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Vali A, Beaupère C, Loubaresse A, Dalle H, Fève B, Grosfeld A, Moldes M. Effects of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue plasticity. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:259-262. [PMID: 38871499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in metabolic adaptation, regulating carbohydrate-lipid homeostasis and the immune system. Because they also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, synthetic analogues of GCs have been developed and are widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions and in organ transplantation. GCs are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world. However, long term and high GC doses can cause side effects such as GC-induced diabetes and lipodystrophy. In recent years, a large number of independent studies have reported the effects of constitutive and adipocyte-specific deletion of the GC receptor (GR) in mice under different diets and treatments, resulting in contrasting phenotypes. To avoid potential compensatory mechanisms associated with the constitutive adipocyte GR silencing during adipose tissue development, our team has generated an inducible mouse model of GR deletion specifically in the adipocyte (AdipoGR-KO). Using this mouse model, we were able to demonstrate the critical role of the adipocyte GR in GC-induced metabolic changes. Indeed, under conditions of hypercorticism, AdipoGR-KO mice showed an improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as in lipid profile, despite a massive increase in adiposity. This result is explained by a densification of adipose tissue vascularization, highlighting the repressive role of adipocyte GR in the healthy expansion of this tissue. Our work has largely contributed to the demonstration of the important role of the adipocyte GR in the physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue and its impact on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vali
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carine Beaupère
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alya Loubaresse
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dalle
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France; Service endocrinologie, CRMR PRISIS, centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Grosfeld
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marthe Moldes
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France.
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Chen L, Ma J, Xu W, Shen F, Yang Z, Sonne C, Dietz R, Li L, Jie X, Li L, Yan G, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome and methylome of polar bears, giant and red pandas reveal diet-driven adaptive evolution. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13731. [PMID: 38894980 PMCID: PMC11183199 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the evolution of species adaptations, yet little information is available on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the adaptive evolution of bamboo-eating in both giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens). To investigate the potential contribution of epigenetic to the adaptive evolution of bamboo-eating in giant and red pandas, we performed hepatic comparative transcriptome and methylome analyses between bamboo-eating pandas and carnivorous polar bears (Ursus maritimus). We found that genes involved in carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and protein metabolism showed significant differences in methylation and expression levels between the two panda species and polar bears. Clustering analysis of gene expression revealed that giant pandas did not form a sister group with the more closely related polar bears, suggesting that the expression pattern of genes in livers of giant pandas and red pandas have evolved convergently driven by their similar diets. Compared to polar bears, some key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and biological oxidation and cholesterol synthesis showed hypomethylation and higher expression in giant and red pandas, while genes involved in fat digestion and absorption, fatty acid metabolism, lysine degradation, resistance to lipid peroxidation and detoxification showed hypermethylation and low expression. Our study elucidates the special nutrient utilization mechanism of giant pandas and red pandas and provides some insights into the molecular mechanism of their adaptive evolution of bamboo feeding. This has important implications for the breeding and conservation of giant pandas and red pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jinnan Ma
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- College of Continuing EducationYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Wencai Xu
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda BreedingChengduChina
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Arctic Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Arctic Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Linzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaodie Jie
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guoqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Davidson CT, Miller E, Muir M, Dawson JC, Lee M, Aitken S, Serrels A, Webster SP, Homer NZM, Andrew R, Brunton VG, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR. 11β-HSD1 inhibition does not affect murine tumour angiogenesis but may exert a selective effect on tumour growth by modulating inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0255709. [PMID: 36940215 PMCID: PMC10027213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids inhibit angiogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) reduces tissue-specific glucocorticoid action and promotes angiogenesis in murine models of myocardial infarction. Angiogenesis is important in the growth of some solid tumours. This study used murine models of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to test the hypothesis that 11β-HSD1 inhibition promotes angiogenesis and subsequent tumour growth. SCC or PDAC cells were injected into female FVB/N or C57BL6/J mice fed either standard diet, or diet containing the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor UE2316. SCC tumours grew more rapidly in UE2316-treated mice, reaching a larger (P<0.01) final volume (0.158 ± 0.037 cm3) than in control mice (0.051 ± 0.007 cm3). However, PDAC tumour growth was unaffected. Immunofluorescent analysis of SCC tumours did not show differences in vessel density (CD31/alpha-smooth muscle actin) or cell proliferation (Ki67) after 11β-HSD1 inhibition, and immunohistochemistry of SCC tumours did not show changes in inflammatory cell (CD3- or F4/80-positive) infiltration. In culture, the growth/viability (assessed by live cell imaging) of SCC cells was not affected by UE2316 or corticosterone. Second Harmonic Generation microscopy showed that UE2316 reduced Type I collagen (P<0.001), whilst RNA-sequencing revealed that multiple factors involved in the innate immune/inflammatory response were reduced in UE2316-treated SCC tumours. 11β-HSD1 inhibition increases SCC tumour growth, likely via suppression of inflammatory/immune cell signalling and extracellular matrix deposition, but does not promote tumour angiogenesis or growth of all solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callam T. Davidson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lee
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Aitken
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Webster
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Mass Spectrometry Core, Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Wu J, Miller E, Davidson C, Walker BR, Hadoke PWF. Enhanced Angiogenesis by 11βHSD1 Blockage Is Insufficient to Improve Reperfusion Following Hindlimb Ischaemia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:795823. [PMID: 35097015 PMCID: PMC8790072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.795823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Critical limb ischaemia (CLI), which is estimated to affect 2 million people in the United States, reduces quality of life, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and has limited treatment options. Direct stimulation of angiogenesis using proangiogenic growth factors has been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to improve reperfusion in the ischaemic leg. Despite positive outcomes in animal studies, there has been little success in clinical translation. This investigation addressed the hypothesis that angiogenesis could be stimulated indirectly in the ischaemic hindlimb by blocking 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1)-mediated reactivation of anti-angiogenic glucocorticoids. Method and Results: Corticosterone suppressed ex vivo angiogenesis in the mouse aortic ring assay. 11βHSD1 deletion (Hsd11b1Del1/Del1) or pharmacological inhibition (with 300 nM UE2316) which block the reactivation of glucocorticoid (i.e., the conversion of 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11DHC) to bioactive corticosterone) significantly reduced 11DHC-induced suppression of angiogenesis. In a sponge implantation model, 11βHSD1 deletion, but not pharmacological inhibition, enhanced inflammation-induced angiogenesis. By contrast, in the mouse hindlimb ischaemia model, post-ischaemic reperfusion and vascular density were not affected by either deletion or pharmacological inhibition of 11βHSD1 in young or aged mice. 3D vascular imaging suggested that hind limb reperfusion in the 1st week following induction of ischaemia may be driven by the rapid expansion of collateral arteries rather than by angiogenesis. Conclusion: 11βHSD1-mediated glucocorticoid reactivation suppressed angiogenesis ex vivo and in vivo. However, regulation of angiogenesis alone was insufficient to promote reperfusion in hindlimb ischaemia. Future investigation of post-ischaemic reperfusion should include other aspects of systemic vascular remodeling including arteriogenesis and collateral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Wu
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Miller
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Callam Davidson
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Walker
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Patrick W. F. Hadoke
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Zheng Q, Li S, Li X, Liu R. Advances in the study of emodin: an update on pharmacological properties and mechanistic basis. Chin Med 2021; 16:102. [PMID: 34629100 PMCID: PMC8504117 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, also known as rhubarb or Da Huang, has been widely used as a spice and as traditional herbal medicine for centuries, and is currently marketed in China as the principal herbs in various prescriptions, such as Da-Huang-Zhe-Chong pills and Da-Huang-Qing-Wei pills. Emodin, a major bioactive anthraquinone derivative extracted from rhubarb, represents multiple health benefits in the treatment of a host of diseases, such as immune-inflammatory abnormality, tumor progression, bacterial or viral infections, and metabolic syndrome. Emerging evidence has made great strides in clarifying the multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms underlying the efficacious therapeutic potential of emodin, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic properties. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated summary of recent developments on these pharmacological efficacies and molecular mechanisms of emodin, with a focus on the underlying molecular targets and signaling networks. We also reviewed recent attempts to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities of emodin by structural modification and novel material-based targeted delivery. In conclusion, emodin still has great potential to become promising therapeutic options to immune and inflammation abnormality, organ fibrosis, common malignancy, pathogenic bacteria or virus infections, and endocrine disease or disorder. Scientifically addressing concerns regarding the poor bioavailability and vague molecular targets would significantly contribute to the widespread acceptance of rhubarb not only as a dietary supplement in food flavorings and colorings but also as a health-promoting TCM in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Abstract
Nutrition is a major variable factor in human environments. The composition of nutrients has changed markedly in recent decades which may contribute to the increased prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fat is an important component of the diet which comes in various forms with fatty acids (FA) of different carbon chain lengths and saturation degrees. In addition to being an energy supply, FA function as potent signalling molecules and influence transcriptional activity. Among other tissues, dietary FA target white adipose tissue function, which is central in maintaining metabolic health. This review focuses on the possible role of dietary FA composition and its effect on human white adipose tissue expandability and transcriptional response. Altogether, the existing literature suggests that unsaturated fat has more benign effects on adipose tissue distribution when compared to long-chain saturated fat. However, the mechanisms of action remain poorly characterised.
