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Liu J, Roberts J, Hanby E, Louaddi O, Winickoff JP, Reynolds MJ, Gundersen DA, Gottlieb MA, Emmons KM, Tan ASL. Impacts of the Massachusetts 2019 An Act Modernizing Tobacco Control on tobacco retailer settings: A multi-methods study. Addict Behav 2024; 157:108089. [PMID: 38908050 PMCID: PMC11283354 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In November 2019, the Massachusetts legislature passed An Act Modernizing Tobacco Control and became the first state to restrict retail sales of all flavored (including menthol) cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and other tobacco products. Our study aims to provide the retailer experience of the new law from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders, including tobacco retailers themselves, public health officials, and Massachusetts residents. METHODS We conducted in-depth interviews with seven tobacco retailers and ten public health officials from March 2021 to April 2022. Monthly repeated cross-sectional surveys were administered through the online survey panel Prodege from April 2021 to August 2022 (adult sample: N = 765; adolescent sample: N = 900). Themes from interviews were identified by drawing on deductive codes informed by the interview guide, followed by inductive coding of data. Survey data were descriptively analyzed in R. RESULTS Key themes included retailer frustration over loss of sales to neighboring states, factors associated with retailer compliance, and the need for increased education regarding the law. Survey results showed that a minority of adolescents (13.3%) and adults (26.1%) who vaped in the past 30-days were traveling to border states to purchase vape products. Less than one-quarter of adolescent participants and less than half of adult participants could correctly identify which products Massachusetts did not sell. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the retailer, public health, and end-user perspectives support mutual benefits of adjacent states enacting flavored tobacco sales restrictions, improved policy education for retailers and the public, and improved retailer enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- REACH Lab, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| | - Jane Roberts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Survey and Qualitative Methods Core, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elaine Hanby
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Oulaya Louaddi
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- MassGeneral Hospital Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States; MGH Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Boston, MA, United States; American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center, Itasca, IL, United States
| | | | - Daniel A Gundersen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Survey and Qualitative Methods Core, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A Gottlieb
- Public Health Advocacy Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Karen M Emmons
- Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andy S L Tan
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Tobacco and Environmental Carcinogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Sobolewski J, Rothschild A, Freeman A. The Impact of Incentives on Data Collection for Online Surveys: Social Media Recruitment Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e50240. [PMID: 38963924 PMCID: PMC11258516 DOI: 10.2196/50240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of targeted advertisements on social media platforms (eg, Facebook and Instagram) has become increasingly popular for recruiting participants for online survey research. Many of these surveys offer monetary incentives for survey completion in the form of gift cards; however, little is known about whether the incentive amount impacts the cost, speed, and quality of data collection. OBJECTIVE This experiment addresses this gap in the literature by examining how different incentives in paid advertising campaigns on Instagram for completing a 10-minute online survey influence the response rate, recruitment advertising cost, data quality, and length of data collection. METHODS This experiment tested three incentive conditions using three Instagram campaigns that were each allocated a US $1400 budget to spend over a maximum of 4 days; ads targeted users aged 15-24 years in three nonadjacent designated market areas of similar size to avoid overlapping audiences. Four ad creatives were designed for each campaign; all ads featured the same images and text, but the incentive amount varied: no incentive, US $5 gift card, and US $15 gift card. All ads had a clickable link that directed users to an eligibility screener and a 10-minute online survey, if eligible. Each campaign ran for either the full allotted time (4 days) or until there were 150 total survey completes, prior to data quality checks for fraud. RESULTS The US $15 incentive condition resulted in the quickest and cheapest data collection, requiring 17 hours and ad spending of US $338.64 to achieve 142 survey completes. The US $5 condition took more than twice as long (39 hours) and cost US $864.33 in ad spending to achieve 148 survey completes. The no-incentive condition ran for 60 hours, spending nearly the full budget (US $1398.23), and achieved only 24 survey completes. The US $15 and US $5 incentive conditions had similar levels of fraudulent respondents, whereas the no-incentive condition had no fraudulent respondents. The completion rate for the US $15 and US $5 incentive conditions were 93.4% (155/166) and 89.8% (149/166), respectively, while the completion rate for the no-incentive condition was 43.6% (24/55). CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found that a higher incentive resulted in quicker data collection, less money spent on ads, and higher response rates, despite some fraudulent cases that had to be dropped from the sample. However, when considering the total incentive amounts in addition to the ad spending, a US $5 incentive appeared to be the most cost-effective data collection option. Other costs associated with running a campaign for a longer period should also be considered. A longer experiment is warranted to determine whether fraud varies over time across conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Freeman
