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Nassis GP, Millet GP. Key factors to prioritize when preparing for the Olympic Games. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:719-721. [PMID: 38797437 PMCID: PMC11336362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- George P Nassis
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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2
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Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Behrendt T, Franz A, Centner C, Hughes L, Patterson SD, Owens J, Behringer M, Schega L. The Discrepancy Between External and Internal Load/Intensity during Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Understanding Blood Flow Restriction Pressure as Modulating Factor. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:95. [PMID: 39227485 PMCID: PMC11371992 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise induces acute psychophysiological responses leading to chronic adaptations when the exercise stimulus is applied repeatedly, at sufficient time periods, and with appropriate magnitude. To maximize long-term training adaptations, it is crucial to control and manipulate the external load and the resulting psychophysiological strain. Therefore, scientists have developed a theoretical framework that distinguishes between the physical work performed during exercise (i.e., external load/intensity) and indicators of the body's psychophysiological response (i.e., internal load/intensity). However, the application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise with low external loads/intensities (e.g., ≤ 30% of the one-repetition-maximum, ≤ 50% of maximum oxygen uptake) can induce physiological and perceptual responses, which are commonly associated with high external loads/intensities. This current opinion aimed to emphasize the mismatch between external and internal load/intensity when BFR is applied during exercise. In this regard, there is evidence that BFR can be used to manipulate both external load/intensity (by reducing total work when exercise is performed to exhaustion) and internal load/intensity (by leading to higher physiological and perceptual responses compared to exercise performed with the same external load/intensity without BFR). Furthermore, it is proposed to consider BFR as an additional exercise determinant, given that the amount of BFR pressure can determine not only the internal but also external load/intensity. Finally, terminological recommendations for the use of the proposed terms in the scientific context and for practitioners are given, which should be considered when designing, reporting, discussing, and presenting BFR studies, exercise, and/or training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Behrens
- University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Franz
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luke Hughes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Johnny Owens
- Clinical Education Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Allsopp GL, Britto FA, Wright CR, Deldicque L. The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00519. [PMID: 39178049 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Allsopp, GL, Britto, FA, Wright, CR, and Deldicque, L. The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the acute physiological responses to resistance training: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Athletes have used altitude training for many years as a strategy to improve endurance performance. The use of resistance training in simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) is a growing strategy that aims to improve the hypertrophy and strength adaptations to training. An increasing breadth of research has characterized the acute physiological responses to resistance training in hypoxia, often with the goal to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia may improve the training adaptations. There is currently no consensus on the overall effectiveness of hypoxic resistance training for strength and hypertrophy adaptations, nor the underlying biochemical pathways involved. There are, however, numerous interesting physiological responses that are amplified by performing resistance training in hypoxia. These include potential changes to the energy system contribution to exercise and alterations to the level of metabolic stress, hormone and cytokine production, autonomic regulation, and other hypoxia-induced cellular pathways. This review describes the foundational exercise physiology underpinning the acute responses to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia, potential applications to clinical populations, including training considerations for athletic populations. The review also presents a summary of the ideal training parameters to promote metabolic stress and associated training adaptations. There are currently many gaps in our understanding of the physiological responses to hypoxic resistance training, partly caused by the infancy of the research field and diversity of hypoxic and training parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Peltonen JE, Leppävuori A, Lehtonen E, Mikkonen RS, Kettunen O, Nummela A, Ohtonen O, Gagnon DD, Wehrlin JP, Wilber RL, Linnamo V. Combined intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest and continuous hypoxic training can maintain elevated hemoglobin mass after a hypoxic camp. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:409-420. [PMID: 38961820 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00017.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes use hypoxic living and training to increase hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), but Hbmass declines rapidly upon return to sea level. We investigated whether intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) + continuous hypoxic training (CHT) after return to sea level maintained elevated Hbmass, and if changes in Hbmass were transferred to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and exercise performance. Hbmass was measured in 58 endurance athletes before (PRE), after (POST1), and 30 days after (POST2) a 27 ± 4-day training camp in hypoxia (n = 44, HYP) or at sea level (n = 14, SL). After returning to sea level, 22 athletes included IHE (2 h rest) + CHT (1 h training) in their training every third day for 1 mo (HYPIHE + CHT), whereas the other 22 HYP athletes were not exposed to IHE or CHT (HYPSL). Hbmass increased from PRE to POST1 in both HYPIHE + CHT (4.4 ± 0.7%, means ± SE) and HYPSL (4.1 ± 0.6%) (both P < 0.001). Compared with PRE, Hbmass at POST2 remained 4.2 ± 0.8% higher in HYPIHE + CHT (P < 0.001) and 1.9 ± 0.5% higher in HYPSL (P = 0.023), indicating a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.002). In SL, no significant changes were observed in Hbmass with mean alterations between -0.5% and 0.4%. V̇o2max and time to exhaustion during an incremental treadmill test (n = 35) were elevated from PRE to POST2 only in HYPIHE + CHT (5.8 ± 1.2% and 5.4 ± 1.4%, respectively, both P < 0.001). IHE + CHT possesses the potential to mitigate the typical decline in Hbmass commonly observed during the initial weeks after return to sea level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sets of 2-h intermittent hypoxic exposure + 1-h continuous hypoxic training, every third day, possess the potential to mitigate the typical decline in Hbmass that is commonly observed during the initial weeks after return to sea level from an altitude camp. Inclusion of IHE + CHT in the training regimen was also accompanied by improvements in V̇o2max and exercise performance in most but not all Tier 3-Tier 5 level endurance athletes during the training season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha E Peltonen
- Helsinki Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic (HULA), Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Leppävuori
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Elias Lehtonen
- Helsinki Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic (HULA), Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva S Mikkonen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Oona Kettunen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Dominique D Gagnon
- Helsinki Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic (HULA), Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Randall L Wilber
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
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Bouten J, Declercq L, Boone J, Brocherie F, Bourgois JG. Apnoea as a novel method to improve exercise performance: A current state of the literature. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39031986 DOI: 10.1113/ep091905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute breath-holding (apnoea) induces a spleen contraction leading to a transient increase in haemoglobin concentration. Additionally, the apnoea-induced hypoxia has been shown to lead to an increase in erythropoietin concentration up to 5 h after acute breath-holding, suggesting long-term haemoglobin enhancement. Given its potential to improve haemoglobin content, an important determinant for oxygen transport, apnoea has been suggested as a novel training method to improve aerobic performance. This review aims to provide an update on the current state of the literature on this topic. Although the apnoea-induced spleen contraction appears to be effective in improving oxygen uptake kinetics, this does not seem to transfer into immediately improved aerobic performance when apnoea is integrated into a warm-up. Furthermore, only long and intense apnoea protocols in individuals who are experienced in breath-holding show increased erythropoietin and reticulocytes. So far, studies on inexperienced individuals have failed to induce acute changes in erythropoietin concentration following apnoea. As such, apnoea training protocols fail to demonstrate longitudinal changes in haemoglobin mass and aerobic performance. The low hypoxic dose, as evidenced by minor oxygen desaturation, is likely insufficient to elicit a strong erythropoietic response. Apnoea therefore does not seem to be useful for improving aerobic performance. However, variations in apnoea, such as hypoventilation training at low lung volume and repeated-sprint training in hypoxia through short end-expiratory breath-holds, have been shown to induce metabolic adaptations and improve several physical qualities. This shows promise for application of dynamic apnoea in order to improve exercise performance. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the topic of this review? Apnoea is considered as an innovative method to improve performance. This review discusses the effectiveness of apnoea (training) on performance. What advances does it highlight? Although the apnoea-induced spleen contraction and the increase in EPO observed in freedivers seem promising to improve haematological variables both acutely and on the long term, they do not improve exercise performance in an athletic population. However, performing repeated sprints on end-expiratory breath-holds seems promising to improve repeated-sprint capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Louise Declercq
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Alvarez-Araos P, Jiménez S, Salazar-Ardiles C, Núñez-Espinosa C, Paez V, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Raberin A, Millet GP, Iturriaga R, Andrade DC. Baroreflex and chemoreflex interaction in high-altitude exposure: possible role on exercise performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422927. [PMID: 38895516 PMCID: PMC11184637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic chemoreflex and the arterial baroreflex are implicated in the ventilatory response to exercise. It is well known that long-term exercise training increases parasympathetic and decreases sympathetic tone, both processes influenced by the arterial baroreflex and hypoxic chemoreflex function. Hypobaric hypoxia (i.e., high altitude [HA]) markedly reduces exercise capacity associated with autonomic reflexes. Indeed, a reduced exercise capacity has been found, paralleled by a baroreflex-related parasympathetic withdrawal and a pronounced chemoreflex potentiation. Additionally, it is well known that the baroreflex and chemoreflex interact, and during activation by hypoxia, the chemoreflex is predominant over the baroreflex. Thus, the baroreflex function impairment may likely facilitate the exercise deterioration through the reduction of parasympathetic tone following acute HA exposure, secondary to the chemoreflex activation. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to describe the main physiological mechanisms controlling baro- and chemoreflex function and their role in exercise capacity during HA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez-Araos
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Sergio Jiménez
- Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro Asistencial de Docencia e Investigación (CADI-UMAG), Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Norberto MS, Torini JVG, Firmino MS, Papoti M. Validation of Air Storage System for Hypoxia Exposure During Exercise. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:122-128. [PMID: 38488104 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Norberto, Matheus S., João Victor G. Torini, Matheus S. Firmino, and Marcelo Papoti. Validation of air storage system for hypoxia exposure during exercise. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2024.-Considering the importance of optimizing normobaric hypoxia exposure (i.e., higher delivery capacity), the current study aims to validate a hypoxic air storage system. The study has a cross-over, one-blind randomized design. The air storage is composed of a piping system that directs hypoxic air from a hypoxia generator into nylon bags. Sixteen men (age, 25.4 ± 4.8 years; height, 174.9 ± 9.4 cm; weight, 77.1 ± 17.2 kg) performed three incremental treadmill tests until exhaustion on different days. For test-retest, the subjects repeated two tests in similar hypoxia conditions (H1 and H2; fraction of inspired O2 [FIO2] = ∼0.13; reliability analysis), and one time in normoxia (FIO2 = ∼0.20; condition comparison). Subjects' performance, blood lactate concentration ([La-]), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and several respiratory-derived variables were evaluated. A comparison was made between the rest, moderate intensity, and exhaustion stages. All variables were compared using the Friedman test with Durbin-Conover post hoc (p < 0.05). The hypoxia test-retest showed no statistical differences for any variable. Time analysis showed similar behavior for SpO2, HR, and cardiorespiratory variables (p < 0.01) for both conditions. The mean FIO2 at rest and during the incremental treadmill test was higher for normoxia (20.6 ± 0.2%) than for H1 (13.8 ± 0.8%) and H2 (13.7 ± 0.3%) (p < 0.001). The VO2 response was higher in normoxia than during hypoxia exposure at moderate intensity (Normoxia = 43.1 ± 8.1; H1 = 38.7 ± 5.7; H2 = 35.8 ± 8.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) and at the exhaustion stage (Normoxia = 52.7 ± 12.5; H1 = 41.9 ± 8.8; H2 = 40.5 ± 8.9 ml.kg-1.min-1) (p < 0.01). SpO2 and HR showed excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) during all moments, whereas VO2, SpO2, ratio between ventilation and CO2 production (VE/VCO2), ratio between oxygen consumption and ventilation (VE/VO2), and HR showed moderate or good ICC and coefficient of variation <9% during hypoxia test-retest exercises. Thus, the air storage system showed validity for its application and reliability in the measurements associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Norberto
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Victor G Torini
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Firmino
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Ibáñez SJ, Gómez-Carmona CD, González-Espinosa S, Mancha-Triguero D. Examining the Effects of Altitude on Workload Demands in Professional Basketball Players during the Preseason Phase. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3245. [PMID: 38794099 PMCID: PMC11125985 DOI: 10.3390/s24103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Basketball involves frequent high-intensity movements requiring optimal aerobic power. Altitude training can enhance physiological adaptations, but research examining its effects in basketball is limited. This study aimed to characterize the internal/external workload of professional basketball players during preseason and evaluate the effects of altitude and playing position. Twelve top-tier professional male basketball players (Liga Endesa, ACB; guards: n = 3, forwards: n = 5, and centers: n = 4) participated in a crossover study design composed of two training camps with nine sessions over 6 days under two different conditions: high altitude (2320 m) and sea level (10 m). Internal loads (heart rate, %HRMAX) and external loads (total distances covered across speed thresholds, accelerations/decelerations, impacts, and jumps) were quantified via wearable tracking and heart rate telemetry. Repeated-measures MANOVA tested the altitude x playing position effects. Altitude increased the total distance (+10%), lower-speed running distances (+10-39%), accelerations/decelerations (+25-30%), average heart rate (+6%), time in higher-intensity HR zones (+23-63%), and jumps (+13%) across all positions (p < 0.05). Positional differences existed, with guards accruing more high-speed running and centers exhibiting greater cardiovascular demands (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 6-day altitude block effectively overloads training, providing a stimulus to enhance fitness capacities when structured appropriately. Monitoring workloads and individualizing training by playing position are important when implementing altitude training, given the varied responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio González-Espinosa
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- NÌKE: Research Group in Education, Health and Sports Performance, Didactics of Physical Education and Health, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - David Mancha-Triguero
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Cardenal Spínola CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Fundación San Pablo CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
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Kjeld T, Krag TO, Brenøe A, Møller AM, Arendrup HC, Højberg J, Fuglø D, Hancke S, Tolbod LP, Gormsen LC, Vissing J, Hansen EG. Hemoglobin concentration and blood shift during dry static apnea in elite breath hold divers. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1305171. [PMID: 38745836 PMCID: PMC11092981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1305171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apneas of more than 5 min are characterized by tolerance to arterial blood oxygen levels of 4.3 kPa and low oxygen-consumption in their hearts and skeletal muscles, similar to adult seals. Adult seals possess an adaptive higher hemoglobin-concentration and Bohr effect than pups, and when sedated, adult seals demonstrate a blood shift from the spleen towards the brain, lungs, and heart during apnea. We hypothesized these observations to be similar in human BHD. Therefore, we measured hemoglobin- and 2,3-biphosphoglycerate-concentrations in BHD (n = 11) and matched controls (n = 11) at rest, while myocardial mass, spleen and lower extremity volumes were assessed at rest and during apnea in BHD. Methods and results After 4 min of apnea, left ventricular myocardial mass (LVMM) determined by 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) and cardiac MRI (n = 6), was unaltered compared to rest. During maximum apnea (∼6 min), lower extremity volume assessed by DXA-scan revealed a ∼268 mL decrease, and spleen volume, assessed by ultrasonography, decreased ∼102 mL. Compared to age, BMI and VO2max matched controls (n = 11), BHD had similar spleen sizes and 2,3- biphosphoglycerate-concentrations, but higher total hemoglobin-concentrations. Conclusion Our results indicate: 1) Apnea training in BHD may increase hemoglobin concentration as an oxygen conserving adaptation similar to adult diving mammals. 2) The blood shift during dry apnea in BHD is 162% more from the lower extremities than from the spleen. 3) In contrast to the previous theory of the blood shift demonstrated in sedated adult seals, blood shift is not towards the heart during dry apnea in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kjeld
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brenøe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Merete Møller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Højberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Fuglø
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Hancke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsen Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egon Godthaab Hansen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Feng X, Chen Y, Yan T, Lu H, Wang C, Zhao L. Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297007. [PMID: 38635743 PMCID: PMC11025749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to separately compare and rank the effect of various living-low and training-high (LLTH) modes on aerobic and anaerobic performances in athletes, focusing on training intensity, modality, and volume, through network meta-analysis. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane from their inception date to June 30, 2023. Based on the hypoxic training modality and the intensity and duration of work intervals, LLTH was divided into intermittent hypoxic exposure, continuous hypoxic training, repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH; work interval: 5-10 s and rest interval: approximately 30 s), interval sprint training in hypoxia (ISH; work interval: 15-30 s), short-duration high-intensity interval training (s-IHT; short work interval: 1-2 min), long-duration high-intensity interval training (l-IHT; long work interval: > 5 min), and continuous and interval training under hypoxia. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) among the effects of various hypoxic interventions on aerobic and anaerobic performances. From 2,072 originally identified titles, 56 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled data from 53 studies showed that only l-IHT (SMDs: 0.78 [95% credible interval; CrI, 0.52-1.05]) and RSH (SMDs: 0.30 [95% CrI, 0.10-0.50]) compared with normoxic training effectively improved athletes' aerobic performance. Furthermore, the pooled data from 29 studies revealed that active intermittent hypoxic training compared with normoxic training can effectively improve anaerobic performance, with SMDs ranging from 0.97 (95% CrI, 0.12-1.81) for l-IHT to 0.32 (95% CrI, 0.05-0.59) for RSH. When adopting a program for LLTH, sufficient duration and work intensity intervals are key to achieving optimal improvements in athletes' overall performance, regardless of the potential improvement in aerobic or anaerobic performance. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that this study incorporated merely one study on the improvement of anaerobic performance by l-IHT, undermining the credibility of the results. Accordingly, more related studies are needed in the future to provide evidence-based support. It seems difficult to achieve beneficial adaptive changes in performance with intermittent passive hypoxic exposure and continuous low-intensity hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Teishuai Yan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Linin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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11
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Yi L, Wu J, Yan B, Wang Y, Zou M, Zhang Y, Li F, Qiu J, Girard O. Effects of three weeks base training at moderate simulated altitude with or without hypoxic residence on exercise capacity and physiological adaptations in well-trained male runners. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17166. [PMID: 38563004 PMCID: PMC10984165 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that 'live high-base train high-interval train low' (HiHiLo) altitude training, compared to 'live low-train high' (LoHi), yields greater benefits on performance and physiological adaptations. Methods Sixteen young male middle-distance runners (age, 17.0 ± 1.5 y; body mass, 58.8 ± 4.9 kg; body height, 176.3 ± 4.3 cm; training years, 3-5 y; training distance per week, 30-60 km.wk-1) with a peak oxygen uptake averaging ~65 ml.min-1.kg-1 trained in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (simulated altitude of ~2,500 m, monitored by heart rate ~170 bpm; thrice weekly) for 3 weeks. During this period, the HiHiLo group (n = 8) stayed in normobaric hypoxia (at ~2,800 m; 10 h.day-1), while the LoHi group (n = 8) resided near sea level. Before and immediately after the intervention, peak oxygen uptake and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia responses (incremental cycle test) as well as running performance and time-domain heart rate variability (5-km time trial) were assessed. Hematological variables were monitored at baseline and on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 during the intervention. Results Peak oxygen uptake and running performance did not differ before and after the intervention in either group (all P > 0.05). Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia responses, measured both at submaximal (240 W) and maximal loads during the incremental test, and log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals during the 4-min post-run recovery period, did not change (all P > 0.05). Hematocrit, mean reticulocyte absolute count and reticulocyte percentage increased above baseline levels on day 21 of the intervention (all P < 0.001), irrespective of group. Conclusions Well-trained runners undertaking base training at moderate simulated altitude for 3 weeks, with or without hypoxic residence, showed no performance improvement, also with unchanged time-domain heart rate variability and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Yi
- China Institute of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Menghui Zou
- China Athletics School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness (Beijing Sport University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
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13
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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Putti GM, Costa GP, Norberto MS, de Carvalho CD, Bertuzzi RCDM, Papoti M. Use of Inter-Effort Recovery Hypoxia as a New Approach to Improve Anaerobic Capacity and Time to Exhaustion. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:68-76. [PMID: 38193767 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Putti, Germano Marcolino, Gabriel Peinado Costa, Matheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Dellavechia de Carvalho, Rômulo Cássio de Moraes Bertuzzi, and Marcelo Papoti. Use of inter-effort recovery hypoxia as a new approach to improve anaerobic capacity and time to exhaustion. High Alt Med Biol. 25:68-76, 2024. Background: Although adding hypoxia to high-intensity training may offer some benefits, a significant problem of this training model is the diminished quality of the training session when performing efforts in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training and tapering combined with inter-effort recovery hypoxia (IEH) on anaerobic capacity, as estimated by alternative maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODALT) and time to exhaustion (TTE). Methods: Twenty-four amateur runners performed, for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week of training consisted of ten 1-minute bouts at 120% (weeks 1-3) and 130% (weeks 4 and 5) of maximum velocity (VMAX) obtained in graded exercise test, separated by a 2-minute interval in IEH (IEH, n = 11, FIO2 = 0.136) or normoxia (NOR, n = 13, fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.209). Before training, after training, and after 1 week of tapering, a graded exercise test and a maximal effort to exhaustion at 120% of VMAX were performed to determine TTE and MAODALT. The results were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, and a clinical analysis was also realized by the smallest worthwhile change. Results: MAODALT increased only in IEH after training (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2) and tapering (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2), with time x group interaction. TTE increased for the pooled groups after taper (23 ± 11 seconds) and only for IEH alone (29 ± 16 seconds). Clinical analysis revealed a small size increase for NOR and a moderate size increase for IEH. Conclusions: Although the effects should be investigated in other populations, it can be concluded that IEH is a promising model for improving anaerobic performance and capacity. World Health Organization Universal Trial Number: U1111-1295-9954. University's ethics committee registration number: CAAE: 32220020.0.0000.5659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Marcolino Putti