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7
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Hopkin SJ, Lewis JW, Krautter F, Chimen M, McGettrick HM. Triggering the Resolution of Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Can Targeting Leukocyte Migration Be the Answer? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 30881306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a pivotal process in the regulation and resolution of an inflammatory episode. It is vital for the protective responses to microbial infection and tissue damage, but is the unwanted reaction contributing to pathology in many immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Indeed, it is now recognized that patients with IMIDs have defects in at least one, if not multiple, check-points regulating the entry and exit of leukocytes from the inflamed site. In this review, we will explore our understanding of the imbalance in recruitment that permits the accumulation and persistence of leukocytes in IMIDs. We will highlight old and novel pharmacological tools targeting these processes in an attempt to trigger resolution of the inflammatory response. In this context, we will focus on cytokines, chemokines, known pro-resolving lipid mediators and potential novel lipids (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate), along with the actions of glucocorticoids mediated by 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Hopkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Lewis
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Do TTH, Marie G, Héloïse D, Guillaume D, Marthe M, Bruno F, Marion B. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:150-162. [PMID: 30145227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is frequently present in patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing's syndrome) or treated with high doses of GCs. Furthermore, others similarities between metabolic syndrome (visceral obesity, elevated blood glucose levels, dyslipidemia) and Cushing's syndrome suggest that GCs could play a role in obesity-linked complications. Here we reported that long-term corticosterone (CORT) exposure in mice induced weight gain, dyslipidemia as well as hyperglycaemia and systemic insulin resistance. CORT-treated mice exhibited an increased 11β-Hsd1 expression and corticosterone levels in fat depots but a specific upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase only in gonadal adipose tissue, suggesting that GC could act differentially on various fat depots. Despite fat accumulation in all depots, an increased expression of adipogenic (Pparγ, C/ebpα) and lipogenic (Acc, Fas) key genes was restricted to gonadal adipose tissue. Hypertrophied adipocytes observed in both visceral and subcutaneous depots also resulted from reduced lipolytic activity due to CORT treatment. Surprisingly, GC treatment promoted macrophage infiltration (F4/80, Cd68) within all adipose tissues along with predominant M2-like macrophage phenotype, and can directly act on macrophages to induce this phenotype. Moreover, macrophage infiltration preceded mass gain and adipocyte hypertrophy. Of note, specific macrophage depletion in gonadal fat preferentially reduced the M2-like macrophage content, and partially restored insulin sensitivity in mice with GC-induced obesity and insulin resistance. These data provide evidence that GCs act on adipose tissue in a depot-dependent manner and that gonadal adipose macrophages are key effectors of GC-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Huong Do
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Garcia Marie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dalle Héloïse
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Guillaume
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Moldes Marthe
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Fève Bruno
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Buyse Marion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France; University Paris-South, EA4123, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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9
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Zou X, Ramachandran P, Kendall TJ, Pellicoro A, Dora E, Aucott RL, Manwani K, Man TY, Chapman KE, Henderson NC, Forbes SJ, Webster SP, Iredale JP, Walker BR, Michailidou Z. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency or inhibition enhances hepatic myofibroblast activation in murine liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2018; 67:2167-2181. [PMID: 29251794 PMCID: PMC6001805 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of chronic liver injury is fibrosis, with accumulation of extracellular matrix orchestrated by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Glucocorticoids limit HSC activation in vitro, and tissue glucocorticoid levels are amplified by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11βHSD1). Although 11βHSD1 inhibitors have been developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and improve diet-induced fatty liver in various mouse models, effects on the progression and/or resolution of liver injury and consequent fibrosis have not been characterized. We have used the reversible carbon tetrachloride-induced model of hepatocyte injury and liver fibrosis to show that in two models of genetic 11βHSD1 deficiency (global, Hsd11b1-/- , and hepatic myofibroblast-specific, Hsd11b1fl/fl /Pdgfrb-cre) 11βHSD1 pharmacological inhibition in vivo exacerbates hepatic myofibroblast activation and liver fibrosis. In contrast, liver injury and fibrosis in hepatocyte-specific Hsd11b1fl/fl /albumin-cre mice did not differ from that of controls, ruling out 11βHSD1 deficiency in hepatocytes as the cause of the increased fibrosis. In primary HSC culture, glucocorticoids inhibited expression of the key profibrotic genes Acta2 and Col1α1, an effect attenuated by the 11βHSD1 inhibitor [4-(2-chlorophenyl-4-fluoro-1-piperidinyl][5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-thienyl]-methanone. HSCs from Hsd11b1-/- and Hsd11b1fl/fl /Pdgfrb-cre mice expressed higher levels of Acta2 and Col1α1 and were correspondingly more potently activated. In vivo [4-(2-chlorophenyl-4-fluoro-1-piperidinyl][5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-thienyl]-methanone administration prior to chemical injury recapitulated findings in Hsd11b1-/- mice, including greater fibrosis. CONCLUSION 11βHSD1 deficiency enhances myofibroblast activation and promotes initial fibrosis following chemical liver injury; hence, the effects of 11βHSD1 inhibitors on liver injury and repair are likely to be context-dependent and deserve careful scrutiny as these compounds are developed for chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome and dementia. (Hepatology 2018;67:2167-2181).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantong Zou
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Timothy J. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Elena Dora
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rebecca L. Aucott
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kajal Manwani
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineQueen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Scott P. Webster
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - John P. Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Zoi Michailidou
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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10
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Verma M, Kipari TMJ, Zhang Z, Man TY, Forster T, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Chapman KE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency alters brain energy metabolism in acute systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:223-234. [PMID: 29162555 PMCID: PMC5871395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels impair cognition and are pro-inflammatory in the brain. Deficiency or inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive into active glucocorticoids, protects against glucocorticoid-associated chronic stress- or age-related cognitive impairment. Here, we hypothesised that 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the brain cytokine response to inflammation. Because inflammation is associated with altered energy metabolism, we also examined the effects of 11β-HSD1 deficiency upon hippocampal energy metabolism. Inflammation was induced in 11β-HSD1 deficient (Hsd11b1Del/Del) and C57BL/6 control mice by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS reduced circulating neutrophil and monocyte numbers and increased plasma corticosterone levels equally in C57BL/6 and Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, suggesting a similar peripheral inflammatory response. However, the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the hippocampus was attenuated in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Principal component analysis of mRNA expression revealed a distinct metabolic response to LPS in hippocampus of Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Pfkfb3 and Ldha, key contributors to the Warburg effect, showed greater induction in Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Consistent with increased glycolytic flux, levels of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate were reduced in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice. Expression of Sdha and Sdhb, encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase/complex II that determines mitochondrial reserve respiratory capacity, was induced specifically in hippocampus of LPS injected Hsd11b1Del/Del mice, together with increased levels of its product, fumarate. These data suggest 11β-HSD1 deficiency attenuates the hippocampal pro-inflammatory response to LPS, associated with increased capacity for aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP generation. This may provide better metabolic support and be neuroprotective during systemic inflammation or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Verma
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tiina M J Kipari
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhenguang Zhang
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tak Yung Man
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Megan C Holmes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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11
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Li X, Wang J, Yang Q, Shao S. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Med Sci 2017; 354:408-414. [PMID: 29078846 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most significant contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tissue-specific glucocorticoids regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (11β-HSD) type 1 are involved in central obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Moderate downregulation of 11β-HSD1 can attenuate insulin insensitivity and the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Some of the beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be mediated, at least in part, through inactivation of tissue-specific glucocorticoid action related to insulin signaling mechanisms, alleviation of abnormal cytokine profile and the improvement of β-cell function. Thus, 11β-HSD1 is a promising target for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The First People׳s Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University People׳s Hospital, Yichang, P.R. China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Division of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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12
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Song B, Ding L, Zhang H, Chu Y, Chang Z, Yu Y, Guo D, Zhang S, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rb1 increases insulin sensitivity through suppressing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1049-1057. [PMID: 28386332 PMCID: PMC5375997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is a major component of ginseng, which has been shown to ameliorate hyperglycemia in rodents and in humans with undetermined mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which GRb1 reduces the insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). HFD was applied for 4 weeks to induce T2D in mice, after which GRb1 was administrated and the effects on the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were analyzed. We found that HFD increased fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity, which were all ameliorated by GRb1. GRb1 seemed to reduce the levels of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) in liver and adipose tissue, to exert its anti-diabetes effects. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 completely abolished the effects of GRb1 on HFD-induced increases in fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance, and decreases in insulin sensitivity. Together, our data suggest that GRb1 may increase insulin sensitivity through suppressing 11β-HSD1 in treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yafen Chu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhaohui Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yali Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xuezheng Liu
