1
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Tao L, Wang X, Yu Y, Ge T, Gong H, Yong W, Si J, He M, Ding J. Identifying SNP threshold from P2 sequences for investigating norovirus transmission. Virus Res 2024; 346:199408. [PMID: 38797342 PMCID: PMC11153907 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a group of non-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to Caliciviridae family. They can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route from contaminated food and water and cause mainly acute gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of norovirus infections could be difficult to detect and investigate. In this study, we developed a simple threshold detection approach based on variations of the P2 domain of the capsid protein. We obtained sequences from the norovirus hypervariable P2 region using Sanger sequencing, including 582 pairs of epidemiologically-related strains from 35 norovirus outbreaks and 6402 pairs of epidemiologically-unrelated strains during the four epidemic seasons. Genetic distances were calculated and a threshold was performed by adopting ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve which identified transmission clusters in all tested outbreaks with 80 % sensitivity. In average, nucleotide diversity between outbreaks was 67.5 times greater than the diversity within outbreaks. Simple and accurate thresholds for detecting norovirus transmissions of three genotypes obtained here streamlines molecular investigation of norovirus outbreaks, thus enabling rapid and efficient responses for the control of norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiu Tao
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, 211166 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng Ge
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjin Gong
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yong
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiali Si
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min He
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Zizhulin 2, 210003 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, 211166 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang J, Ran L, Zhai M, Jiang C, Xu C. Prediction of Foodborne Norovirus Outbreaks in Coastal Areas in China in 2008-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:203-209. [PMID: 38150264 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne norovirus outbreak usually poses high risks in coastal areas in China. Owing to the influence of multiple climatic factors, it demonstrates typical seasonality and the hotspots gradually expanded northwards from 2008 to 2018. However, the complex mechanism of the onset of outbreaks makes accurate prediction difficult. Thus, it is in necessity to construct a predictive model for foodborne norovirus outbreaks in coastal areas based on environmental and geographical variables. A novel predictive nonlinear autoregressive model with exogenous inputs model was developed using 11 years of environmental and foodborne norovirus outbreak data collected from coastal areas in China. Five input variables (temperature, precipitation, elevation, latitude, and longitude) were screened through stepwise regression analysis. The predicted model developed in this study was able to reproduce 88.53% of outbreaks reported to the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) in the model development and 100% of outbreaks reported in the independent cross-validation since the system was first launched in China. In particular, foodborne norovirus outbreaks might occur when the probability is >0.6. The findings of this study suggest that foodborne norovirus outbreaks could be accurately predicted in coastal areas in China using the developed predictive model on a daily basis. The model output is most sensitive to temperature, followed by precipitation, and locations. The application of this predictive model is promising to improve local hygiene management levels, prevent foodborne norovirus outbreaks, and reduce the disease and economic costs in coastal areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ran
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Zhai
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Catella C, Pellegrini F, Carbonari A, Burgio M, Patruno G, Rizzo A, Trombetta CM, Palmisani J, Martella V, Camero M, Lanave G. In Vitro Antiviral and Virucidal Activity of Ozone against Feline Calicivirus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:682. [PMID: 38473067 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Caliciviridae family includes several viral pathogens of humans and animals, including norovirus (NoV), genus Norovirus, and feline calicivirus (FCV), genus Vesivirus. Due to their resistance in the environment, NoV and FCV may give rise to nosocomial infections, and indirect transmission plays a major role in their diffusion in susceptible populations. A pillar of the control of viruses resistant to an environment is the adoption of prophylaR1.6ctic measures, including disinfection. Since NoVs are not cultivatable in common cell cultures, FCV has been largely used as a surrogate of NoV for the assessment of effective disinfectants. Ozone (O3), a molecule with strong oxidizing properties, has shown strong microbicidal activity on bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. In this study, the virucidal and antiviral activities of an O3/O2 gas mixture containing O3 were tested at different concentrations (20, 35, and 50 μg/mL) for distinct contact times against FCV. The O3/O2 gas mixture showed virucidal and antiviral activities against FCV in a dose- and contact time-dependent fashion. Ozonation could be considered as a valid strategy for the disinfection of environments at risk of contamination by FCV and NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alice Carbonari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Burgio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Patruno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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4
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Kabue JP, Khumela R, Meader E, Baroni de Moraes MT, Traore AN, Potgieter N. Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 38005863 PMCID: PMC10674611 DOI: 10.3390/v15112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, mostly affecting young children worldwide. However, limited data are available to determine the severity of norovirus-associated AGE (acute gastroenteritis) and to correlate it with the NoV-specific IgA antibodies' level. Between October 2019 and September 2021, two hundred stool samples were randomly collected from symptomatic cases for the vesikari score and NoV-specific IgA assessment in young children from rural South Africa. Additionally, one hundred saliva specimens were concomitantly sampled within the same cohort to evaluate the NoV-specific salivary IgA levels. In addition, 50 paired saliva and stool samples were simultaneously collected from asymptomatic children to serve as controls. NoV strains in stool samples were detected using real-time RT-PCR, amplified, and genotyped with RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. ELISA using NoV VLP (virus-like particles) GII.4 as antigens was performed on the saliva specimens. Dehydrated children were predominantly those with NoV infections (65/74, 88%; p < 0.0001). NoV-positive infections were significantly associated with the severe diarrhea cases having a high vesikari score (55%, 33/60) when compared to the non-severe diarrheal score (29.3%, 41/140; p < 0.0308). NoV of the GII genogroup was mainly detected in severe diarrhea cases (50.9%, 30/59; p = 0.0036). The geometric means of the NoV-specific IgA level were higher in the asymptomatic NoV-infected group (0.286) as compared to the symptomatic group (0.174). This finding suggests that mucosal immunity may not protect the children from the NoV infection. However, the findings indicated the contribution of the pre-existing NoV-specific IgA immune response in reducing the severity of diarrheal disease. A high vesikari score of AGE associated with the NoV GII genogroup circulating in the study area underscores the need for an appropriate treatment of AGE based on the severity level of NoV-associated clinical symptoms in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Kabue
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Ronewa Khumela
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Emma Meader
- Clinical Microbiology, Pathology Department, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Ashford TN24 OLZ, UK;
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brazil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traore
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (R.K.); (A.N.T.); (N.P.)
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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Epidemiology of Norovirus in the First 2 Years of Life in an Australian Community-based Birth Cohort. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:878-884. [PMID: 36223234 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups in Australia. We explored the epidemiology of symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection and assessed risk factors and the related healthcare burden in Australian children during their first 2 years of life. METHODS Participants in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided weekly stool swabs, daily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and loose stools) observations and healthcare data. Swabs were batch-tested for norovirus genogroups (GI and GII) using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Overall, 158 children returned 11,124 swabs. There were 221 infection episodes, of which 183 (82.8%) were GII. The incidence rate was 0.90 infections per child-year [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-1.09]. The symptomatic infection incidence rate was 0.39 per child-year (95% CI: 0.31-0.48), peaking between ages 6 and 11 months [0.58 (95% CI: 0.41-0.81)]. Incidence increased significantly with age and childcare attendance. Of 209 episodes with symptom diary data, 82 (39.2%) were symptomatic; of these 70 (85.4%) were associated with vomiting and 29 (35.4%) with diarrhea. Forty-one percent of symptomatic episodes required healthcare, including 4 emergency department presentations and 1 hospitalization. Children with initial infections had almost twice the risk of seeking primary healthcare compared to subsequent infections (adjusted risk ratio 1.92; 95% CI: 1.01-3.65). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus infections, particularly GII, are common in Australian children 6-23 months of age. Estimates of norovirus incidence, including symptomatic infections and healthcare utilization in community settings in young children, are crucial for planning norovirus vaccine programs and determining vaccine effectiveness.
