1
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Doorbar J. The human Papillomavirus twilight zone - Latency, immune control and subclinical infection. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200268. [PMID: 37354969 PMCID: PMC10774944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of HPV DNA testing into cervical screening programs has shown that many HPV-positive women are cytologically normal, with HPV-positivity fluctuating throughout life. Such results suggest that papillomaviruses may persist in a latent state after disease clearance, with sporadic recurrence. It appears that virus latency represents a narrow slot in a wider spectrum of subclinical and possibly productive infections. Clinical studies, and animal model infection studies, suggested a key role for host immune surveillance in maintaining such asymptomatic infections, and although infections may also be cleared, most studies have used the term 'clearance' to describe a situation where the presence of HPV DNA falls below the clinical detection level. Given our knowledge of papillomavirus immune evasion strategies and the restricted pattern of viral gene expression required for 'basal cell' persistence, the term 'apparent clearance' and 'subclinical persistence' of infection may better summarise our understanding. Subclinical infection also encompasses the lag phase, which occurs between infection and lesion development. This is dependent on infection titre, with multifocal infections developing more rapidly to disease. These concepts can usefully influence patient management where HPV-positivity occurs sometime after the onset of sexual activity, and where vertical transmission is suspected despite a lag period.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK, United Kingdom.
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2
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Sikander M, Malik S, Apraku J, Kumari S, Khan P, Mandil H, Ganju A, Chauhan B, Bell MC, Singh MM, Khan S, Yallapu MM, Halaweish FT, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Brominated-Ormeloxifene (Br-ORM) against Cervical Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38839-38848. [PMID: 37901538 PMCID: PMC10601051 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of β-catenin signaling is strongly linked with cancer proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis, thus, small molecules that can inhibit this pathway might have great clinical significance. Our molecular modeling studies suggest that ormeloxifene (ORM), a triphenylethylene molecule that docks with β-catenin, and its brominated analogue (Br-ORM) bind more effectively with relatively less energy (-7.6 kcal/mol) to the active site of β-catenin as compared to parent ORM. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a Br-ORM by NMR and FTIR, as well as its anticancer activity in cervical cancer models. Br-ORM treatment effectively inhibited tumorigenic features (cell proliferation and colony-forming ability, etc.) and induced apoptotic death, as evident by pronounced PARP cleavage. Furthermore, Br-ORM treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G1-S phase. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Br-ORM targets the key proteins involved in promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as demonstrated by upregulation of E-cadherin and repression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Br-ORM also represses the expression and nuclear subcellular localization of β-catenin. Consequently, Br-ORM treatment effectively inhibited tumor growth in an orthotopic cervical cancer xenograft mouse model along with EMT associated changes as compared to vehicle control-treated mice. Altogether, experimental findings suggest that Br-ORM is a novel, promising β-catenin inhibitor and therefore can be harnessed as a potent anticancer small molecule for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sikander
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Shabnam Malik
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - John Apraku
- South
Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007-2201, United States
| | - Sonam Kumari
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- National
Institutes of Health, Bathesda, South Dakota 20892-4874, United States
| | - Parvez Khan
- Jamia
Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Hassan Mandil
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Aditya Ganju
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065 United States
| | - Bhavin Chauhan
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Maria C. Bell
- Sanford
Health, Sanford Gynecologic Oncology Clinic, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57104, United States
| | - Man Mohan Singh
- Endocrinology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Murali M. Yallapu
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Fathi T. Halaweish
- South
Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007-2201, United States
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Subhash C. Chauhan
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- South
Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, Texas 78504, United States
- University
of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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3
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Gelbard MK, Munger K. Human papillomaviruses: Knowns, mysteries, and unchartered territories. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29191. [PMID: 37861365 PMCID: PMC10608791 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion in the number of papillomaviruses that have been identified and fully sequenced. Yet only a minute fraction of these has been studied in any detail. Most of our molecular research efforts have focused on the E6 and E7 proteins of "high-risk," cancer-associated human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Interactions of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins with their respective cellular targets, the p53 and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressors, have been investigated in minute detail. Some have thus questioned if research on papillomaviruses remains an exciting and worthwhile area of investigation. However, fundamentally new insights on the biological activities and cellular targets of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins have been discovered and previously unstudied HPVs have been newly associated with human diseases. HPV infections continue to be an important cause of human morbidity and mortality and since there are no antivirals to combat HPV infections, research on HPVs should remain attractive to new investigators and biomedical funding agencies, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya K. Gelbard
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Karl Munger
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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4
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Roberts JM, Machalek DA, Butler BC, Crescini J, Garland SM, Farnsworth A. Older women testing positive for HPV16/18 on cervical screening and risk of high-grade cervical abnormality. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1593-1600. [PMID: 36468183 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In Australia's HPV-based cervical screening program, we previously showed that risk of histological high-grade abnormality at 1 year post screening decreased with age in women with oncogenic HPV. In this study, we followed 878 HPV16/18 positive women aged 55 years and over for up to 3 years post screening test, to determine the proportion with histological high-grade abnormality (HGA, incorporating high-grade squamous intraepithelial abnormality (HSIL), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma) and to correlate risk of HGA with liquid-based cytology result and with prior screening history. HGA was detected in 7.8% at 1 year and 10.0% at 3 years, with no significant difference (P = .136), despite the number of women with follow-up information significantly increasing from 82.9% to 91.0% (P < .0001). The proportion of HPV16/18 positive women with HGA at 3 years was highest in those with an HSIL cytology result (79.0%) and lowest in those with negative cytology (6.2%). Women with an adequate screening history had fewer HGA than such women with inadequate prior screening (6.6% vs 16.0%, P = .001) or with a history of an abnormality (6.6% vs 14.4%, P = .001). HPV16/18 infection in women over 55 years may have a different natural history from that in younger women, in whom HGA are more common after HPV16/18 detection. In HPV-based cervical screening programs, management algorithms for screen-detected abnormalities based on risk stratification should include factors such as age, screening history and index cytology result, so that women receive appropriate investigation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothy A Machalek
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bethan C Butler
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Crescini
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabelle Farnsworth
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine Sydney Campus, Department of Pathology, University of Notre Dame, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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HPV Type Distribution in Benign, High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions and Squamous Cell Cancers of the Anus by HIV Status. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030660. [PMID: 36765617 PMCID: PMC9913553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of anal cancer is increasing, especially in high-risk groups, such as PLWH. HPV 16, a high-risk (HR) HPV genotype, is the most common genotype in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the general population. However, few studies have described the distribution of HR HPV genotypes other than HPV 16 in the anus of PLWH. HPV genotyping was performed by DNA amplification followed by dot-blot hybridization to identify the HR and low-risk (LR) genotypes in benign anal lesions (n = 34), HSIL (n = 30), and SCC (n = 51) of PLWH and HIV-negative individuals. HPV 16 was the most prominent HR HPV identified, but it was less common in HSIL and SCC from PLWH compared with HIV-negative individuals, and other non-HPV 16 HR HPV (non-16 HR HPV) types were more prevalent in samples from PLWH. A higher proportion of clinically normal tissues from PLWH were positive for one or more HPV genotypes. Multiple HPV infection was a hallmark feature for all tissues (benign, HSIL, SCC) of PLWH. These results indicate that the development of anal screening approaches based on HPV DNA testing need to include non-16 HR HPVs along with HPV 16, especially for PLWH. Along with anal cytology, these updated screening approaches may help to identify and prevent anal disease progression in PLWH.
