Concentration-dependent toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles mediated by increased oxidative stress

Unveiling the theranostic potential of SPIONs in Alzheimer's disease management

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating kind of dementia that is becoming more common worldwide. Toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates are the primary cause of AD onset and development. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have received a lot of interest in AD therapy over the last decade because of their ability to redirect the Aβ fibrillation process and improve associated brain dysfunction. The potential diagnostic application of SPIONs in AD has dramatically increased this interest. Furthermore, surface-modified engineered SPIONs function as drug carriers to improve the efficacy of current therapies. Various preclinical and clinical studies on the role of SPIONs in AD pathology have produced encouraging results. However, due to their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, surface charge, and particle concentration) in the biological milieu, SPIONs may play the role of a preventive or accelerative agent in AD. Even though SPIONs are potential therapeutic and diagnostic options in AD, significant efforts are still needed to overcome the inconsistencies and safety concerns. This review evaluated the current understanding of how various SPIONs interact with AD models and explored the discrepancies in their efficacy and safety.

Enhancing bone regeneration: Unleashing the potential of magnetic nanoparticles in a microtissue model

Bone tissue engineering addresses the limitations of autologous resources and the risk of allograft disease transmission in bone diseases. In this regard, engineered three-dimensional (3D) models emerge as biomimetic alternatives to natural tissues, replicating intracellular communication. Moreover, the unique properties of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were shown to promote bone regeneration via enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone models. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPION on both osteogenesis and angiogenesis and characterized a co-culture of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and MG-63 cells as a model of bone microtissue. HUVECs: MG-63s with a ratio of 4:1 demonstrated the best results among other cell ratios, and 50 μg/mL of SPION was the optimum concentration for maximum survival, cell migration and mineralization. In addition, the data from gene expression illustrated that the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, including osteopontin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen-I, as well as the expression of the angiogenesis-related marker, CD-31, and the tube formation, is significantly elevated when the 50 μg/mL concentration of SPION is applied to the microtissue samples. SPION application in a designed 3D bone microtissue model involving a co-culture of osteoblast and endothelial cells resulted in increased expression of specific markers related to angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This includes the design of a novel biomimetic model to boost blood compatibility and biocompatibility of primary materials while promoting osteogenic activity in microtissue bone models. Moreover, this can improve interaction with surrounding tissues and broaden the knowledge to promote superior-performance implants, preventing device failure.

Nanoparticle Lysis of Cryptosporidium Oocysts

The extraction of DNA from Cryptosporidium oocysts is challenging due to the robust oocyst wall. Nanoparticles have been applied to disinfect Cryptosporidium oocysts; here, we demonstrate the utilisation of nanoparticles to disrupt the oocyst wall to enable sporozoite lysis and detection via PCR. Both silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles are investigated under different conditions and compared to existing techniques. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are shown to be as effective as freeze-thaw methods, suggesting that a nanoparticle lysis approach offers a viable alternative to existing methods.

Investigating the toxic mechanism of iron oxide nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress in tadpole (Duttaphrynus melanostictus): A combined biochemical and molecular study

Metal oxide nanomaterials have toxicity towards aquatic organisms, especially microbes and invertebrates, but little is known about their impact on amphibians. We conducted a study on Duttaphrynus melanostictus (D. melanostictus) tadpoles to explore the chronic toxicity effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the underlying mechanisms of IONPs-induced oxidative stress. IONPs exposure led to increased iron accumulation in the blood, liver, and kidneys of tadpoles, significantly affecting blood parameters and morphology. Higher IONPs concentrations (10 and 50 mg L-1) triggered reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and pronounced toxicity in tadpoles. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes/proteins (SOD, CAT, albumin, and lysozyme) decreased after IONPs exposure, and immunological measures in the blood serum were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Molecular docking analysis revealed that IONPs primarily attached to the surface of SOD/CAT/albumin/lysozyme through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Overall, this study emphasizes the ability of IONPs to induce oxidative damage by decreasing immunological profiles such as ACH50 (34.58 ± 2.74 U mL-1), lysozyme (6.94 ± 0.82 U mL-1), total Ig (5.00 ± 0.35 g dL-1), total protein (1.20 ± 0.17 g dL-1), albumin (0.52 ± 0.01 g dL-1) and globulin (0.96 ± 0.01 g dL-1) and sheds light on their potential toxic effects on tadpoles.

The Curie temperature: a key playmaker in self-regulated temperature hyperthermia

The Curie temperature is an important thermo-characteristic of magnetic materials, which causes a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic by changing the spontaneous re-arrangement of their spins (intrinsic magnetic mechanism) due to an increase in temperature. The self-control-temperature (SCT) leads to the conversion of ferro/ferrimagnetic materials to paramagnetic materials, which can extend the temperature-based applications of these materials from industrial nanotechnology to the biomedical field. In this case, magnetic induction hyperthermia (MIH) with self-control-temperature has been proposed as a physical thermo-therapeutic method for killing cancer tumors in a biologically safe environment. Specifically, the thermal source of MIH is magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and thus their biocompatibility and Curie temperature are two important properties, where the former is required for their clinical application, while the latter acts as a switch to automatically control the temperature of MIH. In this review, we focus on the Curie temperature of magnetic materials and provide a complete overview beginning with basic magnetism and its inevitable relation with Curie's law, theoretical prediction and experimental measurement of the Curie temperature. Furthermore, we discuss the significance, evolution from different types of alloys to ferrites and impact of the shape, size, and concentration of particles on the Curie temperature considering the proposed SCT-based MIH together with their biocompatibility. Also, we highlight the thermal efficiency of MNPs in destroying tumor cells and the significance of a low Curie temperature. Finally, the challenges, concluding remarks, and future perspectives in promoting self-control-temperature based MIH to clinical application are discussed.

Unveiling the effect of gibberellin-induced iron oxide nanoparticles on bud dormancy release in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Hydrogen cyanide has been extensively used worldwide for bud dormancy break in fruit trees, consequently enhancing fruit production via expedited cultivation, especially in areas with controlled environments or warmer regions. A novel and safety nanotechnology was developed since the hazard of hydrogen cyanide for the operators and environments, there is an urgent need for the development of novel and safety approaches to replace it to break bud dormancy for fruit trees. In current study, we have systematically explored the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, specifically α-Fe2O3, to modulate bud dormancy in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles underwent meticulous characterization and assessment using various techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible infrared (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Remarkably, when applied at a concentration of 10 mg L-1 alongside gibberellin (GA4+7), these iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited a substantial 57% enhancement in bud dormancy release compared to control groups, all achieved within a remarkably short time span of 4 days. Our RNA-seq analyses further unveiled that 2757 genes within the sweet cherry buds were significantly up-regulated when treated with 10 mg L-1 α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in combination with GA, while 4748 genes related to dormancy regulation were downregulated in comparison to the control. Moreover, we discovered an array of 58 transcription factor families among the crucial differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Through hormonal quantification, we established that the increased bud burst was accompanied by a reduced concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) at 761.3 ng/g fresh weight in the iron oxide treatment group, coupled with higher levels of gibberellins (GAs) in comparison to the control. Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses unveiled significant alterations in hormone contents and gene expression during the bud dormancy-breaking process when α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were combined with GA. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles on achieving uniform bud dormancy break in sweet cherry trees.