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Ai J, Zhu Y, Fu J, Cheng X, Zhang X, Ji H, Liu W, Rui J, Xu J, Yang T, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang M, Lin S, Guo X, Bao C, Li Q, Chen T. Study of Risk Factors for Total Attack Rate and Transmission Dynamics of Norovirus Outbreaks, Jiangsu Province, China, From 2012 to 2018. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:786096. [PMID: 35071268 PMCID: PMC8777030 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.786096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province, utilize the total attack rate (TAR) and transmissibility (Runc) as the measurement indicators of the outbreak, and a statistical difference in risk factors associated with TAR and transmissibility was compared. Ultimately, this study aimed to provide scientific suggestions to develop the most appropriate prevention and control measures. Method: We collected epidemiological data from investigation reports of all norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2018 and performed epidemiological descriptions, sequenced the genes of the positive specimens collected that were eligible for sequencing, created a database and calculated the TAR, constructed SEIAR and SEIARW transmission dynamic models to calculate Runc, and performed statistical analyses of risk factors associated with the TAR and Runc. Results: We collected a total of 206 reported outbreaks, of which 145 could be used to calculate transmissibility. The mean TAR in was 2.6% and the mean Runc was 12.2. The epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks showed an overall increasing trend in the number of norovirus outbreaks from 2012 to 2018; more outbreaks in southern Jiangsu than northern Jiangsu; more outbreaks in urban areas than in rural areas; outbreaks occurred mostly in autumn and winter. Most of the sites where outbreaks occurred were schools, especially primary schools. Interpersonal transmission accounted for the majority. Analysis of the genotypes of noroviruses revealed that the major genotypes of the viruses changed every 3 years, with the GII.2 [P16] type of norovirus dominating from 2016 to 2018. Statistical analysis of TAR associated with risk factors found statistical differences in all risk factors, including time (year, month, season), location (geographic location, type of settlement, type of premises), population (total number of susceptible people at the outbreak site), transmission route, and genotype (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis of transmissibility associated with risk factors revealed that only transmissibility was statistically different between sites. Conclusions: The number of norovirus outbreaks in Jiangsu Province continues to increase during the follow-up period. Our findings highlight the impact of different factors on norovirus outbreaks and identify the key points of prevention and control in Jiangsu Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianguang Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Ji
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengnan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Li
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Hayashi MAL, Eisenberg JNS, Martin ET, Hashikawa AN. The Statewide Economic Impact of Child Care-Associated Viral Acute Gastroenteritis Infections. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:847-855. [PMID: 34145893 PMCID: PMC8459090 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 65% of children aged ≤5 years in the United States require out-of-home child care. Child care attendance has been associated with an elevated risk of respiratory illness and acute gastroenteritis (AGE). While child care-associated respiratory disease cases are more numerous, AGE is associated with more severe symptoms and more than double the number of absences from child care. In addition, viral pathogens such as norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus are highly infectious and may be spread to parents and other household members. As a result, child care-associated viral AGE may incur substantial economic costs due to healthcare service usage and lost productivity. METHODS We used surveillance data from a network of child care centers in Washtenaw County, Michigan, as well as a household transmission model to estimate the annual cost of child care-associated viral AGE in the state of Michigan. RESULTS We estimated that child care-associated viral AGE in Michigan costs between $15 million and $31 million annually, primarily due to lost productivity. CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of child care-associated infections is considerable. Effective targeted interventions are needed to mitigate this impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A L Hayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew N Hashikawa
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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10
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Misumi M, Nishiura H. Long-term dynamics of Norovirus transmission in Japan, 2005-2019. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11769. [PMID: 34306831 PMCID: PMC8280881 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus continues to evolve, adjusting its pathogenesis and transmissibility. In the present study, we systematically collected datasets on Norovirus outbreaks in Japan from 2005 to 2019 and analyzed time-dependent changes in the asymptomatic ratio, the probability of virus detection, and the probability of infection given exposure. Reports of 1,728 outbreaks were published, and feces from all involved individuals, including those with asymptomatic infection, were tested for virus in 434 outbreaks. We found that the outbreak size did not markedly change over this period, but the variance in outbreak size increased during the winter (November–April). Assuming that natural history parameters did not vary over time, the asymptomatic ratio, the probability of virus detection, and the probability of infection given exposure were estimated to be 18.6%, 63.3% and 84.5%, respectively. However, a model with time-varying natural history parameters yielded better goodness-of-fit and suggested that the asymptomatic ratio varied by year. The asymptomatic ratio was as high as 25.8% for outbreaks caused by genotype GII.4 noroviruses. We conclude that Norovirus transmissibility has not changed markedly since 2005, and that yearly variation in the asymptomatic ratio could potentially be explained by the circulating dominant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Misumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Rumoi City Hospital, Rumoi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Phillips M, Dunlap BF, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. Enteric Viruses and the Intestinal Microbiota. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Grytdal S, Browne H, Collins N, Vargas B, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Rimland D, Beenhouwer DO, Brown ST, Goetz MB, Lucero-Obusan C, Holodniy M, Kambhampati A, Parashar U, Vinjé J, Lopman B, Hall AJ, Cardemil CV. Trends in Incidence of Norovirus-associated Acute Gastroenteritis in 4 Veterans Affairs Medical Center Populations in the United States, 2011-2015. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:40-48. [PMID: 30901024 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is an important cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE), yet the burden of endemic disease in adults has not been well documented. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of outpatient and community-acquired inpatient norovirus AGE at 4 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC) (Atlanta, Georgia; Bronx, New York; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles, California) and examined trends over 4 surveillance years. METHODS From November 2011 to September 2015, stool specimens collected within 7 days of AGE symptom onset for clinician-requested diagnostic testing were tested for norovirus, and positive samples were genotyped. Incidence was calculated by multiplying norovirus prevalence among tested specimens by AGE-coded outpatient encounters and inpatient discharges, and dividing by the number of unique patients served. RESULTS Of 1603 stool specimens, 6% tested were positive for norovirus; GII.4 viruses (GII.4 New Orleans [17%] and GII.4 Sydney [47%]) were the most common genotypes. Overall prevalence and outpatient and inpatient community-acquired incidence followed a seasonal pattern, with higher median rates during November-April (9.2%, 376/100 000, and 45/100 000, respectively) compared to May-October (3.0%, 131/100 000, and 13/100 000, respectively). An alternate-year pattern was also detected, with highest peak prevalence and outpatient and inpatient community-acquired norovirus incidence rates in the first and third years of surveillance (14%-25%, 349-613/100 000, and 43-46/100 000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This multiyear analysis of laboratory-confirmed AGE surveillance from 4 VAMCs demonstrates dynamic intra- and interannual variability in prevalence and incidence of outpatient and inpatient community-acquired norovirus in US Veterans, highlighting the burden of norovirus disease in this adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Grytdal
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hannah Browne
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Tennessee
| | - Nikail Collins
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Blanca Vargas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - David O Beenhouwer
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Sheldon T Brown
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Matthew Bidwell Goetz
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Cynthia Lucero-Obusan
- Public Health Surveillance and Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California
| | - Mark Holodniy
- Public Health Surveillance and Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anita Kambhampati
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,IHRC, Inc
| | - Umesh Parashar
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ben Lopman
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aron J Hall
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cristina V Cardemil
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Norovirus compared to other relevant etiologies of acute gastroenteritis among families from a semirural county in Chile. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:353-360. [PMID: 33059093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the dynamics of norovirus disease, a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), compared to other relevant etiologies, among families living in a lower middle income area. STUDY DESIGN Families with three or more members and with one or more healthy children <24 months of age were followed for 1-2 years to detect any AGE. Stool samples were tested for viral and bacterial pathogens and a questionnaire was completed for those with norovirus or rotavirus AGE. RESULTS Between April and June 2016, 110 families were enrolled, with 103 of them completing ≥12 months of follow-up. A total of 159 family AGE episodes were detected, mostly affecting one individual (92%). At least one pathogen was detected in 56% (94/169) of samples, of which 75/94 (80%) were sole infections. Norovirus was most common (n=26), followed closely by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (n=25), rotavirus (n=24), and astrovirus (n=23). The annual incidence of family AGE was 0.77, and 0.12 for norovirus. Most norovirus AGE occurred in children <4 years old (96%). Only 13/159 (8%) index AGE cases resulted in a secondary case, of which four were associated with norovirus. The majority of norovirus strains were GII (85%), with a mild predominance of GII.4 (9/26; 35%); most norovirus isolates (69%) were recombinants. CONCLUSIONS The family incidence of AGE in this lower middle income community was nearly one episode per year, mostly caused by viruses, specifically norovirus closely followed by rotavirus and astrovirus. Norovirus infections primarily affected children <4 years old and secondary cases were uncommon.
