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Joseph DJ, Deimling MV, Risbud R, McCoy AJ, Marsh ED. Loss of Postnatal Arx Transcriptional Activity in Parvalbumin Interneurons Reveals Non-cell Autonomous Disturbances in CA1 Pyramidal Cells. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00214-8. [PMID: 38788829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Maintenance of proper electrophysiological and connectivity profiles in the adult brain may be a perturbation point in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). How these profiles are maintained within mature circuits is unclear. We recently demonstrated that postnatal ablation of the Aristaless (Arx) homeobox gene in parvalbumin interneurons (PVIs) alone led to dysregulation of their transcriptome and alterations in their functional as well as network properties in the hippocampal cornu Ammoni first region (CA1). Here, we characterized CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) responses in this conditional knockout (CKO) mouse to further understand the circuit mechanisms by which postnatal Arx expression regulates mature CA1 circuits. Field recordings of network excitability showed that CA1 PC ensembles were less excitable in response to unpaired stimulations but exhibited enhanced excitability in response to paired-pulse stimulations. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings revealed a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents onto PCs. In contrast, excitatory drive from evoked synaptic transmission was reduced while that of inhibitory synaptic transmission was increased. Current clamp recordings showed increase excitability in several sub- and threshold membrane properties that correlated with an increase in the conductance of Na+ current. Our data suggest that, in addition to cell-autonomous disruption in PVIs, loss of Arx postnatal transcriptional activity in PVIs led to complex dysfunctions in PCs in CA1 microcircuits. These non-cell autonomous effects are likely the product of breakdown in feedback and/or feedforward processes and should be considered as fundamental contributors to the circuit mechanisms of NDDs such as Arx-linked early-onset epileptic encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Joseph
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Von Deimling
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rashmi Risbud
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Almedia J McCoy
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lazzerini Ospri L, Zhan JJ, Thomsen MB, Wang H, Komal R, Tang Q, Messanvi F, du Hoffmann J, Cravedi K, Chudasama Y, Hattar S, Zhao H. Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh9251. [PMID: 38552022 PMCID: PMC10980283 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the limbic system engaged in the regulation of social, emotional, and cognitive states, which are characteristically impaired in disorders of the brain such as schizophrenia and depression. Here, we show that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) modulate, through light, the integrity, activity, and function of the vmPFC. This regulatory role, which is independent of circadian and mood alterations, is mediated by an ipRGC-thalamic-corticolimbic pathway. Lack of ipRGC signaling in mice causes dendritic degeneration, dysregulation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity, and depressed neuronal activity in the vmPFC. These alterations primarily undermine the ability of the vmPFC to regulate emotions. Our discovery provides a potential light-dependent mechanism for certain PFC-centric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse J. Zhan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael B. Thomsen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruchi Komal
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qijun Tang
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fany Messanvi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Johann du Hoffmann
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Cravedi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yogita Chudasama
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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3
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Fussing F, Christensson J, Wörtwein G. Expression of erythropoietin receptor protein in the mouse hippocampus in response to normobaric hypoxia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25051. [PMID: 38322970 PMCID: PMC10844123 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past decades, accumulating research on erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) has revealed various neuroprotective actions and upregulation in hypoxic conditions. To our knowledge, EPOR protein levels in the hippocampus and isocortex have never been measured. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure EPOR protein in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Further objectives were to examine the effects of exposure to normobaric hypoxia of various degrees and durations on EPOR protein and to explore how long-lasting these effects were. Method Adult C57BL/6 mice were randomized into a control group (N = 12) or various hypoxia groups (N = 5-11). Mice were exposed to three different O2 concentrations (10 %, 12 %, or 18 %) for 8 h a day for 5 days and sacrificed immediately after the last exposure. The effect of exposure to 12 % O2 for 1 day and 4 weeks (8 h per day) at this survival time was also examined. Additionally, groups of mice were exposed to 12 % O2 for 1 or 5 days (8 h per day) and euthanized at various times (up to 3 weeks) thereafter to examine the duration of EPOR protein regulation in the HPC and the PFC. EPOR protein was detected with a sandwich-ELISA method. Results EPOR protein was present in the HPC and PFC, at 206.64 ± 43.98 pg/mg and 184.25 ± 48.21 pg/mg, respectively. The highest increase in EPOR protein was observed in the HPC after 5 days of 8 h exposure to 12 % O2 and was most pronounced 24 h after last exposure. The effect of hypoxia normalized within one week after the last exposure. Conclusion This study successfully measured hippocampal EPOR protein and showed a significant association between normobaric hypoxia and acute EPOR elevation. It is our hope that this study can provide guidance to future research on the neuroprotective effects of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Fussing
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Christensson
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Bachor TP, Hwang E, Yulyaningsih E, Attal K, Mifsud F, Pham V, Vagena E, Huarcaya R, Valdearcos M, Vaisse C, Williams KW, Emmerson PJ, Xu AW. Identification of AgRP cells in the murine hindbrain that drive feeding. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101886. [PMID: 38246589 PMCID: PMC10844855 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The central melanocortin system is essential for the regulation of food intake and body weight. Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is the sole orexigenic component of the central melanocortin system and is conserved across mammalian species. AgRP is currently known to be expressed exclusively in the mediobasal hypothalamus, and hypothalamic AgRP-expressing neurons are essential for feeding. Here we characterized a previously unknown population of AgRP cells in the mouse hindbrain. METHODS Expression of AgRP in the hindbrain was investigated using gene expression analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescent analysis and multiple transgenic mice with reporter expressions. Activation of AgRP neurons was achieved by Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) and by transcranial focal photo-stimulation using a step-function opsin with ultra-high light sensitivity (SOUL). RESULTS AgRP expressing cells were present in the area postrema (AP) and the adjacent subpostrema area (SubP) and commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) of the mouse hindbrain (termed AgRPHind herein). AgRPHind cells consisted of locally projecting neurons as well as tanycyte-like cells. Food deprivation stimulated hindbrain Agrp expression as well as neuronal activity of subsets of AgRPHind cells. In adult mice that lacked hypothalamic AgRP neurons, chemogenetic activation of AgRP neurons resulted in hyperphagia and weight gain. In addition, transcranial focal photo-stimulation of hindbrain AgRP cells increased food intake in adult mice with or without hypothalamic AgRP neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the central melanocortin system in the hindbrain possesses an orexigenic component, and that AgRPHind neurons stimulate feeding independently of hypothalamic AgRP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas P Bachor
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eunsang Hwang
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kush Attal
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francois Mifsud
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Viana Pham
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renzo Huarcaya
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul J Emmerson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Lazzerini-Ospri L, Zhan JJ, Thomsen MB, Wang H, Messanvi F, du Hoffmann J, Cravedi K, Komal R, Chudasama Y, Zhao H, Hattar S. WITHDRAWN: Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.556752. [PMID: 37808740 PMCID: PMC10557604 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.556752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript has been withdrawn by bioRxiv following a formal request by the NIH Intramural Research Integrity Office owing to lack of author consent.
