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Dahl KL, Chen TJ, Nakayama JY, West M, Hamner HC, Whitfield GP, Dooyema C. Time Playing Outdoors Among Children Aged 3-5 Years: National Survey of Children's Health, 2021. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:1024-1034. [PMID: 38128675 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Federal guidelines recommend physical activity throughout the day for preschool-aged children. Time playing outdoors can support physical activity participation, health, and development. Estimates of time playing outdoors among U.S. children aged 3-5 years have not been published. METHODS Parent/caregiver-reported data on children aged 3-5 years from the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health were analyzed in 2022-23. Chi-square tests were used to identify differences in time playing outdoors by sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted with significant characteristics for weekdays and weekend days. RESULTS Among 11,743 children aged 3-5 years, 37% played outdoors for ≤1 hour on weekdays, and 24% played outdoors for ≤1 hour on weekend days. In 9 states, ≥40% of children played outdoors for ≤1 hour on weekdays. Adjusted models for weekdays and weekend days showed a greater likelihood of ≤1 hour playing outdoors among those in all racial/ethnic groups compared to non-Hispanic White, those who lived in metropolitan statistical areas, those who did not participate in child care, and those whose adult proxy disagreed with "we watch out for each other's children in this neighborhood." The weekday model showed additional differences by sex, with girls more likely to have ≤1 hour of time playing outdoors. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 40% of preschool-aged children play outdoors for ≤1 hour per day on weekdays, with differences by sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics. Further study and interventions focused on building supportive, equitable communities might increase the amount of time preschool-aged children spend playing outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Dahl
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
| | - Tiffany J Chen
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jasmine Y Nakayama
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret West
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather C Hamner
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Geoffrey P Whitfield
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carrie Dooyema
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Remmers T, Koolwijk P, Fassaert I, Nolles J, de Groot W, Vos SB, de Vries SI, Mombarg R, Van Kann DHH. Investigating young children's physical activity through time and place. Int J Health Geogr 2024; 23:12. [PMID: 38745292 PMCID: PMC11092161 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-024-00373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates the start of primary school (4-5-year-old) as an essential period for the development of children's physical activity (PA) patterns, as from this point, the age-related decline of PA is most often observed. During this period, young children are exposed to a wider variety of environmental- and social contexts and therefore their PA is influenced by more diverse factors. However, in order to understand children's daily PA patterns and identify relevant opportunities for PA promotion, it is important to further unravel in which (social) contexts throughout the day, PA of young children takes place. METHODS We included a cross-national sample of 21 primary schools from the Startvaardig study. In total, 248 children provided valid accelerometer and global positioning (GPS) data. Geospatial analyses were conducted to quantify PA in (social) environments based on their school and home. Transport-related PA was evaluated using GPS speed-algorithms. PA was analysed at different environments, time-periods and for week- and weekend days separately. RESULTS Children accumulated an average of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), both during week- and weekend days. Schools contributed to approximately half of daily MVPA during weekdays. During weekends, environments within 100 m from home were important, as well as locations outside the home-school neighbourhood. Pedestrian trips contributed to almost half of the daily MVPA. CONCLUSIONS We identified several social contexts relevant for children's daily MVPA. Schools have the potential to significantly contribute to young children's PA patterns and are therefore encouraged to systematically evaluate and implement parts of the school-system that stimulate PA and potentially also learning processes. Pedestrian trips also have substantial contribution to daily MVPA of young children, which highlights the importance of daily active transport in school- and parental routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Remmers
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - P Koolwijk
- Research group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - I Fassaert
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Nolles
- Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - W de Groot
- Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S B Vos
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S I de Vries
- Research group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Health Campus The Hague, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - R Mombarg
- Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Orthopedagogy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D H H Van Kann
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Warmath CR, Choy CC, McGarvey ST, Sherar LB, Duckham RL, Soti-Ulberg C, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Wang D, Hawley NL. Child, family and household characteristics associated with physical activity in Samoan children aged 3-8 years: A cross-sectional study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002886. [PMID: 38630845 PMCID: PMC11023467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity is a key component of many obesity prevention strategies. The aim of this analysis was to identify child, family, and household characteristics associated with parent-reported physical activity in Samoan children aged 3-8 years. Children (n = 445; 51.2% female, mean age 5.4 years) were part of an ongoing, mixed-longitudinal study of child growth, development, and wellbeing (the Ola Tuputupua'e cohort). Bivariate analyses and multivariate generalized linear regressions were conducted to investigate the relationship of child, family, and household characteristics with physical activity level, measured using the Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire (NPAQ). Children were classified as being 'highly active' if they had NPAQ scores in the 75th percentile or above. Among the n = 111 children classified as 'highly active', n = 67 (60.4%) were boys. After adjusting for child, family, and household-level characteristics, hours of child sleep per night was the only variable significantly associated with odds of being highly active. Compared to children who slept less than 9 hours at night, those who slept 10-10.99 hours (OR: 5.97, 95% CI: 2.14-18.13) and 11+ hours (OR: 25.75, 95% CI: 8.14-90.12) had higher odds of being 'highly active'. Future research should examine the mechanisms driving the relationship between nighttime sleep and physical activity among Samoan children. Intervening on sleep duration and quality may improve physical activity and, in turn, obesity risk in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. Warmath
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Courtney C. Choy
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Lauren B. Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L. Duckham
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Take Naseri
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Petersen BA, Erickson KI, Kurowski BG, Boninger ML, Treble-Barna A. Emerging methods for measuring physical activity using accelerometry in children and adolescents with neuromotor disorders: a narrative review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:31. [PMID: 38419099 PMCID: PMC10903036 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with neuromotor disorders need regular physical activity to maintain optimal health and functional independence throughout their development. To this end, reliable measures of physical activity are integral to both assessing habitual physical activity and testing the efficacy of the many interventions designed to increase physical activity in these children. Wearable accelerometers have been used for children with neuromotor disorders for decades; however, studies most often use disorder-specific cut points to categorize physical activity intensity, which lack generalizability to a free-living environment. No reviews of accelerometer data processing methods have discussed the novel use of machine learning techniques for monitoring physical activity in children with neuromotor disorders. METHODS In this narrative review, we discuss traditional measures of physical activity (including questionnaires and objective accelerometry measures), the limitations of standard analysis for accelerometry in this unique population, and the potential benefits of applying machine learning approaches. We also provide recommendations for using machine learning approaches to monitor physical activity. CONCLUSIONS While wearable accelerometers provided a much-needed method to quantify physical activity, standard cut point analyses have limitations in children with neuromotor disorders. Machine learning models are a more robust method of analyzing accelerometer data in pediatric neuromotor disorders and using these methods over disorder-specific cut points is likely to improve accuracy of classifying both type and intensity of physical activity. Notably, there remains a critical need for further development of classifiers for children with more severe motor impairments, preschool aged children, and children in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Petersen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- AdventHealth Research Institute Department of Neuroscience, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brad G Kurowski
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M L Boninger
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Treble-Barna
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kehm RD, Knight JA, Houghton LC, McDonald JA, Schwartz LA, Goldberg M, Chung WK, Frost CJ, Wei Y, Bradbury AR, Keegan THM, Daly MB, Buys SS, Andrulis IL, John EM, Terry MB. Childhood physical activity and pubertal timing: findings from the LEGACY girls study. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyad193. [PMID: 38205889 PMCID: PMC10859159 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research on whether physical activity (PA) in early childhood is associated with the timing of pubertal events in girls. METHODS We used data collected over 2011-16 from the LEGACY Girls Study (n = 984; primarily aged 6-13 years at study enrolment), a multicentre North American cohort enriched for girls with a breast cancer family history (BCFH), to evaluate if PA is associated with age at thelarche, pubarche and menarche. Maternal-reported questionnaire data measured puberty outcomes, PA in early childhood (ages 3-5 years) and total metabolic equivalents of organized PA in middle childhood (ages 7-9 years). We used interval-censored Weibull parametric survival regression models with age as the time scale and adjusted for sociodemographic factors, and we tested for effect modification by BCFH. We used inverse odds weighting to test for mediation by body mass index-for-age z-score (BMIZ) measured at study enrolment. RESULTS Being highly active vs inactive in early childhood was associated with later thelarche in girls with a BCFH [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.26-0.59), but not in girls without a BCFH. In all girls, irrespective of BCFH, being in the highest vs lowest quartile of organized PA in middle childhood was associated with later menarche (aHR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.50-0.97). These associations remained after accounting for potential mediation by BMIZ. CONCLUSION This study provides new data that PA in early childhood may be associated with later thelarche in girls with a BCFH, also further supporting an overall association between PA in middle childhood and later menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Kehm