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14
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Evaluation of the 50% Infectious Dose of Human Norovirus Cin-2 in Gnotobiotic Pigs: A Comparison of Classical and Contemporary Methods for Endpoint Estimation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090955. [PMID: 32872283 PMCID: PMC7552045 DOI: 10.3390/v12090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading causative agents of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis that affect people of all ages worldwide. However, very few dose–response studies have been carried out to determine the median infectious dose of HuNoVs. In this study, we evaluated the median infectious dose (ID50) and diarrhea dose (DD50) of the GII.4/2003 variant of HuNoV (Cin-2) in the gnotobiotic pig model of HuNoV infection and disease. Using various mathematical approaches (Reed–Muench, Dragstedt–Behrens, Spearman–Karber, logistic regression, and exponential and approximate beta-Poisson dose–response models), we estimated the ID50 and DD50 to be between 2400–3400 RNA copies, and 21,000–38,000 RNA copies, respectively. Contemporary dose–response models offer greater flexibility and accuracy in estimating ID50. In contrast to classical methods of endpoint estimation, dose–response modelling allows seamless analyses of data that may include inconsistent dilution factors between doses or numbers of subjects per dose group, or small numbers of subjects. Although this investigation is consistent with state-of-the-art ID50 determinations and offers an advancement in clinical data analysis, it is important to underscore that such analyses remain confounded by pathogen aggregation. Regardless, challenging virus strain ID50 determination is crucial for identifying the true infectiousness of HuNoVs and for the accurate evaluation of protective efficacies in pre-clinical studies of therapeutics, vaccines and other prophylactics using this reliable animal model.
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15
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Hofmann FM, Olawumi E, Michaelis M, Stößel U, Hofmann F. Significance of norovirus in occupational health: a review of published norovirus outbreaks in Central and Northern Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 93:911-923. [PMID: 32358716 PMCID: PMC7222890 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Globally, norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis infection among all ages. The development of prevention strategies in the field of occupational health requires a detailed knowledge about the impact of the disease on employees. This review article aims not only at evaluating the burden of NoV outbreaks on staff but also at discussing implications for future prevention strategies. Methods Published NoV outbreaks in Central and Northern Europe were identified via a systematic literature search. Additionally, published NoV outbreaks in Germany were detected via a manual literature search. Key epidemiological data, as the number of symptomatic staff, was then extracted. The proportion of affected employees was calculated for each dataset (single NoV outbreaks or aggregated data of multiple outbreaks). Results Overall, 116 datasets were extracted from 72 relevant articles. 144,852 persons were affected by NoV gastroenteritis, 25,408 out of them (17.5%) were employees. 23,874 (94.0%) of them fell sick during outbreaks in hospitals and related settings. NoV cases among personnel in food establishments were reported only sporadically (mean ratio: 0.01). Conclusions Employees in hospitals and community facilities seem quantitatively to be most vulnerable towards NoV epidemics. Therefore, high quality of prevention measures in these settings, respective compliance with prevention strategies should have the highest priority. The disease can be considered as an occupational disease, even regularly without long-term consequences. Following work safety rules, a vaccination for vulnerable groups should be recommended if the vaccine development turns out to be successful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00420-020-01543-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Martin Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 23b, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Edward Olawumi
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Michaelis
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stößel
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Norovirus infection results in eIF2α independent host translation shut-off and remodels the G3BP1 interactome evading stress granule formation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008250. [PMID: 31905230 PMCID: PMC6964919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections impose major stress on the host cell. In response, stress pathways can rapidly deploy defence mechanisms by shutting off the protein synthesis machinery and triggering the accumulation of mRNAs into stress granules to limit the use of energy and nutrients. Because this threatens viral gene expression, viruses need to evade these pathways to propagate. Human norovirus is responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Here we examined how norovirus interacts with the eIF2α signaling axis controlling translation and stress granules. While norovirus infection represses host cell translation, our mechanistic analyses revealed that eIF2α signaling mediated by the stress kinase GCN2 is uncoupled from translational stalling. Moreover, infection results in a redistribution of the RNA-binding protein G3BP1 to replication complexes and remodelling of its interacting partners, allowing the avoidance from canonical stress granules. These results define novel strategies by which norovirus undergo efficient replication whilst avoiding the host stress response and manipulating the G3BP1 interactome. Viruses have evolved elegant strategies to evade host responses that restrict viral propagation by targeting the protein synthesis machinery and stress granules, which are membrane-less RNA granules with antiviral properties. Previous studies have unravelled how viruses, including norovirus the leading cause of gastroenteritis, regulate the activity of translation factors to affect the antiviral response. Furthermore, stress granules evasion strategies have been linked to targeting the scaffolding protein G3BP1. Here we dissect how murine norovirus, the main model for norovirus, evades the cellular stress responses. Our work challenges the dogma that translational control during infection is mainly mediated by eIF2α and demonstrate that norovirus evades this stress pathway. We further show that norovirus evades the stress granule response in a novel way by isolating and characterising the G3BP1 interactome for the first time in the context of a viral infection. We conclude that norovirus infection results in a redistribution of G3BP1 and its cellular partners to replication complexes, thereby preventing the assembly of stress granules. Overall, we define a novel evasion strategy by which norovirus escapes stress granule formation by rewiring the G3BP1 interactome.
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17
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Hofmann FM, Olawumi E, Michaelis M, Hofmann F, Stößel U. Challenges in Infection Epidemiology: On the Underreporting of Norovirus Gastroenteritis Cases in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E314. [PMID: 31906431 PMCID: PMC6982019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the number of officially reported incidences of norovirus (NoV) according to the German Protection against Infection Act (Infektionsschutzgesetz) does not reflect the 'true' incidence of NoV in Germany. This study aims to reveal the reasons for the underreporting of NoV cases by comparing secondary data. METHODS NoV incidence (cases per 100,000 reference persons) in the age group 18-65 was derived from register data of four different sources in the German public health system (2011-2015): Statutory health insurance in the federal state of Lower Saxony (AOK; in- and outpatient cases), the Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany (ZI; outpatient cases), the German Federal Statistical Office (inpatient cases; DESTATIS), and the Robert Koch Institute (RKI SurvStat; health reporting data). RESULTS the incidence derived from the AOK in Lower Saxony varied between 49 and 66 NoV cases per 100,000 persons and was thus lower than at the federal level. Incidences of all inpatient and outpatient data were lower than the incidence according to the RKI in the last 2-3 years of the observation period. CONCLUSIONS the disagreement between NoV incidences calculated from secondary inpatient and outpatient data and the respective numbers published by the RKI can be regarded as an indication that not all NoV cases were reported to public health authorities. This might be due to missed cases during the notification procedure or misclassification of gastroenteritis cases by general practitioners. Considering the limitations associated with analyzing secondary data, the appropriateness of these assumptions should be verified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Martin Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.M.); (F.H.); (U.S.)