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6
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Yan Y, Truitt B, Tao J, Boyles SM, Antoine D, Hulme W, Roy S. Single-cell profiling of glial cells from the mouse amygdala under opioid dependent and withdrawal states. iScience 2023; 26:108166. [PMID: 37915593 PMCID: PMC10616319 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cycle of substance use disorder (SUD) leading to dependence is a complex process involving multiple neurocircuitries and brain regions. The amygdala is the core brain region that is involved in processing withdrawal and anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. However, the transcriptional changes in each cell type within the amygdala during SUD remains unknown. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and classified all cell types in the mouse amygdala. We particularly focused on gene expression changes in glial cells under dependent state and compared to either naive or withdrawal state. Our data revealed distinct changes in key biological processes, such as gene expression, immune response, inflammation, synaptic transmission, and mitochondrial respiration. Significant differences were unraveled in the transcriptional profiles between dependence and withdrawal states. This report is the first single-cell RNA sequencing dataset from the amygdala under opioid dependence and withdrawal conditions, providing unique insights in understanding brain alterations during SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bridget Truitt
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Junyi Tao
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sean Michael Boyles
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Danielle Antoine
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - William Hulme
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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7
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O'Toole SM, Oyibo HK, Keller GB. Molecularly targetable cell types in mouse visual cortex have distinguishable prediction error responses. Neuron 2023; 111:2918-2928.e8. [PMID: 37708892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Predictive processing postulates the existence of prediction error neurons in cortex. Neurons with both negative and positive prediction error response properties have been identified in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, but whether they correspond to transcriptionally defined subpopulations is unclear. Here we used the activity-dependent, photoconvertible marker CaMPARI2 to tag neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex during stimuli and behaviors designed to evoke prediction errors. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on these populations and found that previously annotated Adamts2 and Rrad layer 2/3 transcriptional cell types were enriched when photolabeling during stimuli that drive negative or positive prediction error responses, respectively. Finally, we validated these results functionally by designing artificial promoters for use in AAV vectors to express genetically encoded calcium indicators. Thus, transcriptionally distinct cell types in layer 2/3 that can be targeted using AAV vectors exhibit distinguishable negative and positive prediction error responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M O'Toole
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassana K Oyibo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg B Keller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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LaMarca EA, Saito A, Plaza-Jennings A, Espeso-Gil S, Hellmich A, Fernando MB, Javidfar B, Liao W, Estill M, Townsley K, Florio A, Ethridge JE, Do C, Tycko B, Shen L, Kamiya A, Tsankova NM, Brennand KJ, Akbarian S. R-loop landscapes in the developing human brain are linked to neural differentiation and cell-type specific transcription. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.18.549494. [PMID: 37503149 PMCID: PMC10370098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Here, we construct genome-scale maps for R-loops, three-stranded nucleic acid structures comprised of a DNA/RNA hybrid and a displaced single strand of DNA, in the proliferative and differentiated zones of the human prenatal brain. We show that R-loops are abundant in the progenitor-rich germinal matrix, with preferential formation at promoters slated for upregulated expression at later stages of differentiation, including numerous neurodevelopmental risk genes. RNase H1-mediated contraction of the genomic R-loop space in neural progenitors shifted differentiation toward the neuronal lineage and was associated with transcriptomic alterations and defective functional and structural neuronal connectivity in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, R-loops are important for fine-tuning differentiation-sensitive gene expression programs of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A LaMarca
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Amara Plaza-Jennings
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergio Espeso-Gil
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Allyse Hellmich
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael B Fernando
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Behnam Javidfar
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Will Liao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kayla Townsley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna Florio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - James E Ethridge
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Catherine Do
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Sakaguchi S, Mizuno S, Okochi Y, Tanegashima C, Nishimura O, Uemura T, Kadota M, Naoki H, Kondo T. Single-cell transcriptome atlas of Drosophila gastrula 2.0. Cell Rep 2023:112707. [PMID: 37433294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, positional information directs cells to specific fates, leading them to differentiate with their own transcriptomes and express specific behaviors and functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes in a genome-wide view remain ambiguous, partly because the single-cell transcriptomic data of early developing embryos containing accurate spatial and lineage information are still lacking. Here, we report a single-cell transcriptome atlas of Drosophila gastrulae, divided into 77 transcriptomically distinct clusters. We find that the expression profiles of plasma-membrane-related genes, but not those of transcription-factor genes, represent each germ layer, supporting the nonequivalent contribution of each transcription-factor mRNA level to effector gene expression profiles at the transcriptome level. We also reconstruct the spatial expression patterns of all genes at the single-cell stripe level as the smallest unit. This atlas is an important resource for the genome-wide understanding of the mechanisms by which genes cooperatively orchestrate Drosophila gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sonoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okochi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tanegashima
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for Living Systems Information Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Data-driven Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; Theoretical Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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10
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Lavertu-Jolin M, Chattopadhyaya B, Chehrazi P, Carrier D, Wünnemann F, Leclerc S, Dumouchel F, Robertson D, Affia H, Saba K, Gopal V, Patel AB, Andelfinger G, Pineyro G, Di Cristo G. Acan downregulation in parvalbumin GABAergic cells reduces spontaneous recovery of fear memories. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2946-2963. [PMID: 37131076 PMCID: PMC10615765 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While persistence of fear memories is essential for survival, a failure to inhibit fear in response to harmless stimuli is a feature of anxiety disorders. Extinction training only temporarily suppresses fear memory recovery in adults, but it is highly effective in juvenile rodents. Maturation of GABAergic circuits, in particular of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, restricts plasticity in the adult brain, thus reducing PV+ cell maturation could promote the suppression of fear memories following extinction training in adults. Epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation control gene accessibility for transcription and help couple synaptic activity to changes in gene expression. Histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2), in particular, restrains both structural and functional synaptic plasticity. However, whether and how Hdac2 controls the maturation of postnatal PV+ cells is not well understood. Here, we show that PV+- cell specific Hdac2 deletion limits spontaneous fear memory recovery in adult mice, while enhancing PV+ cell bouton remodeling and reducing perineuronal net aggregation around PV+ cells in prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. Prefrontal cortex PV+ cells lacking Hdac2, show reduced expression of Acan, a critical perineuronal net component, which is rescued by Hdac2 re-expression. Pharmacological inhibition of Hdac2 before extinction training is sufficient to reduce both spontaneous fear memory recovery and Acan expression in wild-type adult mice, while these effects are occluded in PV+-cell specific Hdac2 conditional knockout mice. Finally, a brief knock-down of Acan expression mediated by intravenous siRNA delivery before extinction training but after fear memory acquisition is sufficient to reduce spontaneous fear recovery in wild-type mice. Altogether, these data suggest that controlled manipulation of PV+ cells by targeting Hdac2 activity, or the expression of its downstream effector Acan, promotes the long-term efficacy of extinction training in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Lavertu-Jolin
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pegah Chehrazi
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Denise Carrier
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Wünnemann
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine & Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Séverine Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Dumouchel
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Derek Robertson
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hicham Affia
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kamal Saba
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijaya Gopal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Anant Bahadur Patel
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Graçiela Pineyro
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Graziella Di Cristo
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Valakh V, Wise D, Zhu XA, Sha M, Fok J, Van Hooser SD, Schectman R, Cepeda I, Kirk R, O'Toole SM, Nelson SB. A transcriptional constraint mechanism limits the homeostatic response to activity deprivation in mammalian neocortex. eLife 2023; 12:e74899. [PMID: 36749029 PMCID: PMC10010687 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy neuronal networks rely on homeostatic plasticity to maintain stable firing rates despite changing synaptic drive. These mechanisms, however, can themselves be destabilizing if activated inappropriately or excessively. For example, prolonged activity deprivation can lead to rebound hyperactivity and seizures. While many forms of homeostasis have been described, whether and how the magnitude of homeostatic plasticity is constrained remains unknown. Here, we uncover negative regulation of cortical network homeostasis by the PARbZIP family of transcription factors. In cortical slice cultures made from knockout mice lacking all three of these factors, the network response to prolonged activity withdrawal measured with calcium imaging is much stronger, while baseline activity is unchanged. Whole-cell recordings reveal an exaggerated increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents reflecting enhanced upregulation of recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission. Genetic analyses reveal that two of the factors, Hlf and Tef, are critical for constraining plasticity and for preventing life-threatening seizures. These data indicate that transcriptional activation is not only required for many forms of homeostatic plasticity but is also involved in restraint of the response to activity deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Valakh
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Derek Wise
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Xiaoyue Aelita Zhu
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Mingqi Sha
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jaidyn Fok
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Stephen D Van Hooser
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Robin Schectman
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Isabel Cepeda
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Ryan Kirk
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Sean M O'Toole
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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12
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Rodrigo Albors A, Singer GA, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Frisén J, May AP, Ponting CP, Storey KG. An ependymal cell census identifies heterogeneous and ongoing cell maturation in the adult mouse spinal cord that changes dynamically on injury. Dev Cell 2023; 58:239-255.e10. [PMID: 36706756 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The adult spinal cord stem cell potential resides within the ependymal cell population and declines with age. Ependymal cells are, however, heterogeneous, and the biological diversity this represents and how it changes with age remain unknown. Here, we present a single-cell transcriptomic census of spinal cord ependymal cells from adult and aged mice, identifying not only all known ependymal cell subtypes but also immature as well as mature cell states. By comparing transcriptomes of spinal cord and brain ependymal cells, which lack stem cell abilities, we identify immature cells as potential spinal cord stem cells. Following spinal cord injury, these cells re-enter the cell cycle, which is accompanied by a short-lived reversal of ependymal cell maturation. We further analyze ependymal cells in the human spinal cord and identify widespread cell maturation and altered cell identities. This in-depth characterization of spinal cord ependymal cells provides insight into their biology and informs strategies for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tornado Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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13