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Peinado Costa
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Silva Norberto
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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15
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Gorini Pereira F, Greenfield AM, Kuennen M, Gillum TL. Exercise induced plasma volume expansion lowers cardiovascular strain during 15-km cycling time-trial in acute normobaric hypoxia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297553. [PMID: 38306343 PMCID: PMC10836693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to assess the influence of a single high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) bout in normoxia on plasma volume (PV) and consequent cycling performance in normobaric hypoxia (0.15 FiO2, simulating ~2,500 m). Eight males (VO2peak: 48.8 ± 3.4 mL/kg/min, 24.0 ± 1.6 years) completed a hypoxic 15 km cycling time trial (TT), followed by a crossover intervention of either HIIE (8x4 min cycling bouts at 85% of VO2peak) or CON (matched kJ production from HIIE at 50% of VO2peak). 48 hours post intervention, an identical TT was performed. Cardiovascular parameters were measured via impedance cardiography during each TT. Changes in PV was measured 24 and 48 hours post HIIE and CON. HIIE increased PV at 24 (4.1 ± 3.9%, P = 0.031) and 48 (6.7 ± 1.7, P = 0.006) hours post, while no difference was observed following the CON (1.3 ± 1.1% and 0.3 ± 2.8%). The higher PV led to an increased stroke volume (P = 0.03) and cardiac output (P = 0.02) during the hypoxic TT, while heart rate was not changed (P = 0.49). We observed no changes in time to completion (-0.63 ± 0.57 min, P = 0.054) and power output (7.37 ± 7.98 W, P = 0.078) between TTs. In the absence of environmental stress, a single bout of HIIE was an effective strategy to increase PV and reduce the cardiovascular strain during a cycling TT at moderate simulated altitude but did not impact hypoxic exercise performance. Trial registration: Clinical Trials ID: NCT05800808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gorini Pereira
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Greenfield
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States of America
| | - Trevor L. Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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16
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Willmott AGB, Diment AG, Chung HC, James CA, Maxwell NS, Roberts JD, Gibson OR. Cross-adaptation from heat stress to hypoxia: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103793. [PMID: 38471285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cross-adaptation (CA) refers to the successful induction of physiological adaptation under one environmental stressor (e.g., heat), to enable subsequent benefit in another (e.g., hypoxia). This systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis investigated the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on physiological, perceptual and physical performance outcome measures during rest, and submaximal and maximal intensity exercise in hypoxia. Database searches in Scopus and MEDLINE were performed. Studies were included when they met the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome criteria, were of English-language, peer-reviewed, full-text original articles, using human participants. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed using the COnsensus based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklist. Nine studies were included, totalling 79 participants (100 % recreationally trained males). The most common method of HA included fixed-intensity exercise comprising 9 ± 3 sessions, 89 ± 24-min in duration and occurred within 39 ± 2 °C and 32 ± 13 % relative humidity. CA induced a moderate, beneficial effect on physiological measures at rest (oxygen saturation: g = 0.60) and during submaximal exercise (heart rate: g = -0.65, core temperature: g = -0.68 and skin temperature: g = -0.72). A small effect was found for ventilation (g = 0.24) and performance measures (peak power: g = 0.32 and time trial time: g = -0.43) during maximal intensity exercise. No effect was observed for perceptual outcome measures. CA may be appropriate for individuals, such as occupational or military workers, whose access to altitude exposure prior to undertaking submaximal activity in hypoxic conditions is restricted. Methodological variances exist within the current literature, and females and well-trained individuals have yet to be investigated. Future research should focus on these cohorts and explore the mechanistic underpinnings of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G B Willmott
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Para-Monte Altitude Awareness Charity, Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom.
| | - Alicia G Diment
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Henry C Chung
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences (SRES), University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom.
| | - Carl A James
- Hong Kong Sports Institute, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Para-Monte Altitude Awareness Charity, Eastbourne, East Sussex, United Kingdom.
| | - Justin D Roberts
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease (CPAHD), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.
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17
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Lili L, Meydan C, Rickard N, Zhang B. The importance of personalization in high altitude protocols for hematologic and metabolic benefits in sports: A multi-dimensional N-of-1 case study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23159. [PMID: 38170057 PMCID: PMC10758776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The hematologic and metabolic benefits of high altitude exposure have been extensively studied in athletes due to their promising performance enhancing effects. However, despite the increased research and development of various high altitude protocols for achieving peak performance, the reproducibility of the results at the individual level remains sparse. To systematically address this limitation and establish a more effective method to achieve consistent results at the individual level, we conducted a multi-dimensional study of one elite endurance athlete in two Phases. In Phase 1, we applied the standard protocol of LHTH (Live-High-Train-High) using a commercially available, at-home, normobaric, high altitude simulation tent under the SHTL (Sleep-High-Train-Low) model. Then, we developed the athlete's personalized protocol for peak hematologic parameters during their off-season. This protocol determined the exact total high altitude exposure time required to achieve peak hematologic parameters, which in the case of this athlete, amounted to 45 nights with approximately 8hrs per night. In Phase 2, we replicated the Phase 1 protocol during the athlete's in-season and observed the same or even higher hematologic and metabolic benefits compared to Phase 1. During both phases, we collected thousands of multi-dimensional data points to ensure that the athlete's lifestyle and environmental factors remained stable, and to increase the likelihood that physiological changes resulted primarily from the high altitude exposure. The data trends in both Phases validated that, for this athlete, hematologic measures such as red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, as well as electrolyte content, body weight and gut microbiome composition improved to their personal best values after a total of approximately 15 days of high altitude exposure (45 nights with roughly 8hrs per night totaling 360hrs or 15days). These improvements did not occur after the 21 days recommended by the LHTH protocol highlighting the significance of personalization in high altitude protocols that are designed for peak performance parameters. Therefore, to maximize the benefits in hematologic and other metabolic values and thus increase muscle oxygen supply and peak aerobic capacity through high altitude exposure, each athlete may require a unique total duration of high altitude exposure tailored to their individual physiology. This duration must be determined by their specific response in hematologic peaking. Therefore, initially establishing a personalized protocol for an athlete by determining their required total duration of high altitude exposure for peak hematologic values during their off-season and applying this protocol during their in-season phase may lead to more successful and reproducible benefits compared to following a generalized protocol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Lili
- Thorne HealthTech, Inc., 152W 57th st, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Thorne HealthTech, Inc., 152W 57th st, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nate Rickard
- Thorne HealthTech, Inc., 152W 57th st, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Bodi Zhang
- Thorne HealthTech, Inc., 152W 57th st, New York, NY 10019, USA
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18
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Woorons X, Daussin F, Combes A, Mucci P. Physiological Responses to Supramaximal Running Exercise with End-Expiratory Breath Holding up to the Breaking Point. J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:111-123. [PMID: 38380296 PMCID: PMC10875693 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the physiological responses to repeated running exercise performed at supramaximal intensity and with end-expiratory breath holding (EEBH) up to the breaking point. Eight male runners participated in two running testing sessions on a motorized treadmill. In the first session, participants performed two sets of 8 repetitions at 125% of maximal aerobic velocity and with maximum EEBH. Each repetition started at the onset of EEBH and ended at its release. In the second session, participants replicated the same procedure, but with unrestricted breathing (URB). The change in cerebral and muscle oxygenation (Δ[Hbdiff]), total haemoglobin concentration (Δ[THb]) and muscle reoxygenation were continuously assessed. End-tidal oxygen (PETO2) and carbon dioxide pressure (PETCO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were also measured throughout exercise.On average, EEBH was maintained for 10.1 ± 1 s. At the breaking point of EEBH, PETO2 decreased to 54.1 ± 8 mmHg, whereas PETCO2 increased to 74.8 ± 3.1 mmHg. At the end of repetitions, SpO2 (nadir values 74.9 ± 5.0 vs. 95.7 ± 0.8%) and HR were lower with EEBH than with URB. Cerebral and muscle Δ[Hbdiff] were also lower with EEBH, whereas this condition induced higher cerebral and muscle Δ[THb] and greater muscle reoxygenation. This study showed that performing repeated bouts of supramaximal running exercises with EEBH up to the breaking point induced a fall in arterial, cerebral and muscle oxygenation compared with the URB condition. These phenomena were accompanied by increases in regional blood volume likely resulting from compensatory vasodilation to preserve oxygen delivery to the brain and muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Woorons
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Daussin
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Adrien Combes
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Mucci
- URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Lille, France
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19
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Płoszczyca K, Czuba M, Zakrzeska A, Gajda R. The Effects of Six-Gram D-Aspartic Acid Supplementation on the Testosterone, Cortisol, and Hematological Responses of Male Boxers Subjected to 11 Days of Nocturnal Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia. Nutrients 2023; 16:76. [PMID: 38201906 PMCID: PMC10780457 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of D-aspartic acid (DAA) supplementation during a simulated altitude protocol on the hormonal and hematological responses in athletes. We hypothesized that DAA supplementation would contribute to an increase in the luteinizing hormone (LH), free, and testosterone and a greater increase in hematological variables. Sixteen male boxers participated; they were randomly assigned to an experimental group (DAA) or a control group (C) and underwent 14 days of supplementation, 6 g/day of DAA. Both DAA and C participants were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 15.5%; 2500 m) for 10-12 h a day over a period of 11 days. The results showed that DAA had no significant effect on resting, LH, or the testosterone/cortisol ratio during the training camp. Hypoxic exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased red blood cell and reticulocyte counts as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations in both groups, but DAA had no significant effect on these changes. In conclusion, we found that DAA supplementation at a dose of 6 g/day for 14 days does not affect the testosterone, cortisol, or hematological responses of athletes during.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzeska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Medical Science in Bialystok, 15-875 Białystok, Poland (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gajda
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Medical Science in Bialystok, 15-875 Białystok, Poland (R.G.)
