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Varra FN, Varras M, Varra VK, Theodosis-Nobelos P. Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation‑mediating treatment options (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:95. [PMID: 38606791 PMCID: PMC11025031 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity reaches up to epidemic proportions globally and increases the risk for a wide spectrum of co‑morbidities, including type‑2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney diseases, respiratory disorders, sleep apnea, musculoskeletal disorders and osteoarthritis, subfertility, psychosocial problems and certain types of cancers. The underlying inflammatory mechanisms interconnecting obesity with metabolic dysfunction are not completely understood. Increased adiposity promotes pro‑inflammatory polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, in adipose tissue (AT), with subsequent increased production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, inducing therefore an overall, systemic, low‑grade inflammation, which contributes to metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. Targeting inflammatory mediators could be alternative therapies to treat obesity, but their safety and efficacy remains to be studied further and confirmed in future clinical trials. The present review highlights the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms by which the chronic low‑grade inflammation in AT and the production of reactive oxygen species lead to MetS, IR and T2DM. In addition, focus is given on the role of anti‑inflammatory agents, in the resolution of chronic inflammation, through the blockade of chemotactic factors, such as monocytes chemotractant protein‑1, and/or the blockade of pro‑inflammatory mediators, such as IL‑1β, TNF‑α, visfatin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1, and/or the increased synthesis of adipokines, such as adiponectin and apelin, in obesity‑associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani-Niki Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
- Medical School, Dimocritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Michail Varras
- Fourth Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Elena Venizelou’ General Hospital, Athens 11521, Greece
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2
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Ballanti M, Antonetti L, Mavilio M, Casagrande V, Moscatelli A, Pietrucci D, Teofani A, Internò C, Cardellini M, Paoluzi O, Monteleone G, Lefebvre P, Staels B, Mingrone G, Menghini R, Federici M. Decreased circulating IPA levels identify subjects with metabolic comorbidities: A multi-omics study. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107207. [PMID: 38734193 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years several experimental observations demonstrated that the gut microbiome plays a role in regulating positively or negatively metabolic homeostasis. Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a Tryptophan catabolic product mainly produced by C. Sporogenes, has been recently shown to exert either favorable or unfavorable effects in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We performed a study to delineate clinical and multiomics characteristics of human subjects characterized by low and high IPA levels. Subjects with low IPA blood levels showed insulin resistance, overweight, low-grade inflammation, and features of metabolic syndrome compared to those with high IPA. Metabolomics analysis revealed that IPA was negatively correlated with leucine, isoleucine, and valine metabolism. Transcriptomics analysis in colon tissue revealed the enrichment of several signaling, regulatory, and metabolic processes. Metagenomics revealed several OTU of ruminococcus, alistipes, blautia, butyrivibrio and akkermansia were significantly enriched in highIPA group while in lowIPA group Escherichia-Shigella, megasphera, and Desulfovibrio genus were more abundant. Next, we tested the hypothesis that treatment with IPA in a mouse model may recapitulate the observations of human subjects, at least in part. We found that a short treatment with IPA (4 days at 20/mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance and Akt phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle level, while regulating blood BCAA levels and gene expression in colon tissue, all consistent with results observed in human subjects stratified for IPA levels. Our results suggest that treatment with IPA may be considered a potential strategy to improve insulin resistance in subjects with dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ballanti
- Center for Atherosclerosis and Internal Medicine Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Via Oxford 81, Rome 00133, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Maria Mavilio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moscatelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, 00179, Italy
| | - Daniele Pietrucci
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Adelaide Teofani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Internò
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Marina Cardellini
- Center for Atherosclerosis and Internal Medicine Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Via Oxford 81, Rome 00133, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Omero Paoluzi
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Via Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy; Unit of Gastroenterology, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Via Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 EGID, Lille France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 EGID, Lille France
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Center for Atherosclerosis and Internal Medicine Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Via Oxford 81, Rome 00133, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy.