Chitosan nanoparticle toxicity: A comprehensive literature review of in vivo and in vitro assessments for medical applications

Topic definition

This literature review aims to update the current knowledge on toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles, compare the recent findings and identify the gaps with knowledge that is present for the chitosan nanoparticles.

Methods

The publications between 2010 and 2020 were searched in Science Direct, Pubmed.gov, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and ClinicalTrials.gov, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 30 primary research studies were obtained from the literature review to compare the in vitro in vivo toxicity profiles among the chitosan nanoparticles.

Major highlights

Chitosan nanoparticles and other types of nanoparticles show cytotoxic effects on cancer cells while having minimal toxicity on normal cells. This apparent effect poses some considerations for use in incorporating cancer therapeutics into chitosan nanoparticles as an administration form. The concentration, duration of exposure, and pH of the solution can influence nanoparticle cytotoxicity, particularly in zebrafish. Different cell lines exhibit varying degrees of toxicity when exposed to nanoparticles, and of note are liver cells that show toxicity under exposure as indicated by increased alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. Aside from ALT, platelet aggregation can be considered a toxicity induced by chitosan nanoparticles. In addition, zebrafish cells experience the most toxicity, including organ damage, neurobehavioral impairment, and developmental abnormalities, when exposed to nanoparticles. However, nanoparticles may exhibit different toxicity profiles in different organisms, with brain toxicity and liver toxicity being present in zebrafish but not rats. Different organs exhibit varying degrees of toxicity, with the eye and mouth apparently having the lowest toxicity, while the brain, intestine, muscles and lung showing mixed results. Cardiotoxicity induced by chitosan nanoparticles was not observed in zebrafish embryos, and nanoparticles may reduce cardiotoxicity when delivering drug. Toxicity found in an organ may not necessarily mean that it is toxic towards all the cells found in that organ, as muscle toxicity was present when tested in zebrafish but not in C2C12 myoblast cells. Some of the studies conducted may have limitations that need to be reconsidered to account for differing results, with some examples being two experiments done on HeLa cells where one study concluded chitosan nanoparticles were toxic to the cells while the other seems to have no toxicity present. With regards to LD50, one study has stated the concentration of 64.21 mg/ml was found. Finally, smaller nanoparticles generally exhibit higher toxicity in cells compared to larger nanoparticles.

Scope for future work

This literature review did not uncover any published clinical trials with available results. Subsequent research endeavors should prioritize conducting clinical trials involving human volunteers to directly assess toxicity, rather than relying on cell or animal models.

Phytosynthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Saccharum arundinaceum (Hardy Sugar Cane), Their Characterizations, Antiglycation, and Cytotoxic Activities

The goal of the current study is to achieve plant-mediated synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs). The plant extract of Saccharum arundinaceum was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. Different techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were used to characterize the synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. UV-visible spectroscopy verified the synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs using a surface plasmon resonance peak at a wavelength of 370 nm. SEM analysis specifies the spherical morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles with a size range between 30 and 70 nm. The reducing and capping materials of Fe2O3 NPs were revealed by FT-IR analysis based on functional group identification. The plant extract contained essential functional groups, such as C-H, C-O, N-H, -CH2, and -OH, that facilitate the green synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. The EDX analysis detected the atomic percentage with the elemental composition of Fe2O3 NPs, while the XRD pattern demonstrated the crystallinity of Fe2O3 NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized Fe2O3 NPs showed potential antiglycation activity under in vitro conditions, which was confirmed by the efficient zone of inhibition on glycation of bovine serum albumin/glucose (BSA-glucose) in the order <100 < 500 < 1000 μg/mL, which revealed that Fe2O3 NPs showed significant antiglycation activity. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity against brain glioblastoma cells was assessed using the MTT assay, which exhibited diminished cytotoxic activity at concentrations lower than 300 μg/mL. Thus, we assumed that the resulting Fe2O3 NPs are a good option for use in drug delivery and cancer treatments.

Fluorescent imaging using novel conjugated polymeric nanoparticles-affimer probes in complex in vitro models of colorectal cancer

We developed a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) conjugated polymer nanoparticle (CPN510-CEA-Af) probe to target CEA-expressing CRC cells in vitro. Its efficacy was evaluated in 2D and 3D cultures of LS174T, LoVo, and HT29 CRC cell lines. CPN510-CEA-Af produced greater fluorescent signal intensity than unconjugated particles in both 2D cells and 3D spheriods, indicating its potential as a probe for image-guided colorectal cancer surgery.

Dissecting the Role of SMYD2 and Its Inhibitor (LLY-507) in the Treatment of Chemically Induced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) by Using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System

Cancer therapies based on nanoparticles with a loaded drug can overcome the problem of the drug's toxic effects in the traditional chemotherapeutic approach. In this study, we loaded LLY-507, a potent inhibitor of SMYD2, a methyltransferase enzyme, on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by microscopic analysis, loading efficiency, and drug release studies. Microscopic examination revealed an average grain size of 44 nm. The in vitro effect of LLY-507-IONPs, LLY-507, and IONPs was determined by MTT analysis (A549 cells) and hemolysis studies. IONPs have almost negative hemolytic activity in blood. The cell viability assay revealed IC50 values of both LLY-507 alone and LLY-507-loaded IONPs against A549; the lower value of the drug loaded on NPs (0.71 µg/mL alone and 0.53 µg/mL loaded on NPs) shows strong synergistic anticancer potential. We further tested the role of loaded NPs in a urethane-induced lung cancer mouse model (n = 40 mice in three independent trials, 20 mice in control group) to check the role of SMYD2 at various time points of lung cancer development. The loss of SMYD2 due to LLY-507 suppressed tumor growth, emphysema, hemorrhage, and congestion considerably. Hence, it can be concluded that the SMYD2 inhibitor has an anti-inflammatory effect on the mouse lung and suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the SMYD2 protein.

Lutein-loaded chitosan/alginate-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as effective targeted carriers for breast cancer treatment

Magnetic drug targeting can be a strategy for effectively delivering phytochemicals in cancer treatment. Here, we demonstrate the benefit of magnetic targeting with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity enhancement of lutein (LUT) against breast cancer cells. Fabrication of LUT-loaded chitosan/alginate iron oxide nanoparticles (LUT-CS/Alg-Fe₃O₄-NPs) was optimized by a statistical approach using response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. The optimized LUT-CS/Alg-Fe₃O₄-NPs with a balance among LUT concentration, copolymer coating, and iron ion concentration exhibited controlled size, narrow size distribution, better crystallinity, excellent saturation magnetization, and sustained-release profile. The negligible magnetic coercivity and remanent magnetization confirmed the superparamagnetism of the prepared NPs. The optimized LUT-CS/Alg-Fe₃O₄-NPs were biocompatible while exhibiting a significantly enhanced cytotoxicity towards breast cancer MCF-7 cells upon exposure to a permanent magnet compared to free LUT with a 4-fold increase, suggesting the potential of LUT-CS/Alg-Fe₃O₄-NPs as magnetically targeted delivery for breast cancer.

