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Fitzpatrick PA, Johansson J, Maglennon G, Wallace I, Hendrickx R, Stamou M, Balogh Sivars K, Busch S, Johansson L, Van Zuydam N, Patten K, Åberg PM, Ollerstam A, Hornberg JJ. A novel in vitro high-content imaging assay for the prediction of drug-induced lung toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2985-2998. [PMID: 38806719 PMCID: PMC11324770 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of inhaled drugs for respiratory diseases is frequently impacted by lung pathology in non-clinical safety studies. To enable design of novel candidate drugs with the right safety profile, predictive in vitro lung toxicity assays are required that can be applied during drug discovery for early hazard identification and mitigation. Here, we describe a novel high-content imaging-based screening assay that allows for quantification of the tight junction protein occludin in A549 cells, as a model for lung epithelial barrier integrity. We assessed a set of compounds with a known lung safety profile, defined by clinical safety or non-clinical in vivo toxicology data, and were able to correctly identify 9 of 10 compounds with a respiratory safety risk and 9 of 9 compounds without a respiratory safety risk (90% sensitivity, 100% specificity). The assay was sensitive at relevant compound concentrations to influence medicinal chemistry optimization programs and, with an accessible cell model in a 96-well plate format, short protocol and application of automated imaging analysis algorithms, this assay can be readily integrated in routine discovery safety screening to identify and mitigate respiratory toxicity early during drug discovery. Interestingly, when we applied physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to predict epithelial lining fluid exposures of the respiratory tract after inhalation, we found a robust correlation between in vitro occludin assay data and lung pathology in vivo, suggesting the assay can inform translational risk assessment for inhaled small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Fitzpatrick
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Julia Johansson
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- AstraZeneca Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Wallace
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramon Hendrickx
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R and I), R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kinga Balogh Sivars
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Busch
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Johansson
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kelley Patten
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per M Åberg
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ollerstam
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Cadavid JL, Li NT, McGuigan AP. Bridging systems biology and tissue engineering: Unleashing the full potential of complex 3D in vitro tissue models of disease. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021301. [PMID: 38617201 PMCID: PMC11008916 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rapid advances in tissue engineering have resulted in more complex and physiologically relevant 3D in vitro tissue models with applications in fundamental biology and therapeutic development. However, the complexity provided by these models is often not leveraged fully due to the reductionist methods used to analyze them. Computational and mathematical models developed in the field of systems biology can address this issue. Yet, traditional systems biology has been mostly applied to simpler in vitro models with little physiological relevance and limited cellular complexity. Therefore, integrating these two inherently interdisciplinary fields can result in new insights and move both disciplines forward. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of how systems biology has been integrated with 3D in vitro tissue models and discuss key application areas where the synergies between both fields have led to important advances with potential translational impact. We then outline key directions for future research and discuss a framework for further integration between fields.
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3
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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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4
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Schlichenmaier N, Zielinski A, Beneke S, Dietrich DR. PODO/TERT256 - A promising human immortalized podocyte cell line and its potential use for in vitro research at different oxygen levels. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110813. [PMID: 38006960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are of key interest for the prediction of nephrotoxicity as they are especially sensitive to toxic insults due to their central role in the glomerular filtration apparatus. However, currently, prediction of nephrotoxicity in humans remains insufficiently reliable, thus highlighting the need for advanced in vitro model systems using human cells with improved prediction capacity. Recent approaches for refining in vitro model systems focus on closely replicating physiological conditions as observed under the in vivo situation typical of the respective nephron section of interest. PODO/TERT256, a human immortalized podocyte cell line, were employed in a semi-static transwell system to evaluate its potential use as a human podocyte in vitro system for modelling potential human glomerular toxicity. Furthermore, the impact of routinely employed excessive oxygen tension (21 % - AtmOx), when compared to the physiological oxygen tensions (10 % - PhysOx) observed in vivo, was analyzed. Generally, cultured PODO/TERT256 formed a stable, contact-inhibited monolayer with typical podocyte morphology (large cell body, apical microvilli, finger-like cytoplasmic projections (reminiscent of foot processes), and interdigitating cell-cell junctions) and developed a size-selective filtration barrier. PhysOx, however, induced a more pronounced in vivo like phenotype, comprised of significantly larger cell bodies, significantly enhanced filtration barrier size-selectivity, and a remarkable re-localization of nephrin to the cell membrane, thus suggesting an improved in vitro replication of in vivo characteristics. Preliminary toxicity characterization with the known glomerulotoxin doxorubicin (DOX) suggested an increasing change in filtration permeability, already at the lowest DOX concentrations tested (0.01 μM) under PhysOx, whereas obvious changes under AtmOx were observed as of 0.16 μM and higher with a near all or nothing effect. The latter findings suggested that PODO/TERT256 could serve as an in vitro human podocyte model for studying glomerulotoxicity, whereby culturing at PhyOx tension appeared critical for an improved in vivo-like phenotype and functionality. Moreover, PODO/TERT256 could be incorporated into advanced human glomerulus systems in vitro, recapitulating microfluidic conditions and multiple cell types (endothelial and mesenchymal cells) that can even better predict human glomerular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schlichenmaier
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Zielinski
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Sascha Beneke
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Singh K, Bhushan B, Singh B. Advances in Drug Discovery and Design using Computer-aided Molecular Modeling. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2024; 20:697-710. [PMID: 37711101 DOI: 10.2174/1573409920666230914123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided molecular modeling is a rapidly emerging technology that is being used to accelerate the discovery and design of new drug therapies. It involves the use of computer algorithms and 3D structures of molecules to predict interactions between molecules and their behavior in the body. This has drastically improved the speed and accuracy of drug discovery and design. Additionally, computer-aided molecular modeling has the potential to reduce costs, increase the quality of data, and identify promising targets for drug development. Through the use of sophisticated methods, such as virtual screening, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, and quantitative structure-activity relationships, scientists can achieve higher levels of efficacy and safety for new drugs. Moreover, it can be used to understand the activity of known drugs and simplify the process of formulating, optimizing, and predicting the pharmacokinetics of new and existing drugs. In conclusion, computer-aided molecular modeling is an effective tool to rapidly progress drug discovery and design by predicting the interactions between molecules and anticipating the behavior of new drugs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhoopendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, B.S.A. College of Engineering & Technology, Mathura Uttar Pradesh India
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6
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Krishnamoorthi S, Kasinathan GN, Paramasivam G, Rath SN, Prakash J. Selective Targeting of Lung Cancer Cells with Methylparaben-Tethered-Quinidine Cocrystals in 3D Spheroid Models. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46628-46639. [PMID: 38107962 PMCID: PMC10720001 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The development and design of pharmaceutical cocrystals for various biological applications has garnered significant interest. In this study, we have established methodologies for the growth of the methylparaben-quinidine cocrystal (MP-QU), which exhibits a well-defined order that favors structure-property correlation. To confirm the cocrystal formation, we subjected the cocrystals to various physicochemical analyses such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), Raman, and IR spectroscopy. The results of the XRD pattern comparisons indicated no polymorphisms, and density functional theory (DFT) studies in both gaseous and liquid phases revealed enhanced stability. Our in silico docking studies demonstrated the cocrystal's high-affinity binding towards cancer-specific epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Janus kinase (JAK), and other receptors. Furthermore, in vitro testing against three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of lung cancer (A549) and normal fibroblast cells (L929) demonstrated the cocrystal's higher anticancer potential, supported by cell viability measurements and live/dead assays. Interestingly, the cocrystal showed selectivity between cancerous and normal 3D spheroids. We found that the MP-QU cocrystal inhibited migration and invadopodia formation of cancer spheroids in a favorable 3D microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sritharan Krishnamoorthi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Gokula Nathan Kasinathan
- Regenerative
Medicine and Stem Cell Laboratory (RMS), Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Ganesan Paramasivam
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
| | - Subha Narayan Rath
- Regenerative
Medicine and Stem Cell Laboratory (RMS), Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad (IITH), Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
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7
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Gould S, Templin MV. Off target toxicities and links with physicochemical properties of medicinal products, including antibiotics, oligonucleotides, lipid nanoparticles (with cationic and/or anionic charges). Data review suggests an emerging pattern. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:14-29. [PMID: 37454775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxicology is an essential part of any drug development plan. Circumnavigating the risk of failure because of a toxicity issue can be a challenge, and failure in late development is extremely costly. To identify potential risks, it requires more than just understanding the biological target. The toxicologist needs to consider a compound's structure, it's physicochemical properties (including the impact of the overall formulation), as well as the biological target (e.g., receptor interactions). Understanding the impact of the physicochemical properties can be used to predict potential toxicities in advance by incorporating key endpoints in early screening strategies and/or used to compare toxicity profiles across lead candidates. This review discussed the risks of off-target and/or non-specific toxicities that may be associated with the physicochemical properties of compounds, especially those carrying dominant positive or negative charges, including amphiphilic small molecules, peptides, oligonucleotides and lipids/liposomes/lipid nanoparticles. The latter of which are being seen more and more in drug development, including the recent Covid pandemic, where mRNA and lipid nanoparticle technology is playing more of a role in vaccine development. The translation between non-clinical and clinical data is also considered, questioning how a physicochemical driven toxicity may be more universal across species, which means that such toxicity may be reassuringly translatable between species and as such, this information may also be considered as a support to the 3 R's, particularly in the early screening stages of a drug development plan.