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Namkung H, Yukitake H, Fukudome D, Lee BJ, Tian M, Ursini G, Saito A, Lam S, Kannan S, Srivastava R, Niwa M, Sharma K, Zandi P, Jaaro-Peled H, Ishizuka K, Chatterjee N, Huganir RL, Sawa A. The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuron 2023; 111:220-235.e9. [PMID: 36379214 PMCID: PMC10183200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are highly heritable major psychiatric disorders that share a substantial portion of genetic risk as well as their clinical manifestations. This raises a fundamental question of whether, and how, common neurobiological pathways translate their shared polygenic risks into shared clinical manifestations. This study shows the miR-124-3p-AMPAR pathway as a key common neurobiological mediator that connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between these two psychotic disorders. We discovered the upregulation of miR-124-3p in neuronal cells and the postmortem prefrontal cortex from both SZ and BP patients. Intriguingly, the upregulation is associated with the polygenic risks shared between these two disorders. Seeking mechanistic dissection, we generated a mouse model that upregulates miR-124-3p in the medial prefrontal cortex. We demonstrated that the upregulation of miR-124-3p increases GRIA2-lacking calcium-permeable AMPARs and perturbs AMPAR-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission, leading to deficits in the behavioral dimensions shared between SZ and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Brian J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gianluca Ursini
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Shravika Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suvarnambiga Kannan
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baltimore, MD, USA; Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Sheng KY, Nakano T, Yamaguchi S. A region-dependent allele-biased expression of Dopa decarboxylase in mouse brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1078927. [PMID: 36568970 PMCID: PMC9768605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1078927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic event in which genes are expressed only from either the paternal or maternal allele. Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), is an imprinted gene that encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine. Although Ddc has been reported to be paternally expressed in embryonic and neonatal hearts, its expression pattern in the brain has been controversial. To visualize Ddc-expressing neurons, we established a knock-in mouse carrying a humanized Kusabira orange 1 (hKO1) reporter cassette at the Ddc locus (Ddc-hKO1). The expression of Ddc-hKO1 was detected in all known Ddc-positive cells in the brains of embryonic, neonatal, adult, and aged mice. We further developed an efficient purification method for Ddc-hKO1-positive neurons using a cell sorter. RNA sequencing analysis confirmed the enrichment of dopaminergic, serotonergic and cholinergic neurons in Ddc-hKO1-positive cell population recovered using this method. A detailed analysis of Ddc-hKO1 paternally and maternally derived heterozygous mice combined with immunostaining revealed that Ddc was preferentially expressed from the maternal allele in ventral tegmented area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and retrorubral field (RRF); while it was expressed from both alleles in dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). These results indicate that Ddc exhibit an allele-specific expression pattern in different brain regions, presumably reflecting the diverse regulatory mechanisms of imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Yeng Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka, Japan,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Stem Cells and Reprogramming Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan,*Correspondence: Shinpei Yamaguchi,
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15
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Dietschi Q, Tuberosa J, Fodoulian L, Boillat M, Kan C, Codourey J, Pauli V, Feinstein P, Carleton A, Rodriguez I. Clustering of vomeronasal receptor genes is required for transcriptional stability but not for choice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7450. [PMID: 36383665 PMCID: PMC9668312 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rodents perceive pheromones via vomeronasal receptors encoded by highly evolutionarily dynamic Vr and Fpr gene superfamilies. We report here that high numbers of V1r pseudogenes are scattered in mammalian genomes, contrasting with the clustered organization of functional V1r and Fpr genes. We also found that V1r pseudogenes are more likely to be expressed when located in a functional V1r gene cluster than when isolated. To explore the potential regulatory role played by the association of functional vomeronasal receptor genes with their clusters, we dissociated the mouse Fpr-rs3 from its native cluster via transgenesis. Singular and specific transgenic Fpr-rs3 transcription was observed in young vomeronasal neurons but was only transient. Our study of natural and artificial dispersed gene duplications uncovers the existence of transcription-stabilizing elements not coupled to vomeronasal gene units but rather associated with vomeronasal gene clusters and thus explains the evolutionary conserved clustered organization of functional vomeronasal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dietschi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Tuberosa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leon Fodoulian
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madlaina Boillat
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chenda Kan
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Codourey
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Pauli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Feinstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York and The Graduate Center Programs in Biochemistry, Biology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan Carleton
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Reising JP, Phillips WS, Ramadan N, Herlenius E. Prostaglandin E2 Exerts Biphasic Dose Response on the PreBötzinger Complex Respiratory-Related Rhythm. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:826497. [PMID: 35669453 PMCID: PMC9163299 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.826497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in infants can cause respiratory dysfunction and is potentially life-threatening. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is released during inflammatory events and perturbs breathing behavior in vivo. Here we study the effects of PGE2 on inspiratory motor rhythm generated by the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). We measured the concentration dependence of PGE2 (1 nM-1 μM) on inspiratory-related motor output in rhythmic medullary slice preparations. Low concentrations (1–10 nM) of PGE2 increased the duration of the inspiratory burst period, while higher concentrations (1 μM) decreased the burst period duration. Using specific pharmacology for prostanoid receptors (EP1-4R, FPR, and DP2R), we determined that coactivation of both EP2R and EP3R is necessary for PGE2 to modulate the inspiratory burst period. Additionally, biased activation of EP3 receptors lengthened the duration of the inspiratory burst period, while biased activation of EP2 receptors shortened the burst period. To help delineate which cell populations are affected by exposure to PGE2, we analyzed single-cell RNA-Seq data derived from preBötC cells. Transcripts encoding for EP2R (Ptger2) were differentially expressed in a cluster of excitatory neurons putatively located in the preBötC. A separate cluster of mixed inhibitory neurons differentially expressed EP3R (Ptger3). Our data provide evidence that EP2 and EP3 receptors increase the duration of the inspiratory burst period at 1–10 nM PGE2 and decrease the burst period duration at 1 μM. Further, the biphasic dose response likely results from differences in receptor binding affinity among prostanoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Reising
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wiktor S. Phillips
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naify Ramadan
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Eric Herlenius,
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17
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Minimizing the Ex Vivo Confounds of Cell-Isolation Techniques on Transcriptomic and Translatomic Profiles of Purified Microglia. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0348-21.2022. [PMID: 35228310 PMCID: PMC8970438 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0348-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern molecular and biochemical neuroscience studies require analysis of specific cellular populations derived from brain tissue samples to disambiguate cell type-specific events. This is particularly true in the analysis of minority glial populations in the brain, such as microglia, which may be obscured in whole tissue analyses. Microglia have central functions in development, aging, and neurodegeneration and are a current focus of neuroscience research. A long-standing concern for glial biologists using in vivo models is whether cell isolation from CNS tissue could introduce ex vivo artifacts in microglia, which respond quickly to changes in the environment. Mouse microglia were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), as well as cytometer-based and cartridge-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) approaches to compare and contrast performance. The Cx3cr1-NuTRAP mouse model was used to provide an endogenous fluorescent microglial marker and a microglial-specific translatome profile as a baseline comparison lacking cell isolation artifacts. All sorting methods performed similarly for microglial purity with main differences being in cell yield and time of isolation. Ex vivo activation signatures occurred principally during the initial tissue dissociation and cell preparation and not the cell sorting. The cell preparation-induced activational phenotype could be minimized by inclusion of transcriptional and translational inhibitors or non-enzymatic dissociation conducted entirely at low temperatures. These data demonstrate that a variety of microglial isolation approaches can be used, depending on experimental needs, and that inhibitor cocktails are effective at reducing cell preparation artifacts.
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18
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Ain Q, Schmeer CW, Wengerodt D, Hofmann Y, Witte OW, Kretz A. Optimized Protocol for Proportionate CNS Cell Retrieval as a Versatile Platform for Cellular and Molecular Phenomapping in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063000. [PMID: 35328432 PMCID: PMC8950438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient purification of viable neural cells from the mature CNS has been historically challenging due to the heterogeneity of the inherent cell populations. Moreover, changes in cellular interconnections, membrane lipid and cholesterol compositions, compartment-specific biophysical properties, and intercellular space constituents demand technical adjustments for cell isolation at different stages of maturation and aging. Though such obstacles are addressed and partially overcome for embryonic premature and mature CNS tissues, procedural adaptations to an aged, progeroid, and degenerative CNS environment are underrepresented. Here, we describe a practical workflow for the acquisition and phenomapping of CNS neural cells at states of health, physiological and precocious aging, and genetically provoked neurodegeneration. Following recent, unprecedented evidence of post-mitotic cellular senescence (PoMiCS), the protocol appears suitable for such de novo characterization and phenotypic opposition to classical senescence. Technically, the protocol is rapid, efficient as for cellular yield and well preserves physiological cell proportions. It is suitable for a variety of downstream applications aiming at cell type-specific interrogations, including cell culture systems, Flow-FISH, flow cytometry/FACS, senescence studies, and retrieval of omic-scale DNA, RNA, and protein profiles. We expect suitability for transfer to other CNS targets and to a broad spectrum of engineered systems addressing aging, neurodegeneration, progeria, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratul Ain
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (C.W.S.); (D.W.); (O.W.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.A.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-3641-9396630 (Q.A.); +49-3641-9323499 (A.K.)
| | - Christian W. Schmeer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (C.W.S.); (D.W.); (O.W.W.)
| | - Diane Wengerodt
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (C.W.S.); (D.W.); (O.W.W.)
| | - Yvonne Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Otto W. Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (C.W.S.); (D.W.); (O.W.W.)
| | - Alexandra Kretz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (C.W.S.); (D.W.); (O.W.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.A.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-3641-9396630 (Q.A.); +49-3641-9323499 (A.K.)