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren C Houghton
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasmine A McDonald
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A Schwartz
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mandy Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caren J Frost
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela R Bradbury
- Departments of Medicine and Hematology/Oncology and of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theresa H M Keegan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT), University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer centre, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saundra S Buys
- Department of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin centre for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esther M John
- Departments of Epidemiology & Population Health and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Wenden EJ, Virgara R, Pearce N, Budgeon C, Christian HE. Movement behavior policies in the early childhood education and care setting: An international scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1077977. [PMID: 37113169 PMCID: PMC10126357 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meeting 24-h movement behavior guidelines for the early years is associated with better health and development outcomes in young children. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) is a key intervention setting however little is known about the content and implementation of movement behavior polices in this context. To inform policy development this international scoping review examined the prevalence, content, development and implementation of ECEC-specific movement behavior policies. Methods A systematic literature search of published and gray literature since 2010 was conducted. Academic databases (EMBASE, Cinahl, Web of Science, Proquest, Scopus, EBSCO, PubMed) were searched. A Google search was undertaken and limited to the first 200 results. The Comprehensive Analysis of Policy on Physical Activity framework informed data charting. Results Forty-three ECEC policy documents met inclusion criteria. Most policies originated in the United States, were subnational and developed with government, non-government organizations and ECEC end-users. Physical activity was specified in 59% (30-180 min/day), sedentary time in 51% (15-60 min/day) and sleep in 20% (30-120 min/day) of policies. Daily outdoor physical activity was recommended (30-160 min/day) in most policies. No policy permitted screen time for children <2 years, with 20-120 min/day for children >2 years. Most policies (80%) had accompanying resources but few provided evaluation tools (e.g., checklists; action plan templates). Many policies had not been reviewed since the publication of 24-h movement guidelines. Conclusion Movement behavior policies in the ECEC setting are often vaguely worded, missing a comprehensive evidence base, siloed in development and often not tailored for the 'real world.' A focus on evidence informed ECEC-specific movement behavior policies proportionally aligned with national/international 24-h Movement Behaviors Guidelines for the Early Years is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Wenden
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth J. Wenden,
| | - Rosa Virgara
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha Pearce
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Charley Budgeon
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hayley E. Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Lettink A, Altenburg TM, Arts J, van Hees VT, Chinapaw MJM. Systematic review of accelerometer-based methods for 24-h physical behavior assessment in young children (0-5 years old). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:116. [PMID: 36076221 PMCID: PMC9461103 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate accelerometer-based methods are required for assessment of 24-h physical behavior in young children. We aimed to summarize evidence on measurement properties of accelerometer-based methods for assessing 24-h physical behavior in young children. METHODS We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) up to June 2021 for studies evaluating reliability or validity of accelerometer-based methods for assessing physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), or sleep in 0-5-year-olds. Studies using a subjective comparison measure or an accelerometer-based device that did not directly output time series data were excluded. We developed a Checklist for Assessing the Methodological Quality of studies using Accelerometer-based Methods (CAMQAM) inspired by COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included, examining conventional cut-point-based methods or multi-parameter methods. For infants (0-12 months), several multi-parameter methods proved valid for classifying SB and PA. From three months of age, methods were valid for identifying sleep. In toddlers (1-3 years), cut-points appeared valid for distinguishing SB and light PA (LPA) from moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). One multi-parameter method distinguished toddler specific SB. For sleep, no studies were found in toddlers. In preschoolers (3-5 years), valid hip and wrist cut-points for assessing SB, LPA, MVPA, and wrist cut-points for sleep were identified. Several multi-parameter methods proved valid for identifying SB, LPA, and MVPA, and sleep. Despite promising results of multi-parameter methods, few models were open-source. While most studies used a single device or axis to measure physical behavior, more promising results were found when combining data derived from different sensor placements or multiple axes. CONCLUSIONS Up to age three, valid cut-points to assess 24-h physical behavior were lacking, while multi-parameter methods proved valid for distinguishing some waking behaviors. For preschoolers, valid cut-points and algorithms were identified for all physical behaviors. Overall, we recommend more high-quality studies evaluating 24-h accelerometer data from multiple sensor placements and axes for physical behavior assessment. Standardized protocols focusing on including well-defined physical behaviors in different settings representative for children's developmental stage are required. Using our CAMQAM checklist may further improve methodological study quality. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020184751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelinde Lettink
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Teatske M Altenburg
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Arts
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent T van Hees
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,, Accelting, Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Mai J M Chinapaw
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health, Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Hamdani SMZH, Jie Z, Hadier SG, Tian W, Hamdani SDH, Danish SS, Fatima SU. Relationship between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity with Health-Related Physical Fitness Indicators among Pakistani School Adolescents: Yaali-Pak Study. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:6402028. [PMID: 36118288 PMCID: PMC9473884 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6402028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study is the foremost study exploring the relationships between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and health-related physical fitness indicators among 12-16-year-old adolescents of the South Punjab region of Pakistan. Methods The researcher adopted the cross-sectional research design for the study. A total of 2970 participants (1477 boys and 1493 girls) aged adolescents from South Punjab, Pakistan, completed health-related physical fitness indicators measuring strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity through a hand-grip strength test, modified pull-up test, plank test, and 20-m shuttle run test, and physical activity were subjectively assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Linear regression models were used to explore the between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with health-related physical fitness indicators. Results Positive associations were observed between hand-grip strength (p < 0.001), modified pull-up (p < 0.001), plank exercise (p < 0.001), and 20-m shuttle run test (p < 0.001), with MVPA. The gender-specific comparison also indicated a significant (p < 0.001) and positive relationship. The results revealed that as MVPA increases, body composition, muscular strength, core muscular endurance, and aerobic capacity could improve in both genders. Conclusions MVPA appears to be an effective and reliable predictor of health-related physical fitness among school adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Hamdani
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zhuang Jie
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Syed Ghufran Hadier
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, Department of Sports Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wang Tian
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Syeda Urooj Fatima
- Faculty of Sport Science, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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9
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Martin A, Brophy R, Clarke J, Hall CJS, Jago R, Kipping R, Reid T, Rigby B, Taylor H, White J, Simpson SA. Environmental and practice factors associated with children's device-measured physical activity and sedentary time in early childhood education and care centres: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:84. [PMID: 35836231 PMCID: PMC9284804 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings offer a potentially cost-effective and sustainable solution for ensuring children have opportunities to meet physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) guidelines. This paper systematically reviewed the association between childcare environment and practice and children's PA and ST. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched, and citation tracking of eligible studies performed between June-July 2020 (updated March 2022). Studies were eligible when (i) participants attended ECEC settings, (ii) they reported the association between use of outdoor space, including factors of time, availability, play, size and equipment, and children's device-measured PA and ST, and (iii) where applicable, they compared the exposure to use of indoor space. Risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tools. A synthesis was performed using effect direct plots and charts to visualise effect sizes. RESULTS Of 1617 reports screened, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies provided data on outdoor versus indoor time (n = 9; 960 children), outdoor versus indoor play (n = 3; 1104 children), outdoor play space (n = 19; 9596 children), outdoor space use external to ECEC (n = 2; 1148 children), and portable (n = 7; 2408 children) and fixed (n = 7; 2451 children) outdoor equipment. Time spent outdoors versus indoors was associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA) and total PA, while the association with ST was inconclusive. The mean (standard deviation) levels of outdoor MVPA (4.0 ± 3.2 to 18.6 ± 5.6 min/h) and LPA (9.9 ± 2.6 to 30.8 ± 11.8 min/h) were low, and ST high (30.0 ± 6.5 to 46.1 ± 4.3 min/h). MVPA levels doubled when children played outdoors versus indoors. Outdoor play space, and outdoor portable equipment, were associated with increased MVPA. A dose-response relationship for outdoor play area size was observed, demonstrating increased MVPA with areas ≥505m2 (5436 ft2), but no further increases when areas were > 900m2 (9688 ft2). No studies reported on injuries in outdoor settings. CONCLUSIONS ECEC policies and practices should promote not only outdoor time but also the availability of resources such as portable play equipment and sufficient size of outdoor play areas that enable children to be physically active for sustained periods while outdoors. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) Registration Number: CRD42020189886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK.