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8
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Flynn NR, Swamidass SJ. Message Passing Neural Networks Improve Prediction of Metabolite Authenticity. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1675-1694. [PMID: 36926871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes aid in the elimination of a preponderance of small molecule drugs, but can generate reactive metabolites that may adversely react with protein and DNA and prompt drug candidate attrition or market withdrawal. Previously developed models help understand how these enzymes modify molecule structure by predicting sites of metabolism or characterizing formation of metabolite-biomolecule adducts. However, the majority of reactive metabolites are formed by multiple metabolic steps, and understanding the progenitor molecule's network-level behavior necessitates an integrative approach that blends multiple site of metabolism and structure inference models. Our previously developed tool, XenoNet 1.0, generates metabolic networks, where nodes are molecules and weighted edges are metabolic transformations. We extend XenoNet with a bidirectional message passing neural network that integrates edge feature information and local network structure using edge-conditioned graph convolutions and jumping knowledge to predict the authenticity of inferred Phase I metabolite structures. Our model significantly outperformed prior work and algorithmic baselines on a data set of 311 networks and 6606 intermediates annotated using a chemically diverse set of 20 736 individual in vitro and in vivo reaction records accounting for 92.3% of all human Phase I metabolism in the Accelrys Metabolite Database. Cross-validated predictions resulted in area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 88.5% and 87.6% for separating experimentally observed and unobserved metabolites at global and network levels, respectively. Further analysis verified robustness to networks of varying depth and breadth, accurate detection of metabolites, such as d,l-methamphetamine, that are experimentally observed or unobserved in different network contexts, extraction of important metabolic subnetworks, and identification of known bioactivation pathways, such as for nimesulide and terbinafine. By exploiting network structures, our approach accurately suggests unreported metabolites for experimental study and may rationalize modifications for avoiding deleterious pathways antecedent to reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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9
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Burns AL, Sleebs BE, Gancheva M, McLean KT, Siddiqui G, Venter H, Beeson JG, O’Handley R, Creek DJ, Ma S, Frölich S, Goodman CD, McFadden GI, Wilson DW. Targeting malaria parasites with novel derivatives of azithromycin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1063407. [PMID: 36530422 PMCID: PMC9748569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1063407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spread of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites is of global concern and highlights the need to identify new antimalarials for future treatments. Azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic used clinically against malaria, kills parasites via two mechanisms: 'delayed death' by inhibiting the bacterium-like ribosomes of the apicoplast, and 'quick-killing' that kills rapidly across the entire blood stage development. Methods Here, 22 azithromycin analogues were explored for delayed death and quick-killing activities against P. falciparum (the most virulent human malaria) and P. knowlesi (a monkey parasite that frequently infects humans). Results Seventeen analogues showed improved quick-killing against both Plasmodium species, with up to 38 to 20-fold higher potency over azithromycin after less than 48 or 28 hours of treatment for P. falciparum and P. knowlesi, respectively. Quick-killing analogues maintained activity throughout the blood stage lifecycle, including ring stages of P. falciparum parasites (<12 hrs treatment) and were >5-fold more selective against P. falciparum than human cells. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate supplemented parasites that lacked an apicoplast were equally sensitive to quick-killing analogues, confirming that the quick killing activity of these drugs was not directed at the apicoplast. Further, activity against the related apicoplast containing parasite Toxoplasma gondii and the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae did not show improvement over azithromycin, highlighting the specific improvement in antimalarial quick-killing activity. Metabolomic profiling of parasites subjected to the most potent compound showed a build-up of non-haemoglobin derived peptides that was similar to chloroquine, while also exhibiting accumulation of haemoglobin-derived peptides that was absent for chloroquine treatment. Discussion The azithromycin analogues characterised in this study expand the structural diversity over previously reported quick-killing compounds and provide new starting points to develop azithromycin analogues with quick-killing antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Burns
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,School of Science and Technology, the University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Gancheva
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kimberley T. McLean
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ghizal Siddiqui
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Henrietta Venter
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ryan O’Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sonja Frölich
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Danny W. Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,*Correspondence: Danny W. Wilson,
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10
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Perkins GE, Finlayson KA, van de Merwe JP. Pelagic and coastal green turtles (Chelonia mydas) experience differences in chemical exposure and effect. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114027. [PMID: 35985101 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Green turtles foraging in coastal areas are exposed to land-based chemical pollutants that accumulate in the habitats to which they show high site fidelity. However, prior to coastal recruitment, they may be exposed to a different range of chemical threats. The recent development of species-specific in vitro bioassays for marine turtles allows for an effect-based assessment of toxicological endpoints. Blood was collected from green turtles of two life-stages, 'recent recruits' and 'coastal residents', in Hervey Bay and Moreton Bay. Organic contaminants were extracted from blood using the QuEChERS method, and cytotoxicity of the extracts measured in green turtle skin cells. Although not statistically significant, extracts from 'coastal residents' exhibited greater mean toxicity compared to 'recent recruits', possibly indicative of increased chemical accumulation from coastal habitat exposure. The bioassay results also indicated that turtles foraging in Hervey Bay are at greater risk of chemical exposure than those foraging in Moreton Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Perkins
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | | | - Jason P van de Merwe
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia
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11
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Netto JB, Melo ESA, Oliveira AGS, Sousa LR, Santiago LR, Santos DM, Chagas RCR, Gonçalves AS, Thomé RG, Santos HB, Reis RM, Ribeiro RIMA. Matteucinol combined with temozolomide inhibits glioblastoma proliferation, invasion, and progression: an in vitro, in silico, and in vivo study. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12076. [PMID: 36000612 PMCID: PMC9394692 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and malignant brain tumor identified in adults. Surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, mainly with temozolomide (TMZ), is the chosen treatment for this type of tumor. However, the average survival of patients is around 15 months. Novel approaches to glioblastoma treatment are greatly needed. Here, we aimed to investigate the anti-glioblastoma effect of the combination of matteucinol (Mat) (dihydroxyflavanone derived from Miconia chamissois Naudin) with the chemotherapeutic TMZ in vitro using tumor (U-251MG) and normal astrocyte (NHA) cell lines and in vivo using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The combination was cytotoxic and selective for tumor cells (28 μg/mL Mat and 9.71 μg/mL TMZ). Additionally, the combination did not alter cell adhesion but caused morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis in vitro. Notably, the combination was also able to reduce tumor growth in the chick embryo model (CAM assay). The docking results showed that Mat was the best ligand to the cell death membrane receptor TNFR1 and to TNFR1/TMZ complex, suggesting that these two molecules may be working together increasing their potential. In conclusion, Mat-TMZ can be a good candidate for pharmacokinetic studies in view of clinical use for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Netto
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - E S A Melo
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | | | - L R Sousa
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - L R Santiago
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - D M Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - R C R Chagas
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - A S Gonçalves
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, ES, Brasil
| | - R G Thomé
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - H B Santos
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - R M Reis
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia Molecular, Hospital do Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, SP, Brasil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R I M A Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