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward Olawumi
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.M.); (F.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Martina Michaelis
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.M.); (F.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Friedrich Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.M.); (F.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Stößel
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.M.); (F.H.); (U.S.)
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18
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Norovirus outbreaks in Beijing, China, from 2014 to 2017. J Infect 2019; 79:159-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Antiviral Drug Discovery: Norovirus Proteases and Development of Inhibitors. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020197. [PMID: 30823509 PMCID: PMC6410195 DOI: 10.3390/v11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a major enzyme group playing important roles in a wide variety of biological processes in life forms ranging from viruses to mammalians. The aberrant activity of proteases can lead to various diseases; consequently, host proteases have been the focus of intense investigation as potential therapeutic targets. A wide range of viruses encode proteases which play an essential role in viral replication and, therefore, constitute attractive targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics. There are numerous examples of successful drug development targeting cellular and viral proteases, including antivirals against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Most FDA-approved antiviral agents are peptidomimetics and macrocyclic compounds that interact with the active site of a targeted protease. Norovirus proteases are cysteine proteases that contain a chymotrypsin-like fold in their 3D structures. This review focuses on our group’s efforts related to the development of norovirus protease inhibitors as potential anti-norovirus therapeutics. These protease inhibitors are rationally designed transition-state inhibitors encompassing dipeptidyl, tripeptidyl and macrocyclic compounds. Highly effective inhibitors validated in X-ray co-crystallization, enzyme and cell-based assays, as well as an animal model, were generated by launching an optimization campaign utilizing the initial hit compounds. A prodrug approach was also explored to improve the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the identified inhibitors.
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20
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Hallowell BD, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Epidemiologic challenges in norovirus vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:1279-1283. [PMID: 30481104 PMCID: PMC6663132 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1553594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. In the United States norovirus is estimated to cause 19-21 million illnesses, 1.7-1.9 million outpatient visits, 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations, and 570-800 deaths annually. Through direct costs and loss of productivity, norovirus disease cost the US economy more than $5.5 billion annually. Due to the lack of available therapies to treat norovirus infections and their highly infectious nature, preventing norovirus illness through vaccination is an appealing strategy. Currently, several norovirus vaccines are in development, including five vaccines in preclinical trials, an oral monovalent vaccine (Vaxart, Inc.) that recently completed a phase IB clinical trial, and a bivalent intramuscular vaccine (Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited) in a phase IIB clinical trial. However, no norovirus vaccines are currently available on the market. In this commentary we aim to describe some of the barriers faced in norovirus vaccine development, particularly focusing on vaccine effectiveness and defining the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hallowell
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aron J. Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Ludwig-Begall LF, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Norovirus recombinants: recurrent in the field, recalcitrant in the lab - a scoping review of recombination and recombinant types of noroviruses. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:970-988. [PMID: 29906257 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are recognized as the major global cause of sporadic and epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Molecular mechanisms driving norovirus evolution are the accumulation of point mutations and recombination. Intragenotypic recombination has long been postulated to be a driving force of GII.4 noroviruses, the predominant genotype circulating in humans for over two decades. Increasingly, emergence and re-emergence of different intragenotype recombinants have been reported. The number and types of norovirus recombinants remained undefined until the 2007 Journal of General Virology research article 'Norovirus recombination' reported an assembly of 20 hitherto unclassified intergenotypic norovirus recombinant types. In the intervening decade, a host of novel recombinants has been analysed. New recombination breakpoints have been described, in vitro and in vivo studies supplement in silico analyses, and advances have been made in analysing factors driving norovirus recombination. This work presents a timely overview of these data and focuses on important aspects of norovirus recombination and its role in norovirus molecular evolution. An overview of intergenogroup, intergenotype, intragenotype and 'obligatory' norovirus recombinants as detected via in silico methods in the field is provided, enlarging the scope of intergenotypic recombinant types to 80 in total, and notably including three intergenogroup recombinants. A recap of advances made studying norovirus recombination in the laboratory is given. Putative drivers and constraints of norovirus recombination are discussed and the potential link between recombination and norovirus zoonosis risk is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- 1Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- 2Staff direction for risk assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Blv du Jardin Botanique 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- 1Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses (RVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common causes of severe acute gastroenteritis in children. It is generally accepted that RVs cause severe acute gastroenteritis in a higher proportion of cases compared with NoVs. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses comparing the severity of NoV and RV disease. METHODS We searched MEDLINE for studies reporting data for NoV and RV medically attended disease severity in children. We included studies where all children had been tested for both NoV (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and RV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and that reported disease severity using the Vesikari or modified Vesikari score, or provided clinical information on severity. We generated pooled estimates of the mean with 95% confidence intervals using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 266 publications, of which 31 were retained for qualitative analysis and 26 for quantitative analysis. Fourteen studies provided data on severity score for the meta-analysis. The pooled mean severity scores (95% confidence interval) among outpatients were 10 (8-12) and 11 (8-14) for NoV and RV, respectively. Among inpatients, they were 11 (9-13) for NoV and 12 (10-14) for RV. The difference was statistically significant among inpatients, but relatively small (1 point in a 20-point scale). About 20% more children with RV required rehydration when compared with children with NoV. CONCLUSIONS NoV causes moderate to severe disease similar to RV in young children. This information should be useful for future evaluations of an eventual introduction of NoV vaccines in national immunization programs.
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23
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Suffredini E, Iaconelli M, Equestre M, Valdazo-González B, Ciccaglione AR, Marcantonio C, Della Libera S, Bignami F, La Rosa G. Genetic Diversity Among Genogroup II Noroviruses and Progressive Emergence of GII.17 in Wastewaters in Italy (2011-2016) Revealed by Next-Generation and Sanger Sequencing. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:141-150. [PMID: 29185203 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Recently, a novel variant of NoV GII.17 (GII.P17_GII.17 NoV), termed Kawasaki 2014, has been increasingly reported in NoV outbreaks in Asia, and has also been described in Europe and North America. In this study, sewage samples were investigated to study the occurrence and genetic diversity of NoV genogroup II (GII) along a 6-year period. Moreover, the spread of GII.17 strains (first appearance and occurrence along time) was specifically assessed. A total of 122 sewage samples collected from 2011 to 2016 from four wastewater treatment plants in Rome (Italy) were initially tested using real-time RT-(q)PCR for GII NoV. Positive samples were subsequently subjected to genotypic characterization by RT-nested PCRs using broad-range primes targeting the region C of the capsid gene of GII NoV, and specific primers targeting the same region of GII.17 NoV. In total, eight different genotypes were detected with the broad-range assay: GII.1 (n = 6), GII.2 (n = 8), GII.3 (n = 3), GII.4 (n = 13), GII.6 (n = 3), GII.7 (n = 2), GII.13 (n = 2), and GII.17 (n = 3), with the latter two genotypes detected only in 2016. Specific amplification of GII.17 NoV was successful in 14 out of 110 positive samples, spanned over the years 2013-2016. The amplicons of the broad-range PCR, pooled per year, were further analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) for a deeper analysis of the genotypes circulating in the study period. NGS confirmed the circulation of GII.17 NoV since 2013 and detected, beyond the eight genotypes identified by Sanger sequencing, three additional genotypes regarded as globally uncommon: GII.5, GII.16, and GII.21. This study provides evidence that GII.17 NoV Kawasaki has been circulating in the Italian population before its appearance and identification in clinical cases, and has become a major genotype in 2016. Our results confirm the usefulness of wastewater surveillance coupled with NGS to study the molecular epidemiology of NoV and to monitor the emergence of NoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - B Valdazo-González
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - A R Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Bignami
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Chan MCW, Hu Y, Chen H, Podkolzin AT, Zaytseva EV, Komano J, Sakon N, Poovorawan Y, Vongpunsawad S, Thanusuwannasak T, Hewitt J, Croucher D, Collins N, Vinjé J, Pang XL, Lee BE, de Graaf M, van Beek J, Vennema H, Koopmans MPG, Niendorf S, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Steyer A, White PA, Lun JH, Mans J, Hung TN, Kwok K, Cheung K, Lee N, Chan PKS. Global Spread of Norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1359-1354. [PMID: 28726618 PMCID: PMC5547775 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.161138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of complete capsid sequences of the emerging norovirus GII.17 Kawasaki 308 from 13 countries demonstrated that they originated from a single haplotype since the initial emergence in China in late 2014. Global spread of a sublineage SL2 was identified. A new sublineage SL3 emerged in China in 2016.