Long-Term Stability, Biocompatibility, and Magnetization of Suspensions of Isolated Bacterial Magnetosomes

Magnetosomes are magnetic nanoparticles biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. Due to a genetically strictly controlled biomineralization process, the ensuing magnetosomes have been envisioned as agents for biomedical and clinical applications. In the present work, different stability parameters of magnetosomes isolated from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense upon storage in suspension (HEPES buffer, 4 °C, nitrogen atmosphere) for one year in the absence of antibiotics are examined. The magnetic potency, measured by the saturation magnetization of the particle suspension, drops to one-third of its starting value within this year-about ten times slower than at ambient air and room temperature. The particle size distribution, the integrity of the surrounding magnetosome membrane, the colloidal stability, and the biocompatibility turn out to be not severely affected by long-term storage.

Removal of trichloroethene by glucose oxidase immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles

To overcome the safety risks and low utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ in traditional Fenton processes, in situ production of H₂O₂ by enzymatic reactions has attracted increasing attention recently. In this study, magnetite-immobilized glucose oxidase (MIG) was prepared to catalyze the heterogeneous Fenton reaction for the removal of trichloroethene from water. The successful immobilization of glucose oxidase on magnetite was achieved with a loading efficiency of 70.54%. When combined with substrate glucose, MIG could efficiently remove 5-50 mg L^-1 trichloroethene from water with a final removal efficiency of 76.2% to 94.1% by 192 h. This system remained effective in the temperature range of 15-45 °C and pH range of 3.6-9.0. The removal was slightly inhibited by different cations and anions (influencing degree Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cu²⁺ and H₂PO₄ ^- > Cl^- > SO₄ ^2-) and humic acid. Meanwhile, the MIG could be recycled for 4 cycles and was applicable to other chlorinated hydrocarbons. The results of reactive oxidative species generation monitoring and quenching experiments indicated that H₂O₂ generated by the enzymatic reaction was almost completely decomposed by magnetite to produce ·OH with a final cumulative concentration of 129 μM, which played a predominant role in trichloroethene degradation. Trichloroethene was almost completely dechlorinated into Cl^-, CO₂ and H₂O without production of any detectable organic chlorinated intermediates. This work reveals the potential of immobilized enzymes for in situ generation of ROS and remediation of organic chlorinated contaminants.

Investigation of the Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Effects on Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Hippocampal Cells

Introduction

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) are small magnetic particles that are widely used in different aspects of biology and medicine in modern life. Fe2O3-NP accumulated in the living cells due to the absence of an active system to excrete the iron ions and damages cellular organelles by high reactivity.

Methods

Herein cytotoxic effects of Fe2O3-NP with a size of 50 nm on the primary culture of neonatal rat hippocampus were investigated using 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pathophysiological signs of Alzheimer's disease such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, Aβ aggregation, soluble APPα, and APPβ secretion were also investigated in hippocampal cells treated with various concentrations of nanoparticle (NP) for different exposure times.

Results

Our results revealed that Fe2O3-NP treatment causes oxidative stress in cells which is accompanied by upregulation of the APP and Aβ in a concentration-dependent manner. NP exposure also leads to more secretion of sAPPβ rather than sAPPα, leading to increased activation of β-secretase in NP-received cells. All the harmful effects accumulate in neurons that cannot be renovated, leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusion

This study approved iron-based NPs could help to develop Alzheimer's and related neurological disorders and explained why some of the iron chelators have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.

Highlights

Fe2O3-NP induced oxidative stress in hippocampal cells in a concentration dependent manner.Fe2O3-NP imposed up-regulation of APP in hippocampal cells.Fe2O3-NP activated β-secretase and elevated sAPPβ/sAPPα ratio.Cumulative effects of Fe2O3-NP damages increased cell death in neurons.

Plain Language Summary

The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by chronic neurodegeneration, impairment of memory, and disturbed planning, language, and thinking ability. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has been increased in all aspects of life. Among these nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NP) are vital in biological sciences, medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and optical imaging. Considering the general application and high reactivity of iron, growing concerns exist about the Fe2O3-NP application harms, especially in the central nervous system. Hippocampus tissue is one of the affected tissues in AD, which is widely investigated in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Fe2O3-NP on the primary culture of the hippocampus as one of the main tissues damaged in patients with AD. Our results revealed that treatment with different concentrations of Fe2O3-NP caused cellular damage in hippocampal cells. Exposure to Fe2O3-NP also caused oxidative stress. Our results showed a close association between oxidative stress and AD's pathological symptoms. The Fe2O3-NP application in medicine and biology should be limited.

Nanoparticle formulations: A smart era of advanced treatment with nanotoxicological imprints on the human body

In the modern era, nanoparticles are the preferred dosage form, and maximum research is going on in the field of nanoparticle formulations. But as they are so small, nanoparticles are able to slip through the body's defenses and cause damage to the organs and tissues deep inside. In recent years, most researchers have focused solely on the therapeutic value of drugs or, at times, the performance of dosage forms, but few have given toxicity studies equal weight in their research. This review demonstrates that nanoparticle formulations are not suitable from a safety standpoint. So, researchers should be focused on alternative formulations like nanoemulsion, nanogel, and other liquids as well as semisolid formulations.

FTIR microscopy evaluation of the immunogenicity of eco-friendly γFe2O3@Ag@Cs nanocomposite as a platform for the discovery and screening of vaccine adjuvants

Core-shell nanoparticles have been extensively researched, particularly as multimodal for medical applications. Scientists are interested in combining the optical properties of nano-plasmonic nanoparticles with the magnetic properties of super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. This combination is very important because it reduces metal toxicity and improves nanoparticle targeting. Tuning the shape and size of the nanoparticles significantly reflects their properties and applications. In previous study, we assessed the SPION@Ag@chitosan core-shell nanocomposite (γFe2O3@Ag@Cs NCs) toxicity both in vitro and preclinically in vivo, using traditional toxicological assessment and biochemical parameters. The results showed that up to100 ug/kg is a safe NP dose as evaluated by pathological and biochemical parameters. The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the effect of γFe2O3@Ag@Cs NC at sub-cytotoxic concentrations (100ug/ml) on the biochemical profile of immune organs (inguinal, axillary, spleen and thymus) by combining the investigation of cytokine secretion to ex vivo FTIR spectroscopy. The four immune organs were treated with 100 ug/kg NC and the time dependence of the effects produced by the treatment was analyzed. The Data shows that the used core-shell NC with the indicate dose have a stimulatory effect on the immune system, as evidenced by an increase in antibody secretion (IgG and IgM), lipid, nucleic acid, and protein synthesis after uptake time which depends on the specific immune organ.