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Ramos JP, Abdel-Salam MAL, Nobre DAB, Glanzmann N, de Souza CP, Leite EA, de Abreu Teles PP, Barbosa AS, Barcelos LS, Dos Reis DC, Cassali GD, de Lima ME, de Castro QJT, Grabe-Guimarães A, da Silva AD, de Souza-Fagundes EM. Acute toxicity and antitumor potential of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole dhmtAc-loaded liposomes on a triple-negative breast cancer model. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200004. [PMID: 35621705 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, compounds developed from the 1,2,3-triazole scaffold were evaluated as novel drugs to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Four organic salts were idealized as nonclassical bioisosteres of miltefosine, which is used in the topical treatment for skin metastasizing breast carcinoma. Among them, derivative dhmtAc displayed better solubility and higher cytotoxicity against the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line and mouse 4T1 cell lines, which are representatives of TNBC. In vitro assays revealed that dhmtAc interferes with cell integrity, confirmed by lactate dehydogenase leakage. Due to its human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) toxicity, dhmtAc in vivo studies were carried out with the drug incorporated in a long-circulating and pH-sensitive liposome (SpHL-dhmtAc), and the acute toxicity in BALB/c mice was determined. Free dhmtAc displayed cardiac and pulmonary toxicity after the systemic administration of 5 mg/kg doses. On the other hand, SpHL-dhmtAc displayed no toxicity at 20 mg/kg. The in vivo antitumor effect of SpHL-dhmtAc was investigated using the 4T1 heterotopic murine model. Intravenous administration of SpHL-dhmtAc reduced the tumor volume and weight, without interfering with the body weight, compared with the control group and the dhmtAc free form. The incorporation of the triazole compound in the liposome allowed the demonstration of its anticancer potential. These findings evidenced 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole as a promising scaffold for the development of novel drugs with applicability for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas P Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mostafa A L Abdel-Salam
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A B Nobre
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Glanzmann
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Camila P de Souza
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine A Leite
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Abreu Teles
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alan S Barbosa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciola S Barcelos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego C Dos Reis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria E de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina-Biomedicina, Faculdade Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Quênia J T de Castro
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Andrea Grabe-Guimarães
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Adilson D da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Piossek F, Beneke S, Schlichenmaier N, Mucic G, Drewitz S, Dietrich DR. Physiological oxygen and co-culture with human fibroblasts facilitate in vivo-like properties in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Göethel G, Augsten LV, das Neves GM, Gonçalves IL, de Souza JPS, Garcia SC, Eifler-Lima VL. The role of alternative toxicological trials in drug discovery programs: The case of Caenorhabditis elegans and other methods. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5270-5288. [PMID: 35352642 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220329190825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new drug requires over a billion dollars and around 12 years of research efforts, and toxicity is the leading reason for failure to approve candidate drugs. Many alternative methods have been validated to detect toxicity as early as possible to diminish the waste of resources and efforts in medicinal chemistry research, and in vivo alternative methods are especially valuable for the amount of information they can give at little cost and in a short time. In this work, we present a review of the literature published between the years 2000 and 2021 of in vivo alternative methods of toxicity screening employed in medicinal chemistry, which we believe will be useful because, in addition to shortening research times, these studies provide much additional information aside from the toxicity of drug candidate compounds. These in vivo models include zebrafish, Artemia salina, Galleria mellonella, Drosophila melanogaster, planarians, and Caenorhabditis elegans as highlights. The most published ones in the last decade were zebrafish, D. melanogaster and C. elegans due to their reliability, ease and cost-effectiveness of implementation and flexibility. Special attention is given to C. elegans because of its rising popularity, a wide range of uses including toxicity screening, and active effects measurement, from antioxidant effects to anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities, and its fast and reliable results. Over time, C. elegans also became a viable high-throughput (HTS) automated drug screening option. Additionally, this manuscript lists briefly the other screening methods used for the initial toxicological analyses and the role of alternative in vivo methods in these scenarios, classifying them as in silico, in vitro and alternative in vivo models, the latter of which have been receiving a growing increase in interest in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX). Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Volnei Augsten
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Silveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX). Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
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15
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Sadekar N, Boisleve F, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Gerberick GF, Griem P, Hickey C, Krutz NL, Lemke O, Mignatelli C, Panettieri R, Pinkerton KE, Renskers KJ, Sterchele P, Switalla S, Wolter M, Api AM. Identifying a reference list of respiratory sensitizers for the evaluation of novel approaches to study respiratory sensitization. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:792-804. [PMID: 35142253 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2024142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of immunological responses that trigger bio-physiological symptoms in the respiratory tract following repeated exposure to a substance, is known as respiratory sensitization. The inducing compound is known as a respiratory sensitizer. While respiratory sensitization by high molecular weight (HMW) materials is recognized and extensively studied, much less information is available regarding low molecular weight (LMW) materials as respiratory sensitizers. Variability of symptoms presented in humans from such exposures, limited availability of (and access to) documented reports, and the absence of standardized and validated test models, hinders the identification of true respiratory sensitizers. This review aims to sort suspected LMW respiratory sensitizers based on available compelling, reasonable, inadequate, or questionable evidence in humans from occupational exposures and use this information to compose a reference list of reported chemical respiratory sensitizers for scientific research purposes. A list of 97 reported respiratory sensitizers was generated from six sources, and 52 LMW organic chemicals were identified, reviewed, and assigned to the four evidence categories. Less than 10 chemicals were confirmed with compelling evidence for induction of respiratory sensitization in humans from occupational exposures. Here, we propose the reference list for developing novel research on respiratory sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaeta Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nora L Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Global Product Stewardship, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | - Reynold Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
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Chemical, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of Honey Bee Venom from Apis mellifera intermissa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121514. [PMID: 34943726 PMCID: PMC8698958 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom from Apis mellifera intermissa, the main honey bee prevailing in Morocco, has been scarcely studied, despite its known potential for pharmacological applications. In the present work, we investigated the composition, the anti-inflammatory activity, and the venom’s cytotoxic properties from fifteen honey bee venom (HBV) samples collected in three regions: northeast, central, and southern Morocco. The chemical assessment of honey bee venom was performed using LC-DAD/ESI/MSn, NIR spectroscopy and AAS spectroscopy. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated using human tumor cell lines, including breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Likewise, we assessed the anti-inflammatory activity using the murine macrophage cell line. The study provides information on the honey bee venom subspecies’ main components, such as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2, with compositional variation depending on the region of collection. Contents of toxic elements such as cadmium, chromium, and plumb were detected at a concentration below 5 ppm, which can be regarded as safe for pharmaceutical use. The data presented contribute to the first study in HBV from Apis mellifera intermissa and highlight the remarkable antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of HBV, suggesting it to be a candidate natural medicine to explore.
