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Lv H, Liu J, He Y, Xia S, Qiao C, Xu C. The Ameliorative Role of Lico A on Aflatoxin B 1-Triggered Hepatotoxicity Partially by Activating Nrf2 Signal Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2741-2755. [PMID: 38284775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful and toxic mycotoxins in foods and feeds, posing a serious health risk to both humans and animals, especially its hepatotoxicity. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an important nuclear transcription factor, is generally recognized as a potential target for phytochemicals to ameliorate liver injury. The current study sought to elucidate the molecular processes by which licochalcone A (Lico A), a compound derived from Xinjiang licorice Glycyrrhiza inflate, protects against AFB1 toxicity. In vivo, male wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) C57BL/6 mice were orally administered AFB1 at 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) with or without Lico A at 5 mg/kg. In vitro, AML12 cells were utilized to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of Lico A against the AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. Our findings demonstrated that AFB1 caused severe hepatotoxicity, while Lico A treatment successfully relieved the toxicity. Meanwhile, Lico A effectively improved liver injury, inflammatory mediators, oxidative insults, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, and pyroptosis, which contributed to the inhibition of toll receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-κB/MAPK and NOD-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway activation. Furthermore, Lico A was able to enhance the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway. Intriguingly, Lico A still had a protective effect on AFB1-caused liver injury in mice via the inhibition of inflammation and pyroptosis, while apoptosis and liver fibrosis were blocked in the absence of Nrf2. To sum up, the present study first elucidated that Lico A ameliorated AFB1-induced hepatotoxic effects and its main mechanism involved the inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, inflammation, and pyroptosis, which might be partially dependent on the regulation of Nrf2. The work may enrich the role and mechanism of Lico A's resistance to liver injury caused by various factors, and its application is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West, Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiahe Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuxi He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shijie Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chunyu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West, Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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Liu J, Han X, Zhang T, Tian K, Li Z, Luo F. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:116. [PMID: 38037103 PMCID: PMC10687997 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental defensive response to harmful stimuli, but the overactivation of inflammatory responses is associated with most human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of chemicals that are generated after the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen. At moderate levels, ROS function as critical signaling molecules in the modulation of various physiological functions, including inflammatory responses. However, at excessive levels, ROS exert toxic effects and directly oxidize biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, further exacerbating the development of inflammatory responses and causing various inflammatory diseases. Therefore, designing and manufacturing biomaterials that scavenge ROS has emerged an important approach for restoring ROS homeostasis, limiting inflammatory responses and protecting the host against damage. This review systematically outlines the dynamic balance of ROS production and clearance under physiological conditions. We focus on the mechanisms by which ROS regulate cell signaling proteins and how these cell signaling proteins further affect inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the use of potential and currently available-biomaterials that scavenge ROS, including agents that were engineered to reduce ROS levels by blocking ROS generation, directly chemically reacting with ROS, or catalytically accelerating ROS clearance, in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Finally, we evaluate the challenges and prospects for the controlled production and material design of ROS scavenging biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Feng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Nanlu, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Fan X, Fan YT, Zeng H, Dong XQ, Lu M, Zhang ZY. Role of ferroptosis in esophageal cancer and corresponding immunotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:1105-1118. [PMID: 37546564 PMCID: PMC10401468 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i7.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common digestive system malignancies in the world. The combined modality treatment of EC is usually surgery and radiation therapy, however, its clinical efficacy for advanced patients is relatively limited. Ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent programmed cell death, is different from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. In recent years, many studies have further enlightened that ferroptosis plays an essential role in the occurrence, development and metastasis of tumors. Targeting ferroptosis stimulates a new direction for further exploration of oncologic treatment regimens. Furthermore, ferroptosis has a critical role in the immune microenvironment of tumors. This paper reviews the mechanism of ferroptosis and the ferroptosis research progress in the treatment of EC. We further elaborate the interaction between ferroptosis and immunotherapy, and the related mechanisms of ferroptosis participation in the immunotherapy of EC, so as to provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Ting Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xi-Qi Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shangrao Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
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Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111444. [PMID: 34768878 PMCID: PMC8583882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are major sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species and are vulnerable targets for oxidative stress-induced damage. The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand and low antioxidant defence systems, therefore minimal imbalances in the redox state can result in an oxidative environment that favours tissue damage and activates neuroinflammatory processes. Mitochondrial-associated molecular pathways are often compromised in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, including the parkin/PINK1, Nrf2, PGC1α, and PPARγ pathways. Impairments to these signalling pathways consequently effect the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, which has been suggested as contributing to the development of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction prevention has become an attractive therapeutic target, and there are several molecular pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to remove damaged mitochondria by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the brain, in order to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent the development and progression of neurodegeneration in these disorders. Compounds such as natural polyphenolic compounds, bioactive quinones, and Nrf2 activators have been reported in the literature as novel therapeutic candidates capable of targeting defective mitochondrial pathways in order to improve mitochondrial function and reduce the severity of neurodegeneration in these disorders.
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Zhao Y, Yan T, Xiong C, Chang M, Gao Q, Yao S, Wu W, Yi X, Xu G. Overexpression of lipoic acid synthase gene alleviates diabetic nephropathy of Leprdb/db mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002260. [PMID: 34183321 PMCID: PMC8240563 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN) develops in about 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes and remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The mechanisms of DN remain to be elucidated. Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of DN but antioxidant therapy has produced conflicting results. Therefore, we sought to define the role of antioxidant in retarding the development of DN in this study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We generated a new antioxidant/diabetes mouse model, LiasH/HLeprdb/db mice, by crossing db/db mice with LiasH/H mice, which have overexpressed Lias gene (~160%) compared with wild type, and also correspondingly increased endogenous antioxidant capacity. The new model was used to investigate whether predisposed increased endogenous antioxidant capacity was able to retard the development of DN. We systemically and dynamically examined main pathological alterations of DN and antioxidant biomarkers in blood and kidney mitochondria. RESULTS LiasH/HLeprdb/db mice alleviated major pathological alterations in the early stage of DN, accompanied with significantly enhanced antioxidant defense. The model targets the main pathogenic factors by exerting multiple effects such as hypoglycemic, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant, especially protection of mitochondria. CONCLUSION The antioxidant animal model is not only very useful for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of DN but also brings insight into a new therapeutic strategy for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiyu Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, American Samoa
| | - Guangcui Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
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6
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Luo LF, Guan P, Qin LY, Wang JX, Wang N, Ji ES. Astragaloside IV inhibits adriamycin-induced cardiac ferroptosis by enhancing Nrf2 signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2603-2611. [PMID: 33656642 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AsIV), an active ingredient isolated from traditional Chinese medicine astragalus membranaceus, is beneficial to cardiovascular health. This study aimed to characterize the functional role of AsIV against adriamycin (ADR)-induced cardiomyopathy. Here, healthy rats were treated with ADR and/or AsIV for 35 days. We found that AsIV protected the rats against ADR-induced cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. Meanwhile, ADR increased type I and III collagens, TGF-β, NOX2, and NOX4 expression and SMAD2/3 activity in the left ventricles of rats, while those effects were countered by AsIV through suppressing oxidative stress. Moreover, ADR was found to promote cardiac ferroptosis, whereas administration of AsIV attenuated the process via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and the subsequent GPx4 expression increasing. These results suggest that AsIV might play a protective role against ADR-induced myocardial fibrosis, which may partly attribute to its anti-ferroptotic action by enhancing Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fei Luo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu-Yun Qin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - En-Sheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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7