In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Assays of Dextran Coated Iron Oxide Aqueous Magnetic Fluids

The iron oxide nanoparticles coated with different surface coatings were studied and characterized by multiple physicochemical and biological methods. The present paper aims at estimating the toxicity in vitro and in vivo of dextran coated iron oxide aqueous magnetic fluids. The in vitro studies were conducted by quantifying the viability of HeLa cells after their incubation with the samples (concentrations of 62.5−125−250−500 μg/mL at different time intervals). The estimation of the toxicity in vivo of administering dextran coated iron oxide aqueous magnetic fluids (DIO-AMF) with hydrodynamic diameter of 25.73 ± 4 nm to Male Brown Norway rats has been made. Different concentrations (62.5−125−250−500 μg/mL) of dextran coated iron oxide aqueous magnetic fluids were administered for 7 consecutive days. Hematology and biochemistry of the Male Brown Norway rats assessment was performed at various time intervals (24−72 h and 21−28 days) after intra-peritoneal injection. The results showed that high concentrations of DIO-AMF (250 and 500 μg/mL) significantly increased white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to the values obtained for the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, following the administration of DIO-AMF, the levels of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). After DIO-AMF administration, no significant difference was observed in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, urea and creatinine compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The results of the present study showed that dextran coated iron oxide aqueous magnetic fluids in concentrations lower than 250 μg/mL are reliable for medical and pharmaceutical applications.

Recent progress in ferroptosis: inducers and inhibitors

Ferroptosis is a new iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. In recent years, ferroptosis has garnered enormous interest in disease treatment research communities in pursuit to reveal the mechanism and key targets of ferroptosis because ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. Recent studies have shown some key targets, such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and System Xc^-, and several inducers and inhibitors have been developed to regulate these key targets. With the emergence of new ferroptosis targets, studies on inducers and inhibitors have made new developments. The selection and use of inducers and inhibitors are very important for related work. This paper briefly introduces important regulatory targets in the ferroptosis metabolic pathway, lists and categorizes commonly used and recently developed inducers and inhibitors, and discusses their medical application. The paper ends of with potential future research direction for ferroptosis.

Influence of surfactants on biomolecular conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles

Here, we report the physicochemical interaction among iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) and essential biomolecules, namely, serum albumin (BSA, HSA), collagen and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of various cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Iron oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by the wet chemical process and are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping studies . The conjugation of MNPs protein was analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism technique and gel electrophoresis. The spectroscopic investigation illustrates the surfactant-dependent binding between MNPs and protein. Gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of MNPs-surfactant systems has been used to study the impact on DNA structure. It was found that Tween 80 imparts better stability as well as biocompatibility to the synthesized MNPs. The findings offer extensive information on the influence of various surfactant coatings on MNP surfaces and their influence on vital biomolecules, making it useful for designing MNPs for biological applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Effects

In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due to their excellent properties, which to a great extent differ from their bulk counterpart. However, despite such positive advantages, a substantial body of literature reports on their cytotoxic effects, which are directly correlated to the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, therefore, better control over the synthetic parameters will not only lead to favorable surface characteristics but may also increase biocompatibility and consequently lower cytotoxicity. Taking into consideration the enormous biomedical potential of MONPs, the present review will discuss the most recent developments in this field referring mainly to synthesis methods, physical and chemical characterization and biological effects, including the pro-regenerative and antitumor potentials as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, the last section of the review will tackle the pressing issue of the toxic effects of MONPs on various tissues/organs and cell lines.

Assessment of nano-iron particles impact on the reproductive health of female Wistar rats

Background

Iron oxide nanoparticles, especially nano-magnetite, are promising candidates for use in a variety of applications. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nano-magnetite on the reproductive health of female Wistar rats. Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as the control group, Group 2 received a low dose of 5 mg/kg of nano-magnetite, and Group 3 received a high dose of 10 mg/kg of nano-magnetite. For 30 days, rats were intraperitoneally injected three times per week.

The main findings

Revealed that nano-magnetite did not induce a change in body weight or absolute as well as relative reproductive organs weight. Nano-magnetite nanoparticles influenced the reproductive serum hormone levels as well as imbalanced the ovarian and uterine malondialdehyde and total antioxidant activity. After nano-magnetite nanoparticle injection, the histopathological examination revealed apoptosis of granulosa cells of various types of follicles, degenerated corpora lutea, congested blood vessels, and uterine epithelial cells of uterine tissue showed a high level of apoptosis and inflammation. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated a significant increase in activated caspase-3 following nano-magnetite injection, indicating an increase in cell apoptosis.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the negative effect of magnetite nanoparticle on reproductive health and increased the likelihood of infertility.

Investigation of Aggregation and Disaggregation of Self-Assembling Nano-Sized Clusters Consisting of Individual Iron Oxide Nanoparticles upon Interaction with HEWL Protein Molecules

In this paper, iron oxide nanoparticles coated with trisodium citrate were obtained. Nanoparticles self-assembling stable clusters were ~10 and 50-80 nm in size, consisting of NPs 3 nm in size. The stability was controlled by using multi-angle dynamic light scattering and the zeta potential, which was -32 ± 2 mV. Clusters from TSC-IONPs can be destroyed when interacting with a hen egg-white lysozyme. After the destruction of the nanoparticles and proteins, aggregates are formed quickly, within 5-10 min. Their sizes depend on the concentration of the lysozyme and nanoparticles and can reach micron sizes. It is shown that individual protein molecules can be isolated from the formed aggregates under shaking. Such aggregation was observed by several methods: multi-angle dynamic light scattering, optical absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, TEM, and optical microscopy. It is important to note that the concentrations of NPs at which the protein aggregation took place were also toxic to cells. There was a sharp decrease in the survival of mouse fibroblasts (Fe concentration ~75-100 μM), while the ratio of apoptotic to all dead cells increased. Additionally, at low concentrations of NPs, an increase in cell size was observed.

Rationally Designed Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cochlear Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biocompatibility in a Murine Model

Hypothesis

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for cochlear drug delivery can be precisely engineered for biocompatibility in the cochlea.

Background

MNPs are promising drug delivery vehicles that can enhance the penetration of both small and macromolecular therapeutics into the cochlea. However, concerns exist regarding the application of oxidative, metal-based nanomaterials to delicate sensory tissues of the inner ear. Translational development of MNPs for cochlear drug deliver requires specifically tuned nanoparticles that are not cytotoxic to inner ear tissues. We describe the synthesis and characterization of precisely tuned MNP vehicles, and their in vitro biocompatibility in murine organ of Corti organotypic cultures.