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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3
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Schulz JA, Hall JP, West JC, Glasser AM, Bourne DE, Delnevo CD, Villanti AC. Measuring disability among U.S. adolescents and young adults: A survey measurement experiment. Prev Med Rep 2024; 43:102770. [PMID: 38846156 PMCID: PMC11154695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Disability is identified in surveys using various question sets, with little understanding of reliability across these measures, nor how these estimates may vary across age groups, including adolescents and young adults (AYA). The purpose of this study was to assess AYA prevalence of disability using two disability question sets and reliability of these measures. Methods AYA participants in the Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont Study completed a single-item disability question used in the National Survey on Health and Disability (NSHD) and Urban Institute's Health Reform Monitoring Survey (HRMS) and a six-item set on functioning (Washington Group-Short Set, WG-SS) from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) in 2021. Prevalence was estimated for any disability and each disability domain in adolescents (ages 12-17) and young adults (ages 18-25) and compared with U.S. national estimates in NHIS and NSDUH. Results Using the WG-SS, the prevalence of any disability was 17.0 % in PACE Vermont adolescents and 22.0 % in young adults, consistent with the national prevalence of adolescents in NSDUH (17.9 %) but higher than estimates of young adults in NHIS (3.9 %) and NSDUH (12.9 %). The single-item question provided lower estimates of disability (adolescents: 6.9 %; young adults: 18.5 %) than the WG-SS, with low positive agreement between measures. Discussion The prevalence of disability in AYAs varies depending on measures used. To improve disability surveillance, it may be necessary to validate new disability questions, including among AYAs, to capture a broader range of disability domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Schulz
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jean P. Hall
- Institute for Health and Disability Policy Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Julia C. West
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Allison M. Glasser
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Cristine D. Delnevo
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea C. Villanti
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Weisblum M, Trussell E, Schwinn T, Pacheco AR, Nurkin P. Screening and Retaining Adolescents Recruited Through Social Media: Secondary Analysis from a Longitudinal Clinical Trial. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2024; 7:e47984. [PMID: 38416559 PMCID: PMC10938224 DOI: 10.2196/47984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media has become a popular method to recruit participants, particularly for studies with hard-to-reach populations. These studies still face challenges in data quality and, for longitudinal studies, sample retention. However, in addition to aiding in recruitment, social media platforms can help researchers with participant verification and tracking procedures during the study. There is limited previous research describing how longitudinal studies can use social media to screen and retain participants. OBJECTIVE This paper describes strategies implemented to screen and retain a nationwide sample of sexual minority youth who were recruited through social media platforms for a longitudinal study testing a drug abuse prevention program. METHODS Our screening strategies for participants included collecting necessary demographic information (name, phone, email, and social media accounts), verifying this information using publicly available web-based records, and sending confirmation emails to ensure working email addresses and correct dates of birth. Retention strategies included communications designed to develop positive participant relationships, incentives for survey completion, regular updating of participant contact information, targeting hard-to-reach participants, and using social media as an alternative means of contacting participants. RESULTS During enrollment, although the only demographic data required were a phone number and an email address, 87.58% (1065/1216) of participants provided their Instagram as an alternative means of contact. This form of alternative communication remains the most preferred with 87.40% (1047/1198) of participants continuing to provide an Instagram username as of January 2023, about 3 years after recruitment began. In comparison, other alternative means of contact (eg, Facebook and alternative email) were provided by only 6.43% (77/1198) to 56.18% (673/1198) of participants. Direct messaging on Instagram was used to successfully confirm participant identity, remind participants to take annual follow-up surveys, and update lost participant contact information. Screening and retention strategies used in the study have helped achieve 96.30% (1171/1216) to 96.79% (1177/1216) sample retention across 3 waves of data collection. CONCLUSIONS Though social media can be a helpful tool to recruit participants, attrition and participant authenticity difficulties may be associated with this method. Screening and retention strategies can be implemented to improve retention. Internet searches are effective for screening youth to ensure they meet eligibility requirements. Additionally, social media-Instagram in this study-can help to track and locate participants who do not respond to traditional contact methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03954535; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03954535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Weisblum