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Yan HF, Zou T, Tuo QZ, Xu S, Li H, Belaidi AA, Lei P. Ferroptosis: mechanisms and links with diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:49. [PMID: 33536413 PMCID: PMC7858612 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death, which is different from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death. The process of ferroptotic cell death is defined by the accumulation of lethal lipid species derived from the peroxidation of lipids, which can be prevented by iron chelators (e.g., deferiprone, deferoxamine) and small lipophilic antioxidants (e.g., ferrostatin, liproxstatin). This review summarizes current knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its association with several pathways, including iron, lipid, and cysteine metabolism. We have further discussed the contribution of ferroptosis to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, and various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), and evaluated the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis inhibitors in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fa Yan
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zou
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Zhang Tuo
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdel Ali Belaidi
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Hauptmann J, Johann L, Marini F, Kitic M, Colombo E, Mufazalov IA, Krueger M, Karram K, Moos S, Wanke F, Kurschus FC, Klein M, Cardoso S, Strauß J, Bolisetty S, Lühder F, Schwaninger M, Binder H, Bechman I, Bopp T, Agarwal A, Soares MP, Regen T, Waisman A. Interleukin-1 promotes autoimmune neuroinflammation by suppressing endothelial heme oxygenase-1 at the blood-brain barrier. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:549-567. [PMID: 32651669 PMCID: PMC7498485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1) is crucially involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we studied the role of IL-1 signaling in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes and microglia for EAE development, using mice with the conditional deletion of its signaling receptor IL-1R1. We found that IL-1 signaling in microglia and astrocytes is redundant for the development of EAE, whereas the IL-1R1 deletion in BBB-ECs markedly ameliorated disease severity. IL-1 signaling in BBB-ECs upregulated the expression of the adhesion molecules Vcam-1, Icam-1 and the chemokine receptor Darc, all of which have been previously shown to promote CNS-specific inflammation. In contrast, IL-1R1 signaling suppressed the expression of the stress-responsive heme catabolizing enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in BBB-ECs, promoting disease progression via a mechanism associated with deregulated expression of the IL-1-responsive genes Vcam1, Icam1 and Ackr1 (Darc). Mechanistically, our data emphasize a functional crosstalk of BBB-EC IL-1 signaling and HO-1, controlling the transcription of downstream proinflammatory genes promoting the pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hauptmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Johann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Mainz (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maja Kitic
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilgiz A Mufazalov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Anatomical Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khalad Karram
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Moos
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Wanke
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian C Kurschus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Judith Strauß
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Subhashini Bolisetty
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechman
- Anatomical Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Hyttinen JMT, Kannan R, Felszeghy S, Niittykoski M, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. The Regulation of NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signalling and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225800. [PMID: 31752195 PMCID: PMC6888570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a mounting cause of loss of sight in the elderly in the developed countries, a trend enhanced by the continual ageing of the population. AMD is a multifactorial and only partly understood, malady. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for most AMD patients. It is known that oxidative stress (OS) damages the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and contributes to the progression of AMD. We review here the potential importance of two OS-related cellular systems in relation to AMD. First, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2; NRF2)-mediated OS response signalling pathway is important in the prevention of oxidative damage and a failure of this system could be critical in the development of AMD. Second, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a change in the cellular phenotype, which ultimately leads to the fibrosis encountered in RPE, a characteristic of AMD. Many of the pathways triggering EMT are promoted by OS. The possible interconnections between these two signalling routes are discussed here. From a broader perspective, the control of NFE2L2 and EMT as ways of preventing OS-derived cellular damage could be potentially valuable in the therapy of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, DVRC 203, 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Liu P, Tian W, Tao S, Tillotson J, Wijeratne EMK, Gunatilaka AAL, Zhang DD, Chapman E. Non-covalent NRF2 Activation Confers Greater Cellular Protection than Covalent Activation. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1427-1435.e5. [PMID: 31402317 PMCID: PMC6800637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 confers cellular protection by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and proteostasis. Basal NRF2 levels are normally low due to KEAP1-mediated ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. KEAP1, a substrate adaptor protein of a KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, contains a critical cysteine (C151) that is modified by electrophiles or oxidants, resulting in inactivation of the E3 ligase and inhibition of NRF2 degradation. Currently, nearly all NRF2 inducers are electrophilic molecules that possess unwanted off-target effects due to their reactive nature. Here, we report a group of NRF2 inducers, ent-kaurane diterpenoid geopyxins, with and without C151 reactive electrophilic moieties. Among 16 geopyxins, geopyxin F, a non-electrophilic NRF2 activator, showed enhanced cellular protection relative to an electrophilic NRF2 activator, geopyxin C. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed structure-activity relationship study of covalent versus non-covalent NRF2 activators, showing the promise of non-covalent NRF2 activators as potential therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Wang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Shasha Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - Joseph Tillotson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800, USA
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706-6800, USA
| | - Donna D Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA.
| | - Eli Chapman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA.
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11
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Ke Y, Yu K, Zeng W, Lian G. Protective roles of Pyracantha fortuneana extract on acute renal toxicity induced by cadmium chloride in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900706. [PMID: 31531540 PMCID: PMC6746561 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190070000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the protective roles of pyracantha fortune fruit extract (PFE) on acute renal toxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in rats. Methods: Rats were pretreated with PFE and consecutively injected with CdCl2 (6.5 mg/kg) for 5 days. Results: The concentration of Cd, kidney weight, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) production were remarkably increased in CdCl2 group as well as the levels of plasma uric acid, urea, and creatinine (P < 0.001). However, the body weight and glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione peroxidase (GR) levels were markedly reduced by CdCl2 treatment (P < 0.001). Histological manifestations of renal tissue showed severely adverse changes. Moreover, CdCl2 treatment significantly decreased the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression while increased the Bcl-2-Associated X Protein (Bax), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression (P < 0.001). Additionally, the expression of Nrf2/Keap 1 related proteins Keap-1 gained a significant increase (P < 0.001), whereas the Nrf2, HO-1, γ-GCS, GSH-Px and NQO1 expression decreased by CdCl2 treatment (P < 0.05). These rats were pretreated with PFE to improve the changes caused by CdCl2 treatment. Conclusion: PFE could protect the kidney against acute renal toxicity induced by CdCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ke
- Graduate student, Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing
| | - Kaihang Yu
- Graduate student, Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Technical procedures, acquisition of data
| | - Weiliang Zeng
- Graduate student, Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Statistical analysis, interpretation of data
| | - Guojun Lian
- Associate Professor, Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, technical procedures, manuscript preparation and writing, final approval
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12