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Amarasiri M, Kitajima M, Miyamura A, Santos R, Monteiro S, Miura T, Kazama S, Okabe S, Sano D. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays for genotype-specific detection of human noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:578-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Debbink K, Swann EW, Vinjé J, Baric RS. Antigenic Characterization of a Novel Recombinant GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain With Minor Sequence Variation Leading to Antibody Escape. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1145-1152. [PMID: 29281104 PMCID: PMC5939617 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Strains of the GII.4 genotype cause pandemic waves associated with viral evolution and subsequent antigenic drift and ligand-binding modulation. In November 2015, a novel GII.4 Sydney recombinant variant (GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney) emerged and replaced GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney as the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis in the 2016-2017 season in the United States. Methods Virus-like particles of GII.4 2012 and GII.4 2015 were compared for ligand binding and antibody reactivity, using a surrogate neutralization assay. Results Residue changes in the capsid between GII.4 2012 and GII.4 2015 decreased the potency of human polyclonal sera and monoclonal antibodies. A change in epitope A resulted in the complete loss of reactivity of a class of blockade antibodies and reduced levels of a second antibody class. Epitope D changes modulated monoclonal antibody potency and ligand-binding patterns. Conclusions Substitutions in blockade antibody epitopes between GII.4 2012 and GII.4 2015 influenced antigenicity and ligand-binding properties. Although the impact of polymerases on fitness remains uncertain, antigenic variation resulting in decreased potency of antibodies to epitope A, coupled with altered ligand binding, likely contributed significantly to the spread of GII.4 2015 and its replacement of GII.4 2012 as the predominant norovirus outbreak strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Maryland
| | - Excel W Swann
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,Correspondence: R. S. Baric, PhD, 3304 Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Dr, CB7435, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 ()
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27
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Wade TJ, Augustine SAJ, Griffin SM, Sams EA, Oshima KH, Egorov AI, Simmons KJ, Eason TN, Dufour AP. Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195056. [PMID: 29590196 PMCID: PMC5874074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming in fecally-contaminated waterbodies can result in gastrointestinal infections. However, the pathogenic microorganisms responsible are not well understood because sporadic cases of illness are not reported completely, exposure information is often not collected, and epidemiology studies rely on self-reported symptoms. Noroviruses are considered a likely cause because they are found in high densities in sewage, resistant to wastewater treatment and survive in the environment. In this study, saliva samples were collected from subjects at a beach in Puerto Rico and tested for evidence of norovirus-specific IgG responses as an indicator of incident norovirus infection. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 1298 participants using an oral swab. Samples were collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–12 days (S2); and after three weeks (S3). Saliva was tested for IgG responses to GI.1 and GII.4 noroviruses using a microsphere based multiplex salivary immunoassay. Immunoconversion was defined as a four-fold increase in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from S1 to S2 with the S3 sample at least three times above the S1 MFI. Results Thirty-four subjects (2.6%) immunoconverted to GI.1 or GII.4 norovirus. Swimmers who immersed their head in water had a higher rate of immunoconversion (3.4%), compared to either non-swimmers (0.0%, p = 0.003) or waders and non-swimmers combined (0.4%, Odds Ratio: 5.07, 95% Confidence Interval:1.48–17.00). Immunoconversion was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between swimming at a beach impacted by fecal contamination and asymptomatic norovirus infection. The findings implicate recreational water as potentially important transmission pathway for norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wade
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Swinburne A. J. Augustine
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Griffin
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Sams
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin H. Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrey I. Egorov
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Tarsha N. Eason
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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28
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Summa M, Henttonen H, Maunula L. Human noroviruses in the faeces of wild birds and rodents-new potential transmission routes. Zoonoses Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29532636 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are one of the leading global causes of diarrhoeal diseases and are transmitted mainly from person to person but also through contaminated food, water and fomites. The possible zoonotic nature of NoVs has occasionally been discussed, although the viruses are generally considered to be host-species-specific. We investigated whether wild birds and rodents could serve as carriers of HuNoVs, thereby transmitting the virus to humans directly or indirectly by contaminating foods. All samples, 115 avian and 100 rat faeces collected in springs 2009-2013 from dump sites, and 85 faeces from yellow-necked mice trapped in late autumn 2008 and 2009 after the rodents entered human settlements due to the first night frosts, were screened for HuNoV using real-time reverse transcription PCR. HuNoVs were detected in 31 (27%) faecal samples of wild birds, in two (2%) faecal samples of rats and in no samples of mice. Most (25) of the positive bird samples and both rat samples contained genogroup II, and six positive bird samples contained genogroup I HuNoV. The avian species shedding faeces containing HuNoVs were identified as gulls and crows using DNA barcoding. Our results show that wildlife, birds and rats in particular, is capable of spreading HuNoVs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Summa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Henttonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Chenar SS, Deng Z. Development of artificial intelligence approach to forecasting oyster norovirus outbreaks along Gulf of Mexico coast. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:212-223. [PMID: 29232561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an artificial intelligence-based model, called ANN-2Day model, for forecasting, managing and ultimately eliminating the growing risk of oyster norovirus outbreaks. The ANN-2Day model was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Toolbox in MATLAB Program and 15-years of epidemiological and environmental data for six independent environmental predictors including water temperature, solar radiation, gage height, salinity, wind, and rainfall. It was found that oyster norovirus outbreaks can be forecasted with two-day lead time using the ANN-2Day model and daily data of the six environmental predictors. Forecasting results of the ANN-2Day model indicated that the model was capable of reproducing 19years of historical oyster norovirus outbreaks along the Northern Gulf of Mexico coast with the positive predictive value of 76.82%, the negative predictive value of 100.00%, the sensitivity of 100.00%, the specificity of 99.84%, and the overall accuracy of 99.83%, respectively, demonstrating the efficacy of the ANN-2Day model in predicting the risk of norovirus outbreaks to human health. The 2-day lead time enables public health agencies and oyster harvesters to plan for management interventions and thus makes it possible to achieve a paradigm shift of their daily management and operation from primarily reacting to epidemic incidents of norovirus infection after they have occurred to eliminating (or at least reducing) the risk of costly incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shamkhali Chenar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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30