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emma Trussell
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Traci Schwinn
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrea R Pacheco
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paige Nurkin
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Kiwanuka GN, Bajunirwe F, Alele PE, Oloro J, Mindra A, Marshall P, Loue S. Public health and research ethics education: the experience of developing a new cadre of bioethicists at a Ugandan institution. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38172860 PMCID: PMC10763195 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Research ethics education is critical to developing a culture of responsible conduct of research. Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have a high burden of infectious diseases like HIV and malaria; some, like Uganda, have recurring outbreaks. Coupled with the increase in non-communicable diseases, researchers have access to large populations to test new medications and vaccines. The need to develop multi-level capacity in research ethics in Uganda is still huge, being compounded by the high burden of disease and challenging public health issues. Only a few institutions in the SSA offer graduate training in research ethics, implying that the proposed ideal of each high-volume research ethics committee having at least one member with in-depth training in ethics is far from reality. Finding best practices for comparable situations and training requirements is challenging because there is currently no "gold standard" for teaching research ethics and little published information on curriculum and implementation strategies. The purpose of this paper is to describe a model of research ethics (RE) education as a track in an existing 2-year Master of Public Health (MPH) to provide training for developing specific applied learning skills to address contemporary and emerging needs for biomedical and public health research in a highly disease-burdened country. We describe our five-year experience in successful implementation of the MPH-RE program by the Mbarara University Research Ethics Education Program at Mbarara University of Science and Technology in southwestern Uganda. We used curriculum materials, applications to the program, post-training and external evaluations, and annual reports for this work. This model can be adapted and used elsewhere in developing countries with similar contexts. Establishing an interface between public health and research ethics requires integration of the two early in the delivery of the MPH-RE program to prevent a disconnect in knowledge between research methods provided by the MPH component of the MPH-RE program and for research in ethics that MPH-RE students are expected to perform for their dissertation. Promoting bioethics education, which is multi-disciplinary, in institutions where it is still "foreign" is challenging and necessitates supportive leadership at all institutional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude N Kiwanuka
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Paul E Alele
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Joseph Oloro
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Arnold Mindra
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patricia Marshall
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sana Loue
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Liu J, Winickoff JP, Hanby E, Rees V, Emmons KM, Tan AS. Prevalence and correlates of past 30-day dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis among adolescents in five New England states. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 254:111055. [PMID: 38071894 PMCID: PMC10872281 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Adolescent vaping behavior includes vaping of multiple substances, including both nicotine and cannabis (dual-vaping). This study describes the prevalence and the sociodemographic correlates of past 30-day dual-vaping. METHODS We recruited adolescents ages 13-17 from five New England states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire) through the Prodege online survey panel from April 2021 to August 2022. Dual-vaping was defined as vaping both nicotine and cannabis (THC and/or CBD) in the past 30-days. We analyzed the prevalence of sole-nicotine, sole-cannabis, and dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis and used multinomial logistic regression to examine associations between sociodemographic factors and sole- and dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis. RESULTS The analytic sample included 2013 observations from 1858 participants (mean age 15.1 years, 46.2% female, 74.1% White, 82.2% heterosexual). Among these observations, 5.6% reported past 30-day sole-nicotine vaping, 5.5% reported sole-cannabis vaping, and 7.3% had dual-vaped. Correlates for higher odds of past 30-day dual-vaping included total social media sites used and household tobacco use, in contrast with sole-cannabis vaping, which included older age and self-reported depression (all p's <0.05). DISCUSSION Adolescent past 30-day dual-vaping of nicotine and cannabis was more prevalent than past 30-day sole-vaping of either nicotine or cannabis alone. Future studies should continue to collect detailed data on the type of substances, besides nicotine, that adolescents are vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- Harvard University, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Kresge Building, Boston, MA, USA; REACH Lab, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- Massachusetts General for Children, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA; MGH Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Boston, MA, USA; American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center, Itasca, IL, USA
| | - Elaine Hanby
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vaughan Rees
- Harvard University, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Kresge Building, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen M Emmons
- Harvard University, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Kresge Building, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andy Sl Tan
- University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Tobacco and Environmental Carcinogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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West JC, Burt KB, Klemperer EM, Chen HL, Villanti AC. Latent Classes of Perceived Addictiveness Predict Marijuana, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in Youth and Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:454-464. [PMID: 36692093 PMCID: PMC10227722 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2167497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mass media substance use prevention efforts target addiction perceptions in young people. This study examined youth and young adults' (YAs) perceived addictiveness across several substances and the associations between addiction perceptions and substance use. Methods: Data were collected in 2019 in an online cohort study of Vermonters aged 12-25. Latent class analyses grouped participants by perceived addictiveness of nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, electronic vapor products (EVPs), and opioids. Bivariate multinomial logistic and modified Poisson regression estimated associations between sociodemographics, substance use correlates, and subsequent use across latent classes. Results: Four latent classes captured addiction perceptions: high perceived addictiveness of EVPs, cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol (Class 1: n = 317; 31.3%), low perceived addictiveness of marijuana, alcohol, and caffeine (Class 2: n = 151; 14.3%), low perceived addictiveness of marijuana (Class 3: n = 581; 46.5%), and low perceived addictiveness of nicotine, cigarettes, and EVPs (Class 4: n = 83; 7.9%). For each year increase in age, there was a 36% increased likelihood of being in Class 2 (vs. Class 1) and a 148% increased likelihood of belonging to Class 3 (vs. Class 1). Low perceived addictiveness classes were associated with ever and past 30-day marijuana and alcohol use and predicted past 30-day alcohol use at three-month follow-up. Membership in Classes 2 and 3 also predicted past 30-day marijuana use at Wave 3. Discussion: The strong association between age and latent classes defined by low perceived addictiveness suggests age group differences in addiction perceptions. Findings suggest that YAs may benefit from prevention messaging on addictiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C West
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Keith B Burt
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Elias M Klemperer
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Harry L Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies; Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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8
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LePine SE, Peasley-Miklus C, Farrington ML, Young WJ, Bover Manderski MT, Hrywna M, Villanti AC. Ongoing Refinement and Adaptation are Required to Address Participant Deception in Online Nicotine and Tobacco Research Studies. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:170-172. [PMID: 35962780 PMCID: PMC9717385 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Elisha LePine
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | - Catherine Peasley-Miklus
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, USA
| | - Meghan L Farrington
- Office of Health Promotion Research, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Michelle T Bover Manderski
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, USA
| | - Mary Hrywna
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, USA
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, USA
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9
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Villanti AC, Peasley-Miklus C, Cha S, Schulz J, Klemperer EM, LePine SE, West JC, Mays D, Mermelstein R, Higgins ST, Graham AL. Tailored text message and web intervention for smoking cessation in U.S. socioeconomically-disadvantaged young adults: A randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2022; 165:107209. [PMID: 35995105 PMCID: PMC10186588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cigarette smoking in young adults is higher among those with socioeconomic disadvantage than those without. Low treatment-seeking among young adult smokers is compounded by few efficacious smoking cessation interventions for this group, particularly socioeconomically-disadvantaged young adults (SDYA) who smoke cigarettes. The goal of this study was to test a tailored smoking-cessation intervention for SDYA. 343 SDYA aged 18-30 living in the U.S. (85% female) who smoke cigarettes with access to a smartphone and interest in quitting smoking in the next six months were recruited online in Spring 2020 and randomized to referral to online quit resources (usual care control; n = 171) or a 12-week tailored text message