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19
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Wei Z, Qin Y, Fishell G, Li B. FACS-Based Neuronal Cell Type-Specific RNA Isolation and Alternative Splicing Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2537:51-62. [PMID: 35895258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2521-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs expands the coding abilities of genomes by generating distinct transcription variants from individual genes. It contributes to the marvelous complexity of the transcriptome in neurons. Given the differential expression of alternative splicing regulators and diversity in alternative splicing programs in neuronal subpopulations, it is urgent and necessary to develop methods to efficiently isolate diverse subgroups of neurons and analyze their transcriptomic diversity. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate RNA from specific neuronal types using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based method to analyze alternative splicing events in a cell type-specific manner. The method is universally applicable to analyze alternative splicing in fluorescent protein-labeled neuronal types. It was optimized to preserve the transcription state and improve efficiency in cell suspension purification. With our protocol, fluorescent protein-labeled neurons could be efficiently purified. The transcription states suitable for gene expression and alternative splicing analysis could be well-preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Wei
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Qin
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boxing Li
- Department of Physiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Joseph DJ, Von Deimling M, Hasegawa Y, Cristancho AG, Risbud R, McCoy AJ, Marsh ED. Protocol for isolating young adult parvalbumin interneurons from the mouse brain for extraction of high-quality RNA. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100714. [PMID: 34401780 PMCID: PMC8350399 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the parvalbumin (PV) subclass of GABAergic interneurons is implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders that evolve in severity with postnatal developmental stages. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the postnatal changes in the function of PV interneurons has been limited by the difficulty in the isolation of pure adult PV interneurons and high-quality RNA. Here, we describe our protocol for the isolation of pure young adult PV interneurons and preparation of high-quality RNA from these cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Joseph et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Joseph
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Markus Von Deimling
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuiko Hasegawa
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana G. Cristancho
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rashmi Risbud
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Almedia J. McCoy
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric D. Marsh
- Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Luan Z, Fan X, Zhao Y, Song H, Du W, Xu J, Wang Z, Zhang W, Zhang J. Trehalose can effectively protect sheep epididymis epithelial cells from oxidative stress. Arch Anim Breed 2021; 64:335-343. [PMID: 34458560 PMCID: PMC8386192 DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-335-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose, a naturally nontoxic disaccharide that does not exist in
mammals, stabilizes cell membrane integrity under oxidative stress
conditions, the mechanism of which is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the
effects of trehalose on sheep epididymis epithelial cell (EEC)
proliferation and its possible mechanisms. To study the effect of trehalose
on EECs, EECs were isolated from testes of 12-month-old sheep; cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was
used to measure the growth of the cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by
assaying cell cycle and apoptosis, and RT-PCR was utilized to identify the
epididymal molecular markers glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) and androgen receptor (AR). Next, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
content was evaluated by a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein
diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated by enzyme
chemistry methods, and GPX5 expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The results showed that 100 mM trehalose significantly improved the
proliferation potential of EECs, in which the cells could be serially
passaged 14 times with continued normal GPX5 and AR marker gene expression in vitro. The
trehalose can increase significantly a proportion of EECs in S phase
(P<0.01) and decrease significantly the apoptotic rate of EECs
(P<0.01) compared to the control. Moreover, the trehalose decreased
ROS significantly (P<0.01) and increased CAT
(P<0.01) and GSH-Px (P<0.05) activities significantly in EECs. GPX5 mRNA and
protein expression were also significantly upregulated in trehalose-treated
EECs (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively). Our study suggested
that exogenous trehalose exhibited antioxidant activity through increasing
the activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and the expression level of GPX5 and could be
employed to maintain vitality of sheep EECs during long-term in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojin Luan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014040, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Huizi Song
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Jiaoxia Xu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Zhaochen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
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22
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Osseward PJ, Amin ND, Moore JD, Temple BA, Barriga BK, Bachmann LC, Beltran F, Gullo M, Clark RC, Driscoll SP, Pfaff SL, Hayashi M. Conserved genetic signatures parcellate cardinal spinal neuron classes into local and projection subsets. Science 2021; 372:385-393. [PMID: 33888637 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motor and sensory functions of the spinal cord are mediated by populations of cardinal neurons arising from separate progenitor lineages. However, each cardinal class is composed of multiple neuronal types with distinct molecular, anatomical, and physiological features, and there is not a unifying logic that systematically accounts for this diversity. We reasoned that the expansion of new neuronal types occurred in a stepwise manner analogous to animal speciation, and we explored this by defining transcriptomic relationships using a top-down approach. We uncovered orderly genetic tiers that sequentially divide groups of neurons by their motor-sensory, local-long range, and excitatory-inhibitory features. The genetic signatures defining neuronal projections were tied to neuronal birth date and conserved across cardinal classes. Thus, the intersection of cardinal class with projection markers provides a unifying taxonomic solution for systematically identifying distinct functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Osseward
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neal D Amin
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Temple
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bianca K Barriga
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lukas C Bachmann
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fernando Beltran
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Clark
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marito Hayashi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Lewis EM, Stein-O'Brien GL, Patino AV, Nardou R, Grossman CD, Brown M, Bangamwabo B, Ndiaye N, Giovinazzo D, Dardani I, Jiang C, Goff LA, Dölen G. Parallel Social Information Processing Circuits Are Differentially Impacted in Autism. Neuron 2020; 108:659-675.e6. [PMID: 33113347 PMCID: PMC8033501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parallel processing circuits are thought to dramatically expand the network capabilities of the nervous system. Magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons have been proposed to subserve two parallel streams of social information processing, which allow a single molecule to encode a diverse array of ethologically distinct behaviors. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons in male mice, validated across anatomical, projection target, electrophysiological, and transcriptional criteria. We next use novel multiple feature selection tools in Fmr1-KO mice to provide direct evidence that normal functioning of the parvocellular but not magnocellular oxytocin pathway is required for autism-relevant social reward behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that autism risk genes are enriched in parvocellular compared with magnocellular oxytocin neurons. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that oxytocin-pathway-specific pathogenic mechanisms account for social impairments across a broad range of autism etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eastman M Lewis
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Wendy Klag Institute for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Genevieve L Stein-O'Brien
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alejandra V Patino
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Wendy Klag Institute for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Romain Nardou
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Wendy Klag Institute for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cooper D Grossman
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew Brown
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bidii Bangamwabo
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ndeye Ndiaye
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Giovinazzo
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ian Dardani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie Jiang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gül Dölen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Wendy Klag Institute for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Bell BJ, Wang AA, Kim DW, Xiong J, Blackshaw S, Wu MN. Characterization of mWake expression in the murine brain. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1954-1987. [PMID: 33140455 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Structure-function analyses of the mammalian brain have historically relied on anatomically-based approaches. In these investigations, physical, chemical, or electrolytic lesions of anatomical structures are applied, and the resulting behavioral or physiological responses assayed. An alternative approach is to focus on the expression pattern of a molecule whose function has been characterized and then use genetic intersectional methods to optogenetically or chemogenetically manipulate distinct circuits. We previously identified WIDE AWAKE (WAKE) in Drosophila, a clock output molecule that mediates the temporal regulation of sleep onset and sleep maintenance. More recently, we have studied the mouse homolog, mWAKE/ANKFN1, and our data suggest that its basic role in the circadian regulation of arousal is conserved. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of the expression pattern of mWake mRNA, protein, and cells throughout the adult mouse brain. We find that mWAKE labels neurons in a restricted, but distributed manner, in multiple regions of the hypothalamus (including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and tuberomammillary nucleus region), the limbic system, sensory processing nuclei, and additional specific brainstem, subcortical, and cortical areas. Interestingly, mWAKE is also observed in non-neuronal ependymal cells. In addition, to describe the molecular identities and clustering of mWake+ cells, we provide detailed analyses of single cell RNA sequencing data from the hypothalamus, a region with particularly significant mWAKE expression. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies into the potential role of mWAKE+ cells in the rhythmic control of diverse behaviors and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bell
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annette A Wang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Moudgil A, Wilkinson MN, Chen X, He J, Cammack AJ, Vasek MJ, Lagunas T, Qi Z, Lalli MA, Guo C, Morris SA, Dougherty JD, Mitra RD. Self-Reporting Transposons Enable Simultaneous Readout of Gene Expression and Transcription Factor Binding in Single Cells. Cell 2020; 182:992-1008.e21. [PMID: 32710817 PMCID: PMC7510185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity confounds in situ assays of transcription factor (TF) binding. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) deconvolves cell types from gene expression, but no technology links cell identity to TF binding sites (TFBS) in those cell types. We present self-reporting transposons (SRTs) and use them in single-cell calling cards (scCC), a novel assay for simultaneously measuring gene expression and mapping TFBS in single cells. The genomic locations of SRTs are recovered from mRNA, and SRTs deposited by exogenous, TF-transposase fusions can be used to map TFBS. We then present scCC, which map SRTs from scRNA-seq libraries, simultaneously identifying cell types and TFBS in those same cells. We benchmark multiple TFs with this technique. Next, we use scCC to discover BRD4-mediated cell-state transitions in K562 cells. Finally, we map BRD4 binding sites in the mouse cortex at single-cell resolution, establishing a new method for studying TF biology in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Moudgil
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael N Wilkinson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuhua Chen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - June He
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander J Cammack
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Vasek
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomás Lagunas
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zongtai Qi
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A Lalli
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chuner Guo
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Hahn A, Pensold D, Bayer C, Tittelmeier J, González-Bermúdez L, Marx-Blümel L, Linde J, Groß J, Salinas-Riester G, Lingner T, von Maltzahn J, Spehr M, Pieler T, Urbach A, Zimmer-Bensch G. DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) Function Is Implicated in the Age-Related Loss of Cortical Interneurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:639. [PMID: 32793592 PMCID: PMC7387673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy in modern society comes at the cost of age-associated disabilities and diseases. Aged brains not only show reduced excitability and plasticity, but also a decline in inhibition. Age-associated defects in inhibitory circuits likely contribute to cognitive decline and age-related disorders. Molecular mechanisms that exert epigenetic control of gene expression contribute to age-associated neuronal impairments. Both DNA methylation, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and histone modifications maintain neuronal function throughout lifespan. Here we provide evidence that DNMT1 function is implicated in the age-related loss of cortical inhibitory interneurons. Dnmt1 deletion in parvalbumin-positive interneurons attenuates their age-related decline in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, conditional Dnmt1-deficient mice show improved somatomotor performance and reduced aging-associated transcriptional changes. A decline in the proteostasis network, responsible for the proper degradation and removal of defective proteins, is implicated in age- and disease-related neurodegeneration. Our data suggest that DNMT1 acts indirectly on interneuron survival in aged mice by modulating the proteostasis network during life-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hahn