| | - Rachel Brophy
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Joanne Clarke
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte J S Hall
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Tom Reid
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Benjamin Rigby
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
| | - Hilary Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - James White
- DECIPHer, Centre for Trials Research, University of Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - Sharon A Simpson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 99 Barkley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
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10
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Morgan PJ, Grounds JA, Ashton LM, Collins CE, Barnes AT, Pollock ER, Kennedy SL, Rayward AT, Saunders KL, Drew RJ, Young MD. Impact of the 'Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads' program on physical activity and other health behaviours: a randomised controlled trial involving fathers and their preschool-aged children. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1166. [PMID: 35689191 PMCID: PMC9188227 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting fathers may be a key strategy to increase physical activity among their preschool-aged children, but limited research exists in this area. The primary study aim was to examine the impact of a lifestyle program for fathers and their preschool-aged children on child physical activity levels. Methods A total of 125 fathers (aged: 38 ± 5.4 years, BMI: 28.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2) and 125 preschool-aged children (aged: 3.9 ± 0.8 years, BMI z-score: 0.3 ± 0.9, 39.2% girls) recruited from Newcastle, Australia, NSW were randomised to (i) the Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads (HYHD) program, or (ii) wait-list control group. The program included two fathers-only workshops (2 h each) and eight father-child weekly educational and practical sessions (75 min each), plus home-based activities targeting family physical activity and nutrition. Assessments took place at baseline, 10-weeks (post-intervention) and 9-months follow-up. The primary outcome was the children’s mean steps/day at 10-weeks. Secondary outcomes included: co-physical activity, fathers’ physical activity levels and parenting practices for physical activity and screen time behaviours, children’s fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency, plus accelerometer based light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), screen time and adiposity for fathers and children. Process measures included; attendance, satisfaction, fidelity and retention. Linear mixed models estimated the treatment effect at all time-points for all outcomes. Results Intention-to-treat analyses revealed a significant group-by-time effect for steps per day at 10-weeks (+ 1417, 95%CI: 449, 2384) and 9-months follow-up (+ 1480, 95%CI: 493, 2467) in intervention children compared to control. There were also favourable group-by-time effects for numerous secondary outcomes including fathers’ physical activity levels, children’s FMS proficiency, and several parenting constructs. No effects were observed for both fathers’ and children’s accelerometer based LPA or MVPA, co-physical activity, screen-time and adiposity measures. Process evaluation data revealed very high levels of satisfaction, attendance, retention, and intervention fidelity. Conclusion Engaging fathers in a lifestyle program is a promising strategy to increase physical activity among preschool-aged children. Additional benefits to fathers’ physical activity levels, children’s FMS proficiency and parenting practices further support the importance of engaging fathers to improve family health outcomes. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000105145. Registered 24/01/2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13424-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Morgan
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia. .,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline A Grounds
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lee M Ashton
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alyce T Barnes
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Emma R Pollock
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Stevie-Lee Kennedy
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Anna T Rayward
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kristen L Saunders
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ryan J Drew
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,College of Engineering, Science and Environment, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Myles D Young
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,College of Engineering, Science and Environment, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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11
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Boyle MH, Olsho LEW, Mendelson MR, Stidsen CM, Logan CW, Witt MB, Gola AAH, Copeland KA. Physical Activity Opportunities in US Early Child Care Programs. Pediatrics 2022; 149:188020. [PMID: 35582889 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-048850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Physical activity provides health and developmental benefits to young children. The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings describes physical activity opportunities and sedentary occasions for children aged 1 to 5 years at programs participating in the US Department of Agriculture Child and Adult Care Food Program. METHODS The Study of Nutrition and Activity in Child Care Settings obtained a nationally representative sample of classrooms within Child and Adult Care Food Program-participating Head Start and child care centers via multistage cluster sampling. For 1 observation day, an observer in each classroom tallied designated outdoor and indoor playspaces; minutes children spent in playspaces; barriers and facilitators to physical activity; and classroom time when most children were physically active (eg, walking, dancing), sedentary (seated, lying down), or neither. Weighted descriptive tabulations by program type compared outdoor physical activity opportunity counts and total physical activity opportunity durations to national guidelines. Multivariate regression analysis investigated association of barriers with physical activity opportunity duration. RESULTS The sample included 227 classrooms, 96 in child care centers and 131 in Head Start programs. All had sedentary occasions outside meals, snacks, and naps; virtually all offered opportunities for physical activity. Seventy-four percent of programs met national guidance on sufficient number of outdoor opportunities, weather permitting. Just 50% met guidance of ≥60 to 90 minutes of physical activity, whereas only 43% met both sets of guidance. Weather and staff not joining in outdoor play were associated with 74 and 31 fewer minutes devoted to physical activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest ample room for improvement in provision of physical activity opportunities during child care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W Logan
- Abt Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Logan Program Evaluation, Arlington, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alice Ann H Gola
- US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, Virginia
| | - Kristen A Copeland
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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12
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Koepp AE, Gershoff ET, Castelli DM, Bryan AE. Total Play Time Needed for Preschoolers to Reach Recommended Amount of Non-Sedentary Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3354. [PMID: 35329042 PMCID: PMC8950767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Health guidelines suggest that caregivers provide preschoolers with opportunities to be physically active for 3 h per day (roughly 15 min per waking hour), but because children are not continuously active, it is unclear what amount of time is needed to reach this goal. This naturalistic study enrolled 67 children (M = 4.5 years, 46% female) who wore accelerometers to measure their activity during indoor and outdoor free -play (N = 315,061 s). An hour of indoor play was insufficient for most children to reach 15 min of physical activity. When outside, most children reached 15 min of physical activity after slightly more than 30 min. Children engaged in outdoor activity sporadically (1.7 starts/stops per minute). Most physical activity occurred in bouts shorter than 20 s. Indoor free-play does not, on its own, provide sufficient opportunity for preschoolers to engage in physical activity consistent with health guidelines. As a result, outdoor play for at least 30 min at a time has a key role in meeting these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Koepp
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.T.G.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Elizabeth T. Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.T.G.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Amy E. Bryan
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.T.G.); (A.E.B.)
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13
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Cheung WC, Ostrosky MM, Favazza PC, Stalega M, Yang HW. Exploring the Perspectives of Preschool Teachers on Implementing Structured Motor Programs in Inclusive Classrooms. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2022; 51:361-370. [PMID: 35095255 PMCID: PMC8782699 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021-01295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Children with disabilities (CWD) tend to participate in fewer physical activities than typically developing children. During motor play, CWD often depend on teachers to provide direct instruction and frequent opportunities to practice motor skills, to interact with their peers, and learn new skills. To promote participation in physical activities for CWD, it is necessary to understand (a) teachers' perceptions about the importance of structured motor programs and (b) teachers' thoughts and concerns about implementing structured motor programs. The aim of this study was to understand teachers' perceptions about structured motor programs (e.g., obstacle course, bowling) and factors that may influence their motivation to implement them. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 teachers who taught in inclusive preschools. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed to identify key themes. The results show that the majority of participants valued structured motor programs and were aware of the benefits of implementing such programs with preschoolers. Several teachers expressed concerns about meeting the expectations of a motor program and preschoolers' challenging behaviors during such programs. Implications for practice from this study include the need to (a) provide professional development to help teachers support preschoolers with disabilities in learning motor skills and understanding how to arrange and scaffold opportunities for children to participate in physical activities and gross motor play with their typically developing peers, and (b) create quality structured motor programs to ensure that all children have access to motor learning opportunities in inclusive preschool settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Catherine Cheung
- Department of Special Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 288 Education, 1310 South Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Michaelene M. Ostrosky
- Department of Special Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 288 Education, 1310 South Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | | | - Melissa Stalega
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Hsiu-Wen Yang
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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14
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Altenburg TM, de Vries L, Op den Buijsch R, Eyre E, Dobell A, Duncan M, Chinapaw MJM. Cross-validation of cut-points in preschool children using different accelerometer placements and data axes. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:379-385. [PMID: 35040373 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1994726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study cross-validated various cut-points to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour in preschoolers, using hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers and both vertical axis and vector magnitude data. Secondly, we examined the influence of epoch length on time estimates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Sixty-four preschoolers (34 girls) wore two accelerometers, on their right hip and dominant wrist, during 1 hour of free play. Preschoolers' activities were observed by two trained researchers. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves as a measure of precision. AUC ranges were 0.603-0.723 for sedentary behaviour, 0.472-0.545 for light physical activity and 0.503-0.661 for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), indicating poor to fair precision. Percentage of time classified as sedentary behaviour, light or MVPA according to observation and accelerometer data varied largely between cut-points, accelerometer placements and axes. The influence of epoch length on time estimates was minimal across cut-points, except for one hip-based vector magnitude cut-point. Across all accelerometer placements and data axes, no set of cut-points demonstrated adequate precision for sedentary behaviour, light physical activity and MVPA. The highly variable and omnidirectional activity pattern of preschoolers may explain the lack of adequate cut-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teatske M Altenburg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Umc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte de Vries
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Umc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Op den Buijsch
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Umc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Eyre
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Coventry, UK
| | - Alexandra Dobell
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Duncan
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Coventry, UK
| | - Mai J M Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Umc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Phillips SM, Summerbell C, Hobbs M, Hesketh KR, Saxena S, Muir C, Hillier-Brown FC. A systematic review of the validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement tools used to assess the physical activity and sedentary behaviour of pre-school aged children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:141. [PMID: 34732219 PMCID: PMC8567581 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) of pre-school aged children are associated with important health and developmental outcomes. Accurate measurement of these behaviours in young children is critical for research and practice in this area. The aim of this review was to examine the validity, reliability, and feasibility of measurement tools used to assess PA and SB of pre-school aged children.Searches of electronic databases, and manual searching, were conducted to identify articles that examined the measurement properties (validity, reliability or feasibility) of measurement tools used to examine PA and/or SB of pre-school aged children (3-7 years old). Following screening, data were extracted and risk of bias assessment completed on all included articles.A total of 69 articles, describing 75 individual studies were included. Studies assessed measurement tools for PA (n = 27), SB (n = 5), and both PA and SB (n = 43). Outcome measures of PA and SB differed between studies (e.g. moderate to vigorous activity, step count, posture allocation). Most studies examined the measurement properties of one measurement tool only (n = 65). Measurement tools examined included: calorimetry, direct observation, combined heart rate and accelerometry, heart rate monitors, accelerometers, pedometers, and proxy report (parent, carer or teacher reported) measures (questionnaires or diaries). Studies most frequently assessed the validity (criterion and convergent) (n = 65), face and content validity (n = 2), test-retest reliability (n = 10) and intra-instrument reliability (n = 1) of the measurement tools. Feasibility data was abstracted from 41 studies.Multiple measurement tools used to measure PA and SB in pre-school aged children showed some degree of validity, reliability and feasibility, but often for different purposes. Accelerometers, including the Actigraph (in particular GT3X versions), Actical, ActivPAL and Fitbit (Flex and Zip), and proxy reported measurement tools used in combination may be useful for a range of outcome measures, to measure intensity alongside contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Phillips
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, UK
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, UK
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn R. Hesketh
- Population Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cassey Muir
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Frances C. Hillier-Brown
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University Centre of Research Excellence in Healthier Lives Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity of 3-4-Year-Old Children within Early Childhood Centers in New Zealand. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090742. [PMID: 34572174 PMCID: PMC8469423 DOI: 10.3390/children8090742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We sought to describe and explore relationships between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and level of physical activity (PA; light-, medium-, vigorous, and kCal/hour) in preschool children, aged 3–4-years-old, across four early childhood education (ECE) settings. Children’s FMS were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2; n = 81) and PA via accelerometers (S = 53). Eighty-four children participated, with 50 in both assessments. The TGMD-2 showed as the children got older, their locomotor skills (p < 0.001, r = 0.512) and object control motor skills (p < 0.001, r = 0.383) improved. Accelerometry showed children were primarily inactive at ECE (78.3% of the time). There were significant correlations between kCal/hour and light (p < 0.001, r = −0.688), moderate (p < 0.001, r = 0.599) and vigorous (p < 0.001, rs = 0.707) activity, and between gross motor quotient and locomotor (p < 0.001, r = 0.798) and object control (p < 0.001, r = 0.367) skills. No correlation was observed between gross motor quotient and kCal/hour. To conclude, children in this cohort were primarily inactive during ECE center hours. Moreover, gross motor quotient was significantly correlated to locomotor and object control skills.