- Office of Party and Government Affairs of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou 121001, China
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13
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Johnson JS, Opiyo MN, Thomson M, Gharbi K, Seckl JR, Heger A, Chapman KE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 deficiency alters the gut microbiome response to Western diet. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:273-283. [PMID: 27885053 PMCID: PMC5184774 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) interconverts active glucocorticoids and their intrinsically inert 11-keto forms. The type 1 isozyme, 11β-HSD1, predominantly reactivates glucocorticoids in vivo and can also metabolise bile acids. 11β-HSD1-deficient mice show altered inflammatory responses and are protected against the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. However, the impact of 11β-HSD1 on the composition of the gut microbiome has not previously been investigated. We used high-throughput 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of 11β-HSD1-deficient and C57Bl/6 control mice, fed either a standard chow diet or a cholesterol- and fat-enriched 'Western' diet. 11β-HSD1 deficiency significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiome, and did so in a diet-specific manner. On a Western diet, 11β-HSD1 deficiency increased the relative abundance of the family Bacteroidaceae, and on a chow diet, it altered relative abundance of the family Prevotellaceae Our results demonstrate that (i) genetic effects on host-microbiome interactions can depend upon diet and (ii) that alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome may contribute to the aspects of the metabolic and/or inflammatory phenotype observed with 11β-HSD1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jethro S Johnson
- Computational Genomics Analysis and TrainingMedical Research Council-Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Monica N Opiyo
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marian Thomson
- Edinburgh GenomicsAshworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karim Gharbi
- Edinburgh GenomicsAshworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreas Heger
- Computational Genomics Analysis and TrainingMedical Research Council-Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Liu X, Tan XL, Xia M, Wu C, Song J, Wu JJ, Laurence A, Xie QG, Zhang MZ, Liang HF, Zhang BX, Chen XP. Loss of 11βHSD1 enhances glycolysis, facilitates intrahepatic metastasis, and indicates poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2038-53. [PMID: 26700460 PMCID: PMC4811515 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), converting glucocorticoids from hormonally inactive cortisone to active cortisol, plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhanced glycolytic activity is closely associated with postoperative recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whether 11βHSD1 contributes to HCC metastasis and recurrence remains unclear. Here we found that expression of 11βHSD1 in human HCC (310 pairs) was frequently decreased compared to the adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues (ANT), which correlated well with the intrahepatic-metastatic index, serum glycemia, and other malignant clinicopathological characteristics of HCC and predicted poor prognosis. Knockdown of 11βHSD1 in BEL-7402 cells drastically reduced the pH of culture medium and induced cell death. Meanwhile, overexpression of 11βHSD1 in SMMC-7721 HCC cells resulted in repression of cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and proliferation in vitro. When transferred into BALB/c nude mice, 11βHSD1 overexpression resulted in decreased intrahepatic metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor size. F-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose accumulation assay measured by positron emission tomography elucidated that 11βHSD1 reduced glucose uptake and glycolysis in SMMC-7721 cells in vitro, and intrahepatic metastasis foci and subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. We showed that 11βHSD1 repressed cell metastasis, angiogenesis and proliferation of HCC by causing disruption of glycolysis via the HIF-1α and c-MYC pathways. In conclusion, 11βHSD1 inhibits the intrahepatic metastasis of HCC via restriction of tumor glycolysis activity and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Long Tan
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Song
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Arian Laurence
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Qing-Guo Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hui-Fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bi-Xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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15
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Priyadarshini E, Anuradha CV. Glucocorticoid Antagonism Reduces Insulin Resistance and Associated Lipid Abnormalities in High-Fructose-Fed Mice. Can J Diabetes 2016; 41:41-51. [PMID: 27614803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High intake of dietary fructose causes perturbation in lipid metabolism and provokes lipid-induced insulin resistance. A rise in glucocorticoids (GCs) has recently been suggested to be involved in fructose-induced insulin resistance. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of GC blockade on lipid abnormalities in insulin-resistant mice. METHODS Insulin resistance was induced in mice by administering a high-fructose diet (HFrD) for 60 days. Mifepristone (RU486), a GC antagonist, was administered to HFrD-fed mice for the last 18 days, and the intracellular and extracellular GC levels, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation and the expression of GC-regulated genes involved in lipid metabolism were examined. RESULTS HFrD elevated the intracellular GC content in both liver and adipose tissue and enhanced the GR nuclear translocation. The plasma GC level remained unchanged. The levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in plasma were elevated, accompanied by increased plasma insulin and glucose levels and decreased hepatic glycogen content. Treatment with RU486 reduced plasma lipid levels, tissue GC levels and the expression of GC-targeted genes involved in lipid accumulation, and it improved insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that HFrD-induced lipid accumulation and insulin resistance are mediated by enhanced GC in liver and adipose tissue and that GC antagonism might reduce fructose-induced lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance.
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16
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Larner DP, Morgan SA, Gathercole LL, Doig CL, Guest P, Weston C, Hazeldine J, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Male 11β-HSD1 Knockout Mice Fed Trans-Fats and Fructose Are Not Protected From Metabolic Syndrome or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3493-504. [PMID: 27384305 PMCID: PMC5007899 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines a spectrum of conditions from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis and is regarded as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Glucocorticoids can promote steatosis by stimulating lipolysis within adipose tissue, free fatty acid delivery to liver and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Glucocorticoids can be reactivated in liver through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme activity. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has been suggested as a potential treatment for NAFLD. To test this, male mice with global (11β-HSD1 knockout [KO]) and liver-specific (LKO) 11β-HSD1 loss of function were fed the American Lifestyle Induced Obesity Syndrome (ALIOS) diet, known to recapitulate the spectrum of NAFLD, and metabolic and liver phenotypes assessed. Body weight, muscle and adipose tissue masses, and parameters of glucose homeostasis showed that 11β-HSD1KO and LKO mice were not protected from systemic metabolic disease. Evaluation of hepatic histology, triglyceride content, and blinded NAFLD activity score assessment indicated that levels of steatosis were similar between 11β-HSD1KO, LKO, and control mice. Unexpectedly, histological analysis revealed significantly increased levels of immune foci present in livers of 11β-HSD1KO but not LKO or control mice, suggestive of a transition to NASH. This was endorsed by elevated hepatic expression of key immune cell and inflammatory markers. These data indicate that 11β-HSD1-deficient mice are not protected from metabolic disease or hepatosteatosis in the face of a NAFLD-inducing diet. However, global deficiency of 11β-HSD1 did increase markers of hepatic inflammation and suggests a critical role for 11β-HSD1 in restraining the transition to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Larner
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Guest
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Weston
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (D.P.L., S.A.M., C.L.D., P.G., G.G.L.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.L.G., J.W.T.), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy (C.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (J.H.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Medicine and Health (P.M.S.), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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17
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Jiang YJ, Celli A, Uchida Y, Mauro TM, Bikle DD, Elias PM, Holleran WM. UVB induces epidermal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:370-6. [PMID: 25739654 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detrimental consequences of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin include photoageing, immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis, processes also significantly regulated by local glucocorticoid (GC) availability. In man, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) generates the active GC cortisol from cortisone (or corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents). 11β-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity requires the cofactor NADPH, generated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated increased 11β-HSD1 levels in skin obtained from photoexposed versus photoprotected anatomical regions. However, the direct effect of UVR on 11β-HSD1 expression remains to be elucidated. To investigate the cutaneous regulation of 11β-HSD1 following UVR in vivo, the dorsal skin of female SKH1 mice was irradiated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB. Measurement of transepidermal water loss, 11β-HSD1 activity, mRNA/protein expression and histological studies was taken at 1, 3 and 7 days postexposure. 11β-HSD1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression peaked 1 day postexposure to 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB before subsequently declining (days 3 and 7). Corresponding increases in 11β-HSD1 protein and enzyme activity were observed 3 days postexposure coinciding with reduced GC receptor mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence studies revealed 11β-HSD1 localization to hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes in UVB-exposed skin. 11β-HSD1 expression and activity were also induced by 200 and 100 (but not 50) mJ/cm(2) UVB and correlated with increased transepidermal water loss (indicative of barrier disruption). UVB-induced 11β-HSD1 activation represents a novel mechanism that may contribute to the regulation of cutaneous responses to UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Heterogeneity of white adipose tissue: molecular basis and clinical implications. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e215. [PMID: 26964831 PMCID: PMC4892883 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly heterogeneous endocrine organ. The heterogeneity among different anatomical depots stems from their intrinsic differences in cellular and physiological properties, including developmental origin, adipogenic and proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, hormonal control, thermogenic ability and vascularization. Additional factors that influence adipose tissue heterogeneity are genetic predisposition, environment, gender and age. Under obese condition, these depot-specific differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. For instance, individuals with central obesity are more susceptible to developing diabetes and cardiovascular complications, whereas those with peripheral obesity are more metabolically healthy. This review summarizes the clinical and mechanistic evidence for the depot-specific differences that give rise to different metabolic consequences, and provides therapeutic insights for targeted treatment of obesity.