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17
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Odell LR, Chau N, Russell CC, Young KA, Gilbert J, Robinson PJ, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Pyrimidyn-Based Dynamin Inhibitors as Novel Cytotoxic Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100560. [PMID: 34590434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Five focused libraries of pyrimidine-based dynamin GTPase inhibitors, in total 69 compounds were synthesised, and their dynamin inhibition and broad-spectrum cytotoxicity examined. Dynamin plays a crucial role in mitosis, and as such inhibition of dynamin was expected to broadly correlate with the observed cytotoxicity. The pyrimidines synthesised ranged from mono-substituted to trisubstituted. The highest levels of dynamin inhibition were noted with di- and tri- substituted pyrimidines, especially those with pendent amino alkyl chains. Short chains and simple heterocyclic rings reduced dynamin activity. There were three levels of dynamin activity noted: 1-10, 10-25 and 25-60 μM. Screening of these compounds in a panel of cancer cell lines: SW480 (colon), HT29 (colon), SMA (spontaneous murine astrocytoma), MCF-7 (breast), BE2-C (glioblastoma), SJ-G2 (neuroblastoma), MIA (pancreas), A2780 (ovarian), A431 (skin), H460 (lung), U87 (glioblastoma) and DU145 (prostate) cell lines reveal a good correlation between the observed dynamin inhibition and the observed cytotoxicity. The most active analogues (31 a,b) developed returned average GI50 values of 1.0 and 0.78 μM across the twelve cell lines examined. These active analogues were: N2 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N4 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 a) and N4 -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N2 -dodecyl-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (31 b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Odell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Cecilia C Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2145 Hawkesbury Road, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Bioprinting of Organ-on-Chip Systems: A Literature Review from a Manufacturing Perspective. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp5030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the reported studies investigating the use of bioprinting to develop functional organ-on-chip systems from a manufacturing perspective. These organ-on-chip systems model the liver, kidney, heart, lung, gut, bone, vessel, and tumors to demonstrate the viability of bioprinted organ-on-chip systems for disease modeling and drug screening. In addition, the paper highlights the challenges involved in using bioprinting techniques for organ-on-chip system fabrications and suggests future research directions. Based on the reviewed studies, it is concluded that bioprinting can be applied for the automated and assembly-free fabrication of organ-on chip systems. These bioprinted organ-on-chip systems can help in the modeling of several different diseases and can thereby expedite drug discovery by providing an efficient platform for drug screening in the preclinical phase of drug development processes.
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19
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Hong S, Song JM. A 3D cell printing-fabricated HepG2 liver spheroid model for high-content in situ quantification of drug-induced liver toxicity. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5939-5950. [PMID: 34318795 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3D spheroid cultures are attractive candidates for application in in vitro drug-induced hepatotoxicity testing models to improve the reliability of biological information obtainable from a simple 2D culture model. Various 3D spheroid culture models exist for hepatotoxicity screening, but quantitative assays of spheroid response in situ are still challenging to achieve with the current 3D liver toxicity platforms. In this study, we developed a 3D printing-based HepG2 liver spheroid culture model for in situ quantitative evaluation and high-content monitoring of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. HepG2 liver spheroids grown in mini-fabricated hydrogel constructs using a 3D bioprinter were used to obtain the EC50 values and to measure the multi-parametric hepatotoxic effects, including mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), cytosolic calcium levels, and apoptosis. Interestingly, the average fluorescence intensities of apoptotic and cell death markers, calculated for out-of-focus and in-focus spheroids, increased proportionally as a function of the drug concentration, allowing for the determination of the EC50 values. In addition, 3D HepG2 spheroids were more resistant to nefazodone-induced MPT than 2D HepG2 cells, indicating that the gelatin/alginate hydrogel culture system provides enhanced resistance to hepatotoxic drugs. The drug response of HepG2 liver spheroids was also found to be unrelated to the spheroid size. These results demonstrate that the present 3D cell-printing-based embedded HepG2 liver spheroid platform is a promising approach for screening and characterizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Mohtar N, Parumasivam T, Gazzali AM, Tan CS, Tan ML, Othman R, Fazalul Rahiman SS, Wahab HA. Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Their Cellular Evaluation for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3539. [PMID: 34298753 PMCID: PMC8303683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancers, the number one cancer killer, can be broadly divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with NSCLC being the most commonly diagnosed type. Anticancer agents for NSCLC suffer from various limitations that can be partly overcome by the application of nanomedicines. Nanoparticles is a branch within nanomedicine that can improve the delivery of anticancer drugs, whilst ensuring the stability and sufficient bioavailability following administration. There are many publications available in the literature exploring different types of nanoparticles from different materials. The effectiveness of a treatment option needs to be validated in suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models. This includes the developed nanoparticles, to prove their safety and efficacy. Many researchers have turned towards in vitro models that use normal cells or specific cells from diseased tissues. However, in cellular works, the physiological dynamics that is available in the body could not be mimicked entirely, and hence, there is still possible development of false positive or false negative results from the in vitro models. This article provides an overview of NSCLC, the different nanoparticles available to date, and in vitro evaluation of the nanoparticles. Different types of cells suitable for in vitro study and the important precautions to limit the development of false results are also extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noratiqah Mohtar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Thaigarajan Parumasivam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Rozana Othman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Siti Sarah Fazalul Rahiman
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
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21
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Räägel H, Turley A, Fish T, Franson J, Rollins T, Campbell S, Jorgensen MR. Medical Device Industry Approaches for Addressing Sources of Failing Cytotoxicity Scores. Biomed Instrum Technol 2021. [PMID: 34043008 DOI: 10.2345/0890-8205-55.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To ensure patient safety, medical device manufacturers are required by the Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory bodies to perform biocompatibility evaluations on their devices per standards, such as the AAMI-approved ISO 10993-1:2018 (ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-1:2018).However, some of these biological tests (e.g., systemic toxicity studies) have long lead times and are costly, which may hinder the release of new medical devices. In recent years, an alternative method using a risk-based approach for evaluating the toxicity (or biocompatibility) profile of chemicals and materials used in medical devices has become more mainstream. This approach is used as a complement to or substitute for traditional testing methods (e.g., systemic toxicity endpoints). Regardless of the approach, the one test still used routinely in initial screening is the cytotoxicity test, which is based on an in vitro cell culture system to evaluate potential biocompatibility effects of the final finished form of a medical device. However, it is known that this sensitive test is not always compatible with specific materials and can lead to failing cytotoxicity scores and an incorrect assumption of potential biological or toxicological adverse effects. This article discusses the common culprits of in vitro cytotoxicity failures, as well as describes the regulatory-approved methodology for cytotoxicity testing and the approach of using toxicological risk assessment to address clinical relevance of cytotoxicity failures for medical devices. Further, discrepancies among test results from in vitro tests, use of published half-maximal inhibitory concentration data, and the derivation of their relationship to tolerable exposure limits, reference doses, or no observed adverse effect levels are highlighted to demonstrate that although cytotoxicity tests in general are regarded as a useful sensitive screening assays, specific medical device materials are not compatible with these cellular/in vitro systems. For these cases, the results should be analyzed using more clinically relevant approaches (e.g., through chemical analysis or written risk assessment).