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17
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Kippe KO, Fossdal TS, Lagestad PA. An Exploration of Child-Staff Interactions That Promote Physical Activity in Pre-School. Front Public Health 2021; 9:607012. [PMID: 34408999 PMCID: PMC8365466 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.607012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study identified a significant association between the average physical activity levels of pre-school staff and children during pre-school hours but did not determine if this association was initiated by pre-school staff or children. The present study aimed to explore the interactions between children and staff to better understand the conditions of such a relationship. Observations using the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) protocol were carried out in three pre-schools, and a focus-group interview and semiformal interviews were conducted with five pre-school staff in one of the three pre-schools to examine the research question. Both the observations and the interview data revealed that physical activity by pre-school staff initiated physical activity among the children. The findings pointing to the importance of pre-school staff as organizers of the physical activity of children and the willingness of staff to join a physical activity initiated by the children also appear to be important. The findings also indicate that most of the physical activity took place outdoors. The study highlights the importance of pre-school staff as major contributors to the physical activity of pre-school children.
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18
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Amor-Barbosa M, Girabent-Farrés M, Rosés-Noguer F, Ortega-Martínez A, Medina-Rincón A, Bagur-Calafat C. Development and Content Validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire-Young Children (PAQ-YC) to Assess Physical Activity in Children between 5 and 7 Years. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:655. [PMID: 34072953 PMCID: PMC8230329 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood is a critical period in the development and consolidation of healthy habits, such as the practice of physical activity (PA). It is essential to have valid instruments to measure PA from an early age. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the content validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire-Young Children (PAQ-YC) to measure the PA level in children aged 5-7 years. The first version of the questionnaire was tested by a 2-round Delphi study. It was established as a consensus criterion that the relative interquartile range (RIR) and/or the coefficient of variation (CV) were ≤20%. The most significant discrepancies in the Delphi survey (n = 11-13) were observed for items about hours of Physical Education or similar activities at school (item 7: RIR = 20, CV = 38.73) and for items about participation in Physical Education (item 8: RIR = 25, CV = 15.45). The cognitive interviews (n = 5) confirmed the version agreed by the experts. The results show that the PAQ-YC presents adequate content validity in terms of relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Amor-Barbosa
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.O.-M.); (C.B.-C.)
| | - Montserrat Girabent-Farrés
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, 08302 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Ferran Rosés-Noguer
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Paediatric Cardiology Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Anna Ortega-Martínez
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.O.-M.); (C.B.-C.)
- Physiotherapy Department, Fundació Aspace Catalunya, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincón
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, 08302 Barcelona, Spain;
- Rehabilitation Section, Centro Hospitalario Pere Virgili, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caritat Bagur-Calafat
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.O.-M.); (C.B.-C.)
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The Effect of a 10-Week Physical Activity Programme on Fundamental Movement Skills in 3-4-Year-Old Children within Early Childhood Education Centres. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060440. [PMID: 34073725 PMCID: PMC8225089 DOI: 10.3390/children8060440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a 10-week physical activity (PA) programme, in early childhood education (ECE) settings, on 3 and 4-year-old children’s fundamental movement skills (FMS). A further aim was to examine FMS three-months post-intervention. The PA instructors delivered one 45 min session/week over 10 weeks, to 3- and 4-year-old children (n = 46), across four ECE centres. These sessions involved participation from ECE teachers. Children in the control group (CON; n = 20) received no PA classes and completed pre- and post-intervention assessments only. Locomotor (e.g., running/hopping) and object-control (e.g., kicking/throwing) skills were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), before and after the intervention and, for the intervention group (EXP), at 3 months. Locomotor and object-control skills significantly improved in the EXP group, with typically no change in the CON group. The EXP group’s locomotor and object-control skills were maintained at 3 months. The 10-week PA intervention successfully improved 3- and 4-year-old children’s FMS.
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Relationship Between the Physical Environment and Physical Activity Levels in Preschool Children: A Systematic Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:177-195. [PMID: 33934294 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to understand the influence of the physical environment on the physical activity (PA) behavior of preschool children (aged 2 to 6 years), in order to provide an overview of these influences from the perspective of the ecological model. RECENT FINDINGS PA is of great importance for the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular diseases since childhood. The physical environment has a direct relationship with the different domains, where people can spend their time being physically active. Nonetheless, despite the importance of the physical environment to engagement in PA, very few reviews have focused on this relationship in the context of the growing problem of physical inactivity among preschool children. Studies that had analyzed the school domain had found that greater availability of a wider variety of portable play equipment, presence of certain fixed playground equipment, and presence of open spaces had favored PA levels. Furthermore, different studies had shown that the natural environment and the presence of hills were important for children's PA. Thus, despite the associations with PA we were able to identify in this review, new studies will still be needed to link the physical environment with PA levels, especially regarding transportation and leisure time. In conclusion, promoting studies on this subject from an early age will allow us to obtain information that could allow the adaptation, design, and construction of healthier homes, neighborhoods, and schools that promote children's health.
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Physically active learning in preschoolers: Improved self-regulation, comparable quantity estimation. Trends Neurosci Educ 2021; 22:100150. [PMID: 33845979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2021.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing physical activity during the school day may mitigate increasingly sedentary lifestyles among children. Young children may be susceptible to interference during learning and consolidation when performing physical activity concurrently with academic instruction. METHODS Preschoolers (N = 72, mean age 5.1 ± 0.8 years, 50% female) completed a quantity estimation task before, following, and one week after engaging in either a 20-min physically active or sedentary lesson. Physical activity intensity and volume were measured using heart rate and pedometer step counts, respectively. Off-task behavior was recorded prior to and following the lesson. RESULTS Children exhibited similar learning and retention, but an added benefit of physically active lessons was a 1900% step increase and a 58% reduction in off-task behavior. CONCLUSION Providing physically active lessons instead of sitting for extended periods of time in early childhood classrooms reduces sedentary behavior and improves self-regulation while not interfering with educational outcomes.
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Wiersma R, Hartman E, Boezen HM, Corpeleijn E. Adiposity and High Blood Pressure during Childhood: A Prospective Analysis of the Role of Physical Activity Intensity and Sedentary Time in the GECKO Drenthe Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9526. [PMID: 33352637 PMCID: PMC7766007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whereas in adults, physical inactivity is strongly related to obesity and hypertension, in young children the evidence is inconsistent and scarce. We examined the association between physical activity (PA) behaviours at 5-6 years of age and adiposity and blood pressure (BP) at 10-11 years in 947 children (51% boys) from the Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity (GECKO) Drenthe cohort. Sedentary time (ST) and light, moderate, and vigorous PA were assessed using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X, wear time > 600 min/day, ≥3 days). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and systolic and diastolic BP were measured at 5-6 and 10-11 years of age and standardized as age- and sex-adjusted (and height-adjusted, for BP) z-scores. Adjusted linear and logistic regression models showed that most PA behaviours were not related to standardized BMI or WC, overweightness/obesity, abdominal overweightness/obesity, standardized systolic or diastolic BP, pulse pressure, or prehypertension at 10-11 years of age. Only if children spent more time in vigorous PA was WC slightly lower (B (95% CI) = -0.08 (-0.16, -0.01) SD, stdβ = -0.068) and the increase in WC over the years was less (B (95% CI) = -0.10 (-0.18, -0.01) SD; stdβ = -0.083). To conclude, at this very young age, PA behaviours are not a strong predictor for overweightness/obesity or hypertension later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikstje Wiersma
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.M.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, Section F, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Hendrika Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.M.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.M.B.); (E.C.)
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Dobell A, Pringle A, Faghy MA, Roscoe CMP. Fundamental Movement Skills and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Levels during Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E224. [PMID: 33187252 PMCID: PMC7697076 DOI: 10.3390/children7110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood is a key period for children to begin developing and practicing fundamental movement skills (FMS), while aiming to perform sufficient physical activity (PA). This study reviews the current evidence for the levels of achievement in FMS and PA measured using accelerometers among 4-5-year-old children and examines differences by gender. This review was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Keyword searches were conducted in Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar and SPORTDiscus. Inclusion criteria included age: 4-5 years old; FMS measurement: Test of Gross Motor Development 2 and 3; PA measurement: objective methods; balance measurement: static single limb; study design: cross-sectional observational/descriptive, randomised control trials, intervention studies; language: English. Twenty-eight articles from twenty-one countries met the inclusion criteria and were split into either FMS and PA articles (n = 10) or balance articles (n = 18). Three articles showed children achieving 60 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day, two articles demonstrated significant differences between girls' and boys' performance of locomotor skills and five reported locomotor skills to be more proficient than object control skills at this age for both genders. Balance was measured in time (n = 12), points score (n = 3) or biomechanical variables (n = 3), displaying heterogeneity of not only measurement but also outcomes within these data, with static single limb balance held between 6.67 to 87.6 s within the articles. Four articles reported girls to have better balance than boys. There is little conclusive evidence of the current levels for FMS, PA and balance achievement in young children 4-5 years of age. The academic literature consistently reports low levels of FMS competence and mixed evidence for PA levels. Inconsistencies lie in balance measurement methodology, with broad-ranging outcomes of both low and high achievement at 4-5 years old. Further research is required to focus on increasing practice opportunities for children to improve their FMS, increase PA levels and establish sufficient balance ability. Consistent and comparable outcomes during early childhood through more homogenous methodologies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dobell
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB 1, UK; (A.P.); (M.A.F.)
| | | | | | - Clare M. P. Roscoe
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB 1, UK; (A.P.); (M.A.F.)