- Center for Sports Cardiology, Gajda-Med Medical Center, 06-100 Pultusk, Poland
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20
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Carr AJ, McKay AKA, Burke LM, Smith ES, Urwin CS, Convit L, Jardine WT, Kelly MK, Saunders B. Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents-A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:25-48. [PMID: 37878211 PMCID: PMC10721675 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review evaluated the evidence for buffering agents (sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and beta-alanine), with specific consideration of three discrete scenarios: female athletes, extreme environments and combined buffering agents. Studies were screened according to exclusion and inclusion criteria and were analysed on three levels: (1) moderating variables (supplement dose and timing, and exercise test duration and intensity), (2) design factors (e.g., use of crossover or matched group study design, familiarisation trials) and (3) athlete-specific factors (recruitment of highly trained participants, buffering capacity and reported performance improvements). Only 19% of the included studies for the three buffering agents reported a performance benefit, and only 10% recruited highly trained athletes. This low transferability of research findings to athletes' real-world practices may be due to factors including the small number of sodium citrate studies in females (n = 2), no studies controlling for the menstrual cycle (MC) or menstrual status using methods described in recently established frameworks, and the limited number of beta-alanine studies using performance tests replicating real-world performance efforts (n = 3). We recommend further research into buffering agents in highly trained female athletes that control or account for the MC, studies that replicate the demands of athletes' heat and altitude camps, and investigations of highly trained athletes' use of combined buffering agents. In a practical context, we recommend developing evidence-based buffering protocols for individual athletes which feature co-supplementation with other evidence-based products, reduce the likelihood of side-effects, and optimise key moderating factors: supplement dose and timing, and exercise duration and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella S Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Cejuela R, Selles-Perez S. Training characteristics and performance of two male elite short-distance triathletes: From junior to "world-class". Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2444-2456. [PMID: 37632141 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sports-science literature lacks data on training and performance characteristics of international elite athletes over multiple seasons. The present case study provided general training characteristics and performance data of two male short-distance triathletes in the Junior, U23, and international Elite categories. METHODS General training and performance data of two male elite triathletes were described in swimming, cycling, and running segments from the 2015 to 2022 season. The training load was presented using the ECO model while the training intensity distribution (TID) was a triphasic model. RESULTS Both triathletes increased their performance throughout the seasons. Triathlete A increased his VO2max in cycling by 20.6%, in running by 16.7%. His power at VO2max and his speed at VO2max by 18.9% and 11.0%, respectively. Triathlete B improved his VO2max by 17.8% in cycling, by 16.1% in running and his power at VO2max by 24%, and his speed at VO2max by 14.3%. The triathletes trained on average 14-17 h a week. The TID model was polarized. CONCLUSIONS To achieve the top international level, it is necessary to consider the following measures: training load progression; improvements in physiological variables; and participation in international events starting from youth categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cejuela
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Selles-Perez
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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22
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Lai Y, Loy F, Isola M, Noli R, Rinaldi A, Lobina C, Vargiu R, Cesare Marincola F, Isola R. Male and Female Mitochondria Respond Differently after Exercising in Acute Hypoxia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3149. [PMID: 38137370 PMCID: PMC10740434 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of hypoxic devices among athletes who train in normobaric hypoxia has become increasingly popular; however, the acute effects on heart and brain metabolism are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the mitochondrial bioenergetics in trained male and female Wistar rats after acute hypoxia training. The experimental plan included exercising for 30 min on a treadmill in a Plexiglas cage connected to a hypoxic generator set at 12.5% O2 or in normoxia. After the exercise, the rats were sacrificed, and their mitochondria were isolated from their brains and hearts. The bioenergetics for each complex of the electron transport chain was tested using a Clark-type electrode. The results showed that following hypoxia training, females experienced impaired oxidative phosphorylation through complex II in heart subsarcolemmal mitochondria, while males had an altered ADP/O in heart interfibrillar mitochondria, without any change in oxidative capacity. No differences from controls were evident in the brain, but an increased electron transport system efficiency was observed with complex I and IV substrates in males. Therefore, the study's findings suggest that hypoxia training affects the heart mitochondria of females more than males. This raises a cautionary flag for female athletes who use hypoxic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Roberta Noli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carla Lobina
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Romina Vargiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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23
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Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Raberin A, Krumm B, Hohenauer E, Egg M, Lichtblau M, Müller J, Rybnikova EA, Gatterer H, Debevec T, Baillieul S, Manferdelli G, Behrendt T, Schega L, Ehrenreich H, Millet GP, Gassmann M, Schwarzer C, Glazachev O, Girard O, Lalande S, Hamlin M, Samaja M, Hüfner K, Burtscher M, Panza G, Mallet RT. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37860950 DOI: 10.1113/jp285230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and performance and is emerging as a potent non-pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether IH is detrimental or beneficial for health is largely determined by the intensity, duration, number and frequency of the hypoxic exposures and by the specific responses they engender. Adaptive responses to hypoxia protect from future hypoxic or ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience and functions, and boost mental and physical performance. The cellular and systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, and the failure of different components can shift long-term adaptation to maladaptation and the development of pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail the well-characterized individual responses and adaptations to IH, we here aim to summarize and integrate hypoxia-activated mechanisms into a holistic picture of the body's adaptive responses to hypoxia and specifically IH, and demonstrate how these mechanisms might be mobilized for their health benefits while minimizing the risks of hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Baillieul
- Service Universitaire de Pneumologie Physiologie, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tom Behrendt
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, University Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleg Glazachev
- Department of Normal Physiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gino Panza
- The Department of Health Care Sciences, Program of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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24
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Faulhaber M, Schneider S, Rausch LK, Dünnwald T, Menz V, Gatterer H, Kennedy MD, Schobersberger W. Repeated Short-Term Bouts of Hyperoxia Improve Aerobic Performance in Acute Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2016-2022. [PMID: 37729514 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Faulhaber, M, Schneider, S, Rausch, LK, Dünnwald, T, Menz, V, Gatterer, H, Kennedy, MD, and Schobersberger, W. Repeated short-term bouts of hyperoxia improve aerobic performance in acute hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2016-2022, 2023-This study aimed to test the effects of repeated short-term bouts of hyperoxia on maximal 5-minute cycling performance under acute hypoxic conditions (3,200 m). Seventeen healthy and recreationally trained individuals (7 women and 10 men) participated in this randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The procedures included a maximal cycle ergometer test and 3 maximal 5-minute cycling time trials (TTs). TT1 took place in normoxia and served for habituation and reference. TT2 and TT3 were conducted in normobaric hypoxia (15.0% inspiratory fraction of oxygen). During TT2 and TT3, the subjects were breathing through a face mask during five 15-second periods. The face mask was connected through a nonrebreathing T valve to a 300-L bag filled with 100% oxygen (intermittent hyperoxia) or ambient hypoxic air (placebo). The main outcome was the mean power output during the TT. Statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. The mean power output was higher in the intermittent hyperoxia compared with the placebo condition (255.5 ± 49.6 W vs. 247.4 ± 48.2 W, p = 0.001). Blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower by about 9.7 and 7.3%, respectively, in the intermittent hyperoxia compared with the placebo condition, whereas heart rate values were unchanged. IH application increased arterial oxygen saturation (82.9 ± 2.6% to 92.4 ± 3.3%, p < 0.001). Repeated 15-second bouts of hyperoxia, applied during high-intensity exercise in hypoxia, are sufficient to increase power output. Future studies should focus on potential dose-response effects and the involved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society of Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, Mieming, Austria
| | - Sina Schneider
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda K Rausch
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Dünnwald
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT Tirol), Tirol, Austria
| | - Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michael D Kennedy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT Tirol), Tirol, Austria
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine anad Health Tourism (ISAG), Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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26
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Feng X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Lu H, Wang C. Optimal type and dose of hypoxic training for improving maximal aerobic capacity in athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1223037. [PMID: 37745240 PMCID: PMC10513096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1223037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare and rank the effect of hypoxic practices on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in athletes and determine the hypoxic dose-response correlation using network meta-analysis. Methods: The Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO databases were systematically search for randomized controlled trials on the effect of hypoxc interventions on the VO2max of athletes published from inception until 21 February 2023. Studies that used live-high train-high (LHTH), live-high train-low (LHTL), live-high, train-high/low (HHL), intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), and intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) interventions were primarily included. LHTL was further defined according to the type of hypoxic environment (natural and simulated) and the altitude of the training site (low altitude and sea level). A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean difference between the effects of various hypoxic interventions on VO2max and dose-response correlation. Furthermore, the hypoxic dosage of the different interventions were coordinated using the "kilometer hour" model. Results: From 2,072 originally identified titles, 59 studies were finally included in this study. After data pooling, LHTL, LHTH, and IHT outperformed normoxic training in improving the VO2max of athletes. According to the P-scores, LHTL combined with low altitude training was the most effective intervention for improving VO2max (natural: 0.92 and simulated: 0.86) and was better than LHTL combined with sea level training (0.56). A reasonable hypoxic dose range for LHTH (470-1,130 kmh) and HL (500-1,415 kmh) was reported with an inverted U-shaped curve relationship. Conclusion: Different types of hypoxic training compared with normoxic training serve as significant approaches for improving aerobic capacity in athletes. Regardless of the type of hypoxic training and the residential condition, LHTL with low altitude training was the most effective intervention. The characteristics of the dose-effect correlation of LHTH and LHTL may be associated with the negative effects of chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zihao Wang