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Kim W, Kim S, Ju S, Lee H, Jeong S, Yoo JW, Yoon IS, Jung Y. Colon-Targeted Delivery Facilitates the Therapeutic Switching of Sofalcone, a Gastroprotective Agent, to an Anticolitic Drug via Nrf2 Activation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4007-4016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkeun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Essa MM, Moghadas M, Ba-Omar T, Walid Qoronfleh M, Guillemin GJ, Manivasagam T, Justin-Thenmozhi A, Ray B, Bhat A, Chidambaram SB, Fernandes AJ, Song BJ, Akbar M. Protective Effects of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an Extensive Review. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:739-774. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Lv H, Hong L, Tian Y, Yin C, Zhu C, Feng H. Corilagin alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via enhancing the AMPK/GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:2. [PMID: 30630510 PMCID: PMC6327405 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced acute liver failure (ALF) is mainly resulted from uncontrolled oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key antioxidant transcription factor, is essential for alleviating APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Corilagin (Cori) is a natural polyphenol compound that possesses effective antioxidant activity; however, the protective effect of Cori on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is still unknown. The current study aimed to explore whether Cori could mitigate hepatotoxicity caused by APAP and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Methods Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, Western blotting analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, a mouse model, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout technology, and hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining were employed to explore the mechanisms by which Cori exerts a protective effect on hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells and in a mouse model. Results Our findings suggested that Cori efficiently decreased APAP-triggered the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in HepG2 cells. Additionally, Cori significantly induced the expression of several antioxidant enzymes, and this induced expression was closely linked to the upregulation of Nrf2, inhibition of Keap1 protein expression, and promotion of antioxidant response element (ARE) activity in HepG2 cells. Moreover, Cori clearly induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Furthermore, Cori-mediated GSK3β inactivation, Nrf2 upregulation and cytoprotection were abolished by an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) in HepG2 cells. Lastly, we found that Cori inhibited APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and mediated the expression of many antioxidant enzymes; these results were reversed in Nrf2 −/− HepG2 cells. In vivo, Cori significantly protected against APAP-induced ALF by reducing mortality and alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, attenuating histopathological liver changes, inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) content and GSH-to-GSSG ratio as well as suppressing c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. However, Cori-induced reductions in mortality, AST and ALT levels, and histopathological liver changes induced by APAP were clearly abrogated in Nrf2-deficienct mice. Conclusions These findings principally indicated that Cori effectively protects against APAP-induced ALF via the upregulation of the AMPK/GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333#, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Hong
- Endodontic Department of Stomatological Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333#, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiu Yin
- Women and Children's Health Hospital of Jilin Province, 1051 Jianzheng Street, Changchun, 130061, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haihua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333#, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Guna V, Saha L, Bhatia A, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Berberine in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Model in Rat. J Epilepsy Res 2018; 8:66-73. [PMID: 30809499 PMCID: PMC6374532 DOI: 10.14581/jer.18011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Berberine (BBR) is derived from the Berberis species and has demonstrated beneficial effects in various neurodegenerative disorders in animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiepileptic, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects of BBR in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model of epilepsy in rats. Methods A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive BBR (100 mg/kg, oral), sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline (0.9% NaCl, i.p.) followed by PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) on alternate days until the animal developed kindling or for 10 weeks. Histopathological examination of the hippocampus; DNA fragmentation study; tests for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione; and gene expression studies (nrf2, bcl-2, bax, and caspase 3) were conducted on whole brain tissue after 10 weeks or kindling. Results The percentage of kindled animals, histopathological score, malondialdehyde level, and caspase 3 gene expression were significantly lower in the BBR group than in the PTZ group. Superoxide dismutase levels, reduced glutathione levels, and bcl-2 gene expression were significantly higher in the BBR group than in the PTZ group. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the anti-epileptogenic effect of BBR, which may be due to antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of the PTZ-induced kindling model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Guna
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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16
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Sova M, Saso L. Design and development of Nrf2 modulators for cancer chemoprevention and therapy: a review. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3181-3197. [PMID: 30288023 PMCID: PMC6161735 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s172612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major cell defense mechanism against oxidative and xenobiotic stress is mediated by the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway regulates gene expression of many cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes, thus playing a pivotal role in maintaining redox cellular homeostasis. Many diseases including cancer have been closely related to impaired Nrf2 activity. Targeting Nrf2 and modulating its activity represents a novel modern strategy for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. In this review, different design strategies used for the development of Nrf2 modulators are described in detail. Moreover, the main focus is on important and recently developed Nrf2 activators and inhibitors, their in vitro and in vivo studies, and their potential use as chemopreventive agents and/or cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Sova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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17
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Kumar A, Katz LS, Schulz AM, Kim M, Honig LB, Li L, Davenport B, Homann D, Garcia-Ocaña A, Herman MA, Haynes CM, Chipuk JE, Scott DK. Activation of Nrf2 Is Required for Normal and ChREBPα-Augmented Glucose-Stimulated β-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes 2018; 67:1561-1575. [PMID: 29764859 PMCID: PMC6054434 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with both major forms of diabetes would benefit from therapies that increase β-cell mass. Glucose, a natural mitogen, drives adaptive expansion of β-cell mass by promoting β-cell proliferation. We previously demonstrated that a carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBPα) is required for glucose-stimulated β-cell proliferation and that overexpression of ChREBPα amplifies the proliferative effect of glucose. Here we found that ChREBPα reprogrammed anabolic metabolism to promote proliferation. ChREBPα increased mitochondrial biogenesis, oxygen consumption rates, and ATP production. Proliferation augmentation by ChREBPα required the presence of ChREBPβ. ChREBPα increased the expression and activity of Nrf2, initiating antioxidant and mitochondrial biogenic programs. The induction of Nrf2 was required for ChREBPα-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and for glucose-stimulated and ChREBPα-augmented β-cell proliferation. Overexpression of Nrf2 was sufficient to drive human β-cell proliferation in vitro; this confirms the importance of this pathway. Our results reveal a novel pathway necessary for β-cell proliferation that may be exploited for therapeutic β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anna M Schulz
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Misung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lee B Honig
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Lucy Li
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bennett Davenport
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dirk Homann
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Departments of Oncological Sciences and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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18
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Abdalkader M, Lampinen R, Kanninen KM, Malm TM, Liddell JR. Targeting Nrf2 to Suppress Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:466. [PMID: 30042655 PMCID: PMC6048292 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis and other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis is induced by disruption of glutathione synthesis or inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, exacerbated by iron, and prevented by radical scavengers such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, and endogenous vitamin E. Ferroptosis terminates with mitochondrial dysfunction and toxic lipid peroxidation. Although conclusive identification of ferroptosis in vivo is challenging, several salient and very well established features of neurodegenerative diseases are consistent with ferroptosis, including lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial disruption and iron dysregulation. Accordingly, interest in the role of ferroptosis in neurodegeneration is escalating and specific evidence is rapidly emerging. One aspect that has thus far received little attention is the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This transcription factor regulates hundreds of genes, of which many are either directly or indirectly involved in modulating ferroptosis, including metabolism of glutathione, iron and lipids, and mitochondrial function. This potentially positions Nrf2 as a key deterministic component modulating the onset and outcomes of ferroptotic stress. The minimal direct evidence currently available is consistent with this and indicates that Nrf2 may be critical for protection against ferroptosis. In contrast, abundant evidence demonstrates that enhancing Nrf2 signaling is potently neuroprotective in models of neurodegeneration, although the exact mechanism by which this is achieved is unclear. Further studies are required to determine to extent to which the neuroprotective effects of Nrf2 activation involve the prevention of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Abdalkader
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja M Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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19
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Bansal A, Simon MC. Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2291-2298. [PMID: 29915025 PMCID: PMC6028537 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant found in living organisms and has multiple functions, most of which maintain cellular redox homeostasis. GSH preserves sufficient levels of cysteine and detoxifies xenobiotics while also conferring therapeutic resistance to cancer cells. However, GSH metabolism plays both beneficial and pathogenic roles in a variety of malignancies. It is crucial to the removal and detoxification of carcinogens, and alterations in this pathway can have a profound effect on cell survival. Excess GSH promotes tumor progression, where elevated levels correlate with increased metastasis. In this review, we discuss recent studies that focus on deciphering the role of GSH in tumor initiation and progression as well as mechanisms underlying how GSH imparts treatment resistance to growing cancers. Targeting GSH synthesis/utilization therefore represents a potential means of rendering tumor cells more susceptible to different treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bansal
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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20