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22
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Pal R, Dai M, Seleem MN. High-throughput screening identifies a novel natural product-inspired scaffold capable of inhibiting Clostridioides difficile in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10913. [PMID: 34035338 PMCID: PMC8149678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an enteric pathogen responsible for causing debilitating diarrhea, mostly in hospitalized patients. The bacterium exploits on microbial dysbiosis induced by the use of antibiotics to establish infection that ranges from mild watery diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. The increased prevalence of the disease accompanied by exacerbated comorbidity and the paucity of anticlostridial drugs that can tackle recurrence entails novel therapeutic options. Here, we report new lead molecules with potent anticlostridial activity from the AnalytiCon NATx library featuring natural product-inspired or natural product-derived small molecules. A high-throughput whole-cell-based screening of 5000 synthetic compounds from the AnalytiCon NATx library helped us identify 10 compounds capable of inhibiting the pathogen. Out of these 10 hits, we found 3 compounds with potent activity against C. difficile (MIC = 0.5-2 μg/ml). Interestingly, these compounds had minimal to no effect on the indigenous intestinal microbial species tested, unlike the standard-of-care antibiotics vancomycin and fidaxomicin. Further in vitro investigation revealed that the compounds were nontoxic to Caco-2 cell line. Given their potent anticlostridial activity, natural product-inspired scaffolds may suggest potential avenues that can address the unmet needs in preventing C. difficile mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Pal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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23
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Bulanadi JC, Xue A, Gong X, Bean PA, Julovi SM, de Campo L, Smith RC, Moghaddam MJ. Biomimetic Gemcitabine-Lipid Prodrug Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer. Chempluschem 2021; 85:1283-1291. [PMID: 32543086 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (Gem) is a key drug for pancreatic cancer, yet limited by high systemic toxicity, low bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetic profiles. To overcome these limitations, Gem prodrug amphiphiles were synthesised with oleyl, linoleyl and phytanyl chains. Self-assembly and lyotropic mesophase behaviour of these amphiphiles were examined using polarised optical microscopy and Synchrotron SAXS (SSAXS). Gem-phytanyl was found to form liquid crystalline inverse cubic mesophase. This prodrug was combined with phospholipids and cholesterol to create biomimetic Gem-lipid prodrug nanoparticles (Gem-LPNP), verified by SSAXS and cryo-TEM to form liposomes. In vitro testing of the Gem-LPNP in several pancreatic cancer cell lines showed lower toxicity than Gem. However, in a cell line-derived pancreatic cancer mouse model Gem-LPNP displayed greater tumour growth inhibition than Gem using a fraction (<6 %) of the clinical dose and without any systemic toxicity. The easy production, improved efficacy and low toxicity of Gem-LPNP represents a promising new nanomedicine for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerikho C Bulanadi
- CSIRO Manufacturing, P.O. BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia.,Cancer Surgery and Metabolism Group, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Aiqun Xue
- Cancer Surgery and Metabolism Group, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- CSIRO Manufacturing, P.O. BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia.,NanoMed Pty Ltd., 2/11-13 Orion Road, Lane Cove West, NSW, 2066, Australia
| | - Penelope A Bean
- CSIRO Manufacturing, P.O. BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia.,NanoMed Pty Ltd., 2/11-13 Orion Road, Lane Cove West, NSW, 2066, Australia
| | - Sohel M Julovi
- Cancer Surgery and Metabolism Group, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | | | - Ross C Smith
- Cancer Surgery and Metabolism Group, University of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,NanoMed Pty Ltd., 2/11-13 Orion Road, Lane Cove West, NSW, 2066, Australia
| | - Minoo J Moghaddam
- CSIRO Manufacturing, P.O. BOX 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670, Australia.,NanoMed Pty Ltd., 2/11-13 Orion Road, Lane Cove West, NSW, 2066, Australia
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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25
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Räägel H, Turley A, Fish T, Franson J, Rollins T, Campbell S, Jorgensen MR. Medical Device Industry Approaches for Addressing Sources of Failing Cytotoxicity Scores. Biomed Instrum Technol 2021; 55:69-84. [PMID: 34043008 PMCID: PMC8641414 DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-55.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To ensure patient safety, medical device manufacturers are required by the Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory bodies to perform biocompatibility evaluations on their devices per standards, such as the AAMI-approved ISO 10993-1:2018 (ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-1:2018).However, some of these biological tests (e.g., systemic toxicity studies) have long lead times and are costly, which may hinder the release of new medical devices. In recent years, an alternative method using a risk-based approach for evaluating the toxicity (or biocompatibility) profile of chemicals and materials used in medical devices has become more mainstream. This approach is used as a complement to or substitute for traditional testing methods (e.g., systemic toxicity endpoints). Regardless of the approach, the one test still used routinely in initial screening is the cytotoxicity test, which is based on an in vitro cell culture system to evaluate potential biocompatibility effects of the final finished form of a medical device. However, it is known that this sensitive test is not always compatible with specific materials and can lead to failing cytotoxicity scores and an incorrect assumption of potential biological or toxicological adverse effects. This article discusses the common culprits of in vitro cytotoxicity failures, as well as describes the regulatory-approved methodology for cytotoxicity testing and the approach of using toxicological risk assessment to address clinical relevance of cytotoxicity failures for medical devices. Further, discrepancies among test results from in vitro tests, use of published half-maximal inhibitory concentration data, and the derivation of their relationship to tolerable exposure limits, reference doses, or no observed adverse effect levels are highlighted to demonstrate that although cytotoxicity tests in general are regarded as a useful sensitive screening assays, specific medical device materials are not compatible with these cellular/in vitro systems. For these cases, the results should be analyzed using more clinically relevant approaches (e.g., through chemical analysis or written risk assessment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Helin Räägel, PhD, is a senior biocompatibility expert at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Audrey Turley
- Audrey Turley, BS, is a senior biocompatibility expert at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Trevor Fish
- Trevor Fish, MS, is a toxicologist at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Jeralyn Franson
- Jeralyn Franson, MS, is an associate technical consultant at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Thor Rollins
- Thor Rollins, BS, is a director of toxicology and E&L consulting at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Sarah Campbell
- Sarah Campbell, PhD, DABT, is a principal toxicologist at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT, and a title in the College of Pharmacy at the University of Utah, in Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Matthew R. Jorgensen
- Matthew R Jorgensen, PhD, DABT, is a chemist, materials scientist, and toxicologist at Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake City, UT.
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26
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The use of aptamers in prostate cancer: A systematic review of theranostic applications. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:9-25. [PMID: 33794195 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since prostate cancer (PCa) relies on limited diagnosis and therapies, more effective alternatives are needed. Aptamers are versatile tools that may be applied for better clinical management of PCa patients. This review shows the trends on aptamer-based applications for PCa to understand their future development. We searched articles reporting aptamers applied in PCa on the Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases over the last decade. Almost 80% of the articles used previously selected aptamers in novel approaches. However, cell-SELEX was the most applied technique for the selection of new aptamers allowing their binding to targets in their native configuration. ssDNA aptamers were 24% more common than RNA aptamers. The most studied PCa-specific aptamers were the DNA PSA-specific aptamer PSap4#5 and the PSMA-specific RNA aptamers A10 and A9, being PSA and PSMA the most reported targets. Thus, researchers still prefer the ease of use of DNA aptamers. Blood-based liquid biopsies represented 24% of all samples, being the most promising clinical samples. Especially noteworthy, electro-analytical methods accounted for more than 40% of the diagnostic techniques and treatment approaches with drug delivery systems or transcriptional modifiers were reported in 70% of the articles. Although all these articles showed clinically relevant aptamers for PCa and there are good prospects for their use, the development of all these strategies was in its early stages. Thus, the aptamers are not completely validated and we foresee that the completion of clinical studies will allow the implementation of these aptamer-based technologies in the clinical practice of PCa.