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6
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Joshi S, Muwonge R, Kulkarni V, Mandolkar M, Lucas E, Pujari S, Sankaranarayanan R, Basu P. Can we increase the cervical cancer screening interval with an HPV test for women living with HIV? Results of a cohort study from Maharashtra, India. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:249-258. [PMID: 35852007 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
We are reporting (a) updated incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among women who did not have colposcopic or histopathological disease at baseline and (b) disease outcomes among women treated for CIN and their follow-up HPV status; in a cohort of women living with HIV (WHIV). The median overall follow-up was 3.5 years (IQR 2.8-4.3). The incidence of any CIN and that of CIN 2 or worse disease was 16.7 and 7.0 per 1000 person-years of observation (PYO), respectively. Compared with women who were HPV negative at baseline, women who cleared HPV infection had 23.95 times increased risk of incident CIN 2 or worse lesions (95% CI 2.40-661.07). Women with persistent HPV infection had 138.18 times increased risk of CIN 2 or worse lesions (95% CI 20.30-3300.22). Complete disease regression was observed in 65.6% of the HPV positive women with high-grade CIN and were treated with thermal ablation but HPV persistence was seen in 44.8% of those with high-grade disease. Among those who did not have any disease at baseline and were also HPV negative, about 87% (95% CI 83.79-89.48) women remained HPV negative during consecutive HPV test/s with the median interval of 3.5 years. Long-term surveillance of WHIV treated for any CIN is necessary for the prevention of cervical cancer among them. Our study provides an early indication that the currently recommended screening interval of 3 to 5 years among WHIV may be extended to at least 5 years among HPV negative women. Increasing the screening interval can be cost saving and improve scalability among WHIV to support WHO's cervical cancer elimination initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Joshi
- Prayas, Amrita Clinic, Athawale Corner, Pune, India
| | - Richard Muwonge
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Eric Lucas
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Karkinos Healthcare, Kerala Operations, Ernakulam, India
| | - Partha Basu
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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7
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Development of immunodiagnostic tools for in situ investigation of Ovis aries papillomavirus 3 (OaPV3). Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:641-649. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant lesion characterized by proliferation and transformation of keratinocytes in the epidermis and infiltrating derma. cSCC is reported in domestic and wild animal species, worldwide. The occurrence and development of cSCC rely on synergic multifactorial conditions, most importantly sunlight exposure and Papillomavirus (PV) infection. In sheep, the development of such lesions represents a threat both to animal welfare and milk production. Ovis aries papillomavirus 3 (OaPV3) is the main cSCC viral determinant and oncogenic properties of viral E6 and E7 proteins were preliminarily investigated. However, E6 and E7 role and mechanisms resulting in cSCC have not been fully clarified, mainly due to the lack specific immunological tools, such as antibodies for in situ detection of ovine papillomavirus. This paper reports the development of specific serological tools for the investigation of OaPV3 pathogenicity, and their preliminary use to screen 4 ovine cSSC formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Relevance of immunological tools to investigation of viral biological properties and diagnosis are also discussed.
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8
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Extraterrestrial Gynecology: Could Spaceflight Increase the Risk of Developing Cancer in Female Astronauts? An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137465. [PMID: 35806469 PMCID: PMC9267413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer space is an extremely hostile environment for human life, with ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays and microgravity posing the most significant hazards to the health of astronauts. Spaceflight has also been shown to have an impact on established cancer hallmarks, possibly increasing carcinogenic risk. Terrestrially, women have a higher incidence of radiation-induced cancers, largely driven by lung, thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers, and therefore, historically, they have been permitted to spend significantly less time in space than men. In the present review, we focus on the effects of microgravity and radiation on the female reproductive system, particularly gynecological cancer. The aim is to provide a summary of the research that has been carried out related to the risk of gynecological cancer, highlighting what further studies are needed to pave the way for safer exploration class missions, as well as postflight screening and management of women astronauts following long-duration spaceflight.
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9
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Poynten IM, Jin F, Molano M, Roberts JM, Hillman RJ, Templeton DJ, Law C, Stanley MA, Waterboer T, Farnsworth A, Fairley CK, Garland SM, Grulich AE. Possible Reactivation of Latent Anal Human Papillomavirus Associated with Markers of Immune Dysfunction in Gay and Bisexual Men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1052-1057. [PMID: 35244674 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether reactivation of human papillomavirus (HPV) after latency occurs in the anus. We measured incidence and predictors of incident anal HPV in sexually inactive gay and bisexual men (GBM) as a surrogate of HPV reactivation. METHODS The Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer collected data on sexual behavior, anal cytology, HPV DNA, histology and HPV serology. HPV incidence during periods when zero sexual partners were reported in the last six months at both the current and previous annual visit ("no sexual activity") was analyzed by Cox regression using the Wei-Lin-Weissfeld method to determine univariable predictors. RESULTS Of 617 men enrolled, 525 had results for ≥2 visits, of whom 58 (11%) had ≥ one period of "no sexual activity". During sexually inactive periods, there were 29 incident high risk HPV infections in 20 men, which occurred more commonly in older men (Ptrend = 0.010), HIV-positive men (HR = 3.12; 95% CI, 0.91-16.65), longer duration of HIV (Ptrend = 0.028), history of AIDS defining illness (P = 0.010), lower current (P = 0.010) and nadir CD4 count (P = 0.014). For 18 of 29 infections with available results, 12 men remained type-specific HRHPV L1 seronegative. None were consistently seropositive. A new diagnosis of HSIL occurred in only two men, caused by an HPV type other than the incident type. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in sexually inactive GBM, anal HRHPV incidence is relatively common, and is associated with increasing age and immune dysfunction, a pattern consistent with HPV reactivation. IMPACT Reactivation of anal HPV may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mary Poynten
- The Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fengyi Jin
- The Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica Molano
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Roberts
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, Sydney, New South, Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Hillman
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Templeton
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Sexual Health Medicine, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carmella Law
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tim Waterboer
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Farnsworth
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, Sydney, New South, Wales, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne M Garland
- Centre for Women's Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Doorbar J, Zheng K, Aiyenuro A, Yin W, Walker CM, Chen Y, Egawa N, Griffin HM. Principles of epithelial homeostasis control during persistent human papillomavirus infection and its deregulation at the cervical transformation zone. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:96-105. [PMID: 34628359 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses establish a reservoir of infection in the epithelial basal layer. To do this they limit their gene expression to avoid immune detection and modulate epithelial homeostasis pathways to inhibit the timing of basal cell delamination and differentiation to favour persistence. For low-risk Alpha papillomaviruses, which cause benign self-limiting disease in immunocompetent individuals, it appears that cell competition at the lesion edge restricts expansion. These lesions may be considered as self-regulating homeostatic structures, with epithelial cells of the hair follicles and sweat glands, which are proposed targets of the Beta and Mu papillomaviruses, showing similar restrictions to their expansion across the epithelium as a whole. In the absence of immune control, which facilitates deregulated viral gene expression, such lesions can expand, leading to problematic papillomatosis in afflicted individuals. By contrast, he high-risk Alpha HPV types can undergo deregulated viral gene expression in immunocompetent hosts at a number of body sites, including the cervical transformation zone (TZ) where they can drive the formation of neoplasia. Homeostasis at the TZ is poorly understood, but involves two adjacent epithelial cell population, one of which has the potential to stratify and to produce a multilayed squamous epithelium. This process of metaplasia involves a specialised cell type known as the reserve cell, which has for several decades been considered as the cell of origin of cervical cancer. It is becoming clear that during evolution, HPV gene products have acquired functions directly linked to their requirements to modify the normal processes of epithelial homestasis at their various sites of infection. These protein functions are beginning to provide new insight into homeostasis regulation at different body sites, and are likely to be central to our understanding of HPV epithelial tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom.
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Ademola Aiyenuro
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB8 9UP, United Kingdom
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11
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Buchatskyi LP. DETERMINING PROBABILITY OF CANCER CELL TRANSFOMATION AT HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The purpose of the work was to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk. Aim. The purpose of the work was to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk. Results. Using normalized squared error (NSE) for viruses of high (20 strains) and low (153 strains) oncogenic risk, rank statistic of 2-exponential type was build. For productive papillomavirus infection, NSE function was determined as the growing accurate 2-exponent of a cell layer basal to the epithelial surface. Logarithm of NSE numerical values is proportional to the cell entropy that is connected with the availability of virus DNA. To calculate entropy, generalized Hartley formula was used with the informational cell of dimension d: H = NdLOG(NSE), where N is the generalized cell coordinate. Conclusions. Using a statistical ensemble of E6 proteins separately for viruses of high and low oncogenic risk made it possible to assess the probability of cancerous transformation of cells, which was proportional to the ratio of the area of entropy of cancer transformation to the area of the productive entropy region papillomavirus infection.