Methods

MNPs were synthesized via 2-phase ligand transfer process with precise control of nanoparticle size. Core and hydrodynamic sizes of nanoparticles were characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. In vitro biocompatibility was assayed via mouse organ of Corti organotypic cultures with and without an external magnetic field gradient. Imaging was performed using immunohistochemical labeling and confocal microscopy. Outer hair cell, inner hair cell, and spiral ganglion neurites were individually quantified.

Results

Monocore PEG-MNPs of 45 and 148 nm (mean hydrodynamic diameter) were synthesized. Organ of Corti cultures demonstrated preserved outer hair cell, inner hair cell, and neurite counts across 2 MNP sizes and doses, and irrespective of external magnetic field gradient.

Conclusion

MNPs can be custom-synthesized with precise coating, size, and charge properties specific for cochlear drug delivery while also demonstrating biocompatibility in vitro.

The effect of iron sulfate nanoparticles and their fortified bread on Wistar rats and human cell lines

BACKGROUND

Ferrous sulfate nanoparticles (FSNPs) were synthesized and characterized to mitigate the undesirable effects of ferrous sulfate bulk particles (FSBPs) as a supplement or fortificant in health/food industries.

METHODS

The toxicity of FSNPs and FSBPs was evaluated against AGS, PLC/PRF/5, and HGF1-PI 1 cell lines. Then, Wistar rats were fed three levels of FSNPs and FSBPs fortified-bread. Growth performance, hematological parameters, and histopathological changes in treated rats were assessed after 21 days.

RESULTS

High concentrations of FSNPs (3.125 and 6.25 mM) increased the necrosis of AGS cells. A low level of FSNPs (1.57 mM) did not affect the viability of cells after 72 h. Fibroblasts did not show apoptosis and necrosis after exposing 1.57 mM of FSNPs. In rats, 9 mg elemental iron of FSNPs/day enhanced hemoglobin, PCV, and ferritin values and increased the body weight gain (p < 0.05). FSNPs fortified-bread induced no clinical symptom or histopathological lesion in rats.

CONCLUSION

FSNPs affect cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that FSNPs at the low level do not have adverse effects on normal fibroblasts and rats. Significant weight gain in rats having a low level of FSNPs compared to the FSBPs indicates the negligible toxicity of FSNPs at low concentrations.

Iron oxide nanoparticles impart cross tolerance to arsenate stress in rice roots through involvement of nitric oxide

The growth and development patterns of crop plants are being seriously threatened by arsenic (As) contamination in the soil, and it also acts as a major hurdle in crop productivity. This study focuses on arsenate As(V) mediated toxicity in rice plants. Further, among the different type of NPs, iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) display a dose-dependent effect but their potential role in mitigating As(V) stress is still elusive. FeO NPs (500 μM) play a role in imparting cross-tolerance against As(V) induced toxicity in rice. Growth attributes, photosynthetic performance, nutrient contents and biochemical parameters were significantly altered by As(V). But FeO NPs rescued the negative consequences of As(V) by restricting its entry with the possible involvement of NO in rice roots. Moreover, results related with gene expression of NO(OsNoA1 and OsNIA1) and proline metabolism were greatly inhibited by As(V) toxicity. But, FeO NPs reversed the toxic effect of As(V) by improving proline metabolism and stimulating NO mediated up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes particularly glutathione-S-transferase which may be possible reasons for the reduction of As(V) toxicity in rice roots. Overall, it can be stated that FeO NPs may act as an As(V) barrier to restrict the As(V) uptake by roots and have the ability to confer cross tolerance by modulating various morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics with possible intrinsic involvement of NO.

In vitro review of nanoparticles attacking macrophages: Interaction and cell death

In recent years, the wide application of nanoparticles (NPs) inevitably leads to environmental pollution and human exposure, and its safety has attracted more and more attention. Since macrophages are the cells most directly exposed to multi-pathway invading NPs in the body, it is necessary to assess of toxic effects of NPs in macrophages, clarify the potential mechanisms of NPs toxicity to improve our understanding about the interaction of NPs with macrophages in vivo, and avoid body damage. Currently, studies on the toxicity of NPs to macrophages are rare and mainly focused on in vitro, so this paper integrated the toxic effect of macrophages exposed to NPs and the macrophages cellular changes following the interaction with NPs, including NPs internalization, ROS production, cytokines alterations, DNA damage and cell death, and further explored the involved mechanisms. This review aims to provide some insights into the further toxicological studies of NPs.

Palliative Effect of Resveratrol against Nanosized Iron Oxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Steroidogenesis-Related Genes Dysregulation in Testicular Tissue of Adult Male Rats

The nano-sized iron oxide (Fe₂O₃-NPs) is one of the most used engineered nanomaterials worldwide. This study investigated the efficacy of natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally once daily) to alleviate the impaired sperm quality and testicular injury resulting from Fe₂O₃-NPs exposure (3.5 or 7 mg/kg b.wt, intraperitoneally once a week) for eight weeks. Spermiograms, sexual hormonal levels, oxidative stress indicators, and lipid peroxidation biomarker were assessed. Moreover, the steroidogenesis-related genes mRNA expressions were evaluated. The results showed that RSV substantially rescued Fe₂O₃-NPs-mediated sperm defects. Additionally, the Fe₂O₃-NPs-induced depressing effects on sperm motility and viability were markedly counteracted by RSV. Moreover, RSV significantly restored Fe₂O₃-NPs-induced depletion of testosterone, follicle-stimulated hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testicular antioxidant enzymes but reduced malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, the Fe₂O₃-NPs-induced downregulation of steroidogenesis-related genes (3 β-HSD, 17 β-HSD, and Nr5A1) was significantly counteracted in the testicular tissue of RSV-treated rats. These findings concluded that RSV could limit the Fe₂O₃-NPs-induced reduced sperm quality and testicular injury most likely via their antioxidant activity and steroidogenesis-related gene expression modulation.

Oleic Acid Protects Endothelial Cells from Silica-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs)-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cell Death

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have great potential for use in medicine, but they may cause side effects due to oxidative stress. In our study, we investigated the effects of silica-coated SPIONs on endothelial cells and whether oleic acid (OA) can protect the cells from their harmful effects. We used viability assays, flow cytometry, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results show that silica-coated SPIONs are internalized by endothelial cells, where they increase the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause cell death. Exposure to silica-coated SPIONs induced accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) that was not dependent on diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)-mediated LD biogenesis, suggesting that silica-coated SPIONs suppress LD degradation. Addition of exogenous OA promoted LD biogenesis and reduced SPION-dependent increases in oxidative stress and cell death. However, exogenous OA protected cells from SPION-induced cell damage even in the presence of DGAT inhibitors, implying that LDs are not required for the protective effect of exogenous OA. The molecular phenotype of the cells determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the destructive effect of silica-coated SPIONs and the ameliorative role of OA in the case of oxidative stress. Thus, exogenous OA protects endothelial cells from SPION-induced oxidative stress and cell death independent of its incorporation into triglycerides.

Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis in a Panel of Cancer Cell Lines

The use of nanomaterials rationally engineered to treat cancer is a burgeoning field that has reported great medical achievements. Iron-based polymeric nano-formulations with precisely tuned physicochemical properties are an expanding and versatile therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment. Recently, a peculiar type of regulated necrosis named ferroptosis has gained increased attention as a target for cancer therapy. Here, we show for the first time that novel iron oxide nanoparticles coated with gallic acid and polyacrylic acid (IONP–GA/PAA) possess intrinsic cytotoxic activity on various cancer cell lines. Indeed, IONP–GA/PAA treatment efficiently induces ferroptosis in glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and fibrosarcoma cells. IONP–GA/PAA-induced ferroptosis was blocked by the canonical ferroptosis inhibitors, including deferoxamine and ciclopirox olamine (iron chelators), and ferrostatin-1, the lipophilic radical trap. These ferroptosis inhibitors also prevented the lipid hydroperoxide generation promoted by the nanoparticles. Altogether, we report on novel ferroptosis-inducing iron encapsulated nanoparticles with potent anti-cancer properties, which has promising potential for further in vivo validation.

Recent trends in the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy: The involvement of oxidative stress

In the biomedical area, the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology has the potential to bring numerous unique applications, including better tactics for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been the topic of many research and material applications throughout the last decade. Unlike small-molecule medications, NPs are defined by distinct physicochemical characteristics, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, which allows them to permeate live cells with relative ease. The versatility of NPs as both therapeutics and diagnostics makes them ideal for a broad spectrum of illnesses, from infectious diseases to cancer. A significant amount of data has been participated in the current scientific publications, emphasizing the concept that NPs often produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a larger degree than micro-sized particles. It is important to note that oxidative stress governs a wide range of cell signaling cascades, many of which are responsible for cancer cell cytotoxicity. Here, we aimed to provide insight into the signaling pathways triggered by oxidative stress in cancer cells in response to several types of nanomaterials, such as metallic and polymeric NPs and quantum dots. We discuss recent advances in developing integrated anticancer medicines based on NPs targeted to destroy malignant cells by increasing their ROS setpoint.

Biological interactions of ferromagnetic iron oxide-carbon nanohybrids with alveolar epithelial cells

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been largely investigated in a plethora of biological fields for their interesting physical-chemical properties, which make them suitable for application in cancer therapy, neuroscience, and imaging. Several encouraging results have been reported in these contexts. However, the possible toxic effects of some IONP formulations can limit their applicability. In this work, IONPs were synthesized with a carbon shell (IONP@C), providing enhanced stability both as colloidal dispersion and in the biological environment. We conducted a careful multiparametric evaluation of IONP@C biological interactions in vitro, providing them with an in vivo-like biological identity. Our hybrid nanoformulation showed no cytotoxic effects on a widely employed model of alveolar epithelial cells for a variety of concentrations and exposure times. The IONP@C were efficiently internalized and TEM analysis allowed the protective role of the carbon shell against intracellular degradation to be assessed. Intracellular redistribution of the IONP@C from the lysosomes to the lamellar bodies was also observed after 72 hours.

Progress and Recent Trends in the Application of Nanoparticles as Low Carbon Fuel Additives-A State of the Art Review

The first part of the current review highlights the evolutionary nuances and research hotspots in the field of nanoparticles in low carbon fuels. Our findings reveal that contribution to the field is largely driven by researchers from Asia, mainly India. Of the three biofuels under review, biodiesel seems to be well studied and developed, whereas studies regarding vegetable oils and alcohols remain relatively scarce. The second part also reviews the application of nanoparticles in biodiesel/vegetable oil/alcohol-based fuels holistically, emphasizing fuel properties and engine characteristics. The current review reveals that the overall characteristics of the low carbon fuel-diesel blends improve under the influence of nanoparticles during combustion in diesel engines. The most important aspect of nanoparticles is that they act as an oxygen buffer that provides additional oxygen molecules in the combustion chamber, promoting complete combustion and lowering unburnt emissions. Moreover, the nanoparticles used for these purposes exhibit excellent catalytic behaviour as a result of their high surface area-to-volume ratio-this leads to a reduction in exhaust pollutants and ensures an efficient and complete combustion. Beyond energy-based indicators, the exergy, economic, environmental, and sustainability aspects of the blends in diesel engines are discussed. It is observed that the performance of the diesel engine fuelled with low carbon fuels according to the second law of efficiency improves under the influence of the nano-additives. Our final part shows that despite the benefits of nanoparticles, humans and animals are under serious threats from the highly toxic nature of nanoparticles.

Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Heating for Biomedical Applications

Magnetic nanoparticles, especially superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs), have attracted tremendous attention for various biomedical applications. Facile synthesis and functionalization together with easy control of the size and shape of SPIONS to customize their unique properties, have made it possible to develop different types of SPIONs tailored for diverse functions/applications. More recently, considerable attention has been paid to the thermal effect of SPIONs for the treatment of diseases like cancer and for nanowarming of cryopreserved/banked cells, tissues, and organs. In this mini-review, recent advances on the magnetic heating effect of SPIONs for magnetothermal therapy and enhancement of cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs, are discussed, together with the non-magnetic heating effect (i.e., high Intensity focused ultrasound or HIFU-activated heating) of SPIONs for cancer therapy. Furthermore, challenges facing the use of magnetic nanoparticles in these biomedical applications are presented.

Inhibitory Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Extract and Its Active Components on Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplastic Cells

The effective treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) can prevent cervical cancer. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal and health-promoting plant. To identify a potential treatment for CIN, the effect of S. miltiorrhiza extract and its active components on immortalized cervical epithelial cells was studied in vitro. The H8 cell was used as a CIN model. We found that S. miltiorrhiza extract effectively inhibited H8 cells through the CCK8 method. An HPLC-MS analysis revealed that S. miltiorrhiza extract contained salvianolic acid H, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, monomethyl lithospermate, 9‴-methyl lithospermate B, and 9‴-methyl lithospermate B/isomer. Salvianolic acid A had the best inhibitory effect on H8 cells with an IC50 value of 5.74 ± 0.63 μM. We also found that the combination of salvianolic acid A and oxysophoridine had a synergistic inhibitory effect on H8 cells at molar ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4, with salvianolic acid A/oxysophoridine = 1:2 having the best synergistic effect. Using Hoechst33342, flow cytometry, and Western blotting analysis, we found that the combination of salvianolic acid A and oxysophoridine can induce programmed apoptosis of H8 cells and block the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, which was correlated with decreased cyclinB1 and CDK1 protein levels. In conclusion, S. miltiorrhiza extract can inhibit the growth of H8 cells, and the combination of salvianolic acid A (its active component) and oxysophoridine has a synergistic inhibitory effect on H8 cells and may be a potential treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Inhaled silica nanoparticles exacerbate atherosclerosis through skewing macrophage polarization towards M1 phenotype

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Exposure to environmental nanoparticles is related to the adverse impact on health, including cardiovascular system. Various forms of nanoparticles have been reported to interact with endothelium and induce inflammation. However, the potential role of nanoparticles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two broadly used nanomaterials, which also occur in natural environment - silicon oxide (SiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) - on the development of atherosclerosis.