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Liu XF, Zhou DD, Xie T, Hao JL, Malik TH, Lu CB, Qi J, Pant OP, Lu CW. The Nrf2 Signaling in Retinal Ganglion Cells under Oxidative Stress in Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1090-1098. [PMID: 29989056 PMCID: PMC6036726 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are one of the important cell types affected in many ocular neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in retinal RGCs death in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. More and more attention has been focused on studying the agents that may have neuroprotective effects. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key nuclear transcription factor for the systemic antioxidant defense system. This review elucidates the underlying mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective effects on RGCs in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several Nrf2 inducers that shield RGCs from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration via regulating Nrf2 signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of . Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tayyab Hamid Malik
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Om Prakash Pant
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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21
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Karttunen M, Choy WY, Cino EA. Prediction of Binding Energy of Keap1 Interaction Motifs in the Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway and Design of Potential High-Affinity Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5851-5859. [PMID: 29745220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor and principal regulator of the antioxidant pathway. The Kelch domain of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) binds to motifs in the N-terminal region of Nrf2, promoting its degradation. There is interest in developing ligands that can compete with Nrf2 for binding to Kelch, thereby activating its transcriptional activities and increasing antioxidant levels. Using experimental Δ Gbind values of Kelch-binding motifs determined previously, a revised hydrophobicity-based model was developed for estimating Δ Gbind from amino acid sequence and applied to rank potential uncharacterized Kelch-binding motifs identified from interaction databases and BLAST searches. Model predictions and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that full-length MAD2A binds Kelch more favorably than a high-affinity 20-mer Nrf2 E78P peptide, but that the motif in isolation is not a particularly strong binder. Endeavoring to develop shorter peptides for activating Nrf2, new designs were created based on the E78P peptide, some of which showed considerable propensity to form binding-competent structures in MD, and were predicted to interact with Kelch more favorably than the E78P peptide. The peptides could be promising new ligands for enhancing the oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Applied Mathematics , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department of Biochemistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Elio A Cino
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte 31270-901 , Brazil
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22
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Bustamante HA, González AE, Cerda-Troncoso C, Shaughnessy R, Otth C, Soza A, Burgos PV. Interplay Between the Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: A Target for Therapeutic Development in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:126. [PMID: 29867359 PMCID: PMC5954036 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia leading to severe irreversible cognitive decline and massive neurodegeneration. While therapeutic approaches for managing symptoms are available, AD currently has no cure. AD associates with a progressive decline of the two major catabolic pathways of eukaryotic cells—the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)—that contributes to the accumulation of harmful molecules implicated in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory impairment. One protein recently highlighted as the earliest initiator of these disturbances is the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular C-terminal membrane fragment β (CTFβ), a key toxic agent with deleterious effects on neuronal function that has become an important pathogenic factor for AD and a potential biomarker for AD patients. This review focuses on the involvement of regulatory molecules and specific post-translational modifications (PTMs) that operate in the UPS and ALP to control a single proteostasis network to achieve protein balance. We discuss how these aspects can contribute to the development of novel strategies to strengthen the balance of key pathogenic proteins associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hianara A Bustamante
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alexis E González
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Cerda-Troncoso
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronan Shaughnessy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Lv H, Xiao Q, Zhou J, Feng H, Liu G, Ci X. Licochalcone A Upregulates Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway and Thereby Alleviates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:147. [PMID: 29628888 PMCID: PMC5876234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced fatal hepatotoxicity is majorly characterized by overwhelmingly increased oxidative stress while enhanced nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is involved in prevention of hepatotoxicity. Although Licochalcone A (Lico A) upregulates Nrf2 signaling pathway against oxidative stress-triggered cell injury, whether it could protect from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by directly inducing Nrf2 activation is still poorly elucidated. This study aims to explore the protective effect of Lico A against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our findings indicated that Lico A effectively decreased tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)- and APAP-stimulated cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species generation and increased various anti-oxidative enzymes expression, which is largely dependent on upregulating Nrf2 nuclear translocation, reducing the Keap1 protein expression, and strengthening the antioxidant response element promoter activity. Meanwhile, Lico A dramatically protected against APAP-induced acute liver failure by lessening the lethality; alleviating histopathological liver changes; decreasing the alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, malondialdehyde formation, myeloperoxidase level and superoxide dismutase depletion, and increasing the GSH-to-GSSG ratio. Furthermore, Lico A not only significantly modulated apoptosis-related protein by increasing Bcl-2 expression, and decreasing Bax and caspase-3 cleavage expression, but also efficiently alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing c-jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and translocation, inhibiting Bax mitochondrial translocation, apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c release. However, Lico A-inhibited APAP-induced the lethality, histopathological changes, hepatic apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in WT mice were evidently abrogated in Nrf2-/- mice. These investigations firstly implicated that Lico A has protective potential against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity which may be strongly associated with the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingfei Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Carpi-Santos R, Calaza KC. Alterations in System x c- Expression in the Retina of Type 1 Diabetic Rats and the Role of Nrf2. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7941-7948. [PMID: 29488137 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a transcription factor that controls expression of several proteins that are related to cellular antioxidant capacity, such as the subunit xCT of the system xc-, is dysregulated in diabetes. Recently, it was described that system xc- is decreased in the retina after 3 weeks of diabetes. So, in the present work, the temporal relationship between xCT and Nrf2 in the retina of diabetic animals was investigated. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (200 g) by a single injection of streptozotocin, and retinas were collected after 1, 2, and 6 months of diabetes induction. Expression of xCT, Nrf2 activity, and binding to antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) sequence were evaluated. Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also assessed. After 1 month of diabetes, Nrf2 activity, xCT expression, and glutathione levels were reduced whereas ROS were increased. Although glutathione and ROS levels remain unchanged until later stages, Nrf2 activity and xCT expression returned to normal levels after 2 months. However, they were decreased again at 6 months of diabetes. Accordingly, Nrf2 binding to xCT ARE sequence followed the same pattern of Nrf2 activity and xCT expression. These data showed that retinal xCT expression is regulated by Nrf2 in diabetic condition. The results also demonstrated a temporal relationship between Nrf2 and system xc- which could be implicated in the initiation of oxidative stress in retina in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Carpi-Santos
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Institute of biology, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-140, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin C Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Institute of biology, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-140, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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25
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Early Postweaning Treatment with Dimethyl Fumarate Prevents Prenatal Dexamethasone- and Postnatal High-Fat Diet-Induced Programmed Hypertension in Male Rat Offspring. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5343462. [PMID: 29636848 PMCID: PMC5832129 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5343462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) exposure, postnatal high-fat (HF) intake, and oxidative stress are closely related to the development of hypertension. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) reportedly activates Nrf2 and protects against oxidative stress damage. We examined a 4-month-old male rat offspring from five groups (n = 8 for each group): control, DEX (0.1 mg/kg i.p. from a gestational age of 16 to 22 days), HF (D12331 diet from weaning to 4 months of age), and DEX + HF, DEX + HF + DMF (50 mg/kg/day via gastric gavage for 3 weeks after weaning). We found that postnatal HF intake aggravated prenatal DEX-induced hypertension in adult male offspring, which could be prevented by DMF treatment. The beneficial effects of DMF treatment include an increase in renal Nrf2 gene expression, reduction of oxidative stress, decrease in plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and renal soluble epoxide hydrolase protein levels, increase in the l-arginine-to-ADMA ratio, and activation of genes related to nutrient sensing and autophagy (e.g., Pparb, Pparg, Ppargc1a, Ulk1, and Atg5). In conclusion, better understanding of the impact of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the two-hit model will aid in protecting children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and a postnatal HF diet from programmed hypertension.