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12
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Saleh M, Sellyei B, Kovács G, Székely C. Viruses Infecting the European Catfish ( Silurus glanis). Viruses 2021; 13:1865. [PMID: 34578446 PMCID: PMC8473376 DOI: 10.3390/v13091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, disease management and pathogen control are key for a successful fish farming industry. In past years, European catfish farming has been flourishing. However, devastating fish pathogens including limiting fish viruses are considered a big threat to further expanding of the industry. Even though mainly the ranavirus (Iridoviridea) and circovirus (Circoviridea) infections are considered well- described in European catfish, more other agents including herpes-, rhabdo or papillomaviruses are also observed in the tissues of catfish with or without any symptoms. The etiological role of these viruses has been unclear until now. Hence, there is a requisite for more detailed information about the latter and the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches to complete them. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about viruses that affect the European catfish and describe their origin, distribution, molecular characterisation, and phylogenetic classification. We also highlight the knowledge gaps, which need more in-depth investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (HAKI), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-liget utca 35., 5540 Szarvas, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Székely
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
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13
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Nested PCR followed by NGS: Validation and application for HPV genotyping of Tunisian cervical samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255914. [PMID: 34379683 PMCID: PMC8357094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most used methodologies for HPV genotyping in Tunisian studies are based on hybridization that are limited to a restricted number of HPV types and to a lack of specificity and sensitivity for same types. Recently, Next-Generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been efficiently used for HPV genotyping. In this work we designed and validated a sensitive genotyping method based on nested PCR followed by NGS. Eighty-six samples were tested for the validation of an HPV genotyping assay based on Nested-PCR followed by NGS. These include, 43 references plasmids and 43 positive HPV clinical cervical specimens previously evaluated with the conventional genotyping method: Reverse Line Hybridization (RLH). Results of genotyping using NGS were compared to those of RLH. The analytical sensitivity of the NGS assay was 1GE/μl per sample. The NGS allowed the detection of all HPV types presented in references plasmids. On the clinical samples, a total of 19 HPV types were detected versus 14 types using RLH. Besides the identification of more HPV types in multiple infection (6 types for NGS versus 4 for RLH), NGS allowed the identification of HPV types that were not detected by RLH. In addition, the NGS assay detected newly HPV types that were not described in Tunisia so far: HPV81, HPV43, HPV74, and HPV62. The high sensitivity and specificity of NGS for HPV genotyping in addition to the identification of new HPV types may justify the use of such technique to provide with high accuracy the profile of circulating types in epidemiological studies.
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Brennan S, Baird AM, O’Regan E, Sheils O. The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Dictating Outcomes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:677900. [PMID: 34250016 PMCID: PMC8262095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.677900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus which is associated with the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), predominantly within the oropharynx. Approximately 25% of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) cases worldwide are attributable to HPV infection, with an estimated 65% in the United States. Transmission is via exposure during sexual contact, with distinctive anatomical features of the tonsils providing this organ with a predilection for infection by HPV. No premalignant lesion is identifiable on clinical examination, thus no comparative histological features to denote the stages of carcinogenesis for HPV driven HNSCC are identifiable. This is in contrast to HPV-driven cervical carcinoma, making screening a challenge for the head and neck region. However, HPV proffers a favorable prognosis in the head and neck region, with better overall survival rates in contrast to its HPV negative counterparts. This has resulted in extensive research into de-intensifying therapies aiming to minimize the morbidity induced by standard concurrent chemo-radiotherapy without compromising efficacy. Despite the favorable prognosis, cases of recurrence and/or metastasis of HPV positive HNSCC do occur, and are linked with poor outcomes. HPV 16 is the most frequent genotype identified in HNSCC, yet there is limited research to date studying the impact of other HPV genotype with respect to overall survival. A similar situation pertains to genetic aberrations associated in those with HPV positive HNSCC who recur, with only four published studies to date. Somatic mutations in TSC2, BRIP1, NBN, TACC3, NFE2l2, STK11, HRAS, PIK3R1, TP63, and FAT1 have been identified in recurrent HPV positive OPSCC. Finding alternative therapeutic strategies for this young cohort may depend on upfront identification of HPV genotypes and mutations which are linked with worse outcomes, thus ensuring appropriate stratification of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Brennan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esther O’Regan
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Værnesbranden MR, Wiik J, Sjøborg K, Staff AC, Carlsen KCL, Haugen G, Hedlin G, Hilde K, Nordlund B, Nystrand CF, Rangberg A, Rehbinder EM, Rudi K, Rueegg CS, Sandberg Y, Sjelmo S, Skjerven HO, Söderhäll C, Vettukattil R, Jonassen CM. Maternal human papillomavirus infections at mid-pregnancy and delivery in a Scandinavian mother-child cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:574-581. [PMID: 34077798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common, especially during women's reproductive years, with unclear obstetrical impact. This study aimed to identify HPV prevalence at mid-gestation and delivery, type-specific persistence from mid-gestation to delivery, and risk factors for HPV infection and persistence. METHODS In 757 women from a Scandinavian prospective mother-child cohort, HPV was analyzed in first-void urine samples at mid-gestation and delivery. We used Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay for genotyping and semi-quantifying 28 genital HPV genotypes, including 12 high-risk HPVs (HR-HPV). Socio-demographic and health data were collected through e-questionnaires. RESULTS Any-HPV genotype (any of 28 assessed) was detected in 38% of the study cohort at mid-gestation and 28% at delivery, and HR-HPVs in 24% and 16%, respectively. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16: 6% at mid-gestation and 4% at delivery. Persistence of Any-HPV genotype was 52%, as was HR-HPV genotype-specific persistence. A short pre-conception relationship with the child's father and alcohol intake during pregnancy increased HPV infection risk at both time points. Low viral load at mid-gestation was associated with clearance of HPV infections at delivery. CONCLUSION HPV prevalence was higher at mid-gestation compared with delivery, and low viral load was associated with clearance of HPV at delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena R Værnesbranden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway; University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johanna Wiik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrine Sjøborg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin C Lødrup Carlsen
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hilde
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Nordlund
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla F Nystrand
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Anbjørg Rangberg
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Rehbinder
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Corina Silvia Rueegg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yvonne Sandberg
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Sigrid Sjelmo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Håvard O Skjerven
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riyas Vettukattil
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine M Jonassen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
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16
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Bohálová N, Cantara A, Bartas M, Kaura P, Šťastný J, Pečinka P, Fojta M, Mergny JL, Brázda V. Analyses of viral genomes for G-quadruplex forming sequences reveal their correlation with the type of infection. Biochimie 2021; 186:13-27. [PMID: 33839192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes contribute to the regulation of key molecular processes. Their utilization for antiviral therapy is an emerging field of contemporary research. Here we present comprehensive analyses of the presence and localization of putative G-quadruplex forming sequences (PQS) in all viral genomes currently available in the NCBI database (including subviral agents). The G4Hunter algorithm was applied to a pool of 11,000 accessible viral genomes representing 350 Mbp in total. PQS frequencies differ across evolutionary groups of viruses, and are enriched in repeats, replication origins, 5'UTRs and 3'UTRs. Importantly, PQS presence and localization is connected to viral lifecycles and corresponds to the type of viral infection rather than to nucleic acid type; while viruses routinely causing persistent infections in Metazoa hosts are enriched for PQS, viruses causing acute infections are significantly depleted for PQS. The unique localization of PQS identifies the importance of G-quadruplex-based regulation of viral replication and life cycle, providing a tool for potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Bohálová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Cantara
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartas
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Kaura
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šťastný
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Informatics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pečinka
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Václav Brázda
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic.
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Butterfield R, Dhanani S. The Development of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines and Current Barriers to Implementation. Immunol Invest 2021; 50:821-832. [PMID: 33724139 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1897612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of multiple cancers allowed for the development of vaccines and immunization strategies to prevent cancers caused by HPV infection. The public health ramifications of reduction of HPV disease burden are momentous in scope. Vaccine hesitancy has impacted widespread vaccination, but strategies have been identified to combat vaccine safety and efficacy misinformation and promote immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salimah Dhanani
- Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
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18
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Della Fera AN, Warburton A, Coursey TL, Khurana S, McBride AA. Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020321. [PMID: 33672465 PMCID: PMC7923415 DOI: 10.3390/v13020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The success of HPV as an infectious agent lies not within its ability to cause disease, but rather in the adeptness of the virus to establish long-term persistent infection. The ability of HPV to replicate and maintain its genome in a stratified epithelium is contingent on the manipulation of many host pathways. HPVs must abrogate host anti-viral defense programs, perturb the balance of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and hijack DNA damage signaling and repair pathways to replicate viral DNA in a stratified epithelium. Together, these characteristics contribute to the ability of HPV to achieve long-term and persistent infection and to its evolutionary success as an infectious agent. Abstract Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.
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Tranberg M, Petersen LK, Elfström KM, Hammer A, Blaakær J, Bennetsen MH, Jensen JS, Andersen B. Expanding the upper age limit for cervical cancer screening: a protocol for a nationwide non-randomised intervention study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039636. [PMID: 33154056 PMCID: PMC7646343 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer screening ceases between the ages of 60 and 65 in most countries. Yet, a relatively high proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed in women above the screening age. This study will evaluate if screening of women aged 65-69 years may result in increased detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) compared with women not invited to screening. Invited women may choose between general practitioner (GP)-based screening or cervico-vaginal self-sampling. Furthermore, the study will assess if self-sampling is superior to GP-based screening in reaching long-term unscreened women. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This population-based non-randomised intervention study will include 10 000 women aged 65-69 years, with no record of a cervical cytology sample or screening invitation in the 5 years before inclusion. Women who have opted-out of the screening programme or have a record of hysterectomy or cervical amputation are excluded. Women residing in the Central Denmark Region (CDR) are allocated to the intervention group, while women residing in the remaining four Danish regions are allocated to the reference group. The intervention group is invited for human papillomavirus-based screening by attending routine screening at the GP or by requesting a self-sampling kit. The reference group receives standard care which is the opportunity to have a cervical cytology sample obtained at the GP or by a gynaecologist. The study started in April 2019 and will run over the next 4.5 years. The primary outcome will be the proportion of CIN2+ detected in the intervention and reference groups. In the intervention group, the proportion of long-term unscreened women attending GP-based screening or self-sampling will be compared. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been submitted to the Ethical Committee in the CDR which deemed that the study was not notifiable to the Committee and informed consent is therefore not required. The study is approved by the Danish Data Protection Regulation and the Danish Patient Safety Authority. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04114968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Tranberg
- Department of Public Health Programmes, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Lone Kjeld Petersen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Klara Miriam Elfström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Regional Cancer Center of Stockholm-Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Hammer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regionshospitalet Herning, Herning, Denmark
| | - Jan Blaakær
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- OPEN, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Skov Jensen
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Andersen
- Department of Public Health Programmes, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Revathidevi S, Murugan AK, Nakaoka H, Inoue I, Munirajan AK. APOBEC: A molecular driver in cervical cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:104-116. [PMID: 33038491 PMCID: PMC7539941 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the foremost common cancers in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains a major risk factor of cervical cancer. In addition, numerous other genetic and epigenetic factors also are involved in the underlying pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Recently, it has been reported that apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide like (APOBEC), DNA-editing protein plays an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of cancer. Particularly, the APOBEC3 family was shown to induce tumor mutations by aberrant DNA editing mechanism. In general, APOBEC3 enzymes play a pivotal role in the deamination of cytidine to uridine in DNA and RNA to control diverse biological processes such as regulation of protein expression, innate immunity, and embryonic development. Innate antiviral activity of the APOBEC3 family members restrict retroviruses, endogenous retro-element, and DNA viruses including the HPV that is the leading risk factor for cervical cancer. This review briefly describes the pathogenesis of cervical cancer and discusses in detail the recent findings on the role of APOBEC in the molecular pathogenesis of cervical cancer. APOBEC enzymes deaminate cytidine to uridine and control diverse biological processes including viral restriction. APOBEC3, DNA/RNA-editing enzyme plays an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of cervical cancer. APOBEC3-mediated DNA editing leads to the accumulation of somatic mutations in tumors and HPV genome. Deregulation of APOBEC3 family genes cause genomic instability and result in drug resistance, and immune-evasion in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaramoorthy Revathidevi
- Department of Genetics, Dr ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600113, India; Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan; Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Arasambattu Kannan Munirajan
- Department of Genetics, Dr ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600113, India.
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Giaretta A. A Human Papillomavirus Early Promoter Minimal Model: Viral Population and Stochasticity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2471-2474. [PMID: 33018507 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
HPV infection starts with the activation of the early promoter (EP) regulatory core and the replication of the viral particles to around 10-100 per cell at the beginning of the infection. For this reason, understanding the deterministic and stochastic role of the population number of viruses inside the cell is of pivotal importance to understand the regulation of the EP and the viral latency.The aim of this study is to extend a recently published minimal model of the EP transcriptional regulation in order to consider the effect of the viral population on gene regulation, to perform the bifurcation analysis and to understand the role of the stochasticity at the beginning of the infection.The bifurcation analysis showed how modeling the viral population number is pivotal to exhibit a bistable behavior, potentially linked to the viral latency. Moreover, the viral population number was identified as an important source of stochasticity, which is of paramount importance to drive the bistable switching mechanism in the first stages of infection.
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22
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Gallina L, Savini F, Casà G, Bertoletti I, Bianchi A, Gibelli LR, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A. Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:229. [PMID: 32426384 PMCID: PMC7203578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Bertoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Brouwer AF, Meza R, Eisenberg MC. Integrating measures of viral prevalence and seroprevalence: a mechanistic modelling approach to explaining cohort patterns of human papillomavirus in women in the USA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180297. [PMID: 30955488 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers is increasing, generating substantial interest in understanding how trends in population prevalence of HPV infection are changing. However, there are no direct, population-scale measurements of HPV prevalence prior to 2003. Previous work using models to reconstruct historical trends have focused only on genital infection or seroprevalence (prevalence of antibodies) separately, and the results of these single-measure studies have been hard to reconcile. Here, we develop a mechanistic disease model fit jointly to cervicogential prevalence and seroprevalence in unvaccinated women in the USA using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2003-2010) and compare it to fits of statistical age-cohort models. We find that including a latent HPV state in our model significantly improves model fit and that antibody waning may be an important contributor to observed patterns of seroprevalence. Moreover, we find that the mechanistic model outperforms the statistical model and that the joint analysis prevents the inconsistencies that arise when estimating historical cohort trends in infection from genital prevalence and seroprevalence separately. Our analysis suggests that while there is substantial uncertainty associated with the estimation of historic HPV trends, there has likely been an increase in the force of infection for more recent birth cohorts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA
| | - Marisa C Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA
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24
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Ishii Y, Taguchi A, Kukimoto I. The homeobox transcription factor HOXC13 upregulates human papillomavirus E1 gene expression and contributes to viral genome maintenance. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:751-762. [PMID: 31642514 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects the basal cells of epithelia and maintains its genome stably as episomes. However, the mechanisms of viral genome maintenance are not fully understood. Here, using normal human immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS), we identified the homeobox transcription factor HOXC13 as a critical host factor for retaining the copy number of HPV genomes in the cell. HOXC13 knockdown in NIKS significantly decreased mRNA levels of the E1 gene, which encodes a DNA helicase required for HPV genome replication, accompanied by a reduction of the viral genome copy number. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed HOXC13 binding to the long control region that regulates E1 expression. These results indicate that HOXC13 plays invaluable roles in maintaining HPV persistent infection through E1 gene upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ishii
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Twisk DE, van der Sande MAB, van Eeden A, Heideman DAM, van der Klis FRM, de Vries HJC, Schim van der Loeff MF. Detection of Incident Anal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus DNA in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Incidence or Reactivation? J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1018-1026. [PMID: 29771378 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to assess whether sexual exposure may explain all incident anal human papillomavirus (HPV) detections among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods A longitudinal study among MSM was conducted between 2010 and 2013 with visits every 6 months and up to 24 months of follow-up. Risk-factor questionnaires, blood samples, and anal and penile self-swabs were collected at each visit. Self-swabs were used for detection and genotyping of HPV by the broad spectrum L1 based SPF10 PCR DNA/enzyme immunoassay LiPA25 system. Serum samples were tested for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) antibodies. Incident anal HPV detection rates among sexually non-, low, and highly exposed MSM were compared. Factors associated with incident anal hrHPV detection were assessed using multivariable Cox regression. Results Seven hundred fourteen men (median age, 40 years; 39% human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infected) were included in the analysis. Incident anal detections of all hrHPV types were observed among both sexually nonexposed and exposed MSM. In multivariable analyses, being highly sexually exposed, being HIV infected, and having a penile HPV infection were positively associated with incident anal HPV detection; those reporting more sex partners had a nonsignificantly increased risk of HPV detection. Conclusions Incident anal hrHPV detection is common among recently nonexposed MSM, suggesting that a reactivated latent HPV infection instead of an incident infection may underlie incident HPV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Twisk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne A B van der Sande
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arne van Eeden
- Department of Internal Medicine, DC Klinieken Oud Zuid, Amsterdam
| | - Daniëlle A M Heideman
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven
| | - Henry J C de Vries
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven.,Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute (AIII), Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
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26
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Chauhan N, Maher DM, Hafeez BB, Mandil H, Singh MM, Yallapu MM, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Ormeloxifene nanotherapy for cervical cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7107-7121. [PMID: 31564868 PMCID: PMC6731961 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CxCa) ranks as the fourth most prevalent women-related cancer worldwide. Therefore, there is a crucial need to develop newer treatment modalities. Ormeloxifene (ORM) is a non-steroidal, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is used as an oral contraceptive in humans. Recent investigations suggest that ORM exhibits potent anti-cancer activity against various types of cancers. Nanoparticulates offer targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs with minimal toxicity and promise newer approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the nanotherapy approach is superior compared to traditional chemotherapy, which is not site-specific and is often associated with various side effects. METHODS Pursuing this novel nanotherapy approach, our lab has recently developed ORM-loaded poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid] (PLGA), an FDA-approved biodegradable polymer, nanoparticles to achieve targeted drug delivery and improved bioavailability. Our optimized PLGA-ORM nanoformulation showed improved internalization in both dose- and energy-dependent manners, through endocytosis-mediated pathways in both Caski and SiHa cell lines. Additionally, we employed MTS and colony forming assays to determine the short- and long-term effects of PLGA-ORM on these cells. RESULTS Our results showed that this formulation demonstrated improved inhibition of cellular proliferation and clonogenic potential compared to free ORM. Furthermore, the PLGA-ORM nanoformulation exhibited superior anti-tumor activities in an orthotopic cervical cancer mouse model than free ORM. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings suggest that our novel nanoformulation has great potential for repurposing the drug and becoming a novel modality for CxCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Diane M Maher
- Sanford Research Center, USD, Sioux Falls, SD57104, USA
| | - Bilal B Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Hassan Mandil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
| | - Man M Singh
- Research and Development, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
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27
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Giaretta A. Human Papillomavirus Early Promoter Regulatory Core as a Bistable Switch. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:2925-2928. [PMID: 31946503 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) can induce cervical and oropharyngeal cancerous lesions. Different HPV strains, as well as still unknown mechanisms can be associated to a range of biochemical parameters that can importantly affect the HPV gene expression dynamics. For this reason, it is of pivotal importance to investigate how parameters variation can induce interesting behaviors such as viral latency in place of the normal gene replication activity. The aim of this study is to perform bifurcation analysis on a minimal model of the early promoter regulatory core controlled by E2 transcriptional regulation. The bifurcation analysis showed how E2 regulation can induce a bistability on the early promoter gene expression that could explain the interplay between viral latency and gene replication regimen.
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28
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King E, Ottensmeier C, Pollock KGJ. Novel Approaches for Vaccination Against HPV-Induced Cancers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 405:33-53. [PMID: 25735921 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, more than 5 % of all cancers are as a result of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and this incidence is increasing. Early recognition of disease is associated with good survival, but late presentation results in devastating consequences. Prevention is better than cure, and there are now successful prophylactic vaccination programmes in place. We discuss these and the prospect of therapeutic vaccinations in the near future to address a growing need for improved therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma King
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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29
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Guidelines for Cervical Cancer Screening in Immunosuppressed Women Without HIV Infection. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2019; 23:87-101. [DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Hammer A, de Koning MN, Blaakaer J, Steiniche T, Doorbar J, Griffin H, Mejlgaard E, Svanholm H, Quint WG, Gravitt PE. Whole tissue cervical mapping of HPV infection: Molecular evidence for focal latent HPV infection in humans. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2019; 7:82-87. [PMID: 30772498 PMCID: PMC6389775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to provide molecular evidence of HPV latency in humans and discuss potential challenges of conducting studies on latency. We analyzed the entire cervix of two women who underwent hysterectomy unrelated to cervical abnormality. The cervices were sectioned into 242 and 186 sets respectively, and each set was tested separately for HPV using the SPF10-PCR-DEIA-LiPA25 system. To identify whether there was any evidence of transforming or productive infection, we used the biomarkers E4 and P16INK4a to stain slides immediately adjacent to HPV-positive sections. HPV was detected in both cervices. In patient 1, 1/242 sets was positive for HPV31. In patient 2, 13/186 sets were positive for HPV18 and 1/186 was positive for HPV53. The infection was very focal in both patients, and there was no sign of a transforming or productive infection, as evaluated by the markers E4 and P16INK4a. Had we only analyzed one set from each block, the probability of detecting the infection would have been 32.3% and 2%, respectively.Our findings support the idea that HPV may be able to establish latency in the human cervix; however, the risk associated with a latent HPV infection remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hammer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | | | - Jan Blaakaer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Else Mejlgaard
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Wim Gv Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Patti E Gravitt
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, the George Washington University, USA
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31
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Gravitt PE, Landy R, Schiffman M. How confident can we be in the current guidelines for exiting cervical screening? Prev Med 2018; 114:188-192. [PMID: 29981791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current US guidelines recommend against cervical screening beyond age 65 in women who have had adequate negative screening. In anticipation of the next round of evidence review and guideline updates, we provide a critical review of the evidence supporting the exiting recommendation in the US, highlighting both practice changes and new insights into the epidemiology and natural history of HPV and cervical cancer. Current recommendations are based, by necessity, on cytology alone, and will be limited in generalizability to evolving screening strategies with co-testing and primary HPV testing. The lack of empirical data to define what constitutes 'adequate recent screening with negative results' is compounded by difficulties in predicting future risk without consideration of concepts of HPV latency and cohort effects of changing sexual behaviour in US women over time. We urge caution in extrapolating past risk experience in post-menopausal women to today's population, and suggest study designs to strengthen the evidence base in well-screened older women. We further recommend building the qualitative evidence base to better define the harms and benefits of screening among older women. Extending the lifetime of screening is a matter of finding the appropriate balance of benefits of cancer reduction and limitation of harms and costs of 'overscreening'. This will require moving beyond current emphasis on number of colposcopies as the metric of harm. Our commentary is meant to stimulate intellectual debate regarding the certainty of our existing knowledge base and set clear research priorities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti E Gravitt
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rebecca Landy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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The Myb-related protein MYPOP is a novel intrinsic host restriction factor of oncogenic human papillomaviruses. Oncogene 2018; 37:6275-6284. [PMID: 30018400 PMCID: PMC6265261 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skin represents a physical and chemical barrier against invading pathogens, which is additionally supported by restriction factors that provide intrinsic cellular immunity. These factors detect viruses to block their replication cycle. Here, we uncover the Myb-related transcription factor, partner of profilin (MYPOP) as a novel antiviral protein. It is highly expressed in the epithelium and binds to the minor capsid protein L2 and the DNA of human papillomaviruses (HPV), which are the primary causative agents of cervical cancer and other tumors. The early promoter activity and early gene expression of the oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 is potently silenced by MYPOP. Cellular MYPOP-depletion relieves the restriction of HPV16 infection, demonstrating that MYPOP acts as a restriction factor. Interestingly, we found that MYPOP protein levels are significantly reduced in diverse HPV-transformed cell lines and in HPV-induced cervical cancer. Decades ago it became clear that the early oncoproteins E6 and E7 cooperate to immortalize keratinocytes by promoting degradation of tumor suppressor proteins. Our findings suggest that E7 stimulates MYPOP degradation. Moreover, overexpression of MYPOP blocks colony formation of HPV and non-virally transformed keratinocytes, suggesting that MYPOP exhibits tumor suppressor properties.
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33
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Ermel A, Shew ML, Imburgia TM, Brown M, Qadadri B, Tong Y, Brown DR. Redetection of human papillomavirus type 16 infections of the cervix in mid-adult life. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 5:75-79. [PMID: 29355777 PMCID: PMC5886910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether HPV 16 originally detected in adolescent women can be redetected in adulthood. METHODS A convenience sample of 27 adult women with known HPV 16 detection during adolescence was assessed for HPV 16 redetection. A comparison of the long control region (LCR) DNA sequences was performed on some of the original and redetected HPV 16 isolates. RESULTS Median age at reenrollment was 27.5 years (interquartile range of 26.7-29.6). Reenrollment occurred six years on average after the original HPV 16 detection. Eleven of 27 women had HPV 16 redetected. Some of these HPV 16 infections had apparently cleared during adolescence. LCR sequencing was successful in paired isolates from 6 women; in 5 of 6 cases the redetected HPV 16 isolates were identical to those detected during adolescence, CONCLUSIONS: HPV 16 may be episodically detected in young women, even over long time periods. HPV 16 redetection with identical LCR sequences suggests low-level persistent infection rather than true clearance, although newly acquired infection with an identical HPV 16 isolate cannot be excluded. However, this study suggests that a new HPV 16-positive test in a clinical setting may not indicate a new infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ermel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Marcia L Shew
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Teresa M Imburgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Matt Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Brahim Qadadri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Darron R Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
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34
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Gilligan GM, Galindez Costa MFF, Moine L, Panico RL, Piemonte ED. Could chronic mechanical irritation facilitate entry of human papillomavirus (HPV) facilitating oral HPV infection? TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x17746799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo M Gilligan
- Oral Medicine Department, Dentistry College, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Lorena Moine
- Oral Medicine Department, Dentistry College, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - René L Panico
- Oral Medicine Department, Dentistry College, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo D Piemonte
- Oral Medicine Department, Dentistry College, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
Preclinical infection model systems are extremely valuable tools to aid in our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression, prevention, and treatments. In this context, rodent papillomaviruses and their respective infection models are useful tools but remain underutilized resources in the field of papillomavirus biology. Two rodent papillomaviruses, MnPV1, which infects the Mastomys species of multimammate rats, and MmuPV1, which infects laboratory mice, are currently the most studied rodent PVs. Both of these viruses cause malignancy in the skin and can provide attractive infection models to study the lesser understood cutaneous papillomaviruses that have been frequently associated with HPV-related skin cancers. Of these, MmuPV1 is the first reported rodent papillomavirus that can naturally infect the laboratory strain of mice. MmuPV1 is an attractive model virus to study papillomavirus pathogenesis because of the ubiquitous availability of lab mice and the fact that this mouse species is genetically modifiable. In this review, we have summarized the knowledge we have gained about PV biology from the study of rodent papillomaviruses and point out the remaining gaps that can provide new research opportunities.
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36
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Doorbar J. Host control of human papillomavirus infection and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 47:27-41. [PMID: 28919159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most human papillomaviruses cause inapparent infections, subtly affecting epithelial homeostasis, to ensure genome persistence in the epithelial basal layer. As with conspicuous papillomas, these self-limiting lesions shed viral particles to ensure population level maintenance and depend on a balance between viral gene expression, immune cell stimulation and immune surveillance for persistence. The complex immune evasion strategies, characteristic of high-risk HPV types, also allow the deregulated viral gene expression that underlies neoplasia. Neoplasia occurs at particular epithelial sites where vulnerable cells such as the reserve or cuboidal cells of the cervical transformation zone are found. Beta papillomavirus infection can also predispose an individual with immune deficiencies to the development of cancers. The host control of HPV infections thus involves local interactions between keratinocytes and the adaptive immune response. Effective immune detection and surveillance limits overt disease, leading to HPV persistence as productive microlesions or in a true latent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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37
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Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for the detection and quantification of HPV 16, 18, 33 and 45 - a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:521-527. [PMID: 28748500 PMCID: PMC5608796 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is associated with several anogenital malignancies. Here, we set out to evaluate digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) as a tool for HPV 16, 18, 33 and 45 viral load quantification and, in addition, to compare the efficacy of the ddPCR assay for HPV 16 detection with that of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Methods Clinical samples, positive for HPV genotypes 16, 18, 33 and 45 were analyzed for viral load using ddPCR. Sample DNA was cleaved before droplet generation and PCR. Droplets positive for VIC and FAM fluorescence were read in a QX200 Droplet reader™ (BIO-RAD) after which the viral load was calculated using Quantasoft software. Results We found that DNAs extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples yielded lower amplification signals compared to those obtained from liquid based cytology (LBC) samples, but they were clearly distinguishable from negative background signals. The viral limit of detection was 1.6 copies of HPV 16, 2.8 copies of HPV 18, 4.6 copies of HPV 33 and 1.6 copies of HPV 45. The mean inter-assay coefficients of variability (CV) for the assays ranged from 3.4 to 7.0%, and the mean intra-assay CV from 2.6 to 8.2%. The viral load in the different cohorts of tumor samples ranged from 154 to 340,200 copies for HPV 16, 244 to 31,300 copies for HPV 18 and 738 to 69,100 copies for HPV 33. One sample positive for HPV 45 contained 1331 viral copies. When comparing qPCR data with ddPCR copy number data, the qPCR values were found to be 1 to 31 times higher. Conclusions Separation of fragments in nanodroplets may facilitate the amplification of fragmented human and viral DNA. The method of digital droplet PCR may, thus, provide a new and promising tool for evaluating the HPV viral load in clinical samples.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a large collection of viral types associated with significant clinical disease of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. HPV-associated cancers are found in anogenital and oral mucosa, and at various cutaneous sites. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue restricted, and these viruses display both mucosotropic, cutaneotropic or dual tropism for epithelial tissues. A subset of HPV types, predominantly mucosal, are also oncogenic and cancers with these HPV types account for more than 200,000 deaths world-wide. Host control of HPV infections requires both innate and adaptive immunity, but the viruses have developed strategies to escape immune detection. Viral proteins can disrupt both innate pathogen-sensing pathways and T-cell based recognition and subsequent destruction of infected tissues. Current treatments to manage HPV infections include mostly ablative strategies in which recurrences are common and only active disease is treated. Although much is known about the papillomavirus life cycle, viral protein functions, and immune responsiveness, we still lack knowledge in a number of key areas of PV biology including tissue tropism, site-specific cancer progression, codon usage profiles, and what are the best strategies to mount an effective immune response to the carcinogenic stages of PV disease. In this review, disease transmission, protection and control are discussed together with questions related to areas in PV biology that will continue to provide productive opportunities of discovery and to further our understanding of this diverse set of human viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Passmore JAS, Williamson AL. Host Immune Responses Associated with Clearance or Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infections. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-016-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kero K, Rautava J, Louvanto K, Syrjänen K, Grenman S, Syrjänen S. Genotype-specific concordance of oral and genital human papillomavirus infections among marital couples is low. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:697-704. [PMID: 26873377 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Data on genotype-specific concordance of oral-oral and genital-oral HPV infections among marital couples are key to understand HPV transmission between spouses. Genotype-specific concordance of HPV infections (oral/genital) and their co-variates among 131 marital couples were determined during 6-year follow-up (FU). Seven oral scrapings were taken from both spouses, accompanied by six genital samplings from the women and one (at baseline) from the male partners. HPV-genotyping was performed by nested PCR and a Luminex®-based Multimetrix Assay. Demographic data were collected with questionnaires at baseline and study conclusion. Prevalence of oral HPV varied from 10.3 to 27.0 % and 15.8 to 31.3 % in women and men, respectively. At baseline, 37.6 % of the male genital samples were HPV-positive while in female genital samples, HPV prevalence varied from 13.3 to 59.4 %. Only 15 couples had HPV genotype-specific concordance (oral-oral n = 7; male oral-female genital n = 9; female oral-male genital n = 2). In the nested case-control setting, higher number of deliveries (OR 0.145, 95%CI 0.030-0.706, p = 0.017) and higher number of intercourse (OR 0.488, 95%CI 0.243-0.978, p = 0.043) decreased the likelihood of concordant HPV infections while practicing oral sex increased the risk (OR 0.299, 95%CI 0.120-0.748, p = 0.010). In multivariate analysis, the likelihood of concordance was decreased by higher number of pregnancies of the female partner (p = 0.020) and by higher frequency of intercourse reported by the male spouse (p = 0.027). To conclude, asymptomatic HPV infections were common in both spouses while genotype-specific concordance was low. This supports the view that HPV profile of the spouses has been established before the current marital relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - J Rautava
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - K Louvanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - K Syrjänen
- Clinical Research, Biohit Oyj, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Grenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - S Syrjänen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
We investigated healthy skin and mucosal specimens of wild ruminants in the Italian Alps. We identified bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-2 DNA in the healthy skin of wild ruminants and documented coinfection of BPV-1 and Cervus elaphus papillomavirus (CePV)-1 in a healthy red deer (Cervus elaphus). We also demonstrated cross-infections of BPVs of the genus Xipapillomavirus, both as single virus infection and also in association with Deltapapillomavirus types 1 and 2, confirming that host tropism of papillomaviruses is not as species-specific as previously thought. Our results suggest that subclinical infections could be linked to the presence of domestic ruminants sharing the same habitat with wild species and that the wildlife may act as a reservoir for papillomaviruses affecting domestic species.
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Schellenbacher C, Shafti-Keramat S, Huber B, Fink D, Brandt S, Kirnbauer R. Establishment of an in vitro equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) neutralization assay and a VLP-based vaccine for protection of equids against EcPV2-associated genital tumors. Virology 2015; 486:284-90. [PMID: 26519597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consistent and specific presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) DNA and mRNA in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (gSCC) is suggestive of an etiological role in tumor development. To further validate this concept, EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers were determined by an EcPV2 pseudovirion (PsV) neutralization assay. Furthermore, an EcPV2 L1 virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine was generated and its prophylactic efficacy evaluated in vivo. All 6/6 gSCC-affected, but only 3/20 tumor-free age-matched animals revealed EcPV2-neutralizing serum antibody titers by PsV assay. Vaccination of NZW rabbits and BalbC mice with EcPV2 L1 VLP using Freund׳s or alum respectively as adjuvant induced high-titer neutralizing serum antibodies (1600-12,800). Passive transfer with rabbit EcPV2-VLP immune sera completely protected mice from experimental vaginal EcPV2 PsV infection. These findings support the impact of EcPV2 in equine gSCC development and recommend EcPV2 L1 VLP as prophylactic vaccine against EcPV2 infection and associated disease in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schellenbacher
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Huber
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Clinic, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Shew ML, Ermel AC, Tong Y, Tu W, Qadadri B, Brown DR. Episodic detection of human papillomavirus within a longitudinal cohort of young women. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2122-9. [PMID: 26112742 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Redetection of a type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may represent reinfection. However, a growing body of literature suggests that reactivation of HPV is common and that episodic detection of a HPV infection may represent reactivation of a persistent virus. A cohort of prospectively followed adolescent women (N = 150), ages 14-17, was observed on average 6.4 years. The authors describe the redetection of 37 HPV types and associated factors of redetection of high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) types using Cox proportional hazard models. Of 1,248 HPV type-specific infections, 286 (22.9%) were associated with redetection after apparent clearance. Chlamydia infections (HR = 1.99 [95%CI, 1.15-3.49]) and non-condom use (HR = 1.1 [95%CI, 1.04-1.99]) were associated with increased redetection of HR-HPV infections. Oral contraceptive pills (HR = 2.73 [95%CI, 1.52-4.90]) and number of sexual partners (HR = 1.44 [95%CI, 1.04-1.99]) were associated with increased redetection of LR-HPV infections. Episodic detection of HPV is common for HR- and LR-HPV types. This finding and identified factors or redetection have clinical implications and enhances the understanding of HPV natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Shew
- Departments of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aaron C Ermel
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yan Tong
- Departments of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Departments of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brahim Qadadri
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Darron R Brown
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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The Nuclear DNA Sensor IFI16 Acts as a Restriction Factor for Human Papillomavirus Replication through Epigenetic Modifications of the Viral Promoters. J Virol 2015; 89:7506-20. [PMID: 25972554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00013-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human interferon-inducible IFI16 protein, an innate immune sensor of intracellular DNA, was recently demonstrated to act as a restriction factor for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection by inhibiting both viral-DNA replication and transcription. Through the use of two distinct cellular models, this study provides strong evidence in support of the notion that IFI16 can also restrict human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) replication. In the first model, an immortalized keratinocyte cell line (NIKS) was used, in which the IFI16 protein was knocked down through the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology and overexpressed following transduction with the adenovirus IFI16 (AdVIFI16) vector. The second model consisted of U2OS cells transfected by electroporation with HPV18 minicircles. In differentiated IFI16-silenced NIKS-HPV18 cells, viral-load values were significantly increased compared with differentiated control cells. Consistent with this, IFI16 overexpression severely impaired HPV18 replication in both NIKS and U2OS cells, thus confirming its antiviral restriction activity. In addition to the inhibition of viral replication, IFI16 was also able to reduce viral transcription, as demonstrated by viral-gene expression analysis in U2OS cells carrying episomal HPV18 minicircles and HeLa cells. We also provide evidence that IFI16 promotes the addition of heterochromatin marks and the reduction of euchromatin marks on viral chromatin at both early and late promoters, thus reducing both viral replication and transcription. Altogether, these results argue that IFI16 restricts chromatinized HPV DNA through epigenetic modifications and plays a broad surveillance role against viral DNA in the nucleus that is not restricted to herpesviruses. IMPORTANCE Intrinsic immunity is mediated by cellular restriction factors that are constitutively expressed and active even before a pathogen enters the cell. The host nuclear factor IFI16 acts as a sensor of foreign DNA and an antiviral restriction factor, as recently demonstrated by our group for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Here, we provide the first evidence that IFI16 inhibits HPV18 replication by repressing viral-gene expression and replication. This antiviral restriction activity was observed in immortalized keratinocytes transfected with the religated genomes and in U2OS cells transfected with HPV18 minicircles, suggesting that it is not cell type specific. We also show that IFI16 promotes the assembly of heterochromatin on HPV DNA. These changes in viral chromatin structure lead to the generation of a repressive state at both early and late HPV18 promoters, thus implicating the protein in the epigenetic regulation of HPV gene expression and replication.