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27
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Chapman KE, Wilde EC, Chapman FM, Verma JR, Shah UK, Stannard LM, Seager AL, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Doherty AT, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:321-336. [PMID: 32910239 PMCID: PMC7811515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro genotoxicity tests can produce misleading positive results, indicating an inability to effectively predict a compound's subsequent carcinogenic potential in vivo. Such oversensitivity can incur unnecessary in vivo tests to further investigate positive in vitro results, supporting the need to improve in vitro tests to better inform risk assessment. It is increasingly acknowledged that more informative in vitro tests using multiple endpoints may support the correct identification of carcinogenic potential. The present study, therefore, employed a holistic, multiple-endpoint approach using low doses of selected carcinogens and non-carcinogens (0.001-770 µM) to assess whether these chemicals caused perturbations in molecular and cellular endpoints relating to the Hallmarks of Cancer. Endpoints included micronucleus induction, alterations in gene expression, cell cycle dynamics, cell morphology and bioenergetics in the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. Carcinogens ochratoxin A and oestradiol produced greater Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity scores for the combined endpoints than the "misleading" in vitro positive compounds, quercetin, 2,4-dichlorophenol and quinacrine dihydrochloride and toxic non-carcinogens, caffeine, cycloheximide and phenformin HCl. This study provides compelling evidence that carcinogens can successfully be distinguished from non-carcinogens using a holistic in vitro test system. Avoidance of misleading in vitro outcomes could lead to the reduction and replacement of animals in carcinogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Leanne M Stannard
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Ann T Doherty
- Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca, DSM, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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28
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Chang Y, Huynh CTT, Bastin KM, Rivera BN, Siddens LK, Tilton SC. Classifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by carcinogenic potency using in vitro biosignatures. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104991. [PMID: 32890658 PMCID: PMC7572825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges for risk assessment is evaluation of chemicals that predominately co-occur in mixtures like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We previously developed a classification model in which systems biology data collected from mice short-term after chemical exposure accurately predict tumor outcome. The present study demonstrates translation of this approach into a human in vitro model in which chemical-specific bioactivity profiles from 3D human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) classify PAHs by carcinogenic potency. Gene expression profiles were analyzed from HBEC exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAHs and classification accuracies were identified for individual pathway-based gene sets. Posterior probabilities of best performing gene sets were combined via Bayesian integration resulting in a classifier with four gene sets, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition, regulation of angiogenesis, and cell cycle G2-M. In addition, transcriptional benchmark dose modeling of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) showed that the most sensitive gene sets to BAP regulation were largely dissimilar from those that best classified PAH carcinogenicity challenging current assumptions that BAP carcinogenicity (and subsequent mode of action) is reflective of overall PAH carcinogenicity. These results illustrate utility of using systems toxicology approaches to analyze global gene expression towards carcinogenic hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chang
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Celine Thanh Thu Huynh
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kelley M Bastin
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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29
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Andrade C, Ferreres F, Gomes NGM, Gil-Izquierdo A, Bapia S, Duangsrisai S, Pereira DM, Andrade PB, Valentão P. Gustavia gracillima Miers. flowers effects on enzymatic targets underlying metabolic disorders and characterization of its polyphenolic content by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS n. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109694. [PMID: 33233268 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding Gustavia gracillima Miers widespread distribution in neotropical regions, its chemical profile and biological properties remain uninvestigated. A methanol extract obtained from the flowers was characterized through HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn, nine ellagic acid derivatives and twelve kaempferol 3-O-glycosides being identified and quantitated for the first time at the species and genus. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening did not reveal noticeable effects upon gastrointestinal representative cell lines (AGS, Caco-2 and Hep G2), which further prompted us to evaluate the impact in a series of targets involved in metabolic disorders and associated complications. Despite of the moderate inhibition towards 5-lipoxygense activity, G. gracillima methanol extract displayed significant effects on carbohydrates-hydrolysing enzymes. In contrast with the antidiabetic reference drug acarbose, the extract was able to selectively inhibit yeast α-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 4.72 µg/mL), with negligible inhibitory effects upon α-amylase. Kinetic studies pointed to a model of mixed inhibition with a great binding activity, characterized by an inhibitory constant of 2.91 µg/mL. The notable inhibitory activity was also confirmed in α-glucosidase homogenates isolated from human intestinal cells (IC50 = 34.03 µg/mL). Moreover, the extract obtained from the flowers of G. gracillima displayed significant aldose reductase inhibition (IC50 = 61.88 µg/mL), as well as O2- and NO scavenging properties. A moderate inhibitory effect was also recorded against pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 362.17 µg/mL) through a mixed inhibition mode. Recorded data supports the potential incorporation of G. gracillima flowers on antidiabetic herbal formulations and/or supplements, with not only straight action on carbohydrates digestion, but also direct interference with targets involved on subsequent diabetes events, such as triglycerides metabolism, inflammation and radical-mediated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, Universidad Católica de Murcia. UCAM, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sorawit Bapia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sutsawat Duangsrisai
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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30
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Blay V, Tolani B, Ho SP, Arkin MR. High-Throughput Screening: today's biochemical and cell-based approaches. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1807-1821. [PMID: 32801051 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) provides starting chemical matter in the adventure of developing a new drug. In this review, we survey several HTS methods used today for hit identification, organized in two main flavors: biochemical and cell-based assays. Biochemical assays discussed include fluorescence polarization and anisotropy, FRET, TR-FRET, and fluorescence lifetime analysis. Binding-based methods are also surveyed, including NMR, SPR, mass spectrometry, and DSF. On the other hand, cell-based assays discussed include viability, reporter gene, second messenger, and high-throughput microscopy assays. We devote some emphasis to high-content screening, which is becoming very popular. An advisable stage after hit discovery using phenotypic screens is target deconvolution, and we provide an overview of current chemical proteomics, in silico, and chemical genetics tools. Emphasis is made on recent CRISPR/dCas-based screens. Lastly, we illustrate some of the considerations that inform the choice of HTS methods and point to some areas with potential interest for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blay
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Tolani
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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31
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Ramadan Q, Zourob M. Organ-on-a-chip engineering: Toward bridging the gap between lab and industry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:041501. [PMID: 32699563 PMCID: PMC7367691 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a very ambitious emerging technology with a high potential to revolutionize many medical and industrial sectors, particularly in preclinical-to-clinical translation in the pharmaceutical arena. In vivo, the function of the organ(s) is orchestrated by a complex cellular structure and physiochemical factors within the extracellular matrix and secreted by various types of cells. The trend in in vitro modeling is to simplify the complex anatomy of the human organ(s) to the minimal essential cellular structure "micro-anatomy" instead of recapitulating the full cellular milieu that enables studying the absorption, metabolism, as well as the mechanistic investigation of drug compounds in a "systemic manner." However, in order to reflect the human physiology in vitro and hence to be able to bridge the gap between the in vivo and in vitro data, simplification should not compromise the physiological relevance. Engineering principles have long been applied to solve medical challenges, and at this stage of organ-on-a-chip technology development, the work of biomedical engineers, focusing on device engineering, is more important than ever to accelerate the technology transfer from the academic lab bench to specialized product development institutions and to the increasingly demanding market. In this paper, instead of presenting a narrative review of the literature, we systemically present a synthesis of the best available organ-on-a-chip technology from what is found, what has been achieved, and what yet needs to be done. We emphasized mainly on the requirements of a "good in vitro model that meets the industrial need" in terms of the structure (micro-anatomy), functions (micro-physiology), and characteristics of the device that hosts the biological model. Finally, we discuss the biological model-device integration supported by an example and the major challenges that delay the OOC technology transfer to the industry and recommended possible options to realize a functional organ-on-a-chip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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32
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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33
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Shanti A, Samara B, Abdullah A, Hallfors N, Accoto D, Sapudom J, Alatoom A, Teo J, Danti S, Stefanini C. Multi-Compartment 3D-Cultured Organ-on-a-Chip: Towards a Biomimetic Lymph Node for Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E464. [PMID: 32438634 PMCID: PMC7284904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of immune cells with drugs and/or with other cell types should be mechanistically investigated in order to reduce attrition of new drug development. However, they are currently only limited technologies that address this need. In our work, we developed initial but significant building blocks that enable such immune-drug studies. We developed a novel microfluidic platform replicating the Lymph Node (LN) microenvironment called LN-on-a-chip, starting from design all the way to microfabrication, characterization and validation in terms of architectural features, fluidics, cytocompatibility, and usability. To prove the biomimetics of this microenvironment, we inserted different immune cell types in a microfluidic device, which showed an in-vivo-like spatial distribution. We demonstrated that the developed LN-on-a-chip incorporates key features of the native human LN, namely, (i) similarity in extracellular matrix composition, morphology, porosity, stiffness, and permeability, (ii) compartmentalization of immune cells within distinct structural domains, (iii) replication of the lymphatic fluid flow pattern, (iv) viability of encapsulated cells in collagen over the typical timeframe of immunotoxicity experiments, and (v) interaction among different cell types across chamber boundaries. Further studies with this platform may assess the immune cell function as a step forward to disclose the effects of pharmaceutics to downstream immunology in more physiologically relevant microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Bisan Samara
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Amal Abdullah
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Nicholas Hallfors
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
| | - Dino Accoto
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Aseel Alatoom
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE; (J.S.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering, New York University, P.O. Box 903, New York, NY 10276-0903, USA
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, UAE; (A.S.); (B.S.); (A.A.); (N.H.)