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Pensold
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cathrin Bayer
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Tittelmeier
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lourdes González-Bermúdez
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Marx-Blümel
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jenice Linde
- Department of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses - MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Groß
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia von Maltzahn
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses - MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Urbach
- Institute of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Department of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses - MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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27
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Kao CY, Xu M, Wang L, Lin SC, Lee HJ, Duraine L, Bellen HJ, Goldstein DS, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Elevated COUP-TFII expression in dopaminergic neurons accelerates the progression of Parkinson's disease through mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008868. [PMID: 32579581 PMCID: PMC7340320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder featuring progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons that leads to motor symptoms. The etiology and pathogenesis of PD are not clear. We found that expression of COUP-TFII, an orphan nuclear receptor, in DA neurons is upregulated in PD patients through the analysis of public datasets. We show here that through epigenetic regulation, COUP-TFII contributes to oxidative stress, suggesting that COUP-TFII may play a role in PD pathogenesis. Elevated COUP-TFII expression specifically in DA neurons evokes DA neuronal loss in mice and accelerates the progression of phenotypes in a PD mouse model, MitoPark. Compared to control mice, those with elevated COUP-TFII expression displayed reduced cristae in mitochondria and enhanced cellular electron-dense vacuoles in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Mechanistically, we found that overexpression of COUP-TFII disturbs mitochondrial pathways, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, there is repressed expression of genes encoding cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, which could enhance oxidative stress and interfere with mitochondrial function via 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) buildup in DA neurons. Importantly, under-expression of COUP-TFII in DA neurons slowed the deterioration in motor functions of MitoPark mice. Taken together, our results suggest that COUP-TFII may be an important contributor to PD development and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mafei Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leiming Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lita Duraine
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David S. Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophia Y. Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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28
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Pensold D, Reichard J, Van Loo KMJ, Ciganok N, Hahn A, Bayer C, Liebmann L, Groß J, Tittelmeier J, Lingner T, Salinas-Riester G, Symmank J, Halfmann C, González-Bermúdez L, Urbach A, Gehrmann J, Costa I, Pieler T, Hübner CA, Vatter H, Kampa B, Becker AJ, Zimmer-Bensch G. DNA Methylation-Mediated Modulation of Endocytosis as Potential Mechanism for Synaptic Function Regulation in Murine Inhibitory Cortical Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3921-3937. [PMID: 32147726 PMCID: PMC7264686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of excitation and inhibition is essential for cortical information processing, relying on the tight orchestration of the underlying subcellular processes. Dynamic transcriptional control by DNA methylation, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), and DNA demethylation, achieved by ten–eleven translocation (TET)-dependent mechanisms, is proposed to regulate synaptic function in the adult brain with implications for learning and memory. However, focus so far is laid on excitatory neurons. Given the crucial role of inhibitory cortical interneurons in cortical information processing and in disease, deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GABAergic transmission is fundamental. The emerging relevance of DNMT and TET-mediated functions for synaptic regulation irrevocably raises the question for the targeted subcellular processes and mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the role dynamic DNA methylation has in regulating cortical interneuron function. We found that DNMT1 and TET1/TET3 contrarily modulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, we provide evidence that DNMT1 influences synaptic vesicle replenishment and GABAergic transmission, presumably through the DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional control over endocytosis-related genes. The relevance of our findings is supported by human brain sample analysis, pointing to a potential implication of DNA methylation-dependent endocytosis regulation in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy, a disease characterized by disturbed synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Reichard
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 Multi Senses-Multi Scales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen M J Van Loo
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalja Ciganok
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cathrin Bayer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Groß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lingner
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Claas Halfmann
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Urbach
- Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Gehrmann
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Kampa
- Division of Systems Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,JARA BRAIN, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Division of Functional Epigenetics, Institute of Zoology (Biology 2), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Research Training Group 2416 Multi Senses-Multi Scales, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Huntley MA, Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Wang TM, Yee AX, Wang Y, Kaminker JS, Sheng M, Hansen DV, Hanson JE. Genome-Wide Analysis of Differential Gene Expression and Splicing in Excitatory Neurons and Interneuron Subtypes. J Neurosci 2020; 40:958-973. [PMID: 31831521 PMCID: PMC6988999 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1615-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical circuit activity is shaped by the parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons that inhibit principal excitatory (EXC) neurons and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons that suppress activation of other interneurons. To understand the molecular-genetic basis of functional specialization and identify potential drug targets specific to each neuron subtype, we performed a genome wide assessment of both gene expression and splicing across EXC, PV, SST and VIP neurons from male and female mouse brains. These results reveal numerous examples where neuron subtype-specific gene expression, as well as splice-isoform usage, can explain functional differences between neuron subtypes, including in presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic receptor function, and synaptic connectivity specification. We provide a searchable web resource for exploring differential mRNA expression and splice form usage between excitatory, PV, SST, and VIP neurons (http://research-pub.gene.com/NeuronSubtypeTranscriptomes). This resource, combining a unique new dataset and novel application of analysis methods to multiple relevant datasets, identifies numerous potential drug targets for manipulating circuit function, reveals neuron subtype-specific roles for disease-linked genes, and is useful for understanding gene expression changes observed in human patient brains.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the basis of functional specialization of neuron subtypes and identifying drug targets for manipulating circuit function requires comprehensive information on cell-type-specific transcriptional profiles. We sorted excitatory neurons and key inhibitory neuron subtypes from mouse brains and assessed differential mRNA expression. We used a genome-wide analysis which not only examined differential gene expression levels but could also detect differences in splice isoform usage. This analysis reveals numerous examples of neuron subtype-specific isoform usage with functional importance, identifies potential drug targets, and provides insight into the neuron subtypes involved in psychiatric disease. We also apply our analysis to two other relevant datasets for comparison, and provide a searchable website for convenient access to the resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Huntley
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | | | - Brad A Friedman
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Tzu-Ming Wang
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Ada X Yee
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Josh S Kaminker
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - David V Hansen
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918
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30
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Amamoto R, Zuccaro E, Curry NC, Khurana S, Chen HH, Cepko CL, Arlotta P. FIN-Seq: transcriptional profiling of specific cell types from frozen archived tissue of the human central nervous system. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e4. [PMID: 31728515 PMCID: PMC7145626 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of frozen, archived tissue samples from the human central nervous system (CNS) are currently available in brain banks. As recent developments in RNA sequencing technologies are beginning to elucidate the cellular diversity present within the human CNS, it is becoming clear that an understanding of this diversity would greatly benefit from deeper transcriptional analyses. Single cell and single nucleus RNA profiling provide one avenue to decipher this heterogeneity. An alternative, complementary approach is to profile isolated, pre-defined cell types and use methods that can be applied to many archived human tissue samples that have been stored long-term. Here, we developed FIN-Seq (Frozen Immunolabeled Nuclei Sequencing), a method that accomplishes these goals. FIN-Seq uses immunohistochemical isolation of nuclei of specific cell types from frozen human tissue, followed by bulk RNA-Sequencing. We applied this method to frozen postmortem samples of human cerebral cortex and retina and were able to identify transcripts, including low abundance transcripts, in specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Amamoto
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nathan C Curry
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sonia Khurana
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hsu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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31
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Avey D, Sankararaman S, Yim AKY, Barve R, Milbrandt J, Mitra RD. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Uncovers a Robust Transcriptional Response to Morphine by Glia. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3619-3629.e4. [PMID: 30257220 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and behavioral responses to opioids are thought to be primarily mediated by neurons, although there is accumulating evidence that other cell types play a prominent role in drug addiction. To investigate cell-type-specific opioid responses, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the nucleus accumbens of mice following acute morphine treatment. Differential expression analysis uncovered unique morphine-dependent transcriptional responses by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We examined the expression of selected genes, including Cdkn1a and Sgk1, by FISH, confirming their induction by morphine in oligodendrocytes. Further analysis using RNA-seq of FACS-purified oligodendrocytes revealed a large cohort of morphine-regulated genes. The affected genes are enriched for roles in cellular pathways intimately linked to oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, including the unfolded protein response. Altogether, our data illuminate the morphine-dependent transcriptional response by oligodendrocytes and offer mechanistic insights into myelination defects associated with opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Avey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sumithra Sankararaman
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aldrin K Y Yim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruteja Barve
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics. Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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32
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Clark EA, Shima Y, Nelson S. ATAC-seq on Sorted Adult Mouse Neurons. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3382. [PMID: 33654878 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulation is a key aspect of cellular identity established during development and maintained into adulthood. Molecular and biochemical assays that probe the genome are critical tools in exploring mechanisms of transcription regulation and cell type identity. The mammalian brain is composed of a huge diversity of cell types with distinct properties and functions. To understand these specific roles, it is necessary to selectively target cell populations for study. However, the need to selectively study restricted cell populations poses a challenge in neurobiology. It is often difficult to collect sufficient cellular input for many standard biochemical and molecular assays. Recently, important advances have been made to scale assays down, opening up new frontiers to explore molecular mechanisms in neurons. Concurrently, methodologies for preparing neurons for such assays has advanced taking into consideration specific methods to preserve the cell biology meant to be assayed. Here we describe a method for preparing live neurons from adult brain tissue for the Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Clark
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Shima
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
| | - Sacha Nelson
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
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33
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Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the aging mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1696-1708. [PMID: 31551601 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is complex, with multiple cell types performing a variety of diverse functions, but exactly how each cell type is affected in aging remains largely unknown. Here we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of young and old mouse brains. We provide comprehensive datasets of aging-related genes, pathways and ligand-receptor interactions in nearly all brain cell types. Our analysis identified gene signatures that vary in a coordinated manner across cell types and gene sets that are regulated in a cell-type specific manner, even at times in opposite directions. These data reveal that aging, rather than inducing a universal program, drives a distinct transcriptional course in each cell population, and they highlight key molecular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, underlying brain aging. Overall, these large-scale datasets (accessible online at https://portals.broadinstitute.org/single_cell/study/aging-mouse-brain ) provide a resource for the neuroscience community that will facilitate additional discoveries directed towards understanding and modifying the aging process.