- Capital Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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27
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Kettunen O, Leppävuori A, Mikkonen R, Peltonen JE, Nummela A, Wikström B, Linnamo V. Hemoglobin mass and performance responses during 4 weeks of normobaric "live high-train low and high". Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 37114394 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether 4 weeks of normobaric "live high-train low and high" (LHTLH) causes different hematological, cardiorespiratory, and sea-level performance changes compared to living and training in normoxia during a preparation season. METHODS Nineteen (13 women, 6 men) cross-country skiers competing at the national or international level completed a 28-day period (∼18 h day-1 ) of LHTLH in normobaric hypoxia of ∼2400 m (LHTLH group) including two 1 h low-intensity training sessions per week in normobaric hypoxia of 2500 m while continuing their normal training program in normoxia. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass ) was assessed using a carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Time to exhaustion (TTE) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) were measured using an incremental treadmill test. Measurements were completed at baseline and within 3 days after LHTLH. The control group skiers (CON) (seven women, eight men) performed the same tests while living and training in normoxia with ∼4 weeks between the tests. RESULTS Hbmass in LHTLH increased 4.2 ± 1.7% from 772 ± 213 g (11.7 ± 1.4 g kg-1 ) to 805 ± 226 g (12.5 ± 1.6 g kg-1 ) (p < 0.001) while it was unchanged in CON (p = 0.21). TTE improved during the study regardless of the group (3.3 ± 3.4% in LHTLH; 4.3 ± 4.8% in CON, p < 0.001). VO2max did not increase in LHTLH (61.2 ± 8.7 mL kg-1 min-1 vs. 62.1 ± 7.6 mL kg-1 min-1 , p = 0.36) while a significant increase was detected in CON (61.3 ± 8.0-64.0 ± 8.1 mL kg-1 min-1 , p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Four-week normobaric LHTLH was beneficial for increasing Hbmass but did not support the short-term development of maximal endurance performance and VO2max when compared to the athletes who lived and trained in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oona Kettunen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Antti Leppävuori
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Ritva Mikkonen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Juha E Peltonen
- Helsinki Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic (HULA), Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bettina Wikström
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
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Girard O, Levine BD, Chapman RF, Wilber R. "Living High-Training Low" for Olympic Medal Performance: What Have We Learned 25 Years After Implementation? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:563-572. [PMID: 37116895 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude training is often regarded as an indispensable tool for the success of elite endurance athletes. Historically, altitude training emerged as a key strategy to prepare for the 1968 Olympics, held at 2300 m in Mexico City, and was limited to the "Live High-Train High" method for endurance athletes aiming for performance gains through improved oxygen transport. This "classical" intervention was modified in 1997 by the "Live High-Train Low" (LHTL) model wherein athletes supplemented acclimatization to chronic hypoxia with high-intensity training at low altitude. PURPOSE This review discusses important considerations for successful implementation of LHTL camps in elite athletes based on experiences, both published and unpublished, of the authors. APPROACH The originality of our approach is to discuss 10 key "lessons learned," since the seminal work by Levine and Stray-Gundersen was published in 1997, and focusing on (1) optimal dose, (2) individual responses, (3) iron status, (4) training-load monitoring, (5) wellness and well-being monitoring, (6) timing of the intervention, (7) use of natural versus simulated hypoxia, (8) robustness of adaptative mechanisms versus performance benefits, (9) application for a broad range of athletes, and (10) combination of methods. Successful LHTL strategies implemented by Team USA athletes for podium performance at Olympic Games and/or World Championships are presented. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of the LHTL model represents an essential framework for sport science, in which field-driven questions about performance led to critical scientific investigation and subsequent practical implementation of a unique approach to altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX,USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,USA
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN,USA
| | - Randall Wilber
- United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO,USA
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Sharma P, Mohanty S, Ahmad Y. A study of survival strategies for improving acclimatization of lowlanders at high-altitude. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14929. [PMID: 37025911 PMCID: PMC10070159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Acclimatization and therapeutic approaches are the core components for conquering the physiological variations at high altitude (≥2500 m) exposure. The declined atmospheric pressure and reduced partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes tend to decrease the temperature by several folds. Hypobaric hypoxia is a major threat to humanity at high altitudes, and its potential effects include altitude mountain sickness. On severity, it may lead to the development of conditions like high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and cause unexpected physiological changes in the healthy population of travelers, athletes, soldiers, and low landers while sojourning at high altitude. Previous investigations have been done on long-drawn-out acclimatization strategies such as the staging method to prevent the damage caused by high-altitude hypobaric Hypoxia. Inherent Limitations of this strategy hamper the daily lifestyle and time consuming for people. It is not suitable for the rapid mobilization of people at high altitudes. There is a need to recalibrate acclimatization strategies for improving health protection and adapting to the environmental variations at high altitudes. This narrative review details the geographical changes and physiological changes at high altitudes and presents a framework of acclimatization, pre-acclimatization, and pharmacological aspects of high-altitude survival to enhance the government efficacy and capacity for the strategic planning of acclimatization, use of therapeutics, and safe de-induction from high altitude for minimizing the life loss. It's simply too ambitious for the importance of the present review to reduce life loss, and it can be proved as the most essential aspect of the preparatory phase of high-altitude acclimatization in plateau regions without hampering the daily lifestyle. The application of pre-acclimatization techniques can be a boon for people serving at high altitudes, and it can be a short bridge for the rapid translocation of people at high altitudes by minimizing the acclimatization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Swaraj Mohanty
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
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Proskurnina E, Martynov D, Yakushkin A, Zelenkova I. Non-enzymatic antioxidant blood plasma profile in the period of high training loads in elite speed skaters at the altituda. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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31
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Mallet RT, Burtscher J, Pialoux V, Pasha Q, Ahmad Y, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Molecular Mechanisms of High-Altitude Acclimatization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021698. [PMID: 36675214 PMCID: PMC9866500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs. The understanding of these mechanisms is essential to optimize hypoxic acclimatization for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of HAIs. This review aims to link outcomes of molecular mechanisms to either adverse effects of acute high-altitude/hypoxia exposure or the developing tolerance with acclimatization. After summarizing systemic physiological responses to acute high-altitude exposure, the associated acclimatization, and the epidemiology and pathophysiology of various HAIs, the article focuses on molecular adjustments and maladjustments during acute exposure and acclimatization to high altitude/hypoxia. Pivotal modifying mechanisms include molecular responses orchestrated by transcription factors, most notably hypoxia inducible factors, and reciprocal effects on mitochondrial functions and REDOX homeostasis. In addition, discussed are genetic factors and the resultant proteomic profiles determining these hypoxia-modifying mechanisms culminating in successful high-altitude acclimatization. Lastly, the article discusses practical considerations related to the molecular aspects of acclimatization and altitude training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, FR-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qadar Pasha
- Institute of Hypoxia Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defense Research & Development Organization(DRDO), New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society for Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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32
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Warnier G, DE Groote E, Delcorte O, Nicolas Martinez D, Nederveen JP, Nilsson MI, Francaux M, Pierreux CE, Deldicque L. Effects of a 6-wk Sprint Interval Training Protocol at Different Altitudes on Circulating Extracellular Vesicles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:46-54. [PMID: 36069865 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the modulation of circulating exosome-like extracellular vesicles (ELVs) after 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT) at sea level and at 2000, 3000, and 4000 m. METHODS Thirty trained endurance male athletes (18-35 yr) participated in a 6-wk SIT program (30-s all-out sprint, 4-min 30-s recovery; 4-9 repetitions, 2 sessions per week) at sea level ( n = 8), 2000 m (fraction of inspired oxygen (F io2 ) 0.167, n = 8), 3000 m (F io2 0.145, n = 7), or 4000 m (F io2 0.13, n = 7). Venous blood samples were taken before and after the training period. Plasma ELVs were isolated by size exclusion chromatography, counted by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and characterized according to international standards. Candidate ELV microRNAs (miRNAs) were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS When the three hypoxic groups were analyzed separately, only very minor differences could be detected in the levels of circulating particles, ELV markers, or miRNA. However, the levels of circulating particles increased (+262%) after training when the three hypoxic groups were pooled, and tended to increase at sea level (+65%), with no difference between these two groups. A trend to an increase was observed for the two ELV markers, TSG101 (+65%) and HSP60 (+441%), at sea level, but not in hypoxia. Training also seemed to decrease the abundance of miR-23a-3p and to increase the abundance of miR-21-5p in hypoxia but not at sea level. CONCLUSIONS A 6-wk SIT program tended to increase the basal levels of circulating ELVs when performed at sea level but not in hypoxia. In contrast, ELV miRNA cargo seemed to be modulated in hypoxic conditions only. Further research should explore the potential differences in the origin of ELVs between normoxic and local and systemic hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Warnier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BELGIUM