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26
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Abstract
The NFE2L2 gene encodes the transcription factor Nrf2 best known for regulating the expression of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Gene knockout approaches have demonstrated its universal cytoprotective features. While Nrf2 has been the topic of intensive research in cancer biology since its discovery in 1994, understanding the role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular disease has just begun. The literature concerning Nrf2 in experimental models of atherosclerosis, ischemia, reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and diabetes supports its cardiac protective character. In addition to antioxidant and detoxification genes, Nrf2 has been found to regulate genes participating in cell signaling, transcription, anabolic metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and organ development, suggesting that Nrf2 governs damage resistance as well as wound repair and tissue remodeling. A long list of small molecules, most derived from natural products, have been characterized as Nrf2 inducers. These compounds disrupt Keap1-mediated Nrf2 ubquitination, thereby prohibiting proteasomal degradation and allowing Nrf2 protein to accumulate and translocate to the nucleus, where Nrf2 interacts with sMaf to bind to ARE in the promoter of genes. Recently alternative mechanisms driving Nrf2 protein increase have been revealed, including removal of Keap1 by autophagy due to p62/SQSTM1 binding, inhibition of βTrCP or Synoviolin/Hrd1-mediated ubiquitination of Nrf2, and de novo Nrf2 protein translation. We review here a large volume of literature reporting historical and recent discoveries about the function and regulation of Nrf2 gene. Multiple lines of evidence presented here support the potential of dialing up the Nrf2 pathway for cardiac protection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Anthony J Maltagliati
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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27
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Dehghan E, Zhang Y, Saremi B, Yadavali S, Hakimi A, Dehghani M, Goodarzi M, Tu X, Robertson S, Lin R, Chudhuri A, Mirzaei H. Hydralazine induces stress resistance and extends C. elegans lifespan by activating the NRF2/SKN-1 signalling pathway. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2223. [PMID: 29263362 PMCID: PMC5738364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and its Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog, SKN-1, are transcription factors that have a pivotal role in the oxidative stress response, cellular homeostasis, and organismal lifespan. Similar to other defense systems, the NRF2-mediated stress response is compromised in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report that the FDA approved drug hydralazine is a bona fide activator of the NRF2/SKN-1 signaling pathway. We demonstrate that hydralazine extends healthy lifespan (~25%) in wild type and tauopathy model C. elegans at least as effectively as other anti-aging compounds, such as curcumin and metformin. We show that hydralazine-mediated lifespan extension is SKN-1 dependent, with a mechanism most likely mimicking calorie restriction. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we go on to demonstrate that hydralazine has neuroprotective properties against endogenous and exogenous stressors. Our data suggest that hydralazine may be a viable candidate for the treatment of age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Dehghan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Bahar Saremi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | - Amirmansoor Hakimi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Maryam Dehghani
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Scott Robertson
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Rueyling Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Asish Chudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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28
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Encarnación-Medina J, Rodríguez-Cotto RI, Bloom-Oquendo J, Ortiz-Martínez MG, Duconge J, Jiménez-Vélez B. Selective ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily C Gene Expression and Proinflammatory Mediators Released by BEAS-2B after PM 2.5, Budesonide, and Cotreated Exposures. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6827194. [PMID: 28900313 PMCID: PMC5576432 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6827194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette subfamily C (ABCC) genes code for phase III metabolism proteins that translocate xenobiotic (e.g., particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)) and drug metabolites outside the cells. IL-6 secretion is related with the activation of the ABCC transporters. This study assesses ABCC1-4 gene expression changes and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8) release in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to PM2.5 organic extract, budesonide (BUD, used to control inflammation in asthmatic patients), and a cotreatment (Co-T: PM2.5 and BUD). A real-time PCR assay shows that ABCC1 was upregulated in BEAS-2B exposed after 6 and 7 hr to PM2.5 extract or BUD but downregulated after 6 hr of the Co-T. ABCC3 was downregulated after 6 hr of BUD and upregulated after 6 hr of the Co-T exposures. ABCC4 was upregulated after 5 hr of PM2.5 extract, BUD, and the Co-T exposures. The cytokine assay revealed an increase in IL-6 release by BEAS-2B exposed after 5 hr to PM2.5 extract, BUD, and the Co-T. At 7 hr, the Co-T decreases IL-6 release and IL-8 at 6 hr. In conclusion, the cotreatment showed an opposite effect on exposed BEAS-2B as compared with BUD. The results suggest an interference of the BUD therapeutic potential by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarline Encarnación-Medina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Rosa I. Rodríguez-Cotto
- Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, PR, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- Institute of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences Research of Puerto Rico Inc. (IBFSR), San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Joseph Bloom-Oquendo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Mario G. Ortiz-Martínez
- Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, PR, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
- Institute of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences Research of Puerto Rico Inc. (IBFSR), San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Jorge Duconge
- School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Braulio Jiménez-Vélez
- Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, PR, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
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29
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Muir A, Danai LV, Gui DY, Waingarten CY, Lewis CA, Vander Heiden MG. Environmental cystine drives glutamine anaplerosis and sensitizes cancer cells to glutaminase inhibition. eLife 2017; 6:27713. [PMID: 28826492 PMCID: PMC5589418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mammalian cancer cell lines depend on glutamine as a major tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerotic substrate to support proliferation. However, some cell lines that depend on glutamine anaplerosis in culture rely less on glutamine catabolism to proliferate in vivo. We sought to understand the environmental differences that cause differential dependence on glutamine for anaplerosis. We find that cells cultured in adult bovine serum, which better reflects nutrients available to cells in vivo, exhibit decreased glutamine catabolism and reduced reliance on glutamine anaplerosis compared to cells cultured in standard tissue culture conditions. We find that levels of a single nutrient, cystine, accounts for the differential dependence on glutamine in these different environmental contexts. Further, we show that cystine levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT/SLC7A11. Thus, xCT/SLC7A11 expression, in conjunction with environmental cystine, is necessary and sufficient to increase glutamine catabolism, defining important determinants of glutamine anaplerosis and glutaminase dependence in cancer. Cancer cells need to consume certain nutrients in order to grow, and some cancer drugs work by affecting the ability of the cells to use these nutrients. For decades researchers have grown cancer cells in petri dishes with standard nutrient formulations (also known as tissue culture), but the nutrients available to cancer cells in tissue culture are not the same as those found in the body. Cancer cells growing in tissue culture consume large amounts of a nutrient called glutamine. These cells die when exposed to a class of drugs called glutaminase inhibitors that prevent them from processing glutamine. However, when these same cancer cells grow as tumors in animals, they process less glutamine and are not affected by glutaminase inhibitors. So what differences are there between growing cancer cells in tumors and tissue culture that explain this different reliance on glutamine? Muir et al. reasoned that changing the levels of nutrients available to cancer cells might change what these cells consume, and so grew human cancer cells in cow serum (which has a similar nutrient content to blood in humans and other mammals). Indeed, these cells consumed less glutamine and responded to glutaminase inhibitors in a way that is similar to how tumors in the body respond to these drugs. Comparing the nutrient content of cow serum and typical tissue culture formulations revealed that high levels of the nutrient cystine cause the cells to rely more on glutamine. The results presented by Muir et al. suggest that cancer cells in tumors could be made to consume more glutamine and that this would make them sensitive to glutaminase inhibitors – a possibility that will be studied in future work. Exposing cultured cancer cells to nutrient levels closer to those found in the body may also better predict how tumor cells use nutrients and respond to some treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Laura V Danai
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Dan Y Gui
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Chiara Y Waingarten
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
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30
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Dimethyl Fumarate ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension and lung fibrosis by targeting multiple pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41605. [PMID: 28150703 PMCID: PMC5288696 DOI: 10.1038/srep41605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal condition for which there is no cure. Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) is an FDA approved anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agent with a favorable safety record. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of DMF as a therapy for PAH using patient-derived cells and murine models. We show that DMF treatment is effective in reversing hemodynamic changes, reducing inflammation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis in the experimental models of PAH and lung fibrosis. Our findings indicate that effects of DMF are facilitated by inhibiting pro-inflammatory NFκB, STAT3 and cJUN signaling, as well as βTRCP-dependent degradation of the pro-fibrogenic mediators Sp1, TAZ and β-catenin. These results provide a novel insight into the mechanism of its action. Collectively, preclinical results demonstrate beneficial effects of DMF on key molecular pathways contributing to PAH, and support its testing in PAH treatment in patients.
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31
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Done AJ, Traustadóttir T. Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise. Redox Biol 2016; 10:191-199. [PMID: 27770706 PMCID: PMC5078682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the effects of acute exercise and regular exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and downstream targets of Nrf2 signaling. Nrf2 (encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is the master regulator of antioxidant defenses, a transcription factor that regulates expression of more than 200 cytoprotective genes. Increasing evidence indicates that Nrf2 signaling plays a key role in how oxidative stress mediates the beneficial effects of exercise. Episodic increases in oxidative stress induced through bouts of acute exercise stimulate Nrf2 activation and when applied repeatedly, as with regular exercise, leads to upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses and overall greater ability to counteract the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The evidence of Nrf2 activation in response to exercise across variety of tissues may be an important mechanism of how exercise exerts its well-known systemic effects that are not limited to skeletal muscle and myocardium. Additionally there are emerging data that results from animal studies translate to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Done
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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32
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Brachs S, Winkel AF, Polack J, Tang H, Brachs M, Margerie D, Brunner B, Jahn-Hofmann K, Ruetten H, Spranger J, Schmoll D. Chronic Activation of Hepatic Nrf2 Has No Major Effect on Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Adult Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166110. [PMID: 27814396 PMCID: PMC5096693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) induces cytoprotective genes, but has also been linked to the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism. In order to assess the pharmacological potential of hepatic Nrf2 activation in metabolic disease, Nrf2 was activated over 7 weeks in mice on Western diet using two different siRNAs against kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), the inhibitory protein of Nrf2. Whole genome expression analysis followed by pathway analysis demonstrated successful knock-down of Keap1 expression and induction of Nrf2-dependent genes involved in anti-oxidative stress defense and biotransformation, proving the activation of Nrf2 by the siRNAs against Keap1. Neither the expression of fatty acid- nor carbohydrate-handling proteins was regulated by Keap1 knock-down. Metabolic profiling of the animals did also not show effects on plasma and hepatic lipids, energy expenditure or glucose tolerance. The data indicate that hepatic Keap1/Nrf2 is not a major regulator of glucose or lipid metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité –University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika F. Winkel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James Polack
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité –University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité –University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité –University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Margerie
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bodo Brunner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité –University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Jiang ZY, Lu MC, You QD. Discovery and Development of Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10837-10858. [PMID: 27690435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of the cellular defense system, and enhancing Nrf2 activity has potential usages in various diseases, especially chronic age-related and inflammatory diseases. Recently, directly targeting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) has been an emerging strategy to selectively and effectively activate Nrf2. This Perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors, including the Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms, biochemical techniques for inhibitor identification, and approaches for identifying peptide and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as discusses privileged structures and future directions for further development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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34
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Czaja AJ. Nature and Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2784-2803. [PMID: 27411555 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses can damage cellular membranes, disrupt mitochondrial function, alter gene expression, promote the apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes, and increase fibrosis in diverse acute and chronic liver diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis. The objectives of this review are to describe the mechanisms of oxidative and nitrosative stresses in inflammatory liver disease, indicate the pathogenic implications of these stresses in autoimmune hepatitis, and suggest investigational opportunities to develop interventions that counter them. The principal antioxidant defenses, including glutathione production, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the release of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, may be inadequate or suppressed by transforming growth factor beta. The generation of reactive oxygen species can intensify nitrosative stress, and this stress may not be adequately modulated by the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system and induce post-translational modifications of proteins that further disrupt hepatocyte function. The unfolded protein response and autophagy may be unable to restore redox stability, meet metabolic demands, and maintain hepatocyte survival. Emerging interventions with highly selective site- and organelle-specific actions may improve outcomes, and they include inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and transforming growth factor beta. Pharmacological manipulation of nuclear transcription factors may favor expression of antioxidant genes, and stimulation of chaperone proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of autophagy may prevent hepatic fibrosis and enhance cell survival. These interventions constitute investigational opportunities to improve the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Fratta Pasini AM, Ferrari M, Stranieri C, Vallerio P, Mozzini C, Garbin U, Zambon G, Cominacini L. Nrf2 expression is increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from mild-moderate ex-smoker COPD patients with persistent oxidative stress. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1733-43. [PMID: 27555763 PMCID: PMC4968670 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequacy of antioxidant nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated unfolded protein response has been implicated in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cigarette smoking-induced emphysema. As evidence suggests that the ability to upregulate Nrf2 expression may influence the progression of COPD and no data exist up to now in ex-smokers with mild-moderate COPD, this study was first aimed to evaluate Nrf2 and unfolded protein response expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of mild-moderate ex-smokers with COPD compared to smoking habit-matched non-COPD subjects. Then, we tested whether oxidative stress persists after cigarette smoking cessation and whether the concentrations of oxidized phospholipids (oxidation products of the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine [oxPAPC]) in the PBMC of the same subjects may have a causative role in determining the upregulation of Nrf2. The expression (mRNA and protein) of Nrf2 and of its related gene heme oxygenase-1 was significantly increased in COPD group without differences in the unfolded protein response. Plasma malondialdehyde, the circulating marker of oxidative stress, and oxPAPC in PBMC were significantly higher in COPD than in non-COPD subjects. The fact that the expression of p47phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase, was increased in PBMC of COPD patients and that it was directly correlated with oxPAPC may indicate that oxPAPC may be one of the determinants of oxidative stress-induced Nrf2 upregulation. Finally, we also demonstrated that lung function inversely correlated with plasma malondialdehyde and with Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression in all subjects. Our results indicate that mild-moderate ex-smokers with COPD may be able to counteract oxidative stress by increasing the expression of Nrf2/antioxidant-response elements. Because Nrf2 failure significantly contributes to the development of COPD, our findings suggest that the possibility to prevent Nrf2 reduction may open a new scenario in helping to prevent the oxidative stress-associated lung function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ulisse Garbin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine
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Qu Z, Mossine VV, Cui J, Sun GY, Gu Z. Protective Effects of AGE and Its Components on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:474-82. [PMID: 27263111 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is used for culinary and medicinal purposes in diverse cultures worldwide. When fresh garlic is soaked in aqueous ethanol under ambient environment over 4 months or longer, the majority of irritating taste and odor is eliminated and the antioxidant profile in the resulting aged garlic extract (AGE) changes significantly. Recently, AGE and its components have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia. Because of its health supporting potential, there is increasing interest in understanding the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the underlying mechanisms for its protective effects in heath and disease. There is evidence for AGE to exert its action on distinct signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, although the primary molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By utilizing quantitative proteomic approaches, we demonstrated that AGE and two of its major ingredients, S-allyl-L-cysteine and N (α)-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine, can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells through modulation of Nrf2-mediated signaling as well as other oxidative stress-related pathways. These experimental data provide information for the molecular targets of AGE and its components to mitigate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and show a promising potential of these compounds as dietary supplements for health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Sun GY, Li R, Cui J, Hannink M, Gu Z, Fritsche KL, Lubahn DB, Simonyi A. Withania somnifera and Its Withanolides Attenuate Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses and Up-Regulate Antioxidant Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:241-52. [PMID: 27209361 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for promoting health and quality of life. Recent clinical trials together with experimental studies indicated significant neuroprotective effects of Ashwagandha and its constituents. This study is aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of this botanical and its two withanolide constituents, namely, Withaferin A and Withanolide A, using the murine immortalized BV-2 microglial cells. Ashwagandha extracts not only effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BV-2 cells, but also stimulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway, leading to induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), both in the presence and absence of LPS. Although the withanolides were also capable of inhibiting LPS-induced NO production and stimulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, Withaferin A was tenfold more effective than Withanolide A. In serum-free culture, LPS can also induce production of long thin processes (filopodia) between 4 and 8 h in BV-2 cells. This morphological change was significantly suppressed by Ashwagandha and both withanolides at concentrations for suppressing LPS-induced NO production. Taken together, these results suggest an immunomodulatory role for Ashwagandha and its withanolides, and their ability to suppress oxidative and inflammatory responses in microglial cells by simultaneously down-regulating the NF-kB and upregulating the Nrf2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Runting Li
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Doss JF, Jonassaint JC, Garrett ME, Ashley-Koch AE, Telen MJ, Chi JT. Phase 1 Study of a Sulforaphane-Containing Broccoli Sprout Homogenate for Sickle Cell Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152895. [PMID: 27071063 PMCID: PMC4829228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited hemoglobinopathy worldwide. Our previous results indicate that the reduced oxidative stress capacity of sickle erythrocytes may be caused by decreased expression of NRF2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2), an oxidative stress regulator. We found that activation of NRF2 with sulforaphane (SFN) in erythroid progenitors significantly increased the expression of NRF2 targets HMOX1, NQO1, and HBG1 (subunit of fetal hemoglobin) in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that NRF2 activation with SFN may offer therapeutic benefits for SCD patients by restoring oxidative capacity and increasing fetal hemoglobin concentration. To test this hypothesis, we performed a Phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study of SFN, contained in a broccoli sprout homogenate (BSH) that naturally contains SFN, in adults with SCD. The primary and secondary study endpoints were safety and physiological response to NRF2 activation, respectively. We found that BSH was well tolerated, and the few adverse events that occurred during the trial were not likely related to BSH consumption. We observed an increase in the mean relative whole blood mRNA levels for the NRF2 target HMOX1 (p = 0.02) on the last day of BSH treatment, compared to pre-treatment. We also observed a trend toward increased mean relative mRNA levels of the NRF2 target HBG1 (p = 0.10) from baseline to end of treatment, but without significant changes in HbF protein. We conclude that BSH, in the provided doses, is safe in stable SCD patients and may induce changes in gene expression levels. We therefore propose investigation of more potent NRF2 inducers, which may elicit more robust physiological changes and offer clinical benefits to SCD patients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01715480
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Doss
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jude C. Jonassaint
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Allison E. Ashley-Koch
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Marilyn J. Telen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MT); (JC)
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MT); (JC)
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Hydrogen Sulfide and Cellular Redox Homeostasis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6043038. [PMID: 26881033 PMCID: PMC4736422 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6043038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular redox imbalance is mainly caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or weakness of the natural antioxidant defense system. It is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide array of human diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as the third “gasotransmitters” and proved to exert a wide range of physiological and cytoprotective functions in the biological systems. Among these functions, the role of H2S in oxidative stress has been one of the main focuses over years. However, the underlying mechanisms for the antioxidant effect of H2S are still poorly comprehended. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of H2S specially focusing on the new understanding and mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of H2S based on recent reports. Both inhibition of ROS generation and stimulation of antioxidants are discussed. H2S-induced S-sulfhydration of key proteins (e.g., p66Shc and Keap1) is also one of the focuses of this review.