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34
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In vivo epigenetic editing of Sema6a promoter reverses transcallosal dysconnectivity caused by C11orf46/Arl14ep risk gene. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4112. [PMID: 31511512 PMCID: PMC6739341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric risk genes contribute to epigenetic regulation but little is known about specific chromatin-associated mechanisms governing the formation of neuronal connectivity. Here we show that transcallosal connectivity is critically dependent on C11orf46, a nuclear protein encoded in the chromosome 11p13 WAGR risk locus. C11orf46 haploinsufficiency was associated with hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. C11orf46 knockdown disrupted transcallosal projections and was rescued by wild type C11orf46 but not the C11orf46R236H mutant associated with intellectual disability. Multiple genes encoding key regulators of axonal development, including Sema6a, were hyperexpressed in C11orf46-knockdown neurons. RNA-guided epigenetic editing of Sema6a gene promoters via a dCas9-SunTag system with C11orf46 binding normalized SEMA6A expression and rescued transcallosal dysconnectivity via repressive chromatin remodeling by the SETDB1 repressor complex. Our study demonstrates that interhemispheric communication is sensitive to locus-specific remodeling of neuronal chromatin, revealing the therapeutic potential for shaping the brain's connectome via gene-targeted designer activators and repressor proteins.
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35
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GPRIN3 Controls Neuronal Excitability, Morphology, and Striatal-Dependent Behaviors in the Indirect Pathway of the Striatum. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7513-7528. [PMID: 31363062 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2454-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the striatum by the GPCR signaling through neuromodulators is essential for its physiology and physiopathology, so it is necessary to know all the compounds of these pathways. In this study, we identified a new important partner of the dopaminergic pathway: GPRIN3 (a member of the GPRIN family). GPRIN3 is highly expressed in the striatum but with undefined function. Cell sorting of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in indirect MSNs and direct MSNs indicated the presence of the GPRIN3 gene in both populations with a preferential expression in indirect MSNs. This led us to generate GPRIN3 KO mice by CRISPR/Cas9 and test male animals to access possible alterations in morphological, electrophysiological, and behavioral parameters following its absence. 3D reconstruction analysis of MSNs revealed increased neuronal arborization in GPRIN3 KO and modified passive and active electrophysiological properties. These cellular alterations were coupled with increased motivation and cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. Additionally, using a specific indirect MSN knockdown, we showed a preferential role for GPRIN3 in indirect MSNs related to the D2R signaling. Together, these results show that GPRIN3 is a mediator of D2R function in the striatum playing a major role in striatal physiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The striatum is the main input of the basal ganglia processing information from different brain regions through the combined actions of direct pathway neurons and indirect pathway neurons. Both neuronal populations are defined by the expression of dopamine D1R or D2R GPCRs, respectively. How these neurons signal to the respective G-protein is still debatable. Here we identified GPRIN3 as a putative selective controller of D2R function in the striatum playing a critical role in striatal-associated behaviors and cellular functions. This study represents the identification of a new target to tackle striatal dysfunction associated with the D2R, such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction.
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36
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Large-Scale Generation and Characterization of Homogeneous Populations of Migratory Cortical Interneurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:414-430. [PMID: 31061832 PMCID: PMC6495066 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During development, cortical interneurons (cINs) are generated from the ventral telencephalon, robustly migrate to the dorsal telencephalon, make local synaptic connections, and critically regulate brain circuitry by inhibiting other neurons. Thus, their abnormality is associated with various brain disorders. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cINs can provide unlimited sources with which to study the pathogenesis mechanism of these disorders as well as provide a platform to develop novel therapeutics. By employing spinner culture, we could obtain a >10-fold higher yield of cIN progenitors compared to conventional culture without affecting their phenotype. Generated cIN spheres can be maintained feeder-free up to 10 months and are optimized for passaging and cryopreservation. In addition, we identified a combination of chemicals that synchronously matures generated progenitors into SOX6+KI67− migratory cINs and extensively characterized their maturation in terms of metabolism, migration, arborization, and electrophysiology. When transplanted into mouse brains, chemically matured migratory cINs generated grafts that efficiently disperse and integrate into the host circuitry without uncontrolled growth, making them an optimal cell population for cell therapy. Efficient large-scale generation of homogeneous migratory cINs without the need of feeder cells will play a critical role in the full realization of hPSC-derived cINs for development of novel therapeutics.
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37
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Single-Cell RNA-Seq of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons Informs Candidate Gene Selection for Sporadic Parkinson Disease. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:427-446. [PMID: 29499164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation modulating risk of sporadic Parkinson disease (PD) has been primarily explored through genome-wide association studies (GWASs). However, like many other common genetic diseases, the impacted genes remain largely unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to characterize dopaminergic (DA) neuron populations in the mouse brain at embryonic and early postnatal time points. These data facilitated unbiased identification of DA neuron subpopulations through their unique transcriptional profiles, including a postnatal neuroblast population and substantia nigra (SN) DA neurons. We use these population-specific data to develop a scoring system to prioritize candidate genes in all 49 GWAS intervals implicated in PD risk, including genes with known PD associations and many with extensive supporting literature. As proof of principle, we confirm that the nigrostriatal pathway is compromised in Cplx1-null mice. Ultimately, this systematic approach establishes biologically pertinent candidates and testable hypotheses for sporadic PD, informing a new era of PD genetic research.