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Studneva IM, Veselova OM, Dobrokhotov IV, Serebryakova LI, Palkeeva ME, Avdeev DV, Molokoedov AS, Sidorova MV, Pisarenko OI. The structural analogue of apelin-12 prevents energy disorders in the heart in experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2024; 70:135-144. [PMID: 38940202 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most severe form of diabetes, which is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency induced by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a structural analogue of apelin-12 ((NαMe)Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Nle-Pro-Phe-OH, metilin) on hyperglycemia, mitochondrial (MCh) respiration in permeabilized cardiac left ventricular (LV) fibers, the myocardial energy state, and cardiomyocyte membranes damage in a model of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes in rats. Metilin was prepared by solid-phase synthesis using the Fmoc strategy and purified using HPLC. Four groups of animals were used: initial state (IS); control (C), diabetic control (D) and diabetic animals additionally treated with metilin (DM). The following parameters have been studied: blood glucose, MCh respiration in LV fibers, the content of cardiac ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine (Cr), the activity of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood plasma. Administration of metilin to STZ-treated rats decreased blood glucose, increased state 3 oxygen consumption, the respiratory control ratio in MCh of permeabilized LV fibers, and increased the functional coupling of mitochondrial CK (mt-CK) to oxidative phosphorylation compared with these parameters in group D. In STZ-treated animals metilin administration caused an increase in the PCr content and prevention of the loss of total creatine (ΣCr=PCr+Cr) in the diabetic hearts, as well as restoration of the PCr/ATP ratio in the myocardium and a decrease in the activity of CK-MB and LDH in plasma to initial values. Thus, metilin prevented energy disorders disturbances in cardiomyocytes of animals with experimental T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Studneva
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O M Veselova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Dobrokhotov
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L I Serebryakova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Palkeeva
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Avdeev
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Molokoedov
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Sidorova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O I Pisarenko
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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Dobrzyn K, Kiezun M, Kopij G, Zarzecka B, Gudelska M, Kisielewska K, Zaobidna E, Makowczenko KG, Dall'Aglio C, Kamiński T, Smolińska N. Apelin-13 modulates the endometrial transcriptome of the domestic pig during implantation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:501. [PMID: 38773369 PMCID: PMC11106924 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peri-implantation period is a critical time during pregnancy that mostly defines the overall litter size. Most authors agree that the highest percentage of embryo mortality occurs during this time. Despite the brevity of the peri-implantation period, it is the most dynamic part of pregnancy in which the sequential and uninterrupted course of several processes is essential to the animal's reproductive success. Also then, the maternal uterine tissues undergo an intensive remodelling process, and their energy demand dramatically increases. It is believed that apelin, a member of the adipokine family, is involved in the control of female reproductive functions in response to the current metabolic state. The verified herein hypothesis assumed the modulatory effect of apelin on the endometrial tissue transcriptome on days 15 to 16 of gestation (beginning of implantation). RESULTS The analysis of data obtained during RNA-seq (Illumina HiSeq2500) of endometrial slices treated and untreated with apelin (n = 4 per group) revealed changes in the expression of 68 genes (39 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated in the presence of apelin), assigned to 240 gene ontology terms. We also revealed changes in the frequency of alternative splicing events (397 cases), as well as single nucleotide variants (1,818 cases) in the presence of the adipokine. The identified genes were associated, among others, with the composition of the extracellular matrix, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate a potential role of apelin in the regulation of uterine tissue remodelling during the peri-implantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dobrzyn
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland.