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Dam V, Sikder T, Santosa S. From neutrophils to macrophages: differences in regional adipose tissue depots. Obes Rev 2016; 17:1-17. [PMID: 26667065 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we do not fully understand the underlying mechanisms of how regional adiposity promotes metabolic dysregulation. As adipose tissue expands, there is an increase in chronic systemic low-grade inflammation due to greater infiltration of immune cells and production of cytokines. This chronic inflammation is thought to play a major role in the development of metabolic complications and disease such as insulin resistance and diabetes. We know that different adipose tissue depots contribute differently to the risk of metabolic disease. People who have an upper body fat distribution around the abdomen are at greater risk of disease than those who tend to store fat in their lower body around the hips and thighs. Thus, it is conceivable that adipose tissue depots contribute differently to the inflammatory milieu as a result of varied infiltration of immune cell types. In this review, we describe the role and function of major resident immune cells in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and discuss their regional differences in the context of metabolic disease risk. We find that although initial studies have found regional differences, a more comprehensive understanding of how immune cells interrupt adipose tissue homeostasis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dam
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T Sikder
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Santosa
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Nutrition, Obesity, and Metabolism Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Li J, Papadopoulos V, Vihma V. Steroid biosynthesis in adipose tissue. Steroids 2015; 103:89-104. [PMID: 25846979 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic enzymes allows the modulation of active steroid levels in a local manner. Thus, the measurement of local steroid concentrations, rather than the circulating levels, has been recognized as a more accurate indicator of the steroid action within a specific tissue. Adipose tissue, one of the largest endocrine tissues in the human body, has been established as an important site for steroid storage and metabolism. Locally produced steroids, through the enzymatic conversion from steroid precursors delivered to adipose tissue, have been proven to either functionally regulate adipose tissue metabolism, or quantitatively contribute to the whole body's steroid levels. Most recently, it has been suggested that adipose tissue may contain the steroidogenic machinery necessary for the initiation of steroid biosynthesis de novo from cholesterol. This review summarizes the evidence indicating the presence of the entire steroidogenic apparatus in adipose tissue and discusses the potential roles of local steroid products in modulating adipose tissue activity and other metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehan Li
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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Petrus P, Rosqvist F, Edholm D, Mejhert N, Arner P, Dahlman I, Rydén M, Sundbom M, Risérus U. Saturated fatty acids in human visceral adipose tissue are associated with increased 11- β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1 expression. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:42. [PMID: 25934644 PMCID: PMC4424543 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral fat accumulation is associated with metabolic disease. It is therefore relevant to study factors that regulate adipose tissue distribution. Recent data shows that overeating saturated fatty acids promotes greater visceral fat storage than overeating unsaturated fatty acids. Visceral adiposity is observed in states of hypercortisolism, and the enzyme 11-β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-hsd1) is a major regulator of cortisol activity by converting inactive cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue. We hypothesized that tissue fatty acid composition regulates body fat distribution through local effects on the expression of 11β-hsd1 and its corresponding gene (HSD11B1) resulting in altered cortisol activity. Findings Visceral- and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery from 45 obese women (BMI; 41 ± 4 kg/m2). The fatty acid composition of each biopsy was measured and correlated to the mRNA levels of HSD11B1. 11β-hsd1 protein levels were determined in a subgroup (n = 12) by western blot analysis. Our main finding was that tissue saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitate) were associated with increased 11β-hsd1 gene- and protein-expression in visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue. Conclusions The present study proposes a link between HSD11B1 and saturated fatty acids in visceral, but not subcutaneous adipose tissue. Nutritional regulation of visceral fat mass through HSD11B1 is of interest for the modulation of metabolic risk and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Petrus
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - David Edholm
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lai W, Tian X, Xiang Q, Chu K, Wei Y, Deng J, Zhang S, Brown J, Hong G. 11β-HSD1 modulates LPS-induced innate immune responses in adipocytes by altering expression of PTEN. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:558-70. [PMID: 25734515 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) represents a therapeutic target for treating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Here, we investigate the effects of 11β-HSD1 on the innate immune response of adipocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines. The 11β-HSD1 inhibitor emodin, or 11β-HSD1-targeted small interfering RNA, dose dependently suppressed IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in lipopolysaccharide-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inhibiting 11β-HSD1 also reduced phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression, a negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase effects, whereas 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone induced IL-6 and PTEN levels. PTEN-targeted small interfering RNA decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α without affecting 11β-HSD1 levels. Correspondingly, emodin increased phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-PKB) (Ser473) to PKB ratio but not p-PKB (Thr308) to PKB ratio. Emodin did not increase the p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio when the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR was depleted, further supporting the involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 in PKB phosphorylation. Moreover, emodin suppressed phosphorylated inhibitor of κB α (p-IκBα) to IκBα ratio and reduced nuclear factor κ B subunit p50 in the nuclear fraction. In contrast, 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone decreased p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio, increased p-IκBα to IκBα ratio, and increased nuclear NF-κB subunit p50. Additionally, wortmannin had similar effects on IL-6, p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio, and p-IκBα to IκBα ratio as 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone. Finally, emodin treatment of streptozotocin diabetic rats on a high-fat diet reduced levels of IL-6, PTEN, Cluster of Differentiation 68, and the ratio of p-IκBα to IκBα in visceral fat, indicating that our findings in vitro may also apply to visceral fat in vivo. Together, these results suggest that inhibiting 11β-HSD1 reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory innate immune responses in adipocytes by down-regulating PTEN expression, leading to activation of the PI3K/PKB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- Centre of Biomedical Research and Development (W.L., X.T., Q.X., K.C., Y.W., J.D., S.Z., J.B., G.H.), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, 350108, China; and School of Biological Sciences (S.Z.), Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tchernof A, Mansour MF, Pelletier M, Boulet MM, Nadeau M, Luu-The V. Updated survey of the steroid-converting enzymes in human adipose tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:56-69. [PMID: 25448733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, adipose tissues have been increasingly known for their endocrine properties, that is, their ability to secrete a number of adipocytokines that may exert local and/or systemic effects. In addition, adipose tissues have long been recognized as significant sites for steroid hormone transformation and action. We hereby provide an updated survey of the many steroid-converting enzymes that may be detected in human adipose tissues, their activities and potential roles. In addition to the now well-established role of aromatase and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 1, many enzymes have been reported in adipocyte cell lines, isolated mature cells and/or preadipocytes. These include 11β-HSD type 2, 17β-HSDs, 3β-HSD, 5α-reductases, sulfatases and glucuronosyltransferases. Some of these enzymes are postulated to bear relevance for adipose tissue physiology and perhaps for the pathophysiology of obesity. This elaborate set of steroid-converting enzymes in the cell types of adipose tissue deserves further scientific attention. Our work on 20α-HSD (AKR1C1), 3α-HSD type 3 (AKR1C2) and 17β-HSD type 5 (AKR1C3) allowed us to clarify the relevance of these enzymes for some aspects of adipose tissue function. For example, down-regulation of AKR1C2 expression in preadipocytes seems to potentiate the inhibitory action of dihydrotestosterone on adipogenesis in this model. Many additional studies are warranted to assess the impact of intra-adipose steroid hormone conversions on adipose tissue functions and chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tchernof
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Michèle Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Nadeau
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Van Luu-The
- Endocrinologe et Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Okazaki S, Takahashi T, Iwamura T, Nakaki J, Sekiya Y, Yagi M, Kumagai H, Sato M, Sakami S, Nitta A, Kawai K, Kainoh M. HIS-388, a Novel Orally Active and Long-Acting 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Intolerance in Diet-Induced Obesity and Nongenetic Type 2 Diabetic Murine Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:181-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.216556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Penno CA, Morgan SA, Rose AJ, Herzig S, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is involved in bile acid homeostasis by modulating fatty acid transport protein-5 in the liver of mice. Mol Metab 2014; 3:554-64. [PMID: 25061560 PMCID: PMC4099504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) plays a key role in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Besides, it metabolizes some oxysterols and bile acids (BAs). The GR regulates BA homeostasis; however, the impact of impaired 11β-HSD1 activity remained unknown. We profiled plasma and liver BAs in liver-specific and global 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. 11β-HSD1-deficiency resulted in elevated circulating unconjugated BAs, an effect more pronounced in global than liver-specific knockout mice. Gene expression analyses revealed decreased expression of the BA-CoA ligase Fatp5, suggesting impaired BA amidation. Reduced organic anion-transporting polypeptide-1A1 (Oatp1a1) and enhanced organic solute-transporter-β (Ostb) mRNA expression were observed in livers from global 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. The impact of 11β-HSD1-deficiency on BA homeostasis seems to be GR-independent because intrahepatic corticosterone and GR target gene expression were not substantially decreased in livers from global knockout mice. Moreover, Fatp5 expression in livers from hepatocyte-specific GR knockout mice was unchanged. The results revealed a role for 11β-HSD1 in BA homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 11β-HSD1
- BA coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase, Baat
- Bile acid conjugation
- Bile acid transport
- Bile acids
- Glucocorticoids
- Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, Ntcp
- Organic anion-transporting polypeptide, Oatp
- Organic solute transporter, Ost
- bile acids, BAs
- cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, Cyp7a1
- farnesoid X receptor, Fxr
- fatty acid transport protein, Fatp
- glucocorticoid receptor, GR
- short heterodimer partner, Shp
- sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1C, Srebp1c
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Penno