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38
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Subkhangulova A, Malik AR, Hermey G, Popp O, Dittmar G, Rathjen T, Poy MN, Stumpf A, Beed PS, Schmitz D, Breiderhoff T, Willnow TE. SORCS1 and SORCS3 control energy balance and orexigenic peptide production. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744810. [PMID: 29440124 PMCID: PMC5891432 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SORCS1 and SORCS3 are two related sorting receptors expressed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Using mouse models with individual or dual receptor deficiencies, we document a previously unknown function of these receptors in central control of metabolism. Specifically, SORCS1 and SORCS3 act as intracellular trafficking receptors for tropomyosin-related kinase B to attenuate signaling by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a potent regulator of energy homeostasis. Loss of the joint action of SORCS1 and SORCS3 in mutant mice results in excessive production of the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide and in a state of chronic energy excess characterized by enhanced food intake, decreased locomotor activity, diminished usage of lipids as metabolic fuel, and increased adiposity, albeit at overall reduced body weight. Our findings highlight a novel concept in regulation of the melanocortin system and the role played by trafficking receptors SORCS1 and SORCS3 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna R Malik
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rathjen
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Stumpf
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prateep Sanker Beed
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Hayashi M, Hinckley CA, Driscoll SP, Moore NJ, Levine AJ, Hilde KL, Sharma K, Pfaff SL. Graded Arrays of Spinal and Supraspinal V2a Interneuron Subtypes Underlie Forelimb and Hindlimb Motor Control. Neuron 2018; 97:869-884.e5. [PMID: 29398364 PMCID: PMC8601153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord contains neural networks that enable regionally distinct motor outputs along the body axis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how segment-specific motor computations are processed because the cardinal interneuron classes that control motor neurons appear uniform at each level of the spinal cord. V2a interneurons are essential to both forelimb and hindlimb movements, and here we identify two major types that emerge during development: type I neurons marked by high Chx10 form recurrent networks with neighboring spinal neurons and type II neurons that downregulate Chx10 and project to supraspinal structures. Types I and II V2a interneurons are arrayed in counter-gradients, and this network activates different patterns of motor output at cervical and lumbar levels. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed type I and II V2a neurons are each comprised of multiple subtypes. Our findings uncover a molecular and anatomical organization of V2a interneurons reminiscent of the orderly way motor neurons are divided into columns and pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marito Hayashi
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Hinckley
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Niall J Moore
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn L Hilde
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Takesian AE, Bogart LJ, Lichtman JW, Hensch TK. Inhibitory circuit gating of auditory critical-period plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:218-227. [PMID: 29358666 PMCID: PMC5978727 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortical sensory maps are remodeled during early life to adapt to the surrounding environment. Both sensory and contextual signals are important for induction of this plasticity, but how these signals converge to sculpt developing thalamocortical circuits remains largely unknown. Here we show that layer 1 (L1) of primary auditory cortex (A1) is a key hub where neuromodulatory and topographically organized thalamic inputs meet to tune the cortical layers below. Inhibitory interneurons in L1 send narrowly descending projections to differentially modulate thalamic drive to pyramidal and parvalbumin-expressing (PV) cells in L4, creating brief windows of intracolumnar activation. Silencing of L1 (but not VIP-expressing) cells abolishes map plasticity during the tonotopic critical period. Developmental transitions in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) sensitivity in these cells caused by Lynx1 protein can be overridden to extend critical-period closure. Notably, thalamocortical maps in L1 are themselves stable, and serve as a scaffold for cortical plasticity throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Takesian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke J Bogart
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Flow Cytometric Detection of PrP Sc in Neurons and Glial Cells from Prion-Infected Mouse Brains. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01457-17. [PMID: 29046463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01457-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In prion diseases, an abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc) accumulates in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the brains of animals affected by prions. Detailed analyses of PrPSc-positive neurons and glial cells are required to clarify their pathophysiological roles in the disease. Here, we report a novel method for the detection of PrPSc in neurons and glial cells from the brains of prion-infected mice by flow cytometry using PrPSc-specific staining with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 132. The combination of PrPSc staining and immunolabeling of neural cell markers clearly distinguished neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that were positive for PrPSc from those that were PrPSc negative. The flow cytometric analysis of PrPSc revealed the appearance of PrPSc-positive neurons, astrocytes, and microglia at 60 days after intracerebral prion inoculation, suggesting the presence of PrPSc in the glial cells, as well as in neurons, from an early stage of infection. Moreover, the kinetic analysis of PrPSc revealed a continuous increase in the proportion of PrPSc-positive cells for all cell types with disease progression. Finally, we applied this method to isolate neurons, astrocytes, and microglia positive for PrPSc from a prion-infected mouse brain by florescence-activated cell sorting. The method described here enables comprehensive analyses specific to PrPSc-positive neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that will contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological roles of neurons and glial cells in PrPSc-associated pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Although formation of PrPSc in neurons is associated closely with neurodegeneration in prion diseases, the mechanism of neurodegeneration is not understood completely. On the other hand, recent studies proposed the important roles of glial cells in PrPSc-associated pathogenesis, such as the intracerebral spread of PrPSc and clearance of PrPSc from the brain. Despite the great need for detailed analyses of PrPSc-positive neurons and glial cells, methods available for cell type-specific analysis of PrPSc have been limited thus far to microscopic observations. Here, we have established a novel high-throughput method for flow cytometric detection of PrPSc in cells with more accurate quantitative performance. By applying this method, we succeeded in isolating PrPSc-positive cells from the prion-infected mouse brains via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This allows us to perform further detailed analysis specific to PrPSc-positive neurons and glial cells for the clarification of pathological changes in neurons and pathophysiological roles of glial cells.
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In Vivo Selection of a Computationally Designed SCHEMA AAV Library Yields a Novel Variant for Infection of Adult Neural Stem Cells in the SVZ. Mol Ther 2017; 26:304-319. [PMID: 28988711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution continues to expand the capabilities of complex biomolecules for a range of applications, such as adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy; however, advances in library design and selection strategies are key to develop variants that overcome barriers to clinical translation. To address this need, we applied structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of the multimeric adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid to generate a highly diversified chimeric library with minimal structural disruption. A stringent in vivo Cre-dependent selection strategy was implemented to identify variants that transduce adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone. A novel variant, SCH9, infected 60% of NSCs and mediated 24-fold higher GFP expression and a 12-fold greater transduction volume than AAV9. SCH9 utilizes both galactose and heparan sulfate as cell surface receptors and exhibits increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies. These results establish the SCHEMA library as a valuable tool for directed evolution and SCH9 as an effective gene delivery vector to investigate subventricular NSCs.
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Sakai A, Nakato R, Ling Y, Hou X, Hara N, Iijima T, Yanagawa Y, Kuwano R, Okuda S, Shirahige K, Sugiyama S. Genome-Wide Target Analyses of Otx2 Homeoprotein in Postnatal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:307. [PMID: 28620275 PMCID: PMC5450002 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile brain has a unique time window, or critical period, in which neuronal circuits are remodeled by experience. Mounting evidence indicates the importance of neuronal circuit rewiring in various neurodevelopmental disorders of human cognition. We previously showed that Otx2 homeoprotein, essential for brain formation, is recaptured during postnatal maturation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV cells) to activate the critical period in mouse visual cortex. Cortical Otx2 is the only interneuron-enriched transcription factor known to regulate the critical period, but its downstream targets remain unknown. Here, we used ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) to identify genome-wide binding sites of Otx2 in juvenile mouse cortex, and interneuron-specific RNA-seq to explore the Otx2-dependent transcriptome. Otx2-bound genes were associated with human diseases such as schizophrenia as well as critical periods. Of these genes, expression of neuronal factors involved in transcription, signal transduction and mitochondrial function was moderately and broadly affected in Otx2-deficient interneurons. In contrast to reported binding sites in the embryo, genes encoding potassium ion transporters such as KV3.1 had juvenile cortex-specific binding sites, suggesting that Otx2 is involved in regulating fast-spiking properties during PV cell maturation. Moreover, transcripts of oxidative resistance-1 (Oxr1), whose promoter has Otx2 binding sites, were markedly downregulated in Otx2-deficient interneurons. Therefore, an important role of Otx2 may be to protect the cells from the increased oxidative stress in fast-spiking PV cells. Our results suggest that coordinated expression of Otx2 targets promotes PV cell maturation and maintains its function in neuronal plasticity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakai
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Xubin Hou
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iijima
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityGunma, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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Genetic Otx2 mis-localization delays critical period plasticity across brain regions. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:680-688. [PMID: 28194008 PMCID: PMC5400722 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of non-cell autonomous Otx2 homeoprotein in postnatal mouse visual cortex (V1) has been implicated in both the onset and closure of critical period (CP) plasticity. Here, we show that a genetic point mutation in the glycosaminoglycan recognition motif of Otx2 broadly delays the maturation of pivotal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons not only in V1 but also in the primary auditory (A1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Consequently, not only visual, but also auditory plasticity is delayed, including the experience-dependent expansion of tonotopic maps in A1 and the acquisition of acoustic preferences in mPFC, which mitigates anxious behavior. In addition, Otx2 mis-localization leads to dynamic turnover of selected perineuronal net (PNN) components well beyond the normal CP in V1 and mPFC. These findings reveal widespread actions of Otx2 signaling in the postnatal cortex controlling the maturational trajectory across modalities. Disrupted PV+ network function and deficits in PNN integrity are implicated in a variety of psychiatric illnesses, suggesting a potential global role for Otx2 function in establishing mental health.
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Martin D, Xu J, Porretta C, Nichols CD. Neurocytometry: Flow Cytometric Sorting of Specific Neuronal Populations from Human and Rodent Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:356-367. [PMID: 28135061 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry has the potential to facilitate understanding of the heterogeneous responses of diverse brain cell populations to a variety of stimuli. However, existing methods of applying flow cytometry to brain tissues are each limited in certain ways. They either require genetically labeled cells to achieve separation of specific populations, are not applicable to previously fixed tissue, or are not compatible with downstream mRNA analysis. Here, we describe a group of related methods that overcome many previous limitations and allow robust sorting and downstream molecular analysis of highly enriched populations of specific neuronal and non-neuronal cells from any mammalian brain. We illustrate these techniques, which are compatible with antibodies for both nuclear and non-nuclear epitopes and do not require transgenic animals, with three examples. First, we describe the separation and downstream mRNA analysis of four types of cortical interneurons (somatostatin, parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin) from paraformaldehyde-fixed rat brain sections. Second, we demonstrate separation of neurons and non-neurons from zinc-fixed mouse brain cortical sections followed by analysis of enzymatic activity (ACE2 activity) and mRNA expression. Third, we show that routinely fixed post-mortem human brain can be analyzed by isolating parvalbumin-containing neurons from cortical samples that were fixed for periods of up to 8 weeks in formalin. In each case, sorted cell identity was confirmed with mRNA analysis. The neurocytometry methodology described here has the potential to significantly expand studies to analyze the effects of drugs, environmental manipulations, and disease states on the nucleic acid and protein content of specific brain cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martin
- Department of Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Connie Porretta
- Department of Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Charles D. Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology
and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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46
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A molecular census of arcuate hypothalamus and median eminence cell types. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:484-496. [PMID: 28166221 PMCID: PMC5323293 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic arcuate-median eminence complex (Arc-ME) controls energy balance, fertility, and growth through molecularly distinct cell types, many of which remain unknown. To catalog cell types in an unbiased way, we profiled gene expression in 20,921 individual cells in and around the adult mouse Arc-ME using Drop-seq. We identify 50 transcriptionally distinct Arc-ME cell populations, including a rare tanycyte population at the Arc-ME diffusion barrier, a novel leptin-sensing neuronal population, multiple AgRP and POMC subtypes, and an orexigenic somatostatin neuronal population. We extended Drop-seq to detect dynamic expression changes across relevant physiological perturbations, revealing cell type-specific responses to energy status, including distinctly responsive subtypes of AgRP and POMC neurons. Finally, integrating our data with human GWAS data implicates two previously unknown neuronal subtypes in the genetic control of obesity. This resource will accelerate biological discovery by providing insights into molecular and cell type diversity from which function can be inferred.
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47
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Brzózka MM, Havemann-Reinecke U, Wichert SP, Falkai P, Rossner MJ. Molecular Signatures of Psychosocial Stress and Cognition Are Modulated by Chronic Lithium Treatment. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42 Suppl 1:S22-33. [PMID: 26714764 PMCID: PMC4960433 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is an important environmental risk factor of psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Social defeat in rodents has been shown to be associated with maladaptive cellular and behavioral consequences including cognitive impairments. Although gene expression changes upon psychosocial stress have been described, a comprehensive transcriptome profiling study at the global level in precisely defined hippocampal subregions which are associated with learning has been lacking. In this study, we exposed adult C57Bl/6N mice for 3 weeks to "resident-intruder" paradigm and combined laser capture microdissection with microarray analyses to identify transcriptomic signatures of chronic psychosocial stress in dentate gyrus and CA3 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus. At the individual transcript level, we detected subregion specific stress responses whereas gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) identified several common pathways upregulated upon chronic psychosocial stress related to proteasomal function and energy supply. Behavioral profiling revealed stress-associated impairments most prominent in fear memory formation which was prevented by chronic lithium treatment. Thus, we again microdissected the CA3 region and performed global transcriptome analysis to search for molecular signatures altered by lithium treatment in stressed animals. By combining GSEA with unsupervised clustering, we detected pathways that are regulated by stress and lithium in the CA3 region of the hippocampus including proteasomal components, oxidative phosphorylation, and anti-oxidative mechanisms. Our study thus provides insight into hidden molecular phenotypes of chronic psychosocial stress and lithium treatment and proves a beneficial role for lithium treatment as an agent attenuating negative effects of psychosocial stress on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M. Brzózka
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Germany;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336 Munich, Germany; tel: +49-89-4400-52743, fax: +49-89-4400-54741, e-mail:
| | - Ursula Havemann-Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry and CNMPB-DFG Research Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sven P. Wichert
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, Germany;,Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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48
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Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Larson JL, Lauffer BE, Goldstein LD, Appling LL, Borneo J, Poon C, Ho T, Cai F, Steiner P, van der Brug MP, Modrusan Z, Kaminker JS, Hansen DV. Untangling the brain's neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative transcriptional responses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11295. [PMID: 27097852 PMCID: PMC4844685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to understanding neurodegenerative disease is comparing gene expression in diseased versus healthy tissues. We illustrate that expression profiles derived from whole tissue RNA highly reflect the degenerating tissues' altered cellular composition, not necessarily transcriptional regulation. To accurately understand transcriptional changes that accompany neuropathology, we acutely purify neurons, astrocytes and microglia from single adult mouse brains and analyse their transcriptomes by RNA sequencing. Using peripheral endotoxemia to establish the method, we reveal highly specific transcriptional responses and altered RNA processing in each cell type, with Tnfr1 required for the astrocytic response. Extending the method to an Alzheimer's disease model, we confirm that transcriptomic changes observed in whole tissue are driven primarily by cell type composition, not transcriptional regulation, and identify hundreds of cell type-specific changes undetected in whole tissue RNA. Applying similar methods to additional models and patient tissues will transform our understanding of aberrant gene expression in neurological disease. Whole tissue RNA profiling can help identify altered molecular pathways underlying neurodegenerative disease, but often masks cell type-specific transcriptional changes. Here, the authors compare transcriptomes of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from Alzheimer's disease model brains and identify hundreds of cell-type specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karpagam Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jessica L Larson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin E Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laurie L Appling
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jovencio Borneo
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Terence Ho
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Marcel P van der Brug
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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D'Agostino G, Lyons DJ, Cristiano C, Burke LK, Madara JC, Campbell JN, Garcia AP, Land BB, Lowell BB, Dileone RJ, Heisler LK. Appetite controlled by a cholecystokinin nucleus of the solitary tract to hypothalamus neurocircuit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26974347 PMCID: PMC4861598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a key gateway for meal-related signals entering the brain from the periphery. However, the chemical mediators crucial to this process have not been fully elucidated. We reveal that a subset of NTS neurons containing cholecystokinin (CCKNTS) is responsive to nutritional state and that their activation reduces appetite and body weight in mice. Cell-specific anterograde tracing revealed that CCKNTS neurons provide a distinctive innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), with fibers and varicosities in close apposition to a subset of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4RPVH) cells, which are also responsive to CCK. Optogenetic activation of CCKNTS axon terminals within the PVH reveal the satiating function of CCKNTS neurons to be mediated by a CCKNTS→PVH pathway that also encodes positive valence. These data identify the functional significance of CCKNTS neurons and reveal a sufficient and discrete NTS to hypothalamus circuit controlling appetite. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12225.001 Obesity primarily results from eating more food than the body requires, the energy from which is then stored as fat. In recent years obesity has become increasingly common, with the resulting health problems presenting one of the major healthcare challenges of the twenty-first century. New ways to tackle the obesity epidemic are therefore required to improve human health on a global scale. To regulate how much food is eaten, the gut sends chemical messengers to the brain about how much food has been consumed. These messengers activate particular cells in the brain that signal to other brain regions to trigger a decision about whether we’ve had enough food to eat. This raises a question: if we can artificially activate these cells, can we ‘trick’ the brain into thinking that food has been consumed? A brain region called the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is known to play a key role in receiving signals from the gut about meals. By studying mice, D’Agostino et al. found that cells in the NTS that make a brain hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) are particularly activated by food. Further experiments then used a technique called optogenetics to activate these cells in mice that had free access to different types of food. This activation significantly reduced how hungry the mice were, causing them to eat less food and lose weight. D’Agostino et al. also showed that CCK cells relay the signal about food intake to a brain region called the hypothalamus. Overall, D’Agostino et al. have found a way to trick the brain into thinking that food has been eaten when it actually hasn’t, and for this reason mice eat less without feeling hungry and lose weight. The next step is to try and find a way to activate the CCK cells in obese humans who have health complications associated with excess body weight. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12225.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lyons
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Luke K Burke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - John N Campbell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ana Paula Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ralph J Dileone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Guo DF, Cui H, Zhang Q, Morgan DA, Thedens DR, Nishimura D, Grobe JL, Sheffield VC, Rahmouni K. The BBSome Controls Energy Homeostasis by Mediating the Transport of the Leptin Receptor to the Plasma Membrane. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005890. [PMID: 26926121 PMCID: PMC4771807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a highly pleiotropic autosomal recessive disorder associated with a wide range of phenotypes including obesity. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that neuronal BBSome is a critical determinant of energy balance through its role in the regulation of the trafficking of the long signaling form of the leptin receptor (LRb). Targeted disruption of the BBSome by deleting the Bbs1 gene from the nervous system causes obesity in mice, and this phenotype is reproduced by ablation of the Bbs1 gene selectively in the LRb-expressing cells, but not from adipocytes. Obesity developed as a consequence of both increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure in mice lacking the Bbs1 gene in LRb-expressing cells. Strikingly, the well-known role of BBS proteins in the regulation of ciliary formation and function is unlikely to account for the obesogenic effect of BBS1 loss as disruption of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery required for ciliogenesis by deleting the Ift88 gene in LRb-expressing cells caused a marginal increase in body weight and adiposity. Instead, we demonstrate that silencing BBS proteins, but not IFT88, impair the trafficking of the LRb to the plasma membrane leading to central leptin resistance in a manner independent of obesity. Our data also demonstrate that postnatal deletion of the Bbs1 gene in the mediobasal hypothalamus can cause obesity in mice, arguing against an early neurodevelopmental origin of obesity in BBS. Our results depict a novel mechanism underlying energy imbalance and obesity in BBS with potential implications in common forms of human obesity. The brain plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis. The hormone leptin is a critical afferent signal in metabolic homeostasis through its action in the brain. Here we show that neuronal Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, encoded by genes that cause obesity when mutated, govern energy homeostasis through the control of cell surface expression of the leptin receptor. Selective disruption of BBS proteins causes obesity in mice and impairs the transport of the leptin receptor to the plasma membrane leading to leptin resistance in a manner independent of obesity. These results establish BBS proteins as a fundamental mechanism underlying transport of the leptin receptor and explain why BBS patients develop obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Darryl Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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