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Lindesmith LC, Kocher JF, Donaldson EF, Debbink K, Mallory ML, Swann EW, Brewer-Jensen PD, Baric RS. Emergence of Novel Human Norovirus GII.17 Strains Correlates With Changes in Blockade Antibody Epitopes. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1227-1234. [PMID: 28973354 PMCID: PMC5853573 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human norovirus is a significant public health burden, with >30 genotypes causing endemic levels of disease and strains from the GII.4 genotype causing serial pandemics as the virus evolves new ligand binding and antigenicity features. During 2014-2015, genotype GII.17 cluster IIIb strains emerged as the leading cause of norovirus infection in select global locations. Comparison of capsid sequences indicates that GII.17 is evolving at previously defined GII.4 antibody epitopes. Methods Antigenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) representative of clusters I, II, and IIIb GII.17 strains were compared by a surrogate neutralization assay based on antibody blockade of ligand binding. Results Sera from mice immunized with a single GII.17 VLP identified antigenic shifts between each cluster of GII.17 strains. Ligand binding of GII.17 cluster IIIb VLP was blocked only by antisera from mice immunized with cluster IIIb VLPs. Exchange of residues 393-396 from GII.17.2015 into GII.17.1978 ablated ligand binding and altered antigenicity, defining an important varying epitope in GII.17. Conclusions The capsid sequence changes in GII.17 strains result in loss of blockade antibody binding, indicating that viral evolution, specifically at residues 393-396, may have contributed to the emergence of cluster IIIb strains and the persistence of GII.17 in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Eric F Donaldson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Maryland
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Excel W Swann
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,Correspondence: R. S. Baric, PhD, 3304 Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Dr, CB7435, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 ()
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31
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Kreidieh K, Charide R, Dbaibo G, Melhem NM. The epidemiology of Norovirus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a systematic review. Virol J 2017; 14:220. [PMID: 29126448 PMCID: PMC5681772 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is considered the second leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews assessing the role of NoV in AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Consequently, we conducted an extensive systematic literature review on articles studying NoV in the 24 countries of the MENA region during the past 15 years (2000-2015). The methods and reporting were set according to the 2015 PRISMA-P and based on the elements from the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). We retrieved 38 studies meeting our predefined inclusion criteria and were used to extract full data. Studies reporting on NoV were conducted in 15 out of the 24 countries of the region. The reported NoV infection rates in MENA countries ranged between 0.82% and 36.84%. The majority of studies were clinical observational studies assessing NoV rates mainly among children. Participants were recruited from in- and outpatient clinics. NoV infection was reported all year round with with peaks observed mainly during cold months. GII.4 was the predominant genotype detected in stool of participants as reported by 16 out of 25 studies (64%). Overall, there is an increasing recognition of NoV as an important causative agent of AGE across all age groups in the MENA region. Further studies are needed to assess the national and the regional burden of NoV among different age groups, its molecular diversity and seasonal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kreidieh
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Charide
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111341. [PMID: 29099784 PMCID: PMC5707980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are periodical norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis outbreaks around the world. This study aimed to analyze the molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus infections in China during 2006–2016. We extracted epidemiological data from 132 norovirus outbreaks and the norovirus genotyping for 1291 sequences in China over the past ten years. A total of 132 norovirus outbreaks (8133 cases) were reported in China, where the east and south regions were most affected [47.7% (63/132)]. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in 2015. A seasonal pattern has been observed, with a peak from November to the following March. Most of the outbreaks occurred in middle and primary schools, accounting for 28.8% (38/132), and 28.0% (37/132) of outbreaks, respectively. The dominant age group was 10 to 19 years old, responsible for 75.7% (933/1232) of cases. Generally, the dominant genotypes was GII, for 81.9% (1058/1291) of sequences. G II.4 was the predominant genotype in China from 2004 to 2014. However, the GII.17 became more prevalent starting in 2014. Norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis increased sharply in recent years caused by the emergence of GII.17, but epidemiological features have not changed during 2006–2016. Vigilant surveillance should be strengthened to promptly detect any variation.
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Duret S, Pouillot R, Fanaselle W, Papafragkou E, Liggans G, Williams L, Van Doren JM. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Norovirus Transmission in Food Establishments: Evaluating the Impact of Intervention Strategies and Food Employee Behavior on the Risk Associated with Norovirus in Foods. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:2080-2106. [PMID: 28247943 PMCID: PMC6032842 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a quantitative risk assessment model using a discrete event framework to quantify and study the risk associated with norovirus transmission to consumers through food contaminated by infected food employees in a retail food setting. This study focused on the impact of ill food workers experiencing symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting and potential control measures for the transmission of norovirus to foods. The model examined the behavior of food employees regarding exclusion from work while ill and after symptom resolution and preventive measures limiting food contamination during preparation. The mean numbers of infected customers estimated for 21 scenarios were compared to the estimate for a baseline scenario representing current practices. Results show that prevention strategies examined could not prevent norovirus transmission to food when a symptomatic employee was present in the food establishment. Compliance with exclusion from work of symptomatic food employees is thus critical, with an estimated range of 75-226% of the baseline mean for full to no compliance, respectively. Results also suggest that efficient handwashing, handwashing frequency associated with gloving compliance, and elimination of contact between hands, faucets, and door handles in restrooms reduced the mean number of infected customers to 58%, 62%, and 75% of the baseline, respectively. This study provides quantitative data to evaluate the relative efficacy of policy and practices at retail to reduce norovirus illnesses and provides new insights into the interactions and interplay of prevention strategies and compliance in reducing transmission of foodborne norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Duret
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Régis Pouillot
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Wendy Fanaselle
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Efstathia Papafragkou
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Girvin Liggans
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Laurie Williams
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Jane M. Van Doren
- U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMDUSA
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Bucardo F, Reyes Y, Becker-Dreps S, Bowman N, Gruber JF, Vinjé J, Espinoza F, Paniagua M, Balmaseda A, Svensson L, Nordgren J. Pediatric norovirus GII.4 infections in Nicaragua, 1999-2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:305-312. [PMID: 28982545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate clinical and epidemiological factors of pediatric GII.4 norovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in Nicaragua between 1999 and 2015. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed laboratory and epidemiologic data from 1,790 children≤7years with AGE from 6 hospitals in Nicaragua (n=538), and 3 community clinics (n=919) and households (n=333) in León, between 1999 and 2015. Moreover, asymptomatic children from community clinics (n=162) and households (n=105) were enrolled. Norovirus was detected by real-time PCR and genotyped by sequencing the N-terminal and shell region of the capsid gene. RESULTS Norovirus was found in 19% (n=338) and 12% (n=32) of children with and without AGE, respectively. In total, 20 genotypes including a tentatively new genotype were detected. Among children with AGE, the most common genotypes were GII.4 (53%), GII.14 (7%), GII.3 (6%) and GI.3 (6%). In contrast, only one (1.4%) GII.4 was found in asymptomatic children. The prevalence of GII.4 infections was significantly higher in children between 7 and 12months of age. The prevalence of GII.4 was lowest in households (38%), followed by community clinics (50%) and hospitals (75%). Several different GII.4 variants were detected and their emergence followed the global temporal trend. CONCLUSIONS Overall our study found the predominance of pediatric GII.4 norovirus infections in Nicaragua mostly occurring in children between 7 and 12months of age, implicating GII.4 as the main norovirus vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua.