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart A. Morgan
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School Building, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Joint Research Division, Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Network Aging Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division, Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Network Aging Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School Building, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Walker GE, Marzullo P, Prodam F, Bona G, Di Blasio AM. Obesity modifies expression profiles of metabolic markers in superficial and deep subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue depots. Endocrine 2014; 46:99-106. [PMID: 24030694 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While visceral adipose tissue (VAT) associates to obesity, there is debate for subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). One explanation may be SAT subcompartments, superficial-SAT (sSAT) and deep-SAT (dSAT), recently recognized as independent depots. Our aim was to establish roles for sSAT/dSAT with obesity by examining the expression of proteins key to adipocyte metabolism. Paired biopsies from sSAT and dSAT of 10 normal-weight (BMI 21.8 ± 0.8 kg/m(2)) and 11 obese subjects (BMI 44 ± 2.1 kg/m(2)) were analyzed for differences in insulin sensitivity using adiponectin, GLUT4 and resistin, glucocorticoid metabolism by 11βHSD1 and alterations of the adipokines leptin and TNFα. Between lean and obese subjects, sSAT and dSAT changes for GLUT4, resistin and TNFα were equivalent. Resistin and TNFα increased in both obese SAT sub-compartments; 33-fold (sSAT; P < 0.006) and 18.5-fold (dSAT; P < 0.003) higher resistin, with undetectable in leans to significant TNFα levels in obese. In contrast, GLUT4 showed 5.5-fold (sSAT; P < 0.03) and 7-fold (dSAT; P < 0.03) lower levels in obese, correlating to BMI (r = -0.6423, P = 0.007) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.5882, P = 0.017). Exclusive sSAT-specific differences were observed for adiponectin, leptin, and 11βHSD1. Both sSAT 11βHSD1 and leptin increased in obese, with 11βHSD1 2.5-fold (P = 0.052) and leptin 3.3-fold (P < 0.008) higher, with 11βHSD1 correlating to HOMA-IR (r = 0.5203, P = 0.0323) and leptin to BMI (r = 0.5810, P = 0.01). In contrast, obese had 7-fold (P < 0.02) lower sSAT adiponectin, correlating to BMI (r = -0.5178, P = 0.027) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.4570, P = 0.049). Overall, sSAT and dSAT are distinct abdominal adipose tissue depots with independent metabolic functions. Between the two, sSAT shows clear independent effects that associate to obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Walker
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piancavallo, VB, Italy,
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Lagos CF, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Fuentes CA, Tichauer JE, Valdivia C, Solari S, Campino C, Tapia-Castillo A, Baudrand R, Villarroel P, Cifuentes M, Owen GI, Carvajal CA, Fardella CE. Identification of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors by combined ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:71-82. [PMID: 24447464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone to cortisol in a NADPH dependent manner. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in key metabolic tissues is related to the development of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Using crystal structures of human 11β-HSD1 in complex with inhibitors as source of structural information, a combined ligand and structure-based virtual screening approach was implemented to identify novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. A selected group of compounds was identified in silico and further evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and 11β-HSD1 mediated cortisol production inhibitory capacity. The expression of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 in human LS14 adipocytes was assessed during differentiation. Biological evaluation of 39 compounds in adipocytes and steroids quantification by HPLC-MS/MS identify 4 compounds that exhibit 11β-HSD1 mediated cortisol production inhibitory activity with potencies in the micromolar range. Two compounds showed to be selective for the 11β-HSD1 reductase activity and over 11β-HSD2 isoform, and thus represent novel leads for the development of more active derivatives with higher efficacies targeting intracellular cortisol levels in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Lagos
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal A Fuentes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E Tichauer
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valdivia
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Campino
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pia Villarroel
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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Harno E, Cottrell EC, Yu A, DeSchoolmeester J, Gutierrez PM, Denn M, Swales JG, Goldberg FW, Bohlooly-Y M, Andersén H, Wild MJ, Turnbull AV, Leighton B, White A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors still improve metabolic phenotype in male 11β-HSD1 knockout mice suggesting off-target mechanisms. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4580-93. [PMID: 24169553 PMCID: PMC4192288 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a target for novel type 2 diabetes and obesity therapies based on the premise that lowering of tissue glucocorticoids will have positive effects on body weight, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. An 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (compound C) inhibited liver 11β-HSD1 by >90% but led to only small improvements in metabolic parameters in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed male C57BL/6J mice. A 4-fold higher concentration produced similar enzyme inhibition but, in addition, reduced body weight (17%), food intake (28%), and glucose (22%). We hypothesized that at the higher doses compound C might be accessing the brain. However, when we developed male brain-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout mice and fed them the HFD, they had body weight and fat pad mass and glucose and insulin responses similar to those of HFD-fed Nestin-Cre controls. We then found that administration of compound C to male global 11β-HSD1 knockout mice elicited improvements in metabolic parameters, suggesting "off-target" mechanisms. Based on the patent literature, we synthesized another 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (MK-0916) from a different chemical series and showed that it too had similar off-target body weight and food intake effects at high doses. In summary, a significant component of the beneficial metabolic effects of these 11β-HSD1 inhibitors occurs via 11β-HSD1-independent pathways, and only limited efficacy is achievable from selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition. These data challenge the concept that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is likely to produce a "step-change" treatment for diabetes and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Harno
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Tarantino G, Finelli C. Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis: The link between hypercortisolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6735-6743. [PMID: 24187449 PMCID: PMC3812473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the available literature, non alcoholic fatty liver disease or generally speaking, hepatic steatosis, is more frequent among people with diabetes and obesity, and is almost universally present amongst morbidly obese diabetic patients. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is being increasingly recognized as a common liver condition in the developed world, with non alcoholic steatohepatitis projected to be the leading cause of liver transplantation. Previous data report that only 20% of patients with Cushing’s syndrome have hepatic steatosis. Aiming at clarifying the reasons whereby patients suffering from Cushing’s syndrome - a condition characterized by profound metabolic changes - present low prevalence of hepatic steatosis, the Authors reviewed the current concepts on the link between hypercortisolism and obesity/metabolic syndrome. They hypothesize that this low prevalence of fat accumulation in the liver of patients with Cushing’s syndrome could result from the inhibition of the so-called low-grade chronic-inflammation, mainly mediated by Interleukin 6, due to an excess of cortisol, a hormone characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect. The Cushing’s syndrome, speculatively considered as an in vivo model of the hepatic steatosis, could also help clarify the mechanisms of non alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Harno E, Cottrell EC, Keevil BG, DeSchoolmeester J, Bohlooly-Y M, Andersén H, Turnbull AV, Leighton B, White A. 11-Dehydrocorticosterone causes metabolic syndrome, which is prevented when 11β-HSD1 is knocked out in livers of male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3599-609. [PMID: 23832962 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is growing in importance with the rising levels of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome shares many characteristics with Cushing's syndrome, which has led to investigation of the link between excess glucocorticoids and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, increased glucocorticoids from intracellular regeneration by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) drives insulin resistance and increases adiposity, but these metabolic changes are assumed to be due to increased circulating glucocorticoids. We hypothesized that increasing the substrate for 11β-HSD1 (11-dehydrocorticosterone, 11-DHC) would adversely affect metabolic parameters. We found that chronic administration of 11-DHC to male C57BL/6J mice resulted in increased circulating glucocorticoids, and down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This elevated 11β-HSD1-derived corticosterone led to increased body weight gain and adiposity and produced marked insulin resistance. Surprisingly liver-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout (LKO) mice given 11-DHC did not show any of the adverse metabolic effects seen in wild-type mice. This occurred despite the 11-DHC administration resulting in elevated circulating corticosterone, presumably from adipose tissue. Mice with global deletion of 11β-HSD1 (global knockout) were unaffected by treatment with 11-DHC, having no increase in circulating corticosterone and exhibiting no signs of metabolic impairment. Taken together, these data show that in the absence of 11β-HSD1 in the liver, mice are protected from the metabolic effects of 11-DHC administration, even though circulating glucocorticoids are increased. This implies that liver-derived intratissue glucocorticoids, rather than circulating glucocorticoids, contribute significantly to the development of metabolic syndrome and suggest that local action within hepatic tissue mediates these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Harno
- Faculty of Life Sciences, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Modulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a strategy to reduce vascular inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 15:320. [PMID: 23512604 PMCID: PMC3631116 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which initial vascular damage leads to extensive macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration. Although acutely glucocorticoids suppress inflammation, chronic glucocorticoid excess worsens atherosclerosis, possibly by exacerbating systemic cardiovascular risk factors. However, glucocorticoid action within the lesion may reduce neointimal proliferation and inflammation. Glucocorticoid levels within cells do not necessarily reflect circulating levels due to pre-receptor metabolism by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). 11β-HSD2 converts active glucocorticoids into inert 11-keto forms. 11β-HSD1 catalyses the reverse reaction, regenerating active glucocorticoids. 11β-HSD2-deficiency/inhibition causes hypertension, whereas deficiency/inhibition of 11β-HSD1 generates a cardioprotective lipid profile and improves glycemic control. Importantly, 11β-HSD1-deficiency/inhibition is atheroprotective, whereas 11β-HSD2-deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis. These effects are largely independent of systemic risk factors, reflecting modulation of glucocorticoid action and inflammation within the vasculature. Here, we consider whether evidence linking the 11β-HSDs to vascular inflammation suggests these isozymes are potential therapeutic targets in vascular injury and atherosclerosis.