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40
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Cho H, Hartsock MJ, Xu Z, He M, Duh EJ. Monomethyl fumarate promotes Nrf2-dependent neuroprotection in retinal ischemia-reperfusion. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:239. [PMID: 26689280 PMCID: PMC4687295 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ischemia results in neuronal degeneration and contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple blinding diseases. Recently, the fumaric acid ester dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been FDA-approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, based on its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Its potential role as a neuroprotective agent for retinal diseases has received little attention. In addition, DMF’s mode of action remains elusive, although studies have suggested nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation as an important mechanism. Here we investigated the neuroprotective role of monomethyl fumarate (MMF), the biologically active metabolite of DMF, in retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and examined the role of Nrf2 in mediating MMF action. Methods Wild-type C57BL/6J and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to 90 min of retinal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Mice received daily intraperitoneal injection of MMF. Inflammatory gene expression was measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) at 48 h after I/R injury. Seven days after I/R, qRT-PCR for Nrf2 target gene expression, immunostaining for Müller cell gliosis and cell loss in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and electroretinography for retinal function were performed. Results The results of this study confirmed that MMF reduces retinal neurodegeneration in an Nrf2-dependent manner. MMF treatment significantly increased the expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidative genes, suppressed inflammatory gene expression, reduced Müller cell gliosis, decreased neuronal cell loss in the GCL, and improved retinal function measured by electroretinogram (ERG) after retinal I/R injury in wild-type mice. Importantly, these MMF-mediated beneficial effects were not observed in Nrf2 KO mice. Conclusions These results indicate that fumaric acid esters (FAEs) exert a neuronal protective function in the retinal I/R model and further validate Nrf2 modulation as a major mode of action of FAEs. This suggests that DMF and FAEs could be a potential therapeutic agent for activation of the Nrf2 pathway in retinal and possibly systemic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0452-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkwan Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Matthew J Hartsock
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Meihua He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Elia J Duh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Canning P, Sorrell FJ, Bullock AN. Structural basis of Keap1 interactions with Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:101-107. [PMID: 26057936 PMCID: PMC4668279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keap1 is a highly redox-sensitive member of the BTB-Kelch family that assembles with the Cul3 protein to form a Cullin-RING E3 ligase complex for the degradation of Nrf2. Oxidative stress disables Keap1, allowing Nrf2 protein levels to accumulate for the transactivation of critical stress response genes. Consequently, the Keap1-Nrf2 system is extensively pursued for the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors that will stabilize Nrf2 for therapeutic effect in conditions of neurodegeneration, inflammation, and cancer. Here we review current progress toward the structure determination of Keap1 and its protein complexes with Cul3, Nrf2 substrate, and small-molecule antagonists. Together the available structures establish a rational three-dimensional model to explain the two-site binding of Nrf2 as well as its efficient ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Fiona J Sorrell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Sun GY, Chen Z, Jasmer KJ, Chuang DY, Gu Z, Hannink M, Simonyi A. Quercetin Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells: Role of MAPKs on the Nrf2 Pathway and Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141509. [PMID: 26505893 PMCID: PMC4624710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have been suggested to elicit health benefits due mainly to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies with immune cells have demonstrated inhibition of these inflammatory responses through down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory pathway involving NF-κB and up-regulation of the anti-oxidative pathway involving Nrf2. In the present study, the murine BV-2 microglial cells were used to compare anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and cyanidin, two flavonoids differing by their alpha, beta keto carbonyl group. Quercetin was 10 folds more potent than cyanidin in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production as well as stimulation of Nrf2-induced heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression. In addition, quercetin demonstrated enhanced ability to stimulate HO-1 protein expression when cells were treated with LPS. In an attempt to unveil mechanism(s) for quercetin to enhance Nrf2/HO-1 activity under endotoxic stress, results pointed to an increase in phospho-p38MAPK expression upon addition of quercetin to LPS. In addition, pharmacological inhibitors for phospho-p38MAPK and MEK1/2 for ERK1/2 further showed that these MAPKs target different sites of the Nrf2 pathway that regulates HO-1 expression. However, inhibition of LPS-induced NO by quercetin was not fully reversed by TinPPIX, a specific inhibitor for HO-1 activity. Taken together, results suggest an important role of quercetin to regulate inflammatory responses in microglial cells and its ability to upregulate HO-1 against endotoxic stress through involvement of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zihong Chen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis Y. Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Nrf2 Signaling and the Slowed Aging Phenotype: Evidence from Long-Lived Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:732596. [PMID: 26583062 PMCID: PMC4637130 DOI: 10.1155/2015/732596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studying long-lived animals provides novel insight into shared characteristics of aging and represents a unique model to elucidate approaches to prevent chronic disease. Oxidant stress underlies many chronic diseases and resistance to stress is a potential mechanism governing slowed aging. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 is the "master regulator" of cellular antioxidant defenses. Nrf2 is upregulated by some longevity promoting interventions and may play a role in regulating species longevity. However, Nrf2 expression and activity in long-lived models have not been well described. Here, we review evidence for altered Nrf2 signaling in a variety of slowed aging models that accomplish lifespan extension via pharmacological, nutritional, evolutionary, genetic, and presumably epigenetic means.