METHODS

We used apolipoprotein E-knockout mice exposed to silica and ferric oxide nanoparticles in a whole body inhalation chamber.

RESULTS

Inhaled silica nanoparticles augmented the atherosclerotic lesions and increased the percentage of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in both the plaque and the peritoneum in apoE-/- mice. Exposure to ferric oxide nanoparticles did not enhance atherogenesis process, however, it caused significant changes in the atherosclerotic plaque composition (elevated content of CD68-positive macrophages and enlarged necrotic core accompanied by the decreased level of M1 macrophages). Both silica and ferric oxide NPs altered the phenotype of T lymphocytes in the spleen by promoting polarization towards Th17 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to silica and ferric oxide nanoparticles exerts impact on atherosclerosis development and plaque composition. Pro-atherogenic abilities of silica nanoparticles are associated with activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages.

A systematic review on iron-based nanoparticle-mediated clean-up of textile dyes: challenges and prospects of scale-up technologies

The projected increase of the global textile industry to USD1002.84 billion in 2027 indicates a simultaneous increase in water pollution due to textile dye-rich voluminous effluents highlighting the requirement of source clean-up. This review analyzes the colossal amount of literature on lab-scale nanoremediation technologies involving iron-based nanoparticles and the mechanistic aspects. However, not many studies are in place with regard to execution because there are several bottlenecks in the scale-up of the technology. This review attempts to identify the limitations of scale-up by focusing on each step of nanoremediation from synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles to their applications. The most prominent appears to be the low economic viability of physico-chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, lack of appropriate toxicity studies of iron-based nanoparticles, and dearth of studies on field applications. It is recommended that above studies should be made not only on lab scale but also on field samples preferably utilizing microbial products based green synthesized iron-based nanoparticles and conducting toxicity studies. Besides, immobilization of the nanoparticles on renewable material greatly enhances the sustainability and economic value of the process. Furthermore, since the chemical composition of dye-rich effluents varies among industries, effluent specific optimization of process parameters and kinetics thereof is also a major prerequisite for scale-up. The value of this review lies in the fact that it brings, for the first time, a comprehensive and critical systematization of various aspects needing attention in order to scale-up such effective nanoremediation processes.

Targeted PET/MRI Imaging Super Probes: A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges

Recently, the demand for hybrid PET/MRI imaging techniques has increased significantly, which has sparked the investigation into new ways to simultaneously track multiple molecular targets and improve the localization and expression of biochemical markers. Multimodal imaging probes have recently emerged as powerful tools for improving the detection sensitivity and accuracy-both important factors in disease diagnosis and treatment; however, only a limited number of bimodal probes have been investigated in preclinical models. Herein, we briefly describe the strengths and limitations of PET and MRI modalities and highlight the need for the development of multimodal molecularly-targeted agents. We have tried to thoroughly summarize data on bimodal probes available on PubMed. Emphasis was placed on their design, safety profiles, pharmacokinetics, and clearance properties. The challenges in PET/MR probe development using a number of illustrative examples are also discussed, along with future research directions for these novel conjugates.

Intraperitoneal exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles causes dose-dependent toxicity in Wistar rats

Nanoparticles of iron oxide, with diameters beteween 1 to 100 nm, have notable implications for human health and well being. In the current study, we have investigated the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) exposure on general physiology and health of adult Wistar rats. IONP used in the study had spherical shape and average size in the range of 15-20 nm. A total of eight groups of rats were repeatedly injected with 0 (control), 20, 40, and 80 mg IONP per kg body weight intraperitoneally under two different exposure schemes (sub-acute and sub-chronic). IONP exposure caused significant changes in lungs, liver, and kidney indices in both exposure schemes. Sub-acute exposure did not affect body weight gain in treated rats, but longer duration exposure was responsible for significant reduction in body weight. Mesenteries, visceral fatty tissues, and visceral peritoneal membranes demonstrated apparent accumulations of IONP in a dose and time-dependent manner. Hematological analysis showed that total RBC count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were not affected by IONP exposure. Total lymphocyte count, however, was elevated in low- and mid-dose treated rats, but not in high-dose group. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly in rats treated with mid and high doses as compared to control. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were also significantly altered in treated rats. Histological study found significant hepatic damage and mild spleen toxicity. Our report suggests that IONP exhibit significant toxicity in rats.

Phytoantioxidant Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Green Approach to Combat Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress

Nanotechnology is gaining significant attention, with numerous biomedical applications. Silver in wound dressings, copper oxide and silver in antibacterial preparations, and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a food and cosmetic ingredient are common examples. However, adverse effects of nanoparticles in humans and the environment from extended exposure at varied concentrations have yet to be established. One of the drawbacks of employing nanoparticles is their tendency to cause oxidative stress, a significant public health concern with life-threatening consequences. Cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory problems and diabetes are among the oxidative stress-related disorders. In this context, phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a novel and effective alternative. In addition to performing their intended function, they can protect against oxidative damage. This review was designed by searching through various websites, books, and articles found in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. To begin with, oxidative stress, its related diseases, and the mechanistic basis of oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles are discussed. One of the main mechanisms of action of nanoparticles was unearthed to be oxidative stress, which limits their use in humans. Secondly, the role of phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles in oxidative damage prevention is critically discussed. The parameters for the characterization of nanoparticles were also discussed. The majority of silver, gold, iron, zinc oxide, and copper nanoparticles produced utilizing various plant extracts were active free radical scavengers. This potential is linked to several surface fabricated phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids and phenols. These phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a better alternative to nanoparticles prepared by other existing approaches.

Dose-dependent hepatic toxicity and oxidative stress on exposure to nano and bulk selenium in mice

Selenium is an essential mineral naturally found in soil, water, and some of the food and is required as essential elements in human and animal body. Se supplementation is required especially for those having Se deficiency. Food supplement of selenium has several forms such as selenocysteine, selenite, selenomethionine, and selenate. Recently, Se supplement as selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has gained worldwide attention due to its bioactivities and properties. In the present study, we determined the potential hepatotoxicity of nano and bulk selenium using low and high doses in mice. Twenty-five Swiss albino mice (n=5) were randomly divided into 5 groups and treated orally for 28 days: Group 1: sterile saline (0.9%) as a control; Group 2: sodium selenite (1mg/kg); Group 3: sodium selenite (4mg/kg); Group 4: selenium nanoparticles (1mg/kg); and Group 5: selenium nanoparticles (4mg/kg). Administration of nano-selenium (70-90 nm) led to an increase in the activities of serum transaminases (ALT and AST), while no significant effects were noted on biochemical variables indicative of changes in heme synthesis pathway and oxidative stress like blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde assay (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared to controls, and a high dose of sodium selenite. Our results suggest that nano-selenium at low dose (1mg/kg) exhibited antioxidant effects in the liver compared to the high dose (4mg/kg) of SeNPs and sodium selenite (1 and 4 mg/kg). The data from the present study might be useful for pharmacologists and toxicologists in providing future directions while designing selenium-based therapeutic strategies.