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Bowman
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joann F Gruber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felix Espinoza
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | | | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Virology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Meyer S, Held L. Incorporating social contact data in spatio-temporal models for infectious disease spread. Biostatistics 2017; 18:338-351. [PMID: 28025182 PMCID: PMC5379927 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine public health surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases gives rise to weekly counts of reported cases-possibly stratified by region and/or age group. We investigate how an age-structured social contact matrix can be incorporated into a spatio-temporal endemic-epidemic model for infectious disease counts. To illustrate the approach, we analyze the spread of norovirus gastroenteritis over six age groups within the 12 districts of Berlin, 2011-2015, using contact data from the POLYMOD study. The proposed age-structured model outperforms alternative scenarios with homogeneous or no mixing between age groups. An extended contact model suggests a power transformation of the survey-based contact matrix toward more within-group transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meyer
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,Waldstraße 6, DE-91054 Erlangen,
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Kim Y, Rathnayake AD, Alliston KR, Butler MM, Cardinale SC, Bowlin TL, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Prodrugs of Transition State Inhibitors of Norovirus 3CL Protease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6239-6248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Athri D. Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kevin R. Alliston
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | | | | | - Terry L. Bowlin
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department
of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Lindesmith LC, Mallory ML, Jones TA, Richardson C, Goodwin RR, Baehner F, Mendelman PM, Bargatze RF, Baric RS. Impact of Pre-exposure History and Host Genetics on Antibody Avidity Following Norovirus Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:984-991. [PMID: 28453838 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of high avidity, broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) is a priority after vaccination against rapidly evolving, widely disseminated viruses like human norovirus. After vaccination with a multivalent GI.1 and GII.4c norovirus virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate adjuvanted with alum and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), blockade Ab titers peaked early, with no increase in titer following a second vaccine dose. Methods Blockade Ab relative avidity was evaluated by measuring the slope of blockade Ab neutralization curves. Results Blockade Ab avidity to the GI.1 vaccine component peaked at day 35 (7 days after dose 2). Avidities to heterotypic genogroup I VLPs were not sustained at day 35 after vaccination or GI.1 infection, as measured from archived sera. Only secretor-positive participants maintained high avidity blockade Ab to GI.1 at day 180. Avidity to the GII.4c vaccine component peaked at day 7, remained elevated through day 180, and was not secretor dependent. Avidity to an immunologically novel GII.4 strain VLP correlated with preexisting Ab titer to an ancestral strain Epitope A. Conclusions Host genetics and pre-exposure history shape norovirus vaccine Ab responses, including blockade Ab avidity. Avidity of potentially neutralizing Ab may be an important metric for evaluating vaccine responses to highly penetrant viruses with cross-reactive serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor A Jones
- Department of Integrated Genomics, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Baehner
- Takeda Pharmaceutical International AG, Vaccine Business Unit, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Held L, Meyer S, Bracher J. Probabilistic forecasting in infectious disease epidemiology: the 13th Armitage lecture. Stat Med 2017; 36:3443-3460. [PMID: 28656694 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Routine surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases gives rise to daily or weekly counts of reported cases stratified by region and age group. From a public health perspective, forecasts of infectious disease spread are of central importance. We argue that such forecasts need to properly incorporate the attached uncertainty, so they should be probabilistic in nature. However, forecasts also need to take into account temporal dependencies inherent to communicable diseases, spatial dynamics through human travel and social contact patterns between age groups. We describe a multivariate time series model for weekly surveillance counts on norovirus gastroenteritis from the 12 city districts of Berlin, in six age groups, from week 2011/27 to week 2015/26. The following year (2015/27 to 2016/26) is used to assess the quality of the predictions. Probabilistic forecasts of the total number of cases can be derived through Monte Carlo simulation, but first and second moments are also available analytically. Final size forecasts as well as multivariate forecasts of the total number of cases by age group, by district and by week are compared across different models of varying complexity. This leads to a more general discussion of issues regarding modelling, prediction and evaluation of public health surveillance data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Johannes Bracher
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8001, Switzerland
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Zhou HL, Zhen SS, Wang JX, Zhang CJ, Qiu C, Wang SM, Jiang X, Wang XY. Burden of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus in China: A systematic review. J Infect 2017. [PMID: 28633888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the epidemiology and disease burden of norovirus (NoVs) gastroenteritis in China, a systematic review was conducted. METHODS Studies on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused by NoVs from mainland China, published before 2017 were searched. All retrieved articles were screened and reviewed by a standardized algorithm. NoVs detection rates as well as strain variations by ages, seasonal variations and geographic locations were analyzed using random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 225 articles were included in the final analysis. Similar detection rates at 21.0% and 19.8% were obtained from the North and the South, respectively. NoVs infection occurred year round, with a peak between October and January in the North and between August and November in the South. High detection rates (∼29%) of NoVs were found in adults and the elderly and in children aged 6-35 months (∼22%). The predominant strains were GII.4 (70.4%), followed by GII.3 (13.5%). CONCLUSION NoVs cause significant disease burden in China which warrants development of vaccines against NoVs, particularly for children and the elderly who are vulnerable to gastroenteritis diseases. To achieve a broad protection, continual monitoring NoV epidemics and strain variations for selection of proper vaccine strains is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhen
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Minhang Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Can-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Mei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Montazeri N, Manuel C, Moorman E, Khatiwada JR, Williams LL, Jaykus LA. Virucidal Activity of Fogged Chlorine Dioxide- and Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Disinfectants against Human Norovirus and Its Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, on Hard-to-Reach Surfaces. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642746 PMCID: PMC5462988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Norovirus is shed in high numbers in the feces and vomitous of infected individuals. Contact surfaces contaminated with bodily fluids harboring infectious virus particles serve as vehicles for pathogen transmission. Environmental stability of NoV and its resistance to many conventional disinfectants necessitate effective inactivation strategies to control the spread of virus. We investigated the efficacy of two commercial disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (7.5%) and a chlorine dioxide (0.2%)-surfactant-based product using a fogging delivery system against human NoV GI.6 and GII.4 Sydney strains as well as the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV) dried on stainless steel coupons. Log10 reductions in human NoV and FCV were calculated utilizing RNase RT-qPCR and infectivity (plaque) assay, respectively. An improved antiviral activity of hydrogen peroxide as a function of disinfectant formulation concentration in the atmosphere was observed against both GII.4 and FCV. At 12.4 ml/m3, hydrogen peroxide achieved a respective 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.3 log10 reduction in GI.6 and GII.4 NoV genome copies, and a 4.3 ± 0.1 log10 reduction in infectious FCV within 5 min. At the same disinfectant formulation concentration, chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product resulted in a respective 1.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 ± 0.0, and 2.4 ± 0.2 log10 reduction in GI.6, GII.4, and FCV within 10 min; however, increasing the disinfectant formulation concentration to 15.9 ml/m3 negatively impacted its efficacy. Fogging uniformly delivered the disinfectants throughout the room, and effectively decontaminated viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide delivered by fog showed promising virucidal activity against FCV by meeting the United States EPA 4-log10 reduction criteria for an anti-noroviral disinfectant; however, fogged chlorine dioxide-surfactant-based product did not achieve a 4-log10 inactivation. Future investigation aimed at optimizing decontamination practices is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Montazeri
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Clyde Manuel
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Eric Moorman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Janak R Khatiwada
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Leonard L Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, KannapolisNC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
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Chhabra P, Ranjan P, Cromeans T, Sambhara S, Vinjé J. Critical role of RIG-I and MDA5 in early and late stages of Tulane virus infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1016-1026. [PMID: 28530548 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, but the lack of a robust cell culture system or small animal model have hampered a better understanding of innate immunity against these viruses. Tulane virus (TV) is the prototype virus of a tentative new genus, Recovirus, in the family Caliciviridae. Its epidemiology and biological properties most closely resemble human norovirus. The host innate immune response to RNA virus infection primarily involves pathogen-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3 and TLR7 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor RIG-I and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5). In this study, by using siRNA knockdown, we report that TV infection in LLC-MK2 cells results in an early [3 h post infection (h p.i.), P<0.05] RIG-I-dependent and type I interferon-mediated antiviral response, whereas an MDA5-mediated antiviral effect was observed at later (12 h p.i.; P<0.05) stages of TV replication. Induction of RIG-I and MDA5 was critical for inhibition of TV replication. Furthermore, pre-activation of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway prevented TV replication (>900-fold decrease; P<0.05), suggesting that RIG-I and MDA5 ligands could be used to develop novel preventive and therapeutic measures against norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chhabra
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Complete Genome Sequence of an Emergent Recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 Norovirus Strain Associated with an Epidemic Spread in the Winter of 2016-2017 in Hong Kong, China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/20/e00343-17. [PMID: 28522708 PMCID: PMC5442379 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00343-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new recombinant norovirus, GII.P16-GII.2, emerged in the winter of 2016-2017. Here, we report the complete genome of this strain (Hu/GII/HK/2016/GII.P16-GII.2/CUHK-NS-1082), which was collected from a patient hospitalized with gastroenteritis in September 2016 in Hong Kong, China, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. This genome had a 95.2% nucleotide identity to the closest sequence in GenBank.