| | - Estelle DE Groote
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BELGIUM
| | - Ophélie Delcorte
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, BELGIUM
| | | | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Univesrity Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BELGIUM
| | | | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BELGIUM
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33
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Brocherie F, Timon R. Editorial: Long-term effects of hypoxic conditioning on sports performance, health and well-being. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1112754. [PMID: 36569755 PMCID: PMC9782396 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Franck Brocherie,
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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34
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Furian M, Tannheimer M, Burtscher M. Effects of Acute Exposure and Acclimatization to High-Altitude on Oxygen Saturation and Related Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Health and Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226699. [PMID: 36431176 PMCID: PMC9697047 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal values of aerobic power (VO2max) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2max) decline in parallel with gain in altitude. Whereas this relationship has been well investigated when acutely exposed to high altitude, potential benefits of acclimatization on SpO2 and related VO2max in healthy and diseased individuals have been much less considered. Therefore, this narrative review was primarily aimed to identify relevant literature reporting altitude-dependent changes in determinants, in particular SpO2, of VO2max and effects of acclimatization in athletes, healthy non-athletes, and patients suffering from cardiovascular, respiratory and/or metabolic diseases. Moreover, focus was set on potential differences with regard to baseline exercise performance, age and sex. Main findings of this review emphasize the close association between individual SpO2 and VO2max, and demonstrate similar altitude effects (acute and during acclimatization) in healthy people and those suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, in patients with ventilatory constrains, i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, steep decline in SpO2 and V̇O2max and reduced potential to acclimatize stress the already low exercise performance. Finally, implications for prevention and therapy are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Furian
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Department, Swiss University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 5330 Bad Zurzach, Switzerland
| | - Markus Tannheimer
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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35
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Burtscher J, Mallet RT, Pialoux V, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia and/or Hyperoxia in Humans. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:887-912. [PMID: 35102747 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen concentrations is crucial. Here, we review the current understanding of how the human organism (mal-)adapts to low (hypoxia) and high (hyperoxia) oxygen levels and how these adaptations may be harnessed as therapeutic or performance enhancing strategies at the systemic level. Recent Advances: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is already a cornerstone of modern medicine, and the application of mild hypoxia, that is, hypoxia conditioning (HC), to strengthen the resilience of organs or the whole body to severe hypoxic insults is an important preparation for high-altitude sojourns or to protect the cardiovascular system from hypoxic/ischemic damage. Many other applications of adaptations to hypo- and/or hyperoxia are only just emerging. HC-sometimes in combination with hyperoxic interventions-is gaining traction for the treatment of chronic diseases, including numerous neurological disorders, and for performance enhancement. Critical Issues: The dose- and intensity-dependent effects of varying oxygen concentrations render hypoxia- and/or hyperoxia-based interventions potentially highly beneficial, yet hazardous, although the risks versus benefits are as yet ill-defined. Future Directions: The field of low and high oxygen conditioning is expanding rapidly, and novel applications are increasingly recognized, for example, the modulation of aging processes, mood disorders, or metabolic diseases. To advance hypoxia/hyperoxia conditioning to clinical applications, more research on the effects of the intensity, duration, and frequency of altered oxygen concentrations, as well as on individual vulnerabilities to such interventions, is paramount. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 887-912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lemieux P, Roudier E, Birot O. Angiostatic freeze or angiogenic move? Acute cold stress prevents angiokine secretion from murine myotubes but primes primary endothelial cells for greater migratory capacity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:975652. [PMID: 36324307 PMCID: PMC9618727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.975652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue can adapt to exercise and environmental stressors with a remarkable plasticity. Prolonged cold stress exposure has been associated to increased skeletal muscle capillarization. Angioadaptation refers to the coordinated molecular and cellular processes that influence the remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature. Two cell types are central to angioadaptation: the myocytes, representing an important source of angiokines; and the skeletal muscle endothelial cell (SMECs), targets of these angiokines and main constituents of muscle capillaries. The influence of cold stress on skeletal muscle angioadaptation remains largely unknown, particularly with respect to myocyte-specific angiokines secretion or endothelial cell angioadaptive responses. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the impact of cold stress (28°C versus 37°C) on C2C12 myotubes and SMECs. Our main objectives were to evaluate: 1) the direct impact of cold stress on C2C12 cellular expression of angiokines and their release in the extracellular environment; 2) the indirect impact of cold stress on SMECs migration via these C2C12-derived angiokines; and 3) the direct effect of cold stress on SMECs angioadaptive responses, including migration, proliferation, and the activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Cold stress reduced the secretion of angiokines in C2C12 myotubes culture media irrespective their pro-angiogenic or angiostatic nature. In SMECs, cold stress abrogated cell proliferation and reduced the activation of VEGFR2 despite a greater expression of this receptor. Finally, SMECs pre-conditioned to cold stress displayed an enhanced migratory response when migration was stimulated in rewarming conditions. Altogether our results suggest that cold stress may be overall angiostatic. However, cold stress accompanied by rewarming may be seen as a pro-angiogenic stressor for SMECs. This observation questions the potential for using pre-cooling in sport-performance or therapeutic exercise prescription to enhance skeletal muscle angioadaptive responses to exercise.
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Teległów A, Mardyła M, Myszka M, Pałka T, Maciejczyk M, Bujas P, Mucha D, Ptaszek B, Marchewka J. Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Selected Biochemical Indicators, Blood Rheological Properties, and Metabolic Activity of Erythrocytes in Rowers. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101513. [PMID: 36290417 PMCID: PMC9598061 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed the effect of 3-week intermittent hypoxic training on blood biochemical indicators (blood morphology, fibrinogen), blood rheological properties (erythrocyte deformability, aggregation), erythrocyte enzymatic activity (acetylcholinesterase), and maximal oxygen uptake in competitive rowers. Fourteen male rowers were divided into two equal groups: experimental, training on ergometers under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.0%), and control, training on ergometers under normoxia (FiO2 = 21%). Fasting blood was taken before and after training. A significant between-group difference in neutrophil levels before training was noted and a significant decrease in white blood cells in the hypoxia group. Both groups exhibited an increase in elongation index. In the normoxia group, a significant increase in erythrocyte aggregation amplitude was revealed. No significant changes occurred in the other biochemical indicators or those evaluating erythrocyte metabolic activity. Normobaric hypoxia increased erythrocyte deformability, improving blood rheological properties. Maximal oxygen uptake significantly increased only in the experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Teległów
- Department of Health Promotion, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Mardyła
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Pałka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bujas
- Department of Sports Theory and Anthropomotorics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Ptaszek
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Marchewka
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traumatology, Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
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Cerda-Kohler H, Haichelis D, Reuquén P, Miarka B, Homer M, Zapata-Gómez D, Aedo-Muñoz E. Training at moderate altitude improves submaximal but not maximal performance-related parameters in elite rowers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:931325. [PMID: 36311238 PMCID: PMC9614325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.931325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), physiological thresholds, and hemoglobin mass are strong predictors of endurance performance. High values of V̇O2max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), and power output at anaerobic thresholds are key variables in elite rowers. Endurance athletes often use altitude training as a strategy to improve performance. However, no clear evidence exists that training at natural altitude enhances sea-level performance in elite rowers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude training on rowing-performance parameters at sea level. The study was conducted on eleven rowers (Six females, five males) from the Chilean National Team during a 3-week moderate altitude training (∼2,900 m. a.s.l.) under the live high-train high (LHTH) model. It included a rowing ergometer maximal incremental test and blood analysis (pre and post-altitude). Gas exchange analysis was performed to measure V̇O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and rowing economy/efficiency (ECR/GE%). LHTL training improves performance-related variables at sea level (V̇Emax: 3.3% (95% CI, 1.2–5.5); hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]): 4.3% (95% CI, 1.7–6.9); hematocrit (%): 4.5% (95% CI, 0.9–8.2); RBC (red blood cells) count: 5.3% (95% CI, 2.3–8.2); power at VT2: 6.9% (95% CI, 1.7–12.1), V̇EVT2: 6.4% (95% CI, 0.4–12.4); power at VT1: 7.3% (95% CI, 1.3–13.3), V̇EVT1: 8.7% (95% CI, 1.6–15.8)) and economy/efficiency-related variables (ECRVT2: 5.3% (95% CI, −0.6 to −10.0); GE(%): 5.8% (95% CI, 0.8–10.7)). The LHTH training decreased breathing economy at MAP (−2.8% (95% CI, 0.1–5.6)), pVT2 (−9.3% (95% CI, −5.9 to −12.7)), and pVT1 (−9.3% (95% CI, −4.1 to −14.4)). Non-significant changes were found for V̇O2max and MAP. This study describes the effects of a 3-week moderate altitude (LHTH training) on performance and economy/efficiency-related variables in elite rowers, suggesting that it is an excellent option to induce positive adaptations related to endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerda-Kohler
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Educación Física, eporte y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danni Haichelis
- Unidad de Fisiología del Ejercicio, Centro de Innovación, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Reuquén
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mark Homer
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Buckinghamshire New University, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zapata-Gómez
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Esteban Aedo-Muñoz,