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Use of a spatiotemporal approach for understanding preschoolers’ playground activity. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 35:100376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Evolution of the Habits of Physical Activity and Television Viewing in Spanish Children and Pre-Adolescents between 1997 and 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186836. [PMID: 32962116 PMCID: PMC7558877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Promoting healthy lifestyles in children, has become a priority for public health institutions. However, electronic devices with screens encourage sedentary behaviors. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of the habits of physical activity practice and television watching in a cohort of 20 years of research in Spanish children. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was based on data from the Spain National Health Surveys between 1997 and 2017 (N = 11,444). The dependent variables considered were the frequency with which the minor practiced physical activity (PA) in his/her spare time, the daily TV viewing habit, and the daily hours of TV viewing. Results: The children who practiced physical activity daily has decreased 7.3% throughout the study period. The proportion of children who watched the television daily for more hours increased significantly (6.3%). Such increase was constant throughout the years, and the analysis by sex showed that the proportion of boys who watched television for more than three hours per day increased three percent, and that of girls increased fourfold. Conclusions: The habits of physical activity practice and television viewing have changed towards sedentary lifestyle. Particularly, the girls and the children between 12 and 14 years showed the most sedentary behavior. Public health policies must consider the differences between sexes in order for such interventions to be effective in the population of pre-adolescents, in general, and girls, in particular.
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Chen C, Sellberg F, Ahlqvist VH, Neovius M, Christiansen F, Berglind D. Associations of participation in organized sports and physical activity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:328. [PMID: 32615944 PMCID: PMC7331172 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Participation in organized sports is associated with higher physical activity (PA) levels in school-aged-children. Yet, little is known about PA determinants in preschool-aged-children. We examined associations between organized sports participation and preschoolers’ daily PA. Methods The study comprised 290 3–5 years old children and PA was measured for 1 week via accelerometers. Organized sports participation was parent-reported and preschool arrival and departure time was teacher-recorded. The preschool duration reported by teachers was matched with time-stamped accelerometer data to distinguish PA during preschool time and PA outside preschool time. Linear mixed models, nested on preschool level, were used to examine associations between organized sports participation and children’s PA outside preschool time, during preschool time and throughout the day. Results In total, 146 children (50.3%) participated in organized sports at least 1 h/week. Participation in organized sports was associated with 6.0 more minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (95% CI: 0.6, 11.3) throughout the day and 5.7 more minutes of MVPA (95% CI: 1.6, 9.7) outside preschool time after adjustment. There was no association between organized sports participation and PA during preschool time. Conclusions This is the first study to show positive associations between organized sports participation and preschoolers’ PA levels outside preschool time and throughout the day. In addition, findings from this study do not support PA compensation. Therefore, targeting organized sports may be successful in improving PA, even among preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Solna vägen 1E, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Fanny Sellberg
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viktor H Ahlqvist
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Neovius
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Filip Christiansen
- Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Solna vägen 1E, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Daniel Berglind
- Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Solna vägen 1E, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Associations between objective measures of physical activity, sleep and stress levels among preschool children. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:258. [PMID: 32460881 PMCID: PMC7254697 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cortisol is often used as a biological marker for stress. When measured in urine or serum, representing a short-term measurement of the hormone, it has been associated with unfavorable sleep characteristics and both low and high physical activity levels. However, cortisol in hair represents a long-term stress measure and has been suggested as a promising new marker for chronic stress. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between objectively measured sleep, physical activity and hair cortisol levels in preschool children. Methods In order to obtain objective measures of physical activity and sleep habits, 54 children aged 2–6 years wore an ActiGraph for 5 consecutive days and nights. For chronic stress measurements of each child, hair was cut from the back of the head close to the scalp for analysis of cortisol levels. Associations between measured sleep quality and quantity and level of physical activity and hair cortisol levels were estimated using linear regression analysis, presented as β. Results were adjusted for sex, age and BMI z-score. Results We found no significant association between log-transformed cortisol (pg/mg) and sleep duration (hours) (β = − 0.0016, p = 0.99), sleep efficiency (β = − 3.1, p = 0.18), sleep latency (β = 0.015, p = 0.16) or physical activity level (100 counts per min) (β = 0.014, p = 0.22). However, sleep latency (min) was directly associated with physical activity (counts per min) levels (β = 35.2, p = 0.02), while sleep duration (hours) (β = − 142.1, p = 0.55) and sleep efficiency (%) (β = − 4087, p = 0.26) showed no significant associations. Conclusions In our study, a high physical activity level was associated with poorer sleep habits. Neither sleep quality nor physical activity were related to long term cortisol exposure. These results are among the first to study associations between objectively measured sleep, physical activity and chronic cortisol levels among preschool children. More and larger studies are therefore needed.
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Guerra PH, Barbosa Filho VC, Almeida A, Silva LDS, Pinto MTV, Leonel RM, Ribeiro EHC, Florindo AA. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR INDICATORS IN SOUTH-AMERICAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 38:e2018112. [PMID: 31778405 PMCID: PMC6909227 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2018112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To summarize indicators and describe in detail the methods used to physical activity and sedentary behavior measurement in South American preschool children. Data source: In 2017, we searched for articles on researches carried out in South American countries, which presented physical activity and/or sedentary behavior indicators in children aged two to six years. These searches were conducted in Spanish, English, and Portuguese in four electronic databases (LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science), Google Scholar, and in reference lists. Data summary: Out of 416 articles initially assessed, 13 composed the descriptive summary. Samples from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile were included. Three articles provided accelerometer-based estimates of moderate physical activity: 32, 70.1, and 71.3 minutes per day. The mean total sedentary behavior was 468.3 and 562.9 minutes per day and, considering the cut-off point of 2 hours per day of screen time, we found the following prevalence rates: 39.4, 40.3, and 100%. The studies adopted a wide number of instruments and strategies to evaluate those behaviors. Conclusions: Although the summary has pointed to high exposure to sedentary behavior in preschool children, with particular focus on screen time, it is essential to broaden the discussion and approximate the methods used to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior, making the evidence more comparable and strong, so as to elaborate preventive strategies and actions.