smoking-cessation program with a companion web-based intervention (n = 172). Intent to treat analyses examined associations between study condition, self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA), and confidence to quit smoking at 12 weeks, controlling for potential confounders. Intervention group participants had greater self-reported 30-day PPA at 12-weeks than controls (adjusted relative risk 3.93, 95% CI 2.14-7.24). Among those who continued smoking, the intervention increased confidence to quit (0.81 points, 95% confidence interval 0.08-1.53). Weekly engagement in the intervention predicted greater cessation. A tailored text message intervention for SDYA increased smoking abstinence and confidence to quit at the end-of-treatment. Findings may have been influenced by recruitment at the start of the COVID pandemic but suggest that text messaging is an acceptable and efficacious cessation strategy for SDYA smokers. Future studies should examine the impact on longer-term smoking-cessation and importance of intervention tailoring for SDYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States.
| | - Catherine Peasley-Miklus
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Sarah Cha
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, United States
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Elias M Klemperer
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States
| | - S Elisha LePine
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Julia C West
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Robin Mermelstein
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, United States; Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States
| | - Amanda L Graham
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, United States; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, United States; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center/Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States
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10
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Villanti AC, Wackowski OA, LePine SE, West JC, Stevens EM, Unger JB, Mays D. Effects of Vaping Prevention Messages on Electronic Vapor Product Beliefs, Perceived Harms, and Behavioral Intentions among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14182. [PMID: 36361061 PMCID: PMC9655851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Youth have been the focus of electronic vapor product (EVP) prevention efforts though young adults had similar increases in current EVP use from 2015-2019. This study tested messages to reduce EVP use in young adults. Eight messages on vaping related harms and addictiveness combined with themes on social use and flavors were selected for inclusion in an online randomized controlled trial. Vermont young adults aged 18-24 (n = 569) were randomized to view the eight vaping prevention messages (n = 295) or eight messages on sun safety (n = 274). After completing baseline measures, participants viewed study messages and completed measures on message perceptions and perceived message effectiveness (PME), EVP-related beliefs, and EVP-related harm perceptions. Participants completed EVP-related beliefs and harm perception measures again at 1-month follow-up, as well as measures on tobacco and EVP-related behavioral intentions and behavior (ever and past 30-day use). Intervention participants reported positive impacts on vaping-related message responses. However, findings suggested no effect of vaping prevention messages on EVP-related beliefs, harm perceptions, or behaviors in the full sample. Exploratory analyses in the intervention condition showed that greater PME was associated with lower odds to intent to try cigarettes in the next year at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Villanti
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Olivia A. Wackowski
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - S. Elisha LePine
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Julia C. West
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Elise M. Stevens
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
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Exploring Definitions of "Addiction" in Adolescents and Young Adults and Correlation with Substance Use Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138075. [PMID: 35805733 PMCID: PMC9266281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Young people engage in addictive behaviors, but little is known about how they understand addiction. The present study examined how young people describe addiction in their own words and correlations between their definitions and substance use behaviors. (2) Methods: Young adults (n = 1146) in the PACE Vermont Study responded to an open-ended item “what does “addiction” mean?” in 2019. Responses were coded using three inductive categories and fifteen subcategories. Quantitative analyses examined correlations between addiction theme definitions, demographics, and substance use behaviors. (3) Participants frequently defined addiction by physiological (68%) and psychological changes (65%) and less by behavioral changes (6%), or all three (3%); young adults had higher odds of defining addiction as physiological or behavioral changes than adolescents. Participants who described addiction as “psychological changes” had lower odds of ever electronic vapor product use (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57−1.00) than those using another definition, controlling for age and sex. (4) Perceptions of addiction in our sample aligned with existing validated measures of addiction. Findings discriminated between familiar features of addiction and features that may be overlooked by young adults. Substance users may employ definitions that exclude the symptoms they are most likely to experience.