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Ramm S, Todorov P, Chandrasekaran V, Dohlman A, Monteiro MB, Pavkovic M, Muhlich J, Shankaran H, Chen WW, Mettetal JT, Vaidya VS. A Systems Toxicology Approach for the Prediction of Kidney Toxicity and Its Mechanisms In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:54-69. [PMID: 30649541 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to predict kidney toxicity of new chemical entities early in the development process before they reach humans remains a critical issue. Here, we used primary human kidney cells and applied a systems biology approach that combines multidimensional datasets and machine learning to identify biomarkers that not only predict nephrotoxic compounds but also provide hints toward their mechanism of toxicity. Gene expression and high-content imaging-derived phenotypical data from 46 diverse kidney toxicants were analyzed using Random Forest machine learning. Imaging features capturing changes in cell morphology and nucleus texture along with mRNA levels of HMOX1 and SQSTM1 were identified as the most powerful predictors of toxicity. These biomarkers were validated by their ability to accurately predict kidney toxicity of four out of six candidate therapeutics that exhibited toxicity only in late stage preclinical/clinical studies. Network analysis of similarities in toxic phenotypes was performed based on live-cell high-content image analysis at seven time points. Using compounds with known mechanism as reference, we could infer potential mechanisms of toxicity of candidate therapeutics. In summary, we report an approach to generate a multidimensional biomarker panel for mechanistic de-risking and prediction of kidney toxicity in in vitro for new therapeutic candidates and chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Petar Todorov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Anders Dohlman
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Maria B Monteiro
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Mira Pavkovic
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Muhlich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Harish Shankaran
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - William W Chen
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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35
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Revealing cytotoxic substructures in molecules using deep learning. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 34:731-746. [PMID: 32297073 PMCID: PMC7292813 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In drug development, late stage toxicity issues of a compound are the main cause of failure in clinical trials. In silico methods are therefore of high importance to guide the early design process to reduce time, costs and animal testing. Technical advances and the ever growing amount of available toxicity data enabled machine learning, especially neural networks, to impact the field of predictive toxicology. In this study, cytotoxicity prediction, one of the earliest handles in drug discovery, is investigated using a deep learning approach trained on a highly consistent in-house data set of over 34,000 compounds with a share of less than 5% of cytotoxic molecules. The model reached a balanced accuracy of over 70%, similar to previously reported studies using Random Forest. Albeit yielding good results, neural networks are often described as a black box lacking deeper mechanistic understanding of the underlying model. To overcome this absence of interpretability, a Deep Taylor Decomposition method is investigated to identify substructures that may be responsible for the cytotoxic effects, the so-called toxicophores. Furthermore, this study introduces cytotoxicity maps which provide a visual structural interpretation of the relevance of these substructures. Using this approach could be helpful in drug development to predict the potential toxicity of a compound as well as to generate new insights into the toxic mechanism. Moreover, it could also help to de-risk and optimize compounds.
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36
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Jiao Y, Preston S, Hofmann A, Taki A, Baell J, Chang BCH, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. A perspective on the discovery of selected compounds with anthelmintic activity against the barber's pole worm-Where to from here? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:1-45. [PMID: 32291083 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals worldwide. Anthelmintic treatment is central to controlling these worms, but widespread resistance to most of the commercially available anthelmintics for veterinary and agricultural use is compromising control, such that there is an urgency to discover new and effective drugs. The purpose of this article is to review information on parasitic nematodes, the treatment and control of parasitic nematode infections and aspects of discovering new anthelmintics in the context of anthelmintic resistance problems, and then to discuss some progress that our group has made in identifying selected compounds with activity against nematodes. The focus of our recent work has been on discovering new chemical entities and known drugs with anthelmintic activities against Haemonchus contortus as well as other socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes for subsequent development. Using whole worm-based phenotypic assays, we have been screening compound collections obtained via product-development-partnerships and/or collaborators, and active compounds have been assessed for their potential as anthelmintic candidates. Following the screening of 15,333 chemicals from five distinct compound collections against H. contortus, we have discovered one new chemical entity (designated SN00797439), two human kinase inhibitors (SNS-032 and AG-1295), 14 tetrahydroquinoxaline analogues, one insecticide (tolfenpyrad) and two tolfenpyrad (pyrazole-5-carboxamide) derivatives (a-15 and a-17) with anthelmintic activity in vitro. Some of these 20 'hit' compounds have selectivity against H. contortus in vitro when compared to particular human cell lines. In our opinion, some of these compounds could represent starting points for 'lead' development. Accordingly, the next research steps to be pursued include: (i) chemical optimisation of representative chemicals via structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluations; (ii) assessment of the breadth of spectrum of anthelmintic activity on a range of other parasitic nematodes, such as strongyloids, ascaridoids, enoplids and filarioids; (iii) detailed investigations of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of optimised chemicals with broad nematocidal or nematostatic activity; and (iv) establishment of the modes of action of lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Jiao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aya Taki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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38
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39
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Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:131-148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Corbett JL, Duncan SA. iPSC-Derived Hepatocytes as a Platform for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:265. [PMID: 31803747 PMCID: PMC6873655 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body and is responsible for a diverse repertoire of metabolic processes. Such processes include the secretion of serum proteins, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, bile acid and urea synthesis, detoxification of drugs and metabolic waste products, and vitamin and carbohydrate storage. Currently, liver disease is one of the most prevalent causes of mortality in the USA with congenital liver defects contributing to a significant proportion of these deaths. Historically the study of liver disease has been hampered by a shortage of organ donors, the subsequent scarcity of healthy tissue, and the failure of animal models to fully recapitulate human liver function. In vitro culture of hepatocytes has also proven difficult because primary hepatocytes rapidly de-differentiate in culture. Recent advances in stem cell technology have facilitated the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from various somatic cell types from patients. Such cells can be differentiated to a liver cell fate, essentially providing a limitless supply of cells with hepatocyte characteristics that can mimic the pathophysiology of liver disease. Furthermore, development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, as well as advancement of miniaturized differentiation platforms has facilitated the development of high throughput models for the investigation of hepatocyte differentiation and drug discovery. In this review, we will explore the latest advances in iPSC-based disease modeling and drug screening platforms and examine how this technology is being used to identify new pharmacological interventions, and to advance our understanding of liver development and mechanisms of disease. We will cover how iPSC technology is being used to develop predictive models for rare diseases and how information gained from large in vitro screening experiments can be used to directly inform clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen A. Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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41
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Matsui T, Miyamoto K, Yamanaka K, Okai Y, Kaushik EP, Harada K, Wagoner M, Shinozawa T. Cell-based two-dimensional morphological assessment system to predict cancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 383:114761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Sağlık BN, Çevik UA, Osmaniye D, Levent S, Çavuşoğlu BK, Demir Y, Ilgın S, Özkay Y, Koparal AS, Beydemir Ş, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis, molecular docking analysis and carbonic anhydrase I-II inhibitory evaluation of new sulfonamide derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Takemura A, Gong S, Sekine S, Ito K. Inhibition of biliary network reconstruction by benzbromarone delays recovery from pre-existing liver injury. Toxicology 2019; 423:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44
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Shi W, Reid L, Huang Y, Uhl CG, He R, Zhou C, Liu Y. Bi-layer blood vessel mimicking microfluidic platform for antitumor drug screening based on co-culturing 3D tumor spheroids and endothelial layers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044108. [PMID: 31372195 PMCID: PMC6669041 DOI: 10.1063/1.5108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is not ideal for traditional drug screening, because 2D culture does not accurately mimic the physiological microenvironment of tumor cells. Thus, a drug-screening system which more closely mimics the microenvironment of in vivo tumors is necessary. Here, we present a biomimicking bilayer microfluidic device that can facilitate antitumor drug screening. The microfluidic device consists of two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pieces with channels which are separated by a semipermeable membrane to allow water, oxygen, and nutrition supply, while preventing cell migration. The channels embedded on the two PDMS pieces overlap each other over a long distance to ensure a larger exchange area to mimic the blood vessel-tumor model. High concentrations of endothelial cells (EC) are first seeded onto the membrane through the apical channel, and after a two-day culture, a confluent EC monolayer forms. Tumor spheroid-laden Matrigel is then seeded into the basal channel. After the Matrigel is cured, the device is ready for drug testing. Paclitaxel is used as the model drug for testing. Confocal microscopy and ImageJ are used to assess the efficacy of different concentrations of paclitaxel, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) is employed to determine the tumor volumetric change after the drug treatment. The results indicate that the proposed bilayer microfluidic device in combination with confocal and OCT optical characterization provide an efficient platform for antitumor drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Lara Reid