| | - Marta Kiezun
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopij
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Barbara Zarzecka
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Marlena Gudelska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Aleja Warszawska 30, Olsztyn, 10-082, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kisielewska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Aleja Warszawska 30, Olsztyn, 10-082, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaobidna
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Karol G Makowczenko
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn, 10-748, Poland
| | - Cecilia Dall'Aglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Kamiński
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
| | - Nina Smolińska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, Olsztyn, 10-719, Poland
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Shao H, Zhang H, Jia D. The Role of Exerkines in Obesity-Induced Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Thermogenic Fat. Metabolites 2024; 14:287. [PMID: 38786764 PMCID: PMC11122964 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a notable correlation between mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic disruption. In this review, we report that obesity-induced disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis adversely affects lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, oxidative capacity, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenesis in thermogenic fat. Elevating mitochondrial homeostasis in thermogenic fat emerges as a promising avenue for developing treatments for metabolic diseases, including enhanced mitochondrial function, mitophagy, mitochondrial uncoupling, and mitochondrial biogenesis. The exerkines (e.g., myokines, adipokines, batokines) released during exercise have the potential to ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis, improve glucose and lipid metabolism, and stimulate fat browning and thermogenesis as a defense against obesity-associated metabolic diseases. This comprehensive review focuses on the manifold benefits of exercise-induced exerkines, particularly emphasizing their influence on mitochondrial homeostasis and fat thermogenesis in the context of metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
- Graduate School of Harbin Sport University, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Dandan Jia
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.)
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Kilpiö T, Skarp S, Perjés Á, Swan J, Kaikkonen L, Saarimäki S, Szokodi I, Penninger JM, Szabó Z, Magga J, Kerkelä R. Apelin regulates skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise in a high-intensity interval training model. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1437-C1450. [PMID: 38525542 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00427.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Plasma apelin levels are reduced in aging and muscle wasting conditions. We aimed to investigate the significance of apelin signaling in cardiac and skeletal muscle responses to physiological stress. Apelin knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) by treadmill running. The effects of apelin on energy metabolism were studied in primary mouse skeletal muscle myotubes and cardiomyocytes. Apelin increased mitochondrial ATP production and mitochondrial coupling efficiency in myotubes and promoted the expression of mitochondrial genes both in primary myotubes and cardiomyocytes. HIIT induced mild concentric cardiac hypertrophy in WT mice, whereas eccentric growth was observed in the left ventricles of apelin KO mice. HIIT did not affect myofiber size in skeletal muscles of WT mice but decreased the myofiber size in apelin KO mice. The decrease in myofiber size resulted from a fiber type switch toward smaller slow-twitch type I fibers. The increased proportion of slow-twitch type I fibers in apelin KO mice was associated with upregulation of myosin heavy chain slow isoform expression, accompanied with upregulated expression of genes related to fatty acid transport and downregulated expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Mechanistically, skeletal muscles of apelin KO mice showed defective induction of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in response to HIIT. In conclusion, apelin is required for proper skeletal and cardiac muscle adaptation to high-intensity exercise. Promoting apelinergic signaling may have benefits in aging- or disease-related muscle wasting conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Apelin levels decline with age. This study demonstrates that in trained mice, apelin deficiency results in a switch from fast type II myofibers to slow oxidative type I myofibers. This is associated with a concomitant change in gene expression profile toward fatty acid utilization, indicating an aged-muscle phenotype in exercised apelin-deficient mice. These data are of importance in the design of exercise programs for aging individuals and could offer therapeutic target to maintain muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Kilpiö
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Skarp
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ábel Perjés
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Julia Swan
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena Kaikkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samu Saarimäki
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - István Szokodi