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43
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Iaconelli M, Muscillo M, Della Libera S, Fratini M, Meucci L, De Ceglia M, Giacosa D, La Rosa G. One-year Surveillance of Human Enteric Viruses in Raw and Treated Wastewaters, Downstream River Waters, and Drinking Waters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:79-88. [PMID: 27682315 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are a major cause of waterborne diseases, and can be transmitted by contaminated water of all kinds, including drinking and recreational water. The objectives of the present study were to assess the occurrence of enteric viruses (enterovirus, norovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A and E virus) in raw and treated wastewaters, in rivers receiving wastewater discharges, and in drinking waters. Wastewater treatment plants' (WWTP) pathogen removal efficiencies by adenovirus quantitative real-time PCR and the presence of infectious enterovirus, by cell culture assays, in treated wastewaters and in surface waters were also evaluated. A total of 90 water samples were collected: raw and treated wastewaters (treated effluents and ultrafiltered water reused for industrial purposes), water from two rivers receiving treated discharges, and drinking water. Nested PCR assays were used for the identification of viral DNA/RNA, followed by direct amplicon sequencing. All raw sewage samples (21/21), 61.9 % of treated wastewater samples (13/21), and 25 % of ultrafiltered water samples (3/12) were contaminated with at least one viral family. Multiple virus families and genera were frequently detected. Mean positive PCRs per sample decreased significantly from raw to treated sewage and to ultrafiltered waters. Moreover, quantitative adenovirus data showed a reduction in excess of 99 % in viral genome copies following wastewater treatment. In surface waters, 78.6 % (22/28) of samples tested positive for one or more viruses by molecular methods, but enterovirus-specific infectivity assays did not reveal infectious particles in these samples. All drinking water samples tested negative for all viruses, demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment in removing viral pathogens from drinking water. Integrated strategies to manage water from all sources are crucial to ensure water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Muscillo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Fratini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Meucci
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M De Ceglia
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - D Giacosa
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Damalanka VC, Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Lushington GH, Mehzabeen N, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel series of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3CL protease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:41-61. [PMID: 28038326 PMCID: PMC5296247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus infections have a major impact on public health worldwide, yet there is a current dearth of norovirus-specific therapeutics and prophylactics. This report describes the discovery of a novel class of macrocyclic inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease, a cysteine protease that is essential for virus replication. SAR, structural, and biochemical studies were carried out to ascertain the effect of structure on pharmacological activity and permeability. Insights gained from these studies have laid a solid foundation for capitalizing on the therapeutic potential of the series of inhibitors described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, APS Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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45
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Dábilla N, Nunes Vieira Almeida T, Carvalho Rebouças Oliveira A, Kipnis A, Neres Silva T, Souza Fiaccadori F, Teixeira de Sousa T, de Paula Cardoso DDD, Souza M. Norovirus in feces and nasopharyngeal swab of children with and without acute gastroenteritis symptoms: First report of GI.5 in Brazil and GI.3 in nasopharyngeal swab. J Clin Virol 2017; 87:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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47
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Zonta W, Mauroy A, Farnir F, Thiry E. Virucidal Efficacy of a Hydrogen Peroxide Nebulization Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus, Two Surrogates of Human Norovirus. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:275-282. [PMID: 27384526 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are amongst the leading causes of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted via person-to-person contact, via contact with contaminated surfaces or by consumption of contaminated food. Contaminated surfaces in healthcare settings contribute to the transmission of viruses. No-touch automated room disinfection systems might prevent such a spread of contamination and thus their virucidal effect needs to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a nebulization system spraying hydrogen peroxide on two main surrogates of HuNoV, namely murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). The viruses were dried on cover glasses and on stainless steel discs and exposed to nebulization. The number of infectious viral particles and genomic copies before and after the nebulization was compared. The efficacy in reducing infectivity of both surrogates was demonstrated. For the infectious viral titre of MNV and FCV, a log10 reduction factor ≥4.84 and 4.85 was observed after nebulization, respectively, for tests on cover glasses and ≥3.90 and 5.30, respectively, for tests on stainless steel discs. Only low reductions in genomic copy numbers were observed for both surrogates. The nebulization of hydrogen peroxide showed a clear virucidal effect on both HuNoV surrogates, MNV and FCV, on two different carriers and the use of nebulization should be promoted in complementarity with conventional disinfection methods in healthcare settings and food processing facilities to reduce viral load and spread of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Zonta
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Lei S, Ramesh A, Twitchell E, Wen K, Bui T, Weiss M, Yang X, Kocher J, Li G, Giri-Rachman E, Trang NV, Jiang X, Ryan EP, Yuan L. High Protective Efficacy of Probiotics and Rice Bran against Human Norovirus Infection and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1699. [PMID: 27853451 PMCID: PMC5090003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been recognized as vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic agents to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. We previously showed that rice bran (RB) reduced human rotavirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major pathogens causing non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) were first screened for their ability to bind HuNoV P particles and virions derived from clinical samples containing HuNoV genotype GII.3 and GII.4, then the effects of LGG+EcN and RB on HuNoV infection and diarrhea were investigated using the gnotobiotic pig model. While LGG+EcN colonization inhibited HuNoV shedding, probiotic cocktail regimens in which RB feeding started 7 days prior to or 1 day after viral inoculation in the LGG+EcN colonized gnotobiotic pigs exhibited high protection against HuNoV diarrhea and shedding, characterized by significantly reduced incidence (89 versus 20%) and shorter mean duration of diarrhea (2.2 versus 0.2 days), as well as shorter mean duration of virus shedding (3.2 versus 1.0 days). In both probiotic cocktail groups, the diarrhea reduction rates were 78% compared with the control group, and diarrhea severity was reduced as demonstrated by the significantly lower cumulative fecal scores. The high protective efficacy of the probiotic cocktail regimens was attributed to stimulation of IFN-γ+ T cell responses, increased production of intestinal IgA and IgG, and maintenance of healthy intestinal morphology (manifested as longer villi compared with the control group). Therefore, probiotic cocktail regimens containing LGG+EcN and RB may represent highly efficacious strategies to prevent and treat HuNoV gastroenteritis, and potentially other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ernawati Giri-Rachman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi, BandungWest Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
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Woods JW, Calci KR, Marchant-Tambone JG, Burkhardt W. Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the US. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Complete Genome Sequence of a GII.17 Norovirus Isolated from a Rhesus Monkey in China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e00904-16. [PMID: 27609911 PMCID: PMC5017216 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00904-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The previously silent GII.17 norovirus was found to be the predominant genotype causing major epidemics in China in the 2014–2015 winter epidemic season. We report here the complete genomic sequence of a GII.17 norovirus (mky/GII.17/KM1509/CHN/2015) that infected rhesus monkeys at a monkey farm in southwestern China.
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