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The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Asset Management of Start-Ups in the Context of Deep Learning. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:1756470. [PMID: 35571688 PMCID: PMC9098275 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1756470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the coninuous improvement and development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, this technology has been used in the asset management of companies. To improve the asset management level of Chinese start-ups, firstly, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) has been studied in depth, and an evaluation system of the company’s asset quality has been established. Secondly, the BPNN is integrated with the evaluation indicators of asset quality, and an evaluation model of asset quality based on BPNN is constructed. Next, start-up A is taken as the experimental object; the evaluation score of the asset quality of A company is input into the model, which proves that there is still a certain gap between the asset management level of start-ups and mature companies. Finally, to find out the problems of the company’s asset quality, the traditional financial analysis method is used to carry out a specific microanalysis of the evaluation indicators of its asset quality. In view of the existing problems, suggestions are put forward for prudent investment, improve inventory operation efficiency, increase investment in R&D and innovation, improve the quality of sales outlets, and increase the proportion of high-quality intangible assets. The asset quality evaluation system for start-ups established here includes 19 evaluation indicators. The BPNN-based asset quality evaluation model selects 5 mature companies in the same industry as sample companies. The scores of the evaluation indicators of asset quality of the 5 sample companies in the past three years are normalized and input into the model. The model contains 19 nodes of the input layer, 39 nodes of the hidden layer, and 1 node of the output layer. The target error rate is 0.001, the learning rate is 0.1, the number of training times is 1000, and the training function is the trainlm function. This research has a certain reference for the application of AI technology in the asset management of start-ups.
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Villanti AC, LePine SE, Peasley-Miklus C, West JC, Roemhildt M, Williams R, Copeland WE. COVID-related distress, mental health, and substance use in adolescents and young adults. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2022; 27:138-145. [PMID: 35253363 PMCID: PMC9018497 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the impact of COVID-related disruptions on mental health and substance use in young people residing in a state with an initially lower COVID burden and earlier reopening of in-person learning than other states. METHODS Data come from Waves 3 (Fall 2019) and 4 (Fall 2020) of the Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont, an online cohort study of adolescents (ages 12-17) and young adults (ages 18-25). Participants in Wave 4 (212 adolescents; 662 young adults) completed items on COVID-related stressors, the impact of the pandemic on their substance use, brief mental health scales, and past 30-day substance use. Analyses examined correlational and longitudinal relationships between COVID-related stressors, mental health symptoms, and substance use. RESULTS More than 60% of participants noted negative effects of the pandemic on their physical, emotional, and social well-being, with greater impacts of COVID-related stressors in young adults than adolescents. There were significant increases in depressive (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03, 1.66) and anxiety symptoms (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.10, 1.64) in young adults between Fall 2019 and Fall 2020. Higher overall COVID Impact scores were associated with higher odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as past 30-day electronic vapor product use, in adjusted cross-sectional and longitudinal models. CONCLUSIONS Robust associations between COVID-related distress, mental health, and substance use outcomes in young people signal the opportunity to increase evidence-based interventions while adding novel approaches to minimize longer-term harms of the pandemic on mental health in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Elisha LePine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Julia C West
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maria Roemhildt
- Health Surveillance, Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rhonda Williams
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, VT, USA
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