- Heart Institute, Medical School, and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Gómez-Hernández A, de las Heras N, Gálvez BG, Fernández-Marcelo T, Fernández-Millán E, Escribano Ó. New Mediators in the Crosstalk between Different Adipose Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4659. [PMID: 38731880 PMCID: PMC11083914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a multifunctional organ that regulates many physiological processes such as energy homeostasis, nutrition, the regulation of insulin sensitivity, body temperature, and immune response. In this review, we highlight the relevance of the different mediators that control adipose tissue activity through a systematic review of the main players present in white and brown adipose tissues. Among them, inflammatory mediators secreted by the adipose tissue, such as classical adipokines and more recent ones, elements of the immune system infiltrated into the adipose tissue (certain cell types and interleukins), as well as the role of intestinal microbiota and derived metabolites, have been reviewed. Furthermore, anti-obesity mediators that promote the activation of beige adipose tissue, e.g., myokines, thyroid hormones, amino acids, and both long and micro RNAs, are exhaustively examined. Finally, we also analyze therapeutic strategies based on those mediators that have been described to date. In conclusion, novel regulators of obesity, such as microRNAs or microbiota, are being characterized and are promising tools to treat obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Natalia de las Heras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Tamara Fernández-Marcelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Elisa Fernández-Millán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (B.G.G.); (T.F.-M.); (E.F.-M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Park S, Shimokawa I. Influence of Adipokines on Metabolic Dysfunction and Aging. Biomedicines 2024; 12:873. [PMID: 38672227 PMCID: PMC11048512 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, 30% of the global population is overweight or obese, with projections from the World Obesity Federation suggesting that this figure will surpass 50% by 2035. Adipose tissue dysfunction, a primary characteristic of obesity, is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, collectively termed metabolic syndrome. In particular, visceral fat accretion is considered as a hallmark of aging and is strongly linked to higher mortality rates in humans. Adipokines, bioactive peptides secreted by adipose tissue, play crucial roles in regulating appetite, satiety, adiposity, and metabolic balance, thereby rendering them key players in alleviating metabolic diseases and potentially extending health span. In this review, we elucidated the role of adipokines in the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders while also exploring the potential of certain adipokines as candidates for longevity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoon Park
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
- SAGL, Limited Liability Company, 1-4-34, Kusagae, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0045, Japan
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9
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Phạm TTT, Murza A, Marsault É, Frampton JP, Rainey JK. Localized apelin-17 analogue-bicelle interactions as a facilitator of membrane-catalyzed receptor recognition and binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184289. [PMID: 38278504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The apelinergic system encompasses two peptide ligand families, apelin and apela, along with the apelin receptor (AR or APJ), a class A G-protein-coupled receptor. This system has diverse physiological effects, including modulating heart contraction, vasodilation/constriction, glucose regulation, and vascular development, with involvement in a variety of pathological conditions. Apelin peptides have been previously shown to interact with and become structured upon binding to anionic micelles, consistent with a membrane-catalyzed mechanism of ligand-receptor binding. To overcome the challenges of observing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy signals of a dilute peptide in biological environments, 19F NMR spectroscopy, including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments, was used herein to explore the membrane-interactive behaviour of apelin. NMR-optimized apelin-17 analogues with 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylalanine at various positions were designed and tested for bioactivity through ERK activation in stably-AR transfected HEK 293 T cells. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry and 19F NMR spectroscopy were used to compare the membrane interactions of these analogues with unlabelled apelin-17 in both zwitterionic/neutral and net-negative bicelle conditions. Each analogue binds to bicelles with relatively weak affinity (i.e., in fast exchange on the NMR timescale), with preferential interactions observed at the cationic residue-rich N-terminal and mid-length regions of the peptide leaving the C-terminal end unencumbered for receptor recognition, enabling a membrane-anchored fly-casting mechanism of peptide search for the receptor. In all, this study provides further insight into the membrane-interactive behaviour of an important bioactive peptide, demonstrating interactions and biophysical behaviour that cannot be neglected in therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trần Thanh Tâm Phạm
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - John P Frampton
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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10
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Chapman FA, Maguire JJ, Newby DE, Davenport AP, Dhaun N. Targeting the apelin system for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2683-2696. [PMID: 37956047 PMCID: PMC10757586 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Its prevalence is rising due to ageing populations and the increasing incidence of diseases such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. Despite currently available treatments, there remains a huge burden of cardiovascular disease-associated morbidity for patients and healthcare systems, and newer treatments are needed. The apelin system, comprising the apelin receptor and its two endogenous ligands apelin and elabela, is a broad regulator of physiology that opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin and vