extracted key study characteristics and assessed quality based on reported methodological details. Papers generally supported a positive association; however, the quantity and quality of evidence varied considerably. The largest number of studies was of racial/ethnic discrimination among African Americans in the United States, followed by sexual orientation and gender discrimination. Studies of racial/ethnic discrimination were notable for their frequent use of complex modeling (i.e., mediation, moderation) but focused nearly exclusively on interpersonal discrimination. In contrast, studies of sexual orientation discrimination (i.e., heterosexism, homophobia) examined both internalized and interpersonal aspects; however, the literature largely relied on global tests of association using cross-sectional data. Some populations (e.g., Native Americans, Asian and Pacific Islanders) and types of discrimination (e.g., systemic/structural racism; ageism) received scant attention. This review extends our knowledge of a key social determinant of health through alcohol use. We identified gaps in the evidence base and suggest directions for future research related to discrimination and alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gilbert
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145N. Riverside Drive, N414 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA.
| | - Sarah E Zemore
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Avenue, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608-1010, USA
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Jones-Webb R, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Zemore SE, Mulia N. Effects of Economic Disruptions on Alcohol Use and Problems: Why Do African Americans Fare Worse? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:261-71. [PMID: 26997184 PMCID: PMC4803658 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested a model of the effects of recession-related job loss on alcohol use disorder (AUD) and examined why African Americans who lost their jobs during the 2008-2009 recession were at increased risk for AUD relative to Whites. We hypothesized that (a) job loss would be positively associated with psychological distress (i.e., higher levels of depressive symptoms) and increased drunkenness, and (b) low levels of family social support and experiences of racial stigma would exacerbate the effects of job loss on distress, especially among African Americans and Hispanics. METHOD Data were drawn from the 2010 U.S. National Alcohol Survey (NAS), a cross-sectional survey of the U.S. general population. Using data from the 2010 NAS (telephone survey of 1,111 African American, 964 Hispanic, and 3,133 White adults), we conducted simultaneous path modeling in Mplus to test mediation and moderation hypotheses. Our key outcome was AUD as measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. RESULTS Recession-related job loss was significantly associated with AUD through its effects on increased drunkenness, and the associations were positive for Whites, stronger for African Americans than Whites, and nonexistent for Hispanics. Job loss was associated with distress in the overall sample, and distress was positively associated with drunkenness among African Americans only, suggesting that distress is another pathway by which job loss affects AUD among African Americans. Higher levels of family social support mitigated the effects of job loss on psychological distress, and this relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS During economic downturns, increased stress and heavy drinking are important pathways through which recession-related job loss can lead to greater AUD among African Americans relative to Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Jones-Webb
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Sarah E. Zemore
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California
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Adverse Childhood Experiences: Expanding the Concept of Adversity. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:354-61. [PMID: 26296440 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current knowledge of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) relies on data predominantly collected from white, middle- / upper-middle-class participants and focuses on experiences within the home. Using a more socioeconomically and racially diverse urban population, Conventional and Expanded (community-level) ACEs were measured to help understand whether Conventional ACEs alone can sufficiently measure adversity, particularly among various subgroups. METHODS Participants from a previous large, representative, community-based health survey in Southeast Pennsylvania who were aged ≥18 years were contacted between November 2012 and January 2013 to complete another phone survey measuring ACEs. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to test associations between Conventional and Expanded ACEs scores and demographic characteristics. Analysis was conducted in 2013 and 2014. RESULTS Of 1,784 respondents, 72.9% had at least one Conventional ACE, 63.4% at least one Expanded ACE, and 49.3% experienced both. A total of 13.9% experienced only Expanded ACEs and would have gone unrecognized if only Conventional ACEs were assessed. Certain demographic characteristics were associated with higher risk for Conventional ACEs but were not predictive of Expanded ACEs, and vice versa. Few adversities were associated with both Conventional and Expanded ACEs. CONCLUSIONS To more accurately represent the level of adversity experienced across various sociodemographic groups, these data support extending the Conventional ACEs measure.
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Everyday discrimination and mood and substance use disorders: a latent profile analysis with African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Addict Behav 2015; 40:119-25. [PMID: 25254321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived discrimination is a major source of health-related stress. The purpose of this study was to model the heterogeneity of everyday-discrimination experiences among African American and Caribbean Blacks and to identify differences in the prevalence of mood and substance use outcomes, including generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder among the identified subgroups. METHOD The study uses data from the National Survey of American Life obtained from a sample of African American and Caribbean Black respondents (N=4,462) between 18 and 65 years. RESULTS We used latent profile analysis and multinomial regression analyses to identify and validate latent subgroups and test hypotheses, yielding 4 classes of perceived everyday discrimination: Low Discrimination, Disrespect and Condescension, General Discrimination, and Chronic Discrimination. Findings show significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and General Discrimination classes for major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. Moreover, we find significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and Chronic Discrimination classes for the four disorders examined. Compared with the Chronic Discrimination class, members of the other classes were significantly less likely to meet criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest elevated levels of discrimination increase risk for mood and substance-use disorders. Importantly, results suggest the prevalence of mood and substance-use disorders is a function of the type and frequency of discrimination that individuals experience.
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Otiniano Verissimo AD, Grella CE, Amaro H, Gee GC. Discrimination and substance use disorders among Latinos: the role of gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:1421-8. [PMID: 24922159 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among a diverse sample of Latinos. We also investigated whether the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. METHODS Our analyses focused on 6294 Latinos who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from 2004 to 2005. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between discrimination and substance use disorders. RESULTS Discrimination was significantly associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders among Latinos. However, the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Discrimination was associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders for certain groups, such as women, US-born Latinos, and Mexicans, but this relationship did not follow the same pattern for other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS It is important to determine which subgroups among Latinos may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of discrimination to address their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Denisse Otiniano Verissimo
- Angie Denisse Otiniano Verissimo and Christine E. Grella are with the Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles Integrated Substance Abuse Programs. Hortensia Amaro is with the Office of the Provost, School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Gilbert C. Gee is with the Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
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