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Chapman KE, Coutinho AE, Zhang Z, Kipari T, Savill JS, Seckl JR. Changing glucocorticoid action: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in acute and chronic inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:82-92. [PMID: 23435016 PMCID: PMC3925798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of cortisone in the 1940s and its early success in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, glucocorticoids have remained the mainstay of anti-inflammatory therapies. However, cortisone itself is intrinsically inert. To be effective, it requires conversion to cortisol, the active glucocorticoid, by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Despite the identification of 11β-HSD in liver in 1953 (which we now know to be 11β-HSD1), its physiological role has been little explored until recently. Over the past decade, however, it has become apparent that 11β-HSD1 plays an important role in shaping endogenous glucocorticoid action. Acute inflammation is more severe with 11β-HSD1-deficiency or inhibition, yet in some inflammatory settings such as obesity or diabetes, 11β-HSD1-deficiency/inhibition is beneficial, reducing inflammation. Current evidence suggests both beneficial and detrimental effects may result from 11β-HSD1 inhibition in chronic inflammatory disease. Here we review recent evidence pertaining to the role of 11β-HSD1 in inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Penno CA, Morgan SA, Vuorinen A, Schuster D, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. Impaired oxidoreduction by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 results in the accumulation of 7-oxolithocholic acid. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2874-83. [PMID: 23933573 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) mediates glucocorticoid activation and is currently considered as therapeutic target to treat metabolic diseases; however, biomarkers to assess its activity in vivo are still lacking. Recent in vitro experiments suggested that human 11β-HSD1 metabolizes the secondary bile acid 7-oxolithocholic acid (7-oxoLCA) to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and minor amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Here, we provide evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a major role of 11β-HSD1 in the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and compare its level and metabolism in several species. Hepatic microsomes from liver-specific 11β-HSD1-deficient mice were devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Importantly, circulating and intrahepatic levels of 7-oxoLCA and its taurine conjugate were significantly elevated in mouse models of 11β-HSD1 deficiency. Moreover, comparative enzymology of 11β-HSD1-dependent oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA revealed that the guinea-pig enzyme is devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Unlike in other species, 7-oxoLCA and its glycine conjugate are major bile acids in guinea-pigs. In conclusion, the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and its conjugated metabolites are catalyzed by 11β-HSD1, and the lack of this activity leads to the accumulation of these bile acids in guinea-pigs and 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. Thus, 7-oxoLCA and its conjugates may serve as biomarkers of impaired 11β-HSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Penno
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Hocking S, Samocha-Bonet D, Milner KL, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ. Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: the role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:463-500. [PMID: 23550081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adiposity has long been associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk, and abdominal adiposity is considered particularly adverse. Intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance, possibly mediated by greater lipolytic activity, lower adiponectin levels, resistance to leptin, and increased inflammatory cytokines, although the latter contribution is less clear. Liver lipid is also closely associated with, and likely to be an important contributor to, insulin resistance, but it may also be in part the consequence of the lipogenic pathway of insulin action being up-regulated by hyperinsulinemia and unimpaired signaling. Again, intramyocellular triglyceride is associated with muscle insulin resistance, but anomalies include higher intramyocellular triglyceride in insulin-sensitive athletes and women (vs men). Such issues could be explained if the "culprits" were active lipid moieties such as diacylglycerol and ceramide species, dependent more on lipid metabolism and partitioning than triglyceride amount. Subcutaneous fat, especially gluteofemoral, appears metabolically protective, illustrated by insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in patients with lipodystrophy. However, some studies suggest that deep sc abdominal fat may have adverse properties. Pericardial and perivascular fat relate to atheromatous disease, but not clearly to insulin resistance. There has been recent interest in recognizable brown adipose tissue in adult humans and its possible augmentation by a hormone, irisin, from exercising muscle. Brown adipose tissue is metabolically active, oxidizes fatty acids, and generates heat but, because of its small and variable quantities, its metabolic importance in humans under usual living conditions is still unclear. Further understanding of specific roles of different lipid depots may help new approaches to control obesity and its metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hocking
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia.
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36
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Lee MJ, Pramyothin P, Karastergiou K, Fried SK. Deconstructing the roles of glucocorticoids in adipose tissue biology and the development of central obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:473-81. [PMID: 23735216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Thus, the mechanisms that control fat distribution and its impact on systemic metabolism have importance for understanding the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Hypercortisolemia at the systemic (Cushing's syndrome) or local levels (due to adipose-specific overproduction via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1) results in the preferential expansion of central, especially visceral fat depots. At the same time, peripheral subcutaneous depots can become depleted. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the depot-specific actions of glucocorticoids (GCs) on adipose tissue function remain poorly understood. GCs exert pleiotropic effects on adipocyte metabolic, endocrine and immune functions, and dampen adipose tissue inflammation. GCs also regulate multiple steps in the process of adipogenesis. Acting synergistically with insulin, GCs increase the expression of numerous genes involved in fat deposition. Variable effects of GC on lipolysis are reported, and GC can improve or impair insulin action depending on the experimental conditions. Thus, the net effect of GC on fat storage appears to depend on the physiologic context. The preferential effects of GC on visceral adipose tissue have been linked to higher cortisol production and glucocorticoid receptor expression, but the molecular details of the depot-dependent actions of GCs are only beginning to be understood. In addition, increasing evidence underlines the importance of circadian variations in GCs in relationship to the timing of meals for determining their anabolic actions on the adipocyte. In summary, although the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, there is increasing evidence that GCs have multiple, depot-dependent effects on adipocyte gene expression and metabolism that promote central fat deposition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pornpoj Pramyothin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan K Fried
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zhu Y, Karagiannides I, Pothoulakis C, Jensen MD, Kirkland JL. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab 2013; 17:644-656. [PMID: 23583168 PMCID: PMC3942783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fat distribution is closely linked to metabolic disease risk. Distribution varies with sex, genetic background, disease state, certain drugs and hormones, development, and aging. Preadipocyte replication and differentiation, developmental gene expression, susceptibility to apoptosis and cellular senescence, vascularity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and adipokine secretion vary among depots, as do fatty-acid handling and mechanisms of enlargement with positive-energy and loss with negative-energy balance. How interdepot differences in these molecular, cellular, and pathophysiological properties are related is incompletely understood. Whether fat redistribution causes metabolic disease or whether it is a marker of underlying processes that are primarily responsible is an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Thomou
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Iordanes Karagiannides
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Hu X, Chen LL, Zheng J, Kong W, Zhang HH, Zeng TS, Zhang JY, Li HQ, Hu D, Liao YF. Increases in systemic and local stress: a probable mechanism of visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance in adult catch-up growth rats? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:57-65. [PMID: 23479764 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch-up growth in adult (CUGA) is increasingly proposed as an important causative factor for the widespread insulin resistance (IR)-related diseases especially in developing countries/territories. We aimed to investigate the effects of CUGA to insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and stress in rats, as well as the probable relationship among them. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups for two sampling points: caloric restriction group (R4) and normal chow controls for four weeks (NC4); CUGA re-fed with normal chow (RN4), CUGA re-fed with high-fat diet (RH4), normal chow controls (NC8) and high-fat diet controls (HF8) for eight weeks. Visceral fat accumulation (visceral adipose tissue [VAT] percentage), systemic (plasma corticosterone) and local (HSD11B1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle [SkM] and VAT) stress, whole-body and peripheral insulin sensitivity were determined in this study. After four weeks of caloric restriction, R4 rats showed increases in systemic and local stress, decreases in visceral fat accumulation and no IR (whole-body or peripheral). Yet, after re-feeding, sustained systemic and local stress, remarkable visceral fat accumulation and IR (whole-body and peripheral) were found in RN4 compared with NC8, in RH4 compared with NC8 and HF8. Our findings demonstrated that CUGA rats were characterized by significant IR, visceral fat accumulation and stress. These changes were more severe in CUGA re-fed with high-fat diet. The interaction of sustained caloric restriction-induced stress and re-feeding might be of utmost importance in the etiology of visceral fat accumulation and IR in CUGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Quintens R, Singh S, Lemaire K, De Bock K, Granvik M, Schraenen A, Vroegrijk IOCM, Costa V, Van Noten P, Lambrechts D, Lehnert S, Van Lommel L, Thorrez L, De Faudeur G, Romijn JA, Shelton JM, Scorrano L, Lijnen HR, Voshol PJ, Carmeliet P, Mammen PPA, Schuit F. Mice deficient in the respiratory chain gene Cox6a2 are protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56719. [PMID: 23460811 PMCID: PMC3584060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is responsible for 90% of ATP synthesis in most cells. This essential housekeeping function is mediated by nuclear and mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of complex I to V of the respiratory chain. Although complex IV is the best studied of these complexes, the exact function of the striated muscle-specific subunit COX6A2 is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that Cox6a2-deficient mice are protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This phenotype results from elevated energy expenditure and a skeletal muscle fiber type switch towards more oxidative fibers. At the molecular level we observe increased formation of reactive oxygen species, constitutive activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, and enhanced expression of uncoupling proteins. Our data indicate that COX6A2 is a regulator of respiratory uncoupling in muscle and we demonstrate that a novel and direct link exists between muscle respiratory chain activity and diet-induced obesity/insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Quintens
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarvjeet Singh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katleen Lemaire
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikaela Granvik
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anica Schraenen
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Veronica Costa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Van Noten
- Physical Activity and Health Laboratory, Biomedical Kinesiology Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Lehnert
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geoffroy De Faudeur
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Anthonius Romijn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Michael Shelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Henri Roger Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Jacobus Voshol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pradeep Puthenveetil Abraham Mammen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Prasad Sakamuri SSV, Sukapaka M, Prathipati VK, Nemani H, Putcha UK, Pothana S, Koppala SR, Ponday LRK, Acharya V, Veetill GN, Ayyalasomayajula V. Carbenoxolone treatment ameliorated metabolic syndrome in WNIN/Ob obese rats, but induced severe fat loss and glucose intolerance in lean rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50216. [PMID: 23284633 PMCID: PMC3524236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regulates local glucocorticoid action in tissues by catalysing conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids. 11β-HSD1 inhibition ameliorates obesity and associated co-morbidities. Here, we tested the effect of 11β-HSD inhibitor, carbenoxolone (CBX) on obesity and associated comorbidities in obese rats of WNIN/Ob strain, a new animal model for genetic obesity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Subcutaneous injection of CBX (50 mg/kg body weight) or volume-matched vehicle was given once daily for four weeks to three month-old WNIN/Ob lean and obese rats (n = 6 for each phenotype and for each treatment). Body composition, plasma lipids and hormones were assayed. Hepatic steatosis, adipose tissue morphology, inflammation and fibrosis were also studied. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were determined along with tissue glycogen content. Gene expressions were determined in liver and adipose tissue. CBX significantly inhibited 11β-HSD1 activity in liver and adipose tissue of WNIN/Ob lean and obese rats. CBX significantly decreased body fat percentage, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance in obese rats. CBX ameliorated hepatic steatosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis in obese rats. Tissue glycogen content was significantly decreased by CBX in liver and adipose tissue of obese rats. Severe fat loss and glucose- intolerance were observed in lean rats after CBX treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that 11β-HSD1 inhibition by CBX decreases obesity and associated co-morbidities in WNIN/Ob obese rats. Our study supports the hypothesis that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is a key strategy to treat metabolic syndrome. Severe fat loss and glucose -intolerance by CBX treatment in lean rats suggest that chronic 11β-HSD1 inhibition may lead to insulin resistance in normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Sankara Vara Prasad Sakamuri
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Sukapaka
- Department of Animal Physiology, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prathipati
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Harishankar Nemani
- Department of Animal Physiology, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uday Kumar Putcha
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabd, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shailaja Pothana
- Department of Animal Physiology, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Swarupa Rani Koppala
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Raj Kumar Ponday
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vani Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Giridharan Nappan Veetill
- Department of Animal Physiology, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vajreswari Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Iqbal J, Macdonald LJ, Low L, Seckl JR, Yau CW, Walker BR, Hadoke PWF. Contribution of endogenous glucocorticoids and their intravascular metabolism by 11β-HSDs to postangioplasty neointimal proliferation in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5896-905. [PMID: 23125311 PMCID: PMC3977041 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous glucocorticoids inhibit neointimal proliferation in animals. We aimed to test the hypothesis that endogenous glucocorticoids influence neointimal proliferation; this may be mediated by effects on systemic risk factors or locally in vessels and modulated by either adrenal secretion or enzymes expressed in vessels that mediate local inactivation [11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (11β-HSD2) in endothelium] or regeneration [11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1) in smooth muscle] of glucocorticoids. Femoral artery wire angioplasty was conducted in C57BL/6J, Apo-E(-/-), 11β-HSD1(-/-), Apo-E, 11β-HSD1(-/-) (double knockout), and 11β-HSD2(-/-) mice after glucocorticoid administration, adrenalectomy, glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, or selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition. In C57BL/6J mice, neointimal proliferation was reduced by systemic or local glucocorticoid administration, unaffected by adrenalectomy, reduced by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone, and increased by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. 11β-HSD2 deletion had no effect on neointimal proliferation, with or without eplerenone. 11β-HSD1 inhibition or deletion had no effect in chow-fed C57BL/6J mice but reduced neointimal proliferation in Apo-E(-/-) mice on Western diet. Reductions in neointimal size were accompanied by reduced macrophage and increased collagen content. We conclude that pharmacological administration of glucocorticoid receptor agonists or of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may be useful in reducing neointimal proliferation. Endogenous corticosteroids induce beneficial glucocorticoid receptor activation and adverse mineralocorticoid receptor activation. However, manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism has beneficial effects only in mice with exaggerated systemic risk factors, suggesting effects mediated primarily in liver and adipose rather than intravascular glucocorticoid signaling. Reducing glucocorticoid action with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are being developed for type 2 diabetes appears not to risk enhanced neointimal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaid Iqbal
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Linsay J Macdonald
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Lucinda Low
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Christopher W Yau