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Tucker P, Driediger M, Vanderloo LM, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Johnson AM, Shelley J, Timmons BW. Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4400. [PMID: 31717931 PMCID: PMC6888608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young children are prone to low levels of physical activity in childcare. This environment, inclusive of equipment, policies, and staff, has been identified as influencing young children's activity behaviours. To date, no study has examined the feasibility and effectiveness of such policies in Canadian childcare centres, while the provision of physical activity policies in other countries has shown some promise for improving the activity levels of young children. As such, the primary objective of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy study is to examine the feasibility of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, written physical activity and sedentary time policy for centre-based childcare (i.e., at the institutional level). The secondary objectives are to examine the impact of policy implementation on the physical activity levels and sedentary time of young children, subsequent environmental changes in childcare centres, and childcare providers' self-efficacy to implement a physical activity policy. This study will examine both policy implementation and individual (behavioural) outcomes. Methods/Design: The Childcare PLAY Policy study, a pilot, cluster-randomized controlled trial, involves the random allocation of childcare centres to either the experimental (n = 4) or control (n = 4) group. Childcare centres in the experimental group will adopt a written physical activity policy for eight weeks (at which time they will be asked to stop enforcing the policy). Physical activity levels and sedentary time in childcare will be assessed via ActiGraph™ accelerometers with measurements at baseline (i.e., week 0), mid-intervention (i.e., week 4), immediately post-intervention (i.e., week 9), and at six-month follow-up. Policy implementation and feasibility will be assessed using surveys and interviews with childcare staff. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report tool will capture potential changes to the childcare setting. Finally, childcare providers' self-efficacy will be captured via a study-specific questionnaire. A nested evaluation of the impact of policy implementation on young children's physical activity levels will be completed. A linear mixed effects models will be used to assess intervention effects on the primary and secondary outcomes. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis will be employed to assess the feasibility of policy implementation. Discussion: The Childcare PLAY Policy study aims to address the low levels of physical activity and high sedentary time observed in childcare centres by providing direction to childcare staff via a written set of evidence-informed standards to encourage young children's activity and reduce sedentary time. The findings of this work will highlight specific aspects of the policy that worked and will inform modifications that may be needed to enhance scalability. Policy-based approaches to increasing physical activity affordances in childcare may inform future regulations and programming within this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Molly Driediger
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Leigh M. Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
| | - Shauna M. Burke
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jennifer D. Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrew M. Johnson
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Jacob Shelley
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.M.B.); (J.D.I.); (A.M.J.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Brian W. Timmons
- Child Health and Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
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Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Gourgoulis V, Yannakoulia M. Physical activity in pre-school children: Trends over time and associations with body mass index and screen time. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:393-399. [PMID: 31446794 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1659414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Pre-school years are important for adopting health behaviours; however, today's children seem to be overweight, present low physical activity (PA) levels and exceed screen time (ST) recommendations.Aim: To examine (a) time trends in PA in Greek pre-school children, (b) the associations among PA, body mass index (BMI) and ST and (c) potential PA differences between boys and girls.Subjects and methods: Data from five cross-sectional cohorts (2005 [n = 252]; 2008 [n = 212]; 2011 [n = 187]; 2014 [n = 194]; 2017 [n = 128]) were compared. PA was assessed using Omron HJ-720IT-E2 pedometers, whereas ST was reported by participants' parents. A 4-way ANOVA was applied on children's average week step counts.Results: A significant association (F = 828.90, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.638) between ST and PA was revealed, with children that had ST < 1 hour/day presenting the higher PA levels and being the only ones that met PA recommendations (11,500 steps/day). Statistically significant PA differences, though of no practical importance, were found among cohorts. There were no significant PA differences between boys and girls or among BMI categories. Nevertheless, obesity prevalence was found to exist at alarming levels (24.5% in 2008-41.4% in 2017), and a large percentage of children (23.6% in 2008-63.3% in 2017) presented excessive ST (> 2 hours/day).Conclusion: Effective interventions aiming at reducing ST and enhancing PA seem imperative if children's health is to be safeguarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Venetsanou
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafni, Greece
| | - Antonis Kambas
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Vassilios Gourgoulis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Palou P, Muntaner-Mas A, Cantallops J, Borràs PA, Labayen I, Jiménez-Pavón D, Dorado García C, Moliner-Urdiales D, Rodríguez Pérez MA, Rojo-Tirado MA, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Ortega FB, Vidal-Conti J. A Single Question of Parent-Reported Physical Activity Levels Estimates Objectively Measured Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Project. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1585. [PMID: 31354587 PMCID: PMC6635596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is recognized as a determinant of low physical fitness and body composition in preschool children, which in turn, are important markers of health through the lifespan. Objective methods to assess physical activity, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children are preferable; however, they have some practical limitations in the school context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test whether a single question regarding physical activity level of preschool children, reported by their parents, could be used as an alternative screening tool of physical fitness and body composition. The information was obtained from 10 different cities throughout Spain, gathering a total of 3179 healthy preschool children (52.8% boys and 47.2% girls) aged 3-5 years. Physical activity levels of preschool children were reported by parents using a single question with five response options (very low, low, average, high, or very high). Physical fitness and body composition were assessed with the PREFIT fitness battery. The results showed that parents' perception of their children's physical activity was positively associated with all objectively measured physical fitness components (βrange = -0.094 to 0.113; all p < 0.020); and negatively with body composition indicators as measured (βrange = -0.113 to -0.058; all p < 0.001). The results showed significant differences in all physical fitness and body composition z-scores across the parent-reported physical activity levels (all p < 0.017 and all p < 0.001, respectively), as well as, for the fitness index (p < 0.001). Our study suggests that in school settings with insufficient resources to objectively assess fitness and body composition, parents-reported physical activity level by means of a single question might provide useful information about these important health markers in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Palou
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Adrià Muntaner-Mas
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jaume Cantallops
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Pere Antoni Borràs
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado García
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Manuel A. Rodríguez Pérez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group (LFE Research Group), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal-Conti
- GICAFE “Physical Activity and Exercise Sciences Research Group”, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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Dobell AP, Eyre ELJ, Tallis J, Chinapaw MJM, Altenburg TM, Duncan MJ. Examining accelerometer validity for estimating physical activity in pre-schoolers during free-living activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1618-1628. [PMID: 31206785 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of accelerometers for the assessment of free play physical activity (PA) in pre-school-aged children with consideration of epoch length and wear location. Following ethics approval, parental informed consent, and child assent, 66 pre-schoolers aged 3-4 years (30 females and 36 males) wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X; sampling at 100 Hz) on their non-dominant wrist and their right hip during 1 hour of free play. Concurrently, direct observation, using the OSRAC-P, was used to determine sedentary behavior (SB), light (LPA), or moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) intensity PA. For the ActiGraph, vertical axis counts and summed vector magnitude (VM) for hip, and VM for wrist, were downloaded using 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-second epoch lengths. Accelerometer counts were averaged over each 30 seconds to match the observation periods. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to evaluate the ability of the ActiGraph to predict SB, LPA, and MVPA. SB and MVPA obtained from wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers demonstrated fair agreement with direct observation (AUC => 0.7). LPA determined by accelerometer had poor agreement with observed LPA, for both the hip and wrist placement (AUC = 0.53-0.56), with weak levels of specificity (0.34-0.43), although sensitivity was fair (0.74-0.84). This study is the first to examine accelerometer validity, considering wear location and epoch in pre-schoolers during free play, and suggests that the ActiGraph is a fair measure for SB and MVPA in pre-school children. Neither placement performed predominantly better irrespective of epochs or used count data (vertical axis, VM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Marijke J M Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teatske M Altenburg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jones PR, Rajalahti T, Resaland GK, Aadland E, Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Bathen TF, Andreassen T, Kvalheim OM, Ekelund U. Associations of physical activity and sedentary time with lipoprotein subclasses in Norwegian schoolchildren: The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study. Atherosclerosis 2019; 288:186-193. [PMID: 31200940 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physical activity is favourably associated with certain markers of lipid metabolism. The relationship of physical activity with lipoprotein particle profiles in children is not known. Here we examine cross-sectional associations between objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with serum markers of lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Our cohort included 880 children (49.0% girls, mean age 10.2 years). Physical activity intensity and time spent sedentary were measured objectively using accelerometers. 30 measures of lipoprotein metabolism were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, sexual maturity and socioeconomic status were used to determine associations of physical activity and sedentary time with lipoprotein measures. Additional models were adjusted for adiposity. Isotemporal substitution models quantified theoretical associations of replacing 30 min of sedentary time with 30 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). RESULTS Time spent in MVPA was associated with a favourable lipoprotein profile independent of sedentary time. There were inverse associations with a number of lipoprotein measures, including most apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein subclasses and triglyceride measures, the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol concentration. There were positive associations with larger HDL subclasses, HDL cholesterol concentration and particle size. Reallocating 30 min of sedentary time to MVPA had broadly similar associations. Sedentary time was only partly and weakly associated with an unfavourable lipoprotein profile. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity of at least moderate-intensity is associated with a favourable lipoprotein profile in schoolchildren, independent of time spent sedentary, adiposity and other confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Remy Jones
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tarja Rajalahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Førde Health Trust, Førde, Norway.
| | - Geir Kåre Resaland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway; Center for Health Research, Førde Central Hospital, Førde, Norway.
| | - Eivind Aadland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.
| | | | - Sigmund Alfred Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.
| | - Tone Frost Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trygve Andreassen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Dias KI, White J, Jago R, Cardon G, Davey R, Janz KF, Pate RR, Puder JJ, Reilly JJ, Kipping R. International Comparison of the Levels and Potential Correlates of Objectively Measured Sedentary Time and Physical Activity among Three-to-Four-Year-Old Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111929. [PMID: 31159176 PMCID: PMC6603940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) patterns track from childhood through to adulthood. The study aimed to determine the levels and correlates of sedentary time (ST), total PA (TPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in preschool-aged children. We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 1052 children aged three-to-four-years-old from six studies included in the International Children’s Accelerometry Database. Multilevel linear regression models adjusting for age, gender, season, minutes of wear time, and study clustering effects were used to estimate associations between age, gender, country, season, ethnicity, parental education, day of the week, time of sunrise, time of sunset, and hours of daylight and the daily minutes spent in ST, TPA, and MVPA. Across the UK, Switzerland, Belgium, and the USA, children in our analysis sample spent 490 min in ST per day and 30.0% and 21.2% of children did not engage in recommended daily TPA (≥180 min) and MVPA (≥60 min) guidelines. There was evidence for an association between all 10 potential correlates analyzed and at least one of the outcome variables; average daily minutes spent in ST, TPA and/or MVPA. These correlates can inform the design of public health interventions internationally to decrease ST and increase PA in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiseree I Dias
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - James White
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, 4th Floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rachel Davey
- Centre for Research & Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kathleen F Janz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Obstetric service, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - John J Reilly
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK.
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
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Lagestad P, Mikalsen H, Ingulfsvann LS, Lyngstad I, Sandvik C. Associations of Participation in Organized Sport and Self-Organized Physical Activity in Relation to Physical Activity Level Among Adolescents. Front Public Health 2019; 7:129. [PMID: 31179262 PMCID: PMC6543755 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physical activity level (PAL) is positively correlated with adolescents' health, many adolescents do not fulfill recommendations for physical activity. This study examines the associations of organized sport and self-organized physical activity, with PAL among adolescents. Participants were 301 adolescents (12-13 year-olds). The adolescents wore accelerometers for 1 week according to international standards, and reported their participation in organized sport and self-organized physical activity in a questionnaire. The results showed that the level of participation in organized sport was positively associated with the adolescents' total PAL, while there was no significant association between time spent in self-organized physical activity and adolescents' daily minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity. In addition, boys who participated <3 h per week (or not at all) in organized sport stood out with the lowest fulfillment of recommended PAL. Our findings underline the critical importance of getting adolescents, especially boys, to participate in organized sport and not to drop out from organized sport during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Lagestad
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Hilde Mikalsen
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Idar Lyngstad
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Camilla Sandvik
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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Gonzales T, Jackson ML, Nicolson A. The Effects of Peer Presence on Variables Maintaining Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Children. Behav Modif 2019; 44:799-816. [PMID: 31113216 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519850748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of children fail to meet the recommended levels of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of peer presence on variables that have been shown to evoke moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children. We recorded the levels of MVPA in three preschool children across no adult, attention, and interactive play conditions, with a peer present and absent. All conditions were compared with a naturalistic baseline and presented in a multielement design with a brief reversal to baseline and reintroduction of the most effective condition. All three participants displayed most MVPA during the interactive play condition with a peer present. This study furthers research on the identification of variables that evoke MVPA in young children and emphasizes the interaction of peer presence and contingent social positive reinforcement as relevant variables.