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yongyang Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Christopher G. Uhl
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Ran He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | | | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Ribeiro AJS, Yang X, Patel V, Madabushi R, Strauss DG. Liver Microphysiological Systems for Predicting and Evaluating Drug Effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:139-147. [PMID: 30993668 PMCID: PMC6771674 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a major role in drug metabolism and is one of the main sites of drug adverse effects. Microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as organs‐on‐a‐chip, are a class of microfluidic platforms that recreate properties of tissue microenvironments. Among different properties, the liver microenvironment is three‐dimensional, fluid flows around its cells, and different cell types regulate its function. Liver MPS aim to recreate these properties and enable drug testing and measurement of functional endpoints. Tests with these systems have demonstrated their potential for predicting clinical drug effects. Properties of liver MPS that improve the physiology of cell culture are reviewed, specifically focusing on the importance of recreating a physiological microenvironment to evaluate and model drug effects. Advances in modeling hepatic function by leveraging MPS are addressed, noting the need for standardization in the use, quality control, and interpretation of data from these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rajnikanth Madabushi
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David G Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Russo DP, Strickland J, Karmaus AL, Wang W, Shende S, Hartung T, Aleksunes LM, Zhu H. Nonanimal Models for Acute Toxicity Evaluations: Applying Data-Driven Profiling and Read-Across. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:47001. [PMID: 30933541 PMCID: PMC6785238 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-cost, high-throughput in vitro bioassays have potential as alternatives to animal models for toxicity testing. However, incorporating in vitro bioassays into chemical toxicity evaluations such as read-across requires significant data curation and analysis based on knowledge of relevant toxicity mechanisms, lowering the enthusiasm of using the massive amount of unstructured public data. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a computational method to automatically extract useful bioassay data from a public repository (i.e., PubChem) and assess its ability to predict animal toxicity using a novel bioprofile-based read-across approach. METHODS A training database containing 7,385 compounds with diverse rat acute oral toxicity data was searched against PubChem to establish in vitro bioprofiles. Using a novel subspace clustering algorithm, bioassay groups that may inform on relevant toxicity mechanisms underlying acute oral toxicity were identified. These bioassays groups were used to predict animal acute oral toxicity using read-across through a cross-validation process. Finally, an external test set of over 600 new compounds was used to validate the resulting model predictivity. RESULTS Several bioassay clusters showed high predictivity for acute oral toxicity (positive prediction rates range from 62-100%) through cross-validation. After incorporating individual clusters into an ensemble model, chemical toxicants in the external test set were evaluated for putative acute toxicity (positive prediction rate equal to 76%). Additionally, chemical fragment -in vitro-in vivo relationships were identified to illustrate new animal toxicity mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro bioassay data-driven profiling strategy developed in this study meets the urgent needs of computational toxicology in the current big data era and can be extended to develop predictive models for other complex toxicity end points. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3614.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Russo
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems (ILS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Agnes L. Karmaus
- Integrated Laboratory Systems (ILS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sunil Shende
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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47
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Troth SP, Simutis F, Friedman GS, Todd S, Sistare FD. Kidney Safety Assessment: Current Practices in Drug Development. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Jiao Y, Preston S, Garcia-Bustos JF, Baell JB, Ventura S, Le T, McNamara N, Nguyen N, Botteon A, Skinner C, Danne J, Ellis S, Koehler AV, Wang T, Chang BCH, Hofmann A, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Tetrahydroquinoxalines induce a lethal evisceration phenotype in Haemonchus contortus in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 9:59-71. [PMID: 30690282 PMCID: PMC6357688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the anthelmintic activity of a human tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG-1295, and 14 related tetrahydroquinoxaline analogues against Haemonchus contortus was explored. These compounds were screened against parasitic larvae - exsheathed third-stage (xL3) and fourth-stage (L4) - using a whole-organism screening assay. All compounds were shown to have inhibitory effects on larval motility, development and growth, and induced evisceration through the excretory pore in xL3s. The estimated IC50 values ranged from 3.5 to 52.0 μM for inhibition of larval motility or development. Cytotoxicity IC50 against human MCF10A cells was generally higher than 50 μM. Microscopic studies revealed that this eviscerated (Evi) phenotype occurs rapidly (<20 min) and relates to a protrusion of internal tissues and organs (evisceration) through the excretory pore in xL3s; severe pathological damage in L4s as well as a suppression of larval growth in both stages were also observed. Using a relatively low concentration (12.5 μM) of compound m10, it was established that the inhibitor has to be present for a relatively short time (between 30 h and 42 h) during in vitro development from xL3 to L4, to induce the Evi phenotype. Increasing external osmotic pressure prevented evisceration and moulting, and xL3s remained unaffected by the test compound. These results point to a mode of action involving a dysregulation of morphogenetic processes during a critical time-frame, in agreement with the expected behaviour of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and suggest potential for development of this compound class as nematocidal drugs. Tetrahydroquinoxalines kill Haemonchus contortus larvae in vitro. Compounds induce a lethal evisceration phenotype (Evi). The Evi phenotype is associated with the timing of ecdysis. These compounds might be developable as nematocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Jiao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose F Garcia-Bustos
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sabatino Ventura
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thuy Le
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole McNamara
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Botteon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Skinner
- Centre for Advanced Histology and Microscopy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Danne
- Centre for Advanced Histology and Microscopy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Centre for Advanced Histology and Microscopy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Yourgene Bioscience, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Shanti A, Teo J, Stefanini C. In Vitro Immune Organs-on-Chip for Drug Development: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E278. [PMID: 30558264 PMCID: PMC6320867 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current drug development practice lacks reliable and sensitive techniques to evaluate the immunotoxicity of drug candidates, i.e., their effect on the human immune system. This, in part, has resulted in a high attrition rate for novel drugs candidates. Organ-on-chip devices have emerged as key tools that permit the study of human physiology in controlled in vivo simulating environments. Furthermore, there has been a growing interest in developing the so called "body-on-chip" devices to better predict the systemic effects of drug candidates. This review describes existing biomimetic immune organs-on-chip, highlights their physiological relevance to drug development and discovery and emphasizes the need for developing comprehensive immune system-on-chip models. Such immune models can enhance the performance of novel drug candidates during clinical trials and contribute to reducing the high attrition rate as well as the high cost associated with drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
| | - Jeremy Teo
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, UAE.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York City, P.O. Box 903, NY 10276-0903, USA.
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 127788, UAE.
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50
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Shirbin SJ, Insua I, Holden JA, Lenzo JC, Reynolds EC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Qiao GG. Architectural Effects of Star-Shaped "Structurally Nanoengineered Antimicrobial Peptide Polymers" (SNAPPs) on Their Biological Activity. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800627. [PMID: 30175464 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of two key structural parameters, number of arms and arm length, of star-shaped "structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymers" (SNAPPs) on their antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility, is investigated. A library of star-shaped SNAPPs is prepared, containing varying arm numbers and arm lengths. Antimicrobial assays are then performed to assess the capacity of the SNAPPs to disrupt the membrane, inhibit the growth, and kill pathogenic bacteria. A major finding of the study is that increasing arm number and length of SNAPPs enhanced antimicrobial activity, which can be respectively attributed to the higher local concentrations of polypeptide arms and increased α-helical content. SNAPP architecture is shown to affect the bacteria membrane state and therefore mechanism of killing. Two more potent structures with up to twice the antimicrobial activity of the previously reported SNAPP are discovered in this process. Toxicities of the SNAPPs also increase with arm number and arm length, however therapeutic index calculations identified a 16-arm SNAPP and an easier to prepare 4-arm SNAPP as the best therapeutic agents. The biocompatibility of the SNAPP with the best biological activity is also evaluated in vivo, showing no markers of systemic damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Shirbin
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ignacio Insua
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James A Holden
- Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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