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Patrick WF Hadoke
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, U.K
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42
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Luo MJ, Thieringer R, Springer MS, Wright SD, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Plump A, Balkovec JM, Cheng K, Ding GJ, Kawka DW, Koo GC, Grand CBL, Luo Q, Maletic MM, Malkowitz L, Shah K, Singer I, Waddell ST, Wu KK, Yuan J, Zhu J, Stepaniants S, Yang X, Lum PY, Wang IM. 11β-HSD1 inhibition reduces atherosclerosis in mice by altering proinflammatory gene expression in the vasculature. Physiol Genomics 2012; 45:47-57. [PMID: 23170035 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00109.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is implicated in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. We previously showed that pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 ameliorated multiple facets of metabolic syndrome and attenuated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the atheroprotective effect was not clear. In this study, we tested whether and how 11β-HSD1 inhibition affects vascular inflammation, a major culprit for atherosclerosis and its associated complications. ApoE-/- mice were treated with an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor for various periods of time. Plasma lipids and aortic cholesterol accumulation were quantified. Several microarray studies were carried out to examine the effect of 11β-HSD1 inhibition on gene expression in atherosclerotic tissues. Our data suggest 11β-HSD1 inhibition can directly modulate atherosclerotic plaques and attenuate atherosclerosis independently of lipid lowering effects. We identified immune response genes as the category of mRNA most significantly suppressed by 11β-HSD1 inhibition. This anti-inflammatory effect was further confirmed in plaque macrophages and smooth muscle cells procured by laser capture microdissection. These findings in the vascular wall were corroborated by reduction in circulating MCP1 levels after 11β-HSD1 inhibition. Taken together, our data suggest 11β-HSD1 inhibition regulates proinflammatory gene expression in atherosclerotic tissues of ApoE-/- mice, and this effect may contribute to the attenuation of atherosclerosis in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan J Luo
- Cardiovascular Disease Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, USA
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43
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Wang L, Liu J, Zhang A, Cheng P, Zhang X, Lv S, Wu L, Yu J, Di W, Zha J, Kong X, Qi H, Zhong Y, Ding G. BVT.2733, a selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, attenuates obesity and inflammation in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40056. [PMID: 22768329 PMCID: PMC3388048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is being pursued as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, there is an urgent need to determine the effect of 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, which suppresses glucocorticoid action, on adipose tissue inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of BVT.2733, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, on expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in C57BL/6J mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C57BL/6J mice were fed with a normal chow diet (NC) or high fat diet (HFD). HFD treated mice were then administrated with BVT.2733 (HFD+BVT) or vehicle (HFD) for four weeks. Mice receiving BVT.2733 treatment exhibited decreased body weight and enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to control mice. BVT.2733 also down-regulated the expression of inflammation-related genes including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the number of infiltrated macrophages within the adipose tissue in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 and RNA interference against 11β-HSD1 reduced the mRNA levels of MCP-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultured J774A.1 macrophages and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that BVT.2733 treatment could not only decrease body weight and improve metabolic homeostasis, but also suppress the inflammation of adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. 11β-HSD1 may be a very promising therapeutic target for obesity and associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aisen Zhang
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States America
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Di
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanmin Zha
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaocen Kong
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Qi
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geratology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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44
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Lavery GG, Zielinska AE, Gathercole LL, Hughes B, Semjonous N, Guest P, Saqib K, Sherlock M, Reynolds G, Morgan SA, Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Rabbitt EH, Stewart PM. Lack of significant metabolic abnormalities in mice with liver-specific disruption of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3236-48. [PMID: 22555437 PMCID: PMC3475725 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, and patients with GC excess share many clinical features, such as central obesity and glucose intolerance. In patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes, systemic GC concentrations seem to be invariably normal. Tissue GC concentrations determined by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and local cortisol (corticosterone in mice) regeneration from cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in mice) by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme, principally expressed in the liver. Transgenic mice have demonstrated the importance of 11β-HSD1 in mediating aspects of the metabolic syndrome, as well as HPA axis control. In order to address the primacy of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in regulating metabolism and the HPA axis, we have generated liver-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout (LKO) mice, assessed biomarkers of GC metabolism, and examined responses to high-fat feeding. LKO mice were able to regenerate cortisol from cortisone to 40% of control and had no discernible difference in a urinary metabolite marker of 11β-HSD1 activity. Although circulating corticosterone was unaltered, adrenal size was increased, indicative of chronic HPA stimulation. There was a mild improvement in glucose tolerance but with insulin sensitivity largely unaffected. Adiposity and body weight were unaffected as were aspects of hepatic lipid homeostasis, triglyceride accumulation, and serum lipids. Additionally, no changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose or lipid homeostasis were observed. Liver-specific deletion of 11β-HSD1 reduces corticosterone regeneration and may be important for setting aspects of HPA axis tone, without impacting upon urinary steroid metabolite profile. These discordant data have significant implications for the use of these biomarkers of 11β-HSD1 activity in clinical studies. The paucity of metabolic abnormalities in LKO points to important compensatory effects by HPA activation and to a crucial role of extrahepatic 11β-HSD1 expression, highlighting the contribution of cross talk between GC target tissues in determining metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth G Lavery
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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45
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Li G, Hernandez-Ono A, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Ginsberg HN. Antisense reduction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enhances energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity independent of food intake in C57BL/6J mice on a Western-type diet. Metabolism 2012; 61:823-35. [PMID: 22209663 PMCID: PMC3319522 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) by antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) improved hepatic lipid metabolism independent of food intake. In that study, 11β-HSD1 ASO-treated mice lost weight compared with food-matched control ASO-treated mice, suggesting treatment-mediated increased energy expenditure. We have now examined the effects of 11β-HSD1 ASO treatment on adipose tissue metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and whole-body energy expenditure. We used an ASO to knock down 11β-HSD1 in C57BL/6J mice consuming a Western-type diet (WTD). The 11β-HSD1 ASO-treated mice consumed less food, so food-matched control ASO-treated mice were also evaluated. We characterized body composition, gene expression of individual adipose depots, and measures of energy metabolism. We also investigated glucose/insulin tolerance as well as acute insulin signaling in several tissues. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 protected against WTD-induced obesity by reducing epididymal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous white adipose tissue while activating thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The latter was confirmed by demonstrating increased energy expenditure in 11β-HSD1 ASO-treated mice. The 11β-HSD1 ASO treatment also protected against WTD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; this protection was associated with smaller cells and fewer macrophages in epididymal white adipose tissue as well as enhanced in vivo insulin signaling. Our results indicate that ASO-mediated inhibition of 11β-HSD1 can protect against several WTD-induced metabolic abnormalities. These effects are, at least in part, mediated by increases in the oxidative capacity of brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008-7326, USA
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008-7326, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding Author: Henry N. Ginsberg, MD, Department of Medicine, PH 10-305, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032 , Phone: (212) 305-9562, Fax: (212) 305-3213
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46
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Coutinho AE, Gray M, Brownstein DG, Salter DM, Sawatzky DA, Clay S, Gilmour JS, Seckl JR, Savill JS, Chapman KE. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, but not type 2, deficiency worsens acute inflammation and experimental arthritis in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:234-40. [PMID: 22067318 PMCID: PMC3279737 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids profoundly influence immune responses, and synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used clinically for their potent antiinflammatory effects. Endogenous glucocorticoid action is modulated by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). In vivo, 11β-HSD1 catalyzes the reduction of inactive cortisone or 11-dehydrocorticosterone into active cortisol or corticosterone, respectively, thereby increasing intracellular glucocorticoid levels. 11β-HSD2 catalyzes the reverse reaction, inactivating intracellular glucocorticoids. Both enzymes have been postulated to modulate inflammatory responses. In the K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis, 11β-HSD1-deficient mice showed earlier onset and slower resolution of inflammation than wild-type controls, with greater exostoses in periarticular bone and, uniquely, ganglion cysts, consistent with greater inflammation. In contrast, K/BxN serum arthritis was unaffected by 11β-HSD2 deficiency. In a distinct model of inflammation, thioglycollate-induced sterile peritonitis, 11β-HSD1-deficient mice had more inflammatory cells in the peritoneum, but again 11β-HSD2-deficient mice did not differ from controls. Additionally, compared with control mice, 11β-HSD1-deficient mice showed greater numbers of inflammatory cells in pleural lavages in carrageenan-induced pleurisy with lung pathology consistent with slower resolution. These data suggest that 11β-HSD1 limits acute inflammation. In contrast, 11β-HSD2 plays no role in acute inflammatory responses in mice. Regulation of local 11β-HSD1 expression and/or delivery of substrate may afford a novel approach for antiinflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes E Coutinho
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Michailidou Z, Turban S, Miller E, Zou X, Schrader J, Ratcliffe PJ, Hadoke PWF, Walker BR, Iredale JP, Morton NM, Seckl JR. Increased angiogenesis protects against adipose hypoxia and fibrosis in metabolic disease-resistant 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1)-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4188-97. [PMID: 22158867 PMCID: PMC3281676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.259325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, rapidly expanding adipose tissue becomes hypoxic, precipitating inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. Compensatory angiogenesis may prevent these events. Mice lacking the intracellular glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1−/−) have “healthier” adipose tissue distribution and resist metabolic disease with diet-induced obesity. Here we show that adipose tissues of 11βHSD1−/− mice exhibit attenuated hypoxia, induction of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) activation of the TGF-β/Smad3/α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) signaling pathway, and fibrogenesis despite similar fat accretion with diet-induced obesity. Moreover, augmented 11βHSD1−/− adipose tissue angiogenesis is associated with enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-inducible expression of the potent angiogenic factors VEGF-A, apelin, and angiopoietin-like protein 4. Improved adipose angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis provide a novel mechanism whereby suppression of intracellular glucocorticoid regeneration promotes safer fat expansion with weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Michailidou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland.
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