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Lankhorst K, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Bussmann JBJ, Horemans HLD, de Groot JF. A Novel Tool for Quantifying and Promoting Physical Activity in Youths With Typical Development and Youths Who Are Ambulatory and Have Motor Disability. Phys Ther 2019; 99:354-363. [PMID: 30649497 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several device-based instruments have been validated in the pediatric population, but none of these are clinically applicable and provide real-time feedback on actual physical activity in terms of postures and movements. A new device (Activ8) is promising for that purpose. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the criterion validity of the Activ8 for measuring static (sitting, standing) and dynamic (walking, bicycling, running) activities, and for separating postures and movements within basic and complex activities in children and adolescents (youths) with typical development (TD) and peers with motor disability (not typical development [NTD]). DESIGN This was a criterion validation study. METHODS Ten participants with TD (mean age [standard deviation] = 14 [2.5] years) and 10 participants with NTD (mean age = 12.9 [2.1] years) performed a standardized series of basic and daily life (complex) activities. The Activ8 measured postures and movements, while camera recording served as a reference. The outcome measures were the mean time differences between the Activ8 output and video data for the merged categories "static" and "dynamic" and for the separate postures and movements. RESULTS For the merged categories static and dynamic, the criterion validity was found to be excellent both in participants with TD and participants with NTD within basic activities, and was found to be good to excellent in participants with TD and moderate to good in participants with NTD within complex activities. The detection of separate postures and movements was found to be poor to excellent in both groups within complex activities. LIMITATIONS The sample of youths with NTD was small and limited to youths who could be considered to be at least ambulatory within a household. CONCLUSIONS Activ8 is a valid tool when the merged categories static and dynamic are used to interpret physical activity in daily life in both youths with TD and youths with NTD and mild motor impairment. To optimize the quantification of separate postures and movements, adjustment of the existing algorithm is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Lankhorst
- Partner of Shared Utrecht Pediatric Exercise Research (SUPER) Lab, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement Studies, University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 85083, 3508 AB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rita J van den Berg-Emons
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Janke F de Groot
- Partner of Shared Utrecht Pediatric Exercise Research (SUPER) Lab; Research Group Lifestyle and Health, Institute of Human Movement Studies, University of Applied Sciences; and Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Voukia C, Voutsina I, Venetsanou F, Kambas A. Child and parental physical activity: Is there an association with young children activity? Cent Eur J Public Health 2018; 26:144-148. [PMID: 30102504 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to examine the physical activity (PA) of young children and their parents on weekdays and at the weekend, as well as possible associations between them. METHODS Fifty-eight children (29 boys), aged 5-8 years (mean age = 6.53 years) and the parent who spent more time with them (25 fathers, 33 mothers, mean age 40.67 years) wore Omron HJ-720IT pedometers for seven consecutive days. Two ANOVAs for repeated measures were applied to examine PA differences between genders and week phases (weekdays vs. weekend days) in children and parents. Moreover, one sample t-tests were used to compare participants' PA to the recommended PA, while linear regression analyses were utilized to examine whether parental PA in each week phase was associated with children's PA. RESULTS Children accumulated more steps on weekdays than at the weekend (F1,56 = 18.58, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.27), while boys presented higher PA than girls (F1,56 = 12.42, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.20), and accomplished the recommended daily PA, in contrast to girls. Mothers and fathers presented similar PA (p = 0.67, η2 = 0.004), with more steps on weekdays than at the weekend (F1,56 = 9.22, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.16). However, their PA was significantly lower than the recommended. Finally, there were no statistically significant associations between parents' and boys' ambulatory activity either on weekdays (p = 0.938) or at the weekend (p = 0.095). On the contrary, parents' PA explained 47% of girls' PA on weekdays (R = 0.68, F1,28 = 22.81, p < 0.001) and 23% at the weekend (R = 0.48, F1,28 = 6.40, p = 0.02) Conclusions: Boys appear to be more physically active than girls in Greece, whereas mothers and fathers present similar ambulatory activity. Moreover, parents' PA is related to that of their daughters and not to that of their sons. Taking into account that both girls and parents did not meet PA recommendations, family-based interventions are needed for both children and parents benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Voukia
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismini Voutsina
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Venetsanou
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Kambas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
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Fossdal TS, Kippe K, Handegård BH, Lagestad P. "Oh oobe doo, I wanna be like you" associations between physical activity of preschool staff and preschool children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208001. [PMID: 30496229 PMCID: PMC6264855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity contributes to prevent serious diseases and ailments, and previous research indicates that lifestyle habits are likely to track from early childhood to adulthood. 90% of Norwegian children aged 1-5 are enrolled in preschools, and preschool staff can play an important role in children's activity levels. This study's aim was to identify whether any associations exist between preschool staff's characteristics (initiative, participation, attitudes, and activity levels) and children's activity in preschool. METHOD 289 children aged 4-6 and 72 preschool staff from 13 randomly selected preschools in a region of Nord-Troendelag, Norway, were enrolled in the study. All participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Questionnaires were also utilized to identify correlates between preschool staff's attitudes and initiative in relation to children's physical activity, in addition to their participation in children's physical activity. A multilevel analysis, the linear mixed model (LMM), was used to elucidate associations between preschool staff and children's activity levels. RESULTS A significant association was found between preschool staff's average activity levels during preschool hours and children's corresponding activity levels during preschool hours (t = 2.57; p = 0.021; f2 = 0.013). There were, however, no significant associations identified between the attitudes (t = -0.44; p = 0.67), initiative (t = -0.14; p = 0.89), and participation (t = 0.66; p = 0.52) variables among preschool staff and children's activity levels during preschool hours. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that a significant association exists between preschool staff's aggregated activity levels and 4-6-year-olds' individual activity levels. However, an observational study is requisite in order to determine whether the association is based on preschool staff's impact on children's physical activity or if it is the children that affect the preschool staff's activity levels, or a combination thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Kippe
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Handegård
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Lagestad
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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O'Brien KT, Vanderloo LM, Bruijns BA, Truelove S, Tucker P. Physical activity and sedentary time among preschoolers in centre-based childcare: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:117. [PMID: 30463585 PMCID: PMC6249856 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many preschoolers spend a substantial portion of their day enrolled in centre-based childcare; the amounts of physical activity and sedentary time accumulated in this environment are critical to preschoolers’ ability to meet movement guidelines. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the objectively assessed physical activity and sedentary time of preschoolers in centre-based childcare (registration no. CRD42016033502). Methods Eight online databases were searched using terms related to physical activity, sedentary time, preschoolers and centre-based childcare. Published, peer-reviewed primary studies written in English that objectively assessed (via accelerometry) the physical activity and sedentary time of preschoolers (2-5 years) in centre-based childcare were included. Results Fifty-five studies (published 2004-2017) from 11 countries, representing 13,956 participants were included. Studies reported light physical activity (n=38) ranging from 2.94 to 29.96 mins/hr, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (n=46) which ranged from 1.29 to 22.66 mins/hr, and total physical activity (n=42) ranging from 4.23 to 47.17 mins/hr. Sedentary time (n=47) ranged from 12.38 to 55.77 mins/hr. Conclusion Physical activity and sedentary time were highly varied and inconsistent between studies; therefore, it is difficult to determine preschoolers’ true amount of physical activity and sedentary time during childcare hours. Despite this variability, preschoolers were noted to participate in high rates of sedentary time in this setting. The lack of homogeneity is an important finding in and of itself as it highlights the lack of consistency in measuring, processing, and reporting paediatric physical activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T O'Brien
- Department of French Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brianne A Bruijns
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Truelove
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Road, Elborn College, Room 2547, London, N6G 1H1, Ontario, Canada.