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Gutknecht AP, Gonzalez-Figueres M, Brioche T, Maurelli O, Perrey S, Favier FB. Maximizing anaerobic performance with repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: In search of an optimal altitude based on pulse oxygen saturation monitoring. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010086. [PMID: 36311239 PMCID: PMC9597871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) leads to great improvements in anaerobic performance. However, there is no consensus about the optimal level of hypoxia that should be used during training to maximize subsequent performances. This study aimed to establish whether such an optimal altitude can be determined and whether pulse oxygen saturation during RSH is correlated with training-induced improvement in performance. Methods: Peak and mean power outputs of healthy young males [age (mean ± SD) 21.7 ± 1.4 years] were measured during a Wingate (30 s) and a repeated-sprint ability (RSA; 10 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery) test before and after RSH. Participants performed six cycling sessions comprising three sets of 8 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of either 1,500 m, 2,100 m, or 3,200 m (n = 7 per group). Heart rate variability was assessed at rest and during recovery from Wingate test before and after RSH. Results: The subjective rating of perceived exertion and the relative exercise intensity during training sessions did not differ between the three groups, contrary to pulse oxygen saturation (p < 0.001 between each group). Mean and peak power outputs were significantly increased in all groups after training, except for the mean power in the RSA test for the 3200 m group. Change in mean power on RSA test (+8.1 ± 6.6%) was the only performance parameter significantly correlated with pulse oxygen saturation during hypoxic training (p < 0.05, r = 0.44). The increase in LnRMSSD during recovery from the Wingate test was enhanced after training in the 1,500 m (+22%) but not in the two other groups (≈– 6%). Moreover, the increase in resting heart rate with standing after training was negatively correlated with SpO2 (p < 0.01, r =–0.63) suggesting that hypoxemia level during training differentially altered autonomic nervous system activity. Conclusion: These data indicate that RSH performed as early as 1,500 m of altitude is effective in improving anaerobic performance in moderately trained subjects without strong association with pulse oxygen saturation monitoring during training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - François B. Favier
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: François B. Favier,
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40
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Zhong Z, Dong H, Wu Y, Zhou S, Li H, Huang P, Tian H, Li X, Xiao H, Yang T, Xiong K, Zhang G, Tang Z, Li Y, Fan X, Yuan C, Ning J, Li Y, Xie J, Li P. Remote ischemic preconditioning enhances aerobic performance by accelerating regional oxygenation and improving cardiac function during acute hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Front Physiol 2022; 13:950086. [PMID: 36160840 PMCID: PMC9500473 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.950086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may improve exercise performance. However, the influence of RIPC on aerobic performance and underlying physiological mechanisms during hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposure remains relatively uncertain. Here, we systematically evaluated the potential performance benefits and underlying mechanisms of RIPC during HH exposure. Seventy-nine healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive sham intervention or RIPC (4 × 5 min occlusion 180 mm Hg/reperfusion 0 mm Hg, bilaterally on the upper arms) for 8 consecutive days in phases 1 (24 participants) and phase 2 (55 participants). In the phases 1, we measured the change in maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) and muscle oxygenation (SmO2) on the leg during a graded exercise test. We also measured regional cerebral oxygenation (rSO2) on the forehead. These measures and physiological variables, such as cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability index, were used to evaluate the intervention effect of RIPC on the changes in bodily functions caused by HH exposure. In the phase 2, plasma protein mass spectrometry was then performed after RIPC intervention, and the results were further evaluated using ELISA tests to assess possible mechanisms. The results suggested that RIPC intervention improved VO2max (11.29%) and accelerated both the maximum (18.13%) and minimum (53%) values of SmO2 and rSO2 (6.88%) compared to sham intervention in hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters (SV, SVRI, PPV% and SpMet%) and the heart rate variability index (Mean RR, Mean HR, RMSSD, pNN50, Lfnu, Hfnu, SD1, SD2/SD1, ApEn, SampEn, DFA1and DFA2) were evaluated. Protein sequence analysis showed 42 unregulated and six downregulated proteins in the plasma of the RIPC group compared to the sham group after HH exposure. Three proteins, thymosin β4 (Tβ4), heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP90), were significantly altered in the plasma of the RIPC group before and after HH exposure. Our data demonstrated that in acute HH exposure, RIPC mitigates the decline in VO2max and regional oxygenation, as well as physiological variables, such as cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters and the heart rate variability index, by influencing plasma Tβ4, HSP70, and HSP90. These data suggest that RIPC may be beneficial for acute HH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Zhong
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huaping Dong
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Simin Zhou
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huaijun Tian
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Li
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaolin Ning
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Xie, ; Peng Li,
| | - Peng Li
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Xie, ; Peng Li,
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Usaj A, Kapus J, Štrumbelj B, Debevec T, Vodičar J. Effects of Moderate Altitude Training Combined with Moderate or High-altitude Residence. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1129-1136. [PMID: 35926513 DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify potential physiological and performance differences of trained cross-country skiers (V˙o2max=60±4 ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1) following two, 3-week long altitude modalities: 1) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m (LMTM;N=8); and 2) training at moderate altitudes (600-1700 m) and living at 1500 m with additional nocturnal normobaric hypoxic exposures (FiO2 =0.17;LHTM; N=8). All participants conducted the same training throughout the altitude training phase and underwent maximal roller ski trials and submaximal cyclo-ergometery before, during and one week after the training camps. No exercise performance or hematological differences were observed between the two modalities. The average roller ski velocities were increased one week after the training camps following both LMTM (p=0.03) and LHTM (p=0.04) with no difference between the two (p=0.68). During the submaximal test, LMTM increased the Tissue Oxygenation Index (11.5±6.5 to 1.0±8.5%; p=0.04), decreased the total hemoglobin concentration (15.1±6.5 to 1.7±12.9 a.u.;p=0.02), and increased blood pH (7.36±0.03 to 7.39±0.03;p=0.03). On the other hand, LHTM augmented minute ventilation (76±14 to 88±10 l·min-1;p=0.04) and systemic blood oxygen saturation by 2±1%; (p=0.02) with no such differences observed following the LMTM. Collectively, despite minor physiological differences observed between the two tested altitude training modalities both induced comparable exercise performance modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Usaj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Kapus
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boro Štrumbelj
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Laboratory of Biodynamics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Vodičar
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Li Tee CC, Chong MC, Sundar V, Chok CL, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Girard O. Influence of exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure on physiological, perceptual and biomechanical responses to treadmill running. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35912915 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcute physiological, perceptual and biomechanical consequences of manipulating both exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure during treadmill running were determined. On separate days, eleven trained individuals ran for 45 s (separated by 135 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill at seven running speeds (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 km.h-1) in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.1%), high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.1%) and severe hypoxia (SH, FiO2 = 13.0%). Running mechanics were collected over 20 consecutive steps (i.e., after running ∼25 s), with concurrent assessment of physiological (heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation) and perceptual (overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing and leg discomfort) responses. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (seven speeds × four conditions) were used. There was a speed × condition interaction for heart rate (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.22), with lower values in NM, MH and HH compared to SH at 8 km.h-1 (125 ± 12, 125 ± 11, 128 ± 12 vs 132 ± 10 b.min-1). Overall perceived discomfort (8 and 16 km.h-1; p = 0.019 and p = 0.007, ηp2 =0.21, respectively) and perceived difficulty breathing (all speeds; p = 0.023, ηp2 =0.37) were greater in SH compared to MH, whereas leg discomfort was not influenced by hypoxic exposure. Minimal difference was observed in the twelve kinetics/kinematics variables with hypoxia (p > 0.122; ηp2 = 0.19). Running at slower speeds in combination with severe hypoxia elevates physiological and perceptual responses without a corresponding increase in ground reaction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Viswanath Sundar
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Leang Chok
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Santamaría G, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Domínguez-Ortega C, García-Lázaro SM, Seco-Calvo J. Adequacy of an Altitude Fitness Program (Living and Training) plus Intermittent Exposure to Hypoxia for Improving Hematological Biomarkers and Sports Performance of Elite Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9095. [PMID: 35897470 PMCID: PMC9368232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Athletes incorporate altitude training programs into their conventional training to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week altitude training program that was supplemented with intermittent hypoxic training (IHE) on the blood biomarkers, sports performance, and safety profiles of elite athletes. In a single-blind randomized clinical trial that followed the CONSORT recommendations, 24 male athletes were randomized to an IHE group (HA, n = 12) or an intermittent normoxia group (NA, n = 12). The IHE consisted of 5-min cycles of hypoxia−normoxia with an FIO2 of between 10−13% for 90 min every day for 8 weeks. Hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, hematocrit, reticulated hemoglobin, reticulocytes, and erythropoietin), immunological (leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes), and renal (urea, creatinine, glomerular filtrate, and total protein) biomarkers were assessed at the baseline (T1), day 28 (T2), and day 56 (T3). Sports performance was evaluated at T1 and T3 by measuring quadriceps strength and using three-time trials over the distances of 60, 400, and 1000 m on an athletics track. Statistically significant increases (p < 0.05) in erythropoietin, reticulocytes, hemoglobin, and reticulocyte hemoglobin were observed in the HA group at T3 with respect to T1 and the NA group. In addition, statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) were achieved in all performance tests. No variations were observed in the immunological or renal biomarkers. The athletes who were living and training at 1065 m and were supplemented with IHE produced significant improvements in their hematological behavior and sports performance with optimal safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Santamaría
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (Group CB21/13/00051), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Domínguez-Ortega
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain; (G.S.); (C.D.-O.)