Assessing the Biocompatibility of Multi-Anchored Glycoconjugate Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Normal Human Colon Cell Line CCD-18Co

We have previously demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles with dopamine-anchored heterobifunctional polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, namely PEO-IONPs, and bio-functionalized with sialic-acid specific glycoconjugate moiety (Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)-Glcβ-sp), namely GM3-IONPs, can be effectively used as antibacterial agents against target Escherichia coli. In this study, we evaluated the biocompatibility of PEO-IONPs and GM3-IONPs in a normal human colon cell line CCD-18Co via measuring cell proliferation, membrane integrity, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione GSH, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123, and caspase 3/7 levels. PEO-IONPs caused a significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations above 100 μg/mL whereas GM3-IONPs did not cause a significant decrease in cell viability even at the highest dose of 500 μg/mL. The ATP synthase activity of CCD-18Co was significantly diminished in the presence of PEO-IONPs but not GM3-IONPs. PEO-IONPs also compromised the membrane integrity of CCD-18Co. In contrast, cells exposed to GM3-IONPs showed significantly different cell morphology, but with no apparent membrane damage. The interaction of PEO-IONPs or GM3-IONPs with CCD-18Co resulted in a substantial decrease in the intracellular GSH levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Conversely, levels of DHR-123 increased with IONP concentrations. Levels of caspase 3/7 proteins were found to be significantly elevated in cells exposed to PEO-IONPs. Based on the results, we assume GM3-IONPs to be biocompatible with CCD-18Co and could be further evaluated for selective killing of pathogens in vivo.

Insight into the practical models for prediciting the essential role of the cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation in emodin-associated hepatotoxicity

Emodin is widely present in Chinese herbs with broad application prospects, however, the conflicting reports of its hepatotoxicity have created a concern. It was therefore aimed to develop practical models to elucidate the outcome of CYP450 biotransformation on emodin. HepG2 and rat liver microsomes (RLM) coculture system was first utilized for prediction. It was found that emodin (35 μM)-mediated cytotoxicity was alleviated only when the cofactor of CYP450 NADPH (1 mM) was present. Similarly, both the pan-CYP450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) (2 mM) and the heat-inactivated liver microsomes completely abolished the protective effect of RLM (0.75 mg/mL). Consistently, ABT significantly increased the toxicity of emodin in primary rat liver cells. Along similar lines, only the monohydroxylation metabolite M3 that accounted for neglectable amount of the whole metabolites showed similar toxicity to emodin, both M1 and M2 exhibited far less toxcity than emodin in THLE-2 cells. In vivo study further supported that ABT (50 mg/kg, s.c.) aggravated the hepatotoxicity of emodin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) on mice, as emodin treatment only mediated slight increase of liver index and histological score likely due to the metabolic detoxication of emodin, whereas ABT co-administration resulted in severe liver injury as reflected by the dramatic increase of the liver index value, serum ALT and AST levels, and histopathological score. Moreover, it was explored that ROS generation together with the electrophilicity of emodin contributed to its hepatotoxicity. These findings not only provided a clear evidence of the metabolic detoxification of emodin, but also shed a light on the hepatotoxic mechanisms of emodin, which would lay a solid foundation for the rational application of emodin in the future.

Non-Heating Alternating Magnetic Field Nanomechanical Stimulation of Biomolecule Structures via Magnetic Nanoparticles as the Basis for Future Low-Toxic Biomedical Applications

The review discusses the theoretical, experimental and toxicological aspects of the prospective biomedical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) activated by a low frequency non-heating alternating magnetic field (AMF). In this approach, known as nano-magnetomechanical activation (NMMA), the MNPs are used as mediators that localize and apply force to such target biomolecular structures as enzyme molecules, transport vesicles, cell organelles, etc., without significant heating. It is shown that NMMA can become a biophysical platform for a family of therapy methods including the addressed delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents from transport nanomodules, as well as selective molecular nanoscale localized drugless nanomechanical impacts. It is characterized by low system biochemical and electromagnetic toxicity. A technique of 3D scanning of the NMMA region with the size of several mm to several cm over object internals has been described.

State of the Art on Toxicological Mechanisms of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Strategies to Reduce Toxicological Risks

Metal nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for different types of pharmaceutical applications. However, their use has raised some concerns about their toxicity involving the increase of reactive oxygen species causing cellular apoptosis. Therefore, in this review we summarize the most relevant toxicity mechanisms of gold, silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles as well as production methods of metal nanoparticles. Parameters involved in their toxicity such as size, surface charge and concentration are also highlighted. Moreover, a critical revision of the literature about the strategies used to reduce the toxicity of this type of nanoparticles is carried out throughout the review. Additionally, surface modifications using different coating strategies, nanoparticles targeting and morphology modifications are deeply explained.

The role of morphology, shell composition and protein corona formation in Au/Fe3O4 composite nanoparticle mediated macrophage responses

The great interest in using nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications is transversal to various materials despite the poorly understood correlation between their physicochemical properties and effects on the immune system. NPs, such as gold and Fe₃O₄, are generally regarded as safe, but the immunotoxicological profile of Au/Fe₃O₄ composite NPs with different physicochemical properties is not well documented. This study investigated the biological impact of Au/Fe₃O₄ composite NPs with different morphologies (spherical core-shell and flower-like) and shell composition in vitro to analyze their potential cytotoxic effects and inflammatory responses on RAW 264.7 cells. Au/Fe₃O₄ composite NPs with a flower-like structure (FLNPs) induce a pronounced reduction in cell viability compared with Au/Fe₃O₄ composite NPs with a spherical core-shell structure (CSNPs). The increased production of reactive oxygen species, which damages cellular membranes, might contribute to the cytotoxicity effect of FLNPs. However, CSNPs presented more RAW 264.7 cell adhesion and uptake than FLNPs. Remarkably, a significant TNF-α release was observed with CSNP treated RAW 264.7 cells other than that of FLNPs. Protein corona analysis revealed the adsorption of a distinct amount and profile of proteins on the surface of CSNPs and FLNPs. Given the similar particle size and ζ-potential of CSNPs and FLNPs under the cell culture condition, results indicate that the impact of Au/Fe₃O₄ composite NPs on the macrophage activity highly depends on their morphology, shell composition and protein corona profile.