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Er V, Dias KI, Papadaki A, White J, Wells S, Ward DS, Metcalfe C, Jago R, Kipping R. Association of diet in nurseries and physical activity with zBMI in 2-4-year olds in England: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1262. [PMID: 30428858 PMCID: PMC6236905 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity tracks into adulthood with detrimental effects on health. We aimed to examine the relationships of diet in childcare settings and daily physical activity (PA) of preschoolers with body mass index z-score (z-BMI). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 150 children aged 2-4-years participating in the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) UK study to examine the associations of their diet in childcare settings and daily PA with z-BMI. Dietary intake was observed and recorded by fieldworkers using a validated tick-list food questionnaire and diet quality was assessed based on adherence to Children's Food Trust (CFT) guidelines. PA was measured using accelerometers. We derived z-BMI scores using the UK 1990 and International Obesity Taskforce growth reference charts. Multilevel regression models were used to estimate associations between diet and PA with z-BMI separately, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, parental education level and clustering. RESULTS Among children who consumed one main meal or snack at childcare, 34.4% and 74.3% met the standards on fruits and vegetables and high sugar or fat snacks, respectively. Adherence to CFT guidelines was not associated with zBMI. Only 11.4% of children met recommended UK guidelines of three hours per day of physical activity. Minutes spent in light PA (β = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.15) and active time (β = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.12) were positively associated with UK 1990 zBMI scores. CONCLUSIONS The low proportion of children meeting the standards on fruits and vegetables and high sugar or fat snacks and recommended physical activity levels highlight the need for more work to support nurseries and parents to improve preschool children's diet and activity. In our exploratory analyses, we found children with higher zBMI were more physically active which could be attributed to fat-free mass or chance finding and so requires replication in a larger study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN16287377 . Registered 12 June 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Er
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Kaiseree Ioni Dias
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
| | - James White
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, 7th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144YS, UK
| | - Sian Wells
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Dianne Stanton Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, BS1 2NT, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of Children in Family Child Care Homes: Are There Opportunities for Improvement? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:529-536. [PMID: 30205783 PMCID: PMC6816047 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many children attend family child care homes (FCCHs), an important setting to influence children's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). This study assessed children's PA and SB while in FCCHs, characteristics of the FCCH PA environment, and relationships between the environment and child PA and SB. METHOD Children ages 1.5-4.0 years (n = 495) were recruited from 165 FCCHs in North Carolina. Children's moderate to vigorous PA and SB were measured via accelerometry for 3 days. FCCH PA environments were assessed over 2 days using the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation for FCCHs. Ten subscores and an overall PA environment score (possible range: 0-30) were calculated; higher scores indicate better quality. RESULTS Children accumulated 30 (13) minutes of moderate to vigorous PA and 143 (42) minutes of SB in FCCHs daily. FCCHs scored low on the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation for FCCHs, with an average overall score of 13 (2). FCCHs scored highest on screen time and screen time practices subscores, and lowest on PA education/professional development and PA policy subscores. Although no statistically significant associations were observed, some large Cohen d effect sizes were noted (eg, outdoor playtime subscore and moderate to vigorous PA). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights opportunities to improve FCCHs and increase children's behaviors (eg, providing adequate time and outdoor play spaces).
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Abstract
PURPOSE Traditional direct observation cannot provide continuous, individual-level physical activity (PA) data throughout recess. This study piloted video direct observation to characterize children's recess PA overall and by sex and weight status. METHODS Children (N = 23; 11 boys; 6 overweight; third to fifth grade) were recorded during 2 recess periods, coding for PA duration, intensity, location, and type. Duration of PA type and intensity across sex and weight status overall and between/within locations were assessed using 1- and 2-way analysis of variances. RESULTS The field elicited more sedentary behavior (39% of time) and light PA (17%) and less moderate to vigorous PA (41%) compared with the fixed equipment (13%, 7%, and 71%, respectively) or the court (21%, 7%, and 68%, respectively). Boys engaged in significantly more vigorous-intensity activity on the court (35%) than girls (14%), whereas girls engaged in more moderate to vigorous PA on the fixed equipment (77% vs 61%) and field (46% vs 35%) than boys (all Ps > .05). PA type also differed by sex and weight status. CONCLUSION Video direct observation was capable of detecting and characterizing children's entire recess PA while providing valuable context to the behavior. The authors confirmed previous findings that PA intensity was not uniform by schoolyard location and further differences exist by sex and weight status.
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Compliance with 24-h Movement Behaviour Guidelines among Belgian Pre-School Children: The ToyBox-Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102171. [PMID: 30282898 PMCID: PMC6210181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 24-h day—containing physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep—in pre-school children has not yet been extensively investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate pre-schoolers’ compliance with the 24-h movement behaviour guidelines (i.e., three hours/day total physical activity, a maximum of one hour/day of screen time and 10–13 h sleep/night). In total, 595 pre-schoolers (53.3% boys, mean age: 4.2 years) provided complete data for the three behaviours. Physical activity was objectively measured with accelerometers, while screen time and sleep were parent-reported through questionnaires. The proportion of pre-schoolers complying with the 24-h movement behaviour guidelines was calculated on weekdays and on weekend days. Low compliance rates were found: 10.1% on weekdays and only 4.3% on weekend days. The majority of pre-schoolers complied with the sleep duration guidelines (>90% on weekdays and weekend days), followed by the screen time guidelines (61% on weekdays and 28% on weekend days). The lowest compliance rates were found for physical activity (<20% on weekdays and weekend days). Overall, low percentages of pre-schoolers complying with the 24-h movement behaviour guidelines were found, and the lowest compliance was found for physical activity.
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Jia Z, Zhang J, Trindade D, Sobko T. Physical Activity Patterns and Correlates of 9-Month-Old Chinese Infants in the Macau Population. Matern Child Health J 2018; 22:1526-1533. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Carsley S, Liang LY, Chen Y, Parkin P, Maguire J, Birken CS. The impact of daycare attendance on outdoor free play in young children. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 39:145-152. [PMID: 26860698 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outdoor free play is important for healthy growth and development in early childhood. Recent studies suggest that the majority of time spent in daycare is sedentary. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was an association between daycare attendance and parent-reported outdoor free play. Methods Healthy children aged 1-5 years recruited to The Applied Research Group for Kids! (TARGet Kids!), a primary care research network, were included. Parents reported daycare use, outdoor free play and potential confounding variables. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the association between daycare attendance and outdoor free play, adjusted for age, sex, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, neighborhood income and season. Results There were 2810 children included in this study. Children aged 1 to <3 years (n = 1388) and ≥3 to 5 years (n = 1284) who attended daycare had 14.70 min less (95% CI -20.52, -8.87; P < 0.01) and 9.44 min less (95% CI -13.67, -5.20; P < 0.01) per day of outdoor free play compared with children who did not attend daycare, respectively. Conclusions Children who spend more time in daycare have less parent-reported outdoor free play. Parents may be relying on daycare to provide opportunity for outdoor free play and interventions to promote increased active play opportunities outside of daycare are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carsley
- Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6
| | - L Y Liang
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4L8
| | - Y Chen
- The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5B 1M8
| | - P Parkin
- Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - J Maguire
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6.,The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 1M8.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, 2nd Floor St. Michael's Health Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5C 2T2
| | - C S Birken
- Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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Associations Between Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity and Adiposity in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2018; 28:64-75. [PMID: 28704256 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present review sought to examine the evidence on the associations between pedometer-determined physical activity and adiposity. DESIGN Of 304 potentially eligible articles, 36 were included. A search for observational studies was carried out using Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), the OVID (MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO), EBSCOhost (Sportdiscus), and PEDro database from their commenced to July 2015. Of 304 potentially eligible articles, 36 were included. RESULTS Most studies (30/36; 83%) were cross sectional and all used proxies for adiposity, such as body mass index (BMI) or BMI z-score as the outcome measure. Few studies (2/36; 6%) focused on preschool children. There was consistent evidence of negative associations between walking and adiposity; significant negative associations were observed in 72% (26/36) of studies overall. CONCLUSIONS The present review supports the hypothesis that higher levels of walking are protective against child and adolescent obesity. However, prospective longitudinal studies are warranted; there is a need for more research on younger children and for more "dose-response" evidence.
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49
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Physical Activity Opportunities Within the Schedule of Early Care and Education Centers. J Phys Act Health 2017; 15:73-81. [PMID: 28872405 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has many benefits for young children's health and overall development, but few studies have investigated how early care and education centers allot time for physical activity, along with measured individual physical activity levels for indoor/outdoor activities during a typical day. METHODS Fifty early care and education centers in central North Carolina participated in 4 full-day observations, and 559 children aged 3-5 years within centers wore accelerometers assessing physical activity during observation days. Observation and physical activity data were linked and analyzed for associations between child activity and type of classroom activity. RESULTS Children averaged 51 (13) minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity and 99 (18) minutes per day of light physical activity while in child care. Children averaged 6 (10) and 10 (13) minutes per day of observed outdoor and indoor daily teacher-led physical activity, respectively. Outdoor time averaged 67 (49) minutes per day, and physical activity levels were higher during outdoor time than during common indoor activities (center time, circle time, and TV time). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity levels varied between indoor and outdoor class activities. Policy and program-related efforts to increase physical activity in preschoolers should consider these patterns to leverage opportunities to optimize physical activity within early care and education centers.
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50
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Fang H, Quan M, Zhou T, Sun S, Zhang J, Zhang H, Cao Z, Zhao G, Wang R, Chen P. Relationship between Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9314026. [PMID: 29359160 PMCID: PMC5735582 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9314026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and physical fitness among preschool children. METHODS A total of 346 participants (201 boys and 145 girls) aged 3.5-5.5 years (M = 4.5 yr, SD = 0.47) from Shanghai, China, completed physical fitness assessments, including triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), grip strength, tennis throwing, sit and reach test, standing long jump, balance beam, 10mSRT, and 20mSRT. Physical activity was objectively measured by ActiGraphGT3X+ accelerometer. Multiple linear regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between PA and physical fitness after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and valid wearing time. RESULTS Positive associations were observed between stand long jump (p < .01), tennis throwing (p < .01), laps in 20mSRT (p < .01), and MVPA. However, TSFT (p < .05), time in 10mSRT (p < .01), and balance beam (p < .05) were negatively associated with MVPA. Furthermore, positive associations were found between stand long jump (p < .01), tennis throwing (p < .01), and MVPA only in boys. Negative associations were found between time on balance beam (p < .01) and MVPA only in girls. CONCLUSIONS MVPA appears to be an effective and reliable predictor of preschoolers' physical fitness. Boys' body composition, muscular strength, explosive strength, agility, aerobic fitness, girls' agility, aerobic fitness, and balance could improve as MVPA increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- College of Youth, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Minghui Quan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tang Zhou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shunli Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hanbin Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Health Promotion Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Zhenbo Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guanggao Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Physical Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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