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Winkel AF, Engel CK, Margerie D, Kannt A, Szillat H, Glombik H, Kallus C, Ruf S, Güssregen S, Riedel J, Herling AW, von Knethen A, Weigert A, Brüne B, Schmoll D. Characterization of RA839, a Noncovalent Small Molecule Binder to Keap1 and Selective Activator of Nrf2 Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28446-28455. [PMID: 26459563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) maintains cellular homeostasis in response to oxidative stress by the regulation of multiple cytoprotective genes. Without stressors, the activity of Nrf2 is inhibited by its interaction with the Keap1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1). Here, we describe (3S)-1-[4-[(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl) sulfonylamino]-1-naphthyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (RA839), a small molecule that binds noncovalently to the Nrf2-interacting kelch domain of Keap1 with a Kd of ∼6 μM, as demonstrated by x-ray co-crystallization and isothermal titration calorimetry. Whole genome DNA arrays showed that at 10 μM RA839 significantly regulated 105 probe sets in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Canonical pathway mapping of these probe sets revealed an activation of pathways linked with Nrf2 signaling. These pathways were also activated after the activation of Nrf2 by the silencing of Keap1 expression. RA839 regulated only two genes in Nrf2 knock-out macrophages. Similar to the activation of Nrf2 by either silencing of Keap1 expression or by the reactive compound 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me), RA839 prevented the induction of both inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide release in response to lipopolysaccharides in macrophages. In mice, RA839 acutely induced Nrf2 target gene expression in liver. RA839 is a selective inhibitor of the Keap1/Nrf2 interaction and a useful tool compound to study the biology of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aimo Kannt
- R&D, Sanofi, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sven Ruf
- R&D, Sanofi, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas von Knethen
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Johnson SA, Spurney RF. Twenty years after ACEIs and ARBs: emerging treatment strategies for diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F807-20. [PMID: 26336162 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The disease is now the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in developed countries, and both the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Current treatments are directed at controlling hyperglycemia and hypertension, as well as blockade of the renin angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and angiotensin receptor blockers. Despite these therapies, DN progresses to ESKD in many patients. As a result, much interest is focused on developing new therapies. It has been over two decades since ACEIs were shown to have beneficial effects in DN independent of their blood pressure-lowering actions. Since that time, our understanding of disease mechanisms in DN has evolved. In this review, we summarize major cell signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, as well as emerging treatment strategies. The goal is to identify promising targets that might be translated into therapies for the treatment of patients with diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert F Spurney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
The Nrf2 transcription factor is a master regulator of the cellular defense against oxidative and electrophilic stress. An increase in Nrf2 protein levels and an accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus are key parts of the Nrf2 activation mechanism. The western blot technique remains the most widely used method to assess these changes. A well-characterized, specific antibody that is commercially available would greatly enhance these studies in the field. Here, an apparently highly specific Nrf2 monoclonal antibody, EP1808Y from Abcam, is compared with the most widely used Nrf2 antibodies, H-300 and C-20, both from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, in a panel of human cell lines. In addition to detecting Nrf2, EP1808Y avidly detects another protein present in two of the three cell lines tested. This protein can be mistaken for Nrf2 as it co-migrates with verified Nrf2 on two different polyacrylamide gel types. However, unlike Nrf2, its levels and cytoplasmic localization are unaffected by treatment with Nrf2 activators. The possibility that this band corresponds to a form of Nrf2 was excluded by siRNA and immunodepletion experiments. Finally, the monoclonal antibody D1Z9C from Cell Signaling was found to detect Nrf2 with the highest specificity of these four antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kemmerer
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas R Ader
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Sarah S Mulroy
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Aimee L Eggler
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States.
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3-(3-pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015. [PMID: 25874026 DOI: 10.1155/2015/959253]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is the key transcription factor regulating the antioxidant response which is crucial for cytoprotection against extracellular stresses. Numerous in vivo studies indicate that Nrf2 plays a protective role in anti-inflammatory response. 3-(3-Pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone (PMID) is a synthesized derivative of 2-indolinone compounds. Our previous study suggested that PMID induces the activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway, then protecting against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of PMID in severe inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study we determined if PMID treatment protects mice from dextran sodium sulphate- (DSS-) induced colitis. The result suggests that treatment with PMID prior to colitis induction significantly reduced body weight loss, shortened colon length, and decreased disease activity index compared to control mice. Histopathological analysis of the colon revealed attenuated inflammation in PMID pretreated animals. The levels of inflammatory markers in colon tissue and serum were reduced associated with inhibition of NF-κB activation. The expression levels of Nrf2-dependent genes such as HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 were increased in PMID pretreated mice. However, PMID pretreatment did not prevent DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2 knockout mice. These data indicate that PMID pretreatment in mice confers protection against DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2-dependent manner, suggesting a potential role of PMID in anti-inflammatory response.
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Nakagami Y, Masuda K, Hatano E, Inoue T, Matsuyama T, Iizuka M, Ono Y, Ohnuki T, Murakami Y, Iwasaki M, Yoshida K, Kasuya Y, Komoriya S. Novel Nrf2 activators from microbial transformation products inhibit blood-retinal barrier permeability in rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1237-49. [PMID: 25363737 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements located in the promoter region of genes encoding many antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxifying enzymes. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway seems protective for many organs, and although a well-known Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone methyl, was evaluated clinically for treating chronic kidney disease, it was found to induce adverse events. Many bardoxolone methyl derivatives, mostly derived by chemical modifications, have already been studied. However, we adopted a biotransformation technique to obtain a novel Nrf2 activator. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The potent novel Nrf2 activator, RS9, was obtained from microbial transformation products. Its Nrf2 activity was evaluated by determining NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 induction activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. We also investigated the effects of RS9 on oxygen-induced retinopathy in rats and glycated albumin-induced blood-retinal barrier permeability in rabbits because many ocular diseases are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. KEY RESULTS Bardoxolone methyl doubled the specific activity of Nrf2 in Hepa1c1c7 cells at a much higher concentration than RS9. Moreover, the induction of Nrf2-targeted genes was observed at a one-tenth lower concentration of RS9. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity of RS9 was substantially reduced compared with bardoxolone methyl. Oral and intravitreal administration of RS9 ameliorated the pathological scores and leakage in the models of retinopathy in rats and ocular inflammation in rabbits respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Nrf2 activators are applicable for treating ocular diseases and novel Nrf2 activators have potential as a unique method for prevention and treatment of retinovascular disease.
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Wang KP, Zhang C, Zhang SG, Liu ED, Dong L, Kong XZ, Cao P, Hu CP, Zhao K, Zhan YQ, Dong XM, Ge CH, Yu M, Chen H, Wang L, Yang XM, Li CY. 3-(3-pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:959253. [PMID: 25874026 PMCID: PMC4385690 DOI: 10.1155/2015/959253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is the key transcription factor regulating the antioxidant response which is crucial for cytoprotection against extracellular stresses. Numerous in vivo studies indicate that Nrf2 plays a protective role in anti-inflammatory response. 3-(3-Pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone (PMID) is a synthesized derivative of 2-indolinone compounds. Our previous study suggested that PMID induces the activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway, then protecting against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of PMID in severe inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study we determined if PMID treatment protects mice from dextran sodium sulphate- (DSS-) induced colitis. The result suggests that treatment with PMID prior to colitis induction significantly reduced body weight loss, shortened colon length, and decreased disease activity index compared to control mice. Histopathological analysis of the colon revealed attenuated inflammation in PMID pretreated animals. The levels of inflammatory markers in colon tissue and serum were reduced associated with inhibition of NF-κB activation. The expression levels of Nrf2-dependent genes such as HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 were increased in PMID pretreated mice. However, PMID pretreatment did not prevent DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2 knockout mice. These data indicate that PMID pretreatment in mice confers protection against DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2-dependent manner, suggesting a potential role of PMID in anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ping Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shou-Guo Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - En-Dong Liu
- 2Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lan Dong
- 3Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peng Cao
- 5Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Chun-Ping Hu
- 5Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Dong
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chang-Hui Ge
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Miao Yu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- 2Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- *Chang-Yan Li:
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Huang HC, Hong L, Chang P, Zhang J, Lu SY, Zheng BW, Jiang ZF. Chitooligosaccharides attenuate Cu2+-induced cellular oxidative damage and cell apoptosis involving Nrf2 activation. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:411-20. [PMID: 25542178 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the common neurodegenerative diseases. Increase of labile copper pool plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Nrf2(NF-E2-related factor-2)-ARE (antioxidant response element) signaling is an important intracellular manner to defend against oxidative stress. In this study, we used SH-SY5Y cells as a model of neuron to test the effect of chitooligosaccharides (COSs) on Cu(2+)-induced oxidative damage. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations of COSs (100-800 mg/L) before incubated with Cu(2+). Cell viability and cell damage and apoptosis were assessed. Both extracellular H(2)O(2) and intracellular ROS were measured and the relative levels of Nrf2, phosphorylated Nrf2, and HO-1 were analyzed by Western blotting, and further HO-1 mRNA was relatively quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The results indicated that Cu(2+)-induced decrease of cell viability and increase of LDH release. In cell-free solution, COSs alone or with Cu(2+) cannot scavenge O(2)(-); however, COSs downregulate the levels of cellular oxidative stress and activated Caspase-3 induced by Cu(2+). Further, the levels of pSer40-Nrf2 protein and both the transcription and the translation of HO-1 gene are dramatically increased in COSs-protective group compared with Cu(2+) damage group. Therefore, these results indicate that Nrf2 activation might be involved in the protection of COSs against Cu(2+)-induced cellular oxidative damage. COSs contribute to the attenuation of oxidative damage and could be used as a nutritional agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, 197#, Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China,
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