- Hematology Service of Santa Bárbara Hospital, Castile and Leon Health Network (SACyL), 42003 Soria, Spain
| | - Sandra María García-Lázaro
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus of Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain
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Imai A, Yamaguchi K, Goto K. Comparison of systemic and peripheral responses during high-intensity interval exercise under voluntary hypoventilation vs. hypoxic conditions. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:8-16. [PMID: 35982624 PMCID: PMC9395251 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to determine the systemic and peripheral responses to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) or HIIE under hypoxic conditions. [Methods] Ten male participants completed a single session of HIIE (three sets of 6 × 8-s high-intensity pedaling at 170% of maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) under three different conditions: normoxia with normal breathing (NOR: 23 °C, 20.9% of fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]), hypoxia with normal breathing (HYP: 23 °C, 14.5% FiO2), and normoxia with VHL (VHL: 23 °C, 20.9% FiO2). A randomized crossover design was used. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and muscle oxygenation were monitored during the exercise and the 16-s recovery. Muscle blood flow (mBF) of the vastus lateralis was also evaluated. [Results] SpO2 during the exercise and the 16-s recovery in the VHL group was significantly lower than in that of the NOR group. However, this parameter in the VHL group was significantly higher than that of the HYP group (NOR: 94.9 ± 0.4%, HYP: 82.8 ± 1.2%, VHL: 90.4 ± 0.5%; p < 0.001). Muscle oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the HYP group than those in the VHL and NOR groups (NOR: 79.6 ± 17.4%, HYP: 65.5 ± 7.7%, VHL: 74.4 ± 7.8%; p = 0.024). No significant difference in this parameter was observed between the VHL and NOR groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, the exercise-induced increase in mBF did not differ significantly among three groups (p > 0.05). [Conclusion] HIIE-induced SpO2 decrease was smaller under hypoxic conditions than during VHL. Moreover, mBF was not enhanced by the addition of VHL during HIIE.
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Hohenauer E, Freitag L, Herten M, Siallagan J, Pollock E, Taube W, Clijsen R. The Methodological Quality of Studies Investigating the Acute Effects of Exercise During Hypoxia Over the Past 40 years: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919359. [PMID: 35784889 PMCID: PMC9243659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise under hypoxia and the physiological impact compared to normoxia or hypoxia has gained attention in the last decades. However, methodological quality assessment of articles in this area is lacking in the literature. Therefore, this article aimed to evaluate the methodologic quality of trials studying exercise under hypoxia. An electronic search was conducted until December 2021. The search was conducted in PubMed, CENTRAL, and PEDro using the PICO model. (P) Participants had to be healthy, (I) exercise under normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia had to be (C) compared to exercise in normoxia or hypoxia on (O) any physiological outcome. The 11-item PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality (internal validity) of the studies. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the evolution of trials in this area, using the total PEDro score of the rated trials. A total of n = 81 studies met the inclusion criteria and were processed in this study. With a mean score of 5.1 ± 0.9 between the years 1982 and 2021, the mean methodological quality can be described as "fair." Only one study reached the highest score of 8/10, and n = 2 studies reached the lowest observed value of 3/10. The linear regression showed an increase of the PEDro score of 0.1 points per decade. A positive and small tendency toward increased methodologic quality was observed. The current results demonstrate that a positive and small tendency can be seen for the increase in the methodological quality in the field of exercise science under hypoxia. A "good" methodological quality, reaching a PEDro score of 6 points can be expected in the year 2063, using a linear regression model analysis. To accelerate this process, future research should ensure that methodological quality criteria are already included during the planning phase of a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Livia Freitag
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Herten
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Julia Siallagan
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Elke Pollock
- Department of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Kim J, Lim K. Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on Hematological Parameters, Hemodynamic Function, and Endurance Exercise Performance in Amateur Female Runners in Korea. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919008. [PMID: 35665230 PMCID: PMC9158122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval training under hypoxia (IHT) is commonly used to enhance endurance exercise performance. However, previous studies examining hematologic changes related to the immune system that affect health and conditioning are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IHT for 6-weeks on hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance in amateur Korean female runners. Twenty healthy amateur Korean female runners (age: 24.85 ± 3.84 years) were equally assigned to normoxic training group (NTG) for interval training under normoxia (760 mmHg) and hypoxic training group (HTG) for interval training under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg, 3000 m simulated altitude) according to their body composition and endurance exercise performance. All participants performed 120-min of training sessions, consisting of 20-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 20-min of cool-down. The training program was performed 3-days per week for 6-weeks. Warm-up and cool-down were performed for 20-min at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax). The interval training sessions comprised 10 repetitions of interval exercise (5-min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% HRmax and 1-min of rest) on a treadmill. All participants underwent measurements of hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance before and after training. Both groups showed a significant increase in erythropoietin (EPO) level and a decrease in monocyte abundance, with EPO showing a greater increase in the HTG than in the NTG. B cell abundance significantly increased in the NTG; hematocrit and neutrophil counts significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts significantly decreased in the HTG. The HTG showed a significant improvement in oxygen uptake, stroke volume index, and end-diastolic volume index compared to the NTG. In addition, both groups showed significant improvements in heart rate, end-systolic volume index, and cardiac output index. The maximal oxygen uptake and 3000 m time trial record were significantly improved in both groups, and the HTG showed a tendency to improve more than the NTG. In conclusion, the IHT was effective in enhancing endurance exercise performance through improved hemodynamic function. Furthermore, hematological parameters of immune system showed a normal range before and after training and were not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiwon Lim,
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Karlsson Ø, Laaksonen MS, McGawley K. Monitoring Acclimatization and Training Responses Over 17–21 Days at 1,800 m in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852108. [PMID: 35647539 PMCID: PMC9130592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To monitor the daily variations and time course of changes in selected variables during a 17–21-day altitude training camp at 1,800 m in a group of elite cross-country skiers (9 women, 12 men) and biathletes (7 women, 4 men). Methods Among other variables, resting peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2rest), resting heart rate (HRrest) and urine specific gravity (USG) were monitored daily at altitude, while illness symptoms were monitored weekly. Before and after the camp, body composition (i.e., lean and fat mass) and body mass were assessed in all athletes, while roller-skiing speed at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1 (Speed@4mmol) was assessed in the biathletes only. Results Neither SpO2rest, HRrest nor USG changed systematically during the camp (p > 0.05), although some daily time points differed from day one for the latter two variables (p < 0.05). In addition, body composition and body mass were unchanged from before to after the camp (p > 0.05). Eleven out of 15 illness episodes were reported within 4 days of the outbound or homebound flight. The five biathletes who remained free of illness increased their Speed@4mmol by ~ 4% from before to after the camp (p = 0.031). Conclusions The present results show that measures typically recommended to monitor acclimatization and responses to altitude in athletes (e.g., SpO2rest and HRrest) did not change systematically over time. Further research is needed to explore the utility of these and other measures in elite endurance athletes at altitudes typical of competition environments.
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Albertus-Cámara I, Ferrer-López V, Martínez-González-Moro I. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia in Middle- and/or Long-Distance Runners: Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:689. [PMID: 35625417 PMCID: PMC9138601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of normobaric hypoxia can bring benefits to sports performance because it improves haematological parameters and/or physical activity tests. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review so as to analyse the methods used in hypoxia and to detect its effects on middle- and/or long-distance runners. METHODS Research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Cochrane Library, Scopus and PEDro) until December 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS Having analysed 158 studies, 12 were chosen for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A significant improvement on time until exhaustion was detected, and oxygen saturation decreased after the intervention. There were no significant changes in the 3000-metre time trial or in the haematocrit percentage. The changes in percentage of reticulocytes, heart rate, maximal heart rate, lactate concentration and erythropoietin were heterogeneous between the different research studies. CONCLUSION short exposure (less than 3 h to normobaric hypoxia significantly increases the time to exhaustion). However, longer exposure times are necessary to increase haemoglobin. Altitude and exposure time are highly heterogeneous in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (V.F.-L.)
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Heat Acclimation with or without Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure Leads to Similar Improvements in Endurance Performance in the Heat. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050069. [PMID: 35622478 PMCID: PMC9147627 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combining the key adaptation of plasma volume (PV) expansion with synergistic physiological effects of other acclimation interventions to maximise endurance performance in the heat has potential. The current study investigated the effects of heat acclimation alone (H), combined with normobaric hypoxia exposure (H+NH), on endurance athletic performance. Methods: Well-trained participants completed a heat-stress trial (30 °C, 80% relative humidity (RH), 20.8% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)) of a 75 min steady-state cycling (fixed workload) and a subsequent 15 min cycling time trial for distance before and after intervention. Participants completed 12 consecutive indoor training days with either heat acclimation (H; 60 min·day−1, 30 °C, 80% RH; 20.8% FiO2) or heat acclimation and overnight hypoxic environment (H+NH; ~12 h, 60% RH; 16% FiO2 simulating altitude of ~2500 m). Control (CON) group trained outdoors with average maximum daily temperature of 16.5 °C and 60% RH. Results: Both H and H+NH significantly improved time trial cycling distance by ~5.5% compared to CON, with no difference between environmental exposures. PV increased (+3.8%) and decreased (−4.1%) following H and H+NH, respectively, whereas haemoglobin concentration decreased (−2%) and increased (+3%) in H and H+NH, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that despite contrasting physiological adaptations to different environmental acclimation protocols, heat acclimation with or without hypoxic exposure demonstrated similar improvements in short-duration exercise performance in a hot environment.
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Cejuela R, Sellés-Pérez S. Road to Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games: Training Characteristics of a World Class Male Triathlete. Front Physiol 2022; 13:835705. [PMID: 35514361 PMCID: PMC9065268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.835705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the scientific literature for reporting top-class endurance athletes training programs. This case study reports on the training program of a world-class male triathlete preparing to compete in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. A macrocycle of 43 weeks is presented. The triathlete performed 14.74 ± 3.01 h of weekly endurance training volume. Training intensity distribution (TID) was 81.93% ± 6.74%/7.16% ± 2.03%/10.91% ± 6.90% for zones 1 (low intensity, VT2) respectively. Pyramidal TID model is observed during the initial stages of the periodization and Polarized TID model is observed at the end of the macrocycle. The triathlete's peak ⩒O2 was increased by 20% on cycling and by 14% on running. Peak power was increased by 3.13% on cycling test and peak speed by 9.71% on running test. Finally, the triathlete placed 12th in Olympic distance and 10th in Mixed Relay in Tokyo 2020 Olympic games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cejuela
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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