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Zhang L, Wu J, Ling MT, Zhao L, Zhao KN. The role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in human cancers induced by infection with human papillomaviruses. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:87. [PMID: 26022660 PMCID: PMC4498560 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) leads to the development of a wide-range of cancers, accounting for 5% of all human cancers. A prominent example is cervical cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. It has been well established that tumor development and progression induced by HPV infection is driven by the sustained expression of two oncogenes E6 and E7. The expression of E6 and E7 not only inhibits the tumor suppressors p53 and Rb, but also alters additional signalling pathways that may be equally important for transformation. Among these pathways, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling cascade plays a very important role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis by acting through multiple cellular and molecular events. In this review, we summarize the frequent amplification of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signals in HPV-induced cancers and discuss how HPV oncogenes E6/E7/E5 activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway to modulate tumor initiation and progression and affect patient outcome. Improvement of our understanding of the mechanism by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway contributes to the immortalization and carcinogenesis of HPV-transduced cells will assist in devising novel strategies for preventing and treating HPV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 , Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
- Current address: Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Ming Tat Ling
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
| | - Liang Zhao
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 , Zhejiang, PR China.
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
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Koeneman MM, Kruitwagen RFPM, Nijman HW, Slangen BFM, Van Gorp T, Kruse AJ. Natural history of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review of prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:527-46. [PMID: 25703310 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1012068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is largely unpredictable and current histopathological examination is unable to differentiate between lesions that will regress and those that will not. Therefore, most high-grade lesions are currently treated by surgical excision, leading to overtreatment and unnecessary complications. Prognostic biomarkers may differentiate between lesions that will regress and those that will not, making individualized treatment of high-grade CIN possible. This review identifies several promising prognostic biomarkers. These biomarkers include viral genotype and viral DNA methylation (viral factors), human leukocyte antigen-subtypes, markers of lymphoproliferative response, telomerase amplification and human papillomavirus-induced epigenetic effects (host factors) and Ki-67, p53 and pRb (cellular factors). All identified biomarkers were evaluated according to their role in the natural history of high-grade CIN and according to established criteria for evaluation of biomarkers (prospective-specimen-collection, retrospective-blinded-evaluation [PROBE] criteria). None of the biomarkers meets the PROBE criteria for clinical applicability and more research on prognostic biomarkers in high-grade CIN is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot M Koeneman
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Torres-Poveda K, Bahena-Román M, Madrid-González C, Burguete-García AI, Bermúdez-Morales VH, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Madrid-Marina V. Role of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in local immunosuppression in HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:753-763. [PMID: 25302175 PMCID: PMC4129538 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a worldwide disease that constitutes a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries, not only due to its high incidence but also because the most affected population comprises women who belong to marginalized socio-economic classes. Clinical and molecular research has identified immunological impairment in squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions and cervical cancer patients. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has several mechanisms for avoiding the immune system: it down-regulates the expression of interferon and upregulates interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to produce a local immunosuppressive environment, which, along with altered tumor surface antigens, forms an immunosuppressive network that inhibits the antitumor immune response. In this review we analyzed the available data on several deregulated cellular immune functions in patients with NIC I, NIC II and NIC III and cervical cancer. The effects of immunosuppressive cytokines on innate immune response, T-cell activation and cellular factors that promote tumor cell proliferation in cervical cancer patients are summarized. We discuss the functional consequences of HPV E2, E6, and E7 protein interactions with IL-10 and TGF-β1 promoters in the induction of these cytokines and postulate its effect on the cellular immune response in squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions and cervical cancer patients. This review provides a comprehensive picture of the immunological functions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in response to HPV in humans.
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Guardado-Estrada M, Juárez-Torres E, Román-Bassaure E, Medina-Martinez I, Alfaro A, Benuto RE, Dean M, Villegas-Sepulveda N, Berumen J. The distribution of high-risk human papillomaviruses is different in young and old patients with cervical cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109406. [PMID: 25295590 PMCID: PMC4190176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous human papillomavirus (HPV) frequency studies in women with cervical cancer (CC), little is known of HPV frequency trends according to patient age. In this work, we compare the mean age and frequency distribution by age of CC patients positive for different HPVs. This study included 462 CC patients. HPVs were detected by PCR and typed using DNA sequencing. A total of 456 patients (98.7%) were positive for HPV: 418 (90.5%) had single and 38 (8.2%) had double HPV infections. HPV16 (46.5%), HPV18 (10.4%), HPV45 (6.7%), and HPV31 (4.1%) were the most frequent viral types in single-infected patients. The mean ages of single-infected patients with HPV16 (49.2±13.3), HPV18 (47.9±12.2), HPV45 (47.9±11.7), or HPV39 (42.6±8.9) were significantly lower than the mean ages of patients singly (53.9±12.7; p<0.001, t-test) or doubly (55.4±12.7; p<0.05, t-test) infected with the remaining HPVs. Three different trends were identified: one for HPV16, another for HPVs18/45/39, and a third for the rest of HPVs. The frequency trend of HPV16 shows two peaks. The first (63.2%) was found in the youngest women (≤35 years), followed by a decreasing trend until the age of 55-60 years (31.1%). The second peak arose at 61-65 years (52.5%), followed by a decreasing trend. The trend for HPVs18/45/39 declined from the youngest (19.3%) to the oldest (>70 years; 12.8%) women. In contrast, the trend for the remaining HPVs increased from the youngest (15.8%) to the oldest (46.2%) women. Unlike other life-style factors, low-risk sexual behavior was associated with late onset of CC independent of low-oncogenic HPV types (p<0.05, Wald chi-square statistic). The data indicate that most CCs in young women depend on the presence of high-oncogenic HPVs. In contrast, almost half of CCs in older patients had low-oncogenic HPVs, suggesting they could depend on the presence of other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Guardado-Estrada
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México, México, D.F. México
| | - Eligia Juárez-Torres
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México, México, D.F. México
| | | | - Ingrid Medina-Martinez
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México, México, D.F. México
| | - Ana Alfaro
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México, México, D.F. México
| | | | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolás Villegas-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. México, D.F. México
| | - Jaime Berumen
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Hospital General de México, México, D.F. México
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, D.F. México
- * E-mail:
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IPA Analysis of Cervicovaginal Fluid from Precancerous Women Points to the Presence of Biomarkers for the Precancerous State of Cervical Carcinoma. Proteomes 2014; 2:426-450. [PMID: 28250389 PMCID: PMC5302755 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite large gaps in our knowledge on the intracellular mechanism leading to cervical cancer, the pathways induced by oncogenic high-risk Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and those finally causing cervical cancer are increasingly being unraveled. Assuming that precancerous tissue is recognized and lysed by the immune system—which is in many cases incomplete because of the counteraction by the HPV virus—we hypothesize that several intracellular factors, involved in induction and development of precancerous lesions and/or cervical cancer are being released into the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF). These factors can then be seen as markers for the precancerous state, and when they persist they are indicative for an increased risk for cervical carcinoma. In a previous study, we analyzed the proteomic profiles of six CVF samples from women with different stages of precancerous lesions and compared these with the CVF proteomes from healthy women. Here, we extend these observations by investigating these proteomes by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). We show that proteins in CVF from precancerous women are clearly more involved in pathways that make up the ‘hallmarks of cancer’, as compared to CVF proteins from healthy persons. Moreover, after literature search, proteins classified by IPA in the ‘cancer’ category, were more correlated with cervical cancer when they originated from CVF from precancerous women. Many of these proteins formed a network with angiotensin II as central mediator. The search for ‘network biomarkers’, rather than single biomarkers, could drastically increase specificity, sensitivity and prognostic value of cervical cancer diagnosis, making use of an easy to handle fluid, the CVF.
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50
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Abstract
At mucosal sites, papillomavirus genomes can persist in the epithelial basal layer following immune-mediated regression. Subsequent T-cell depletion stimulates a 3- to 5-log increase in the viral copy number, to levels associated with productive infection. Reappearance of microlesions was rare within the short time frame of our experiments but was observed in one instance. Our studies provide direct evidence that immunosuppression can trigger the reactivation of latent papillomavirus genomes, as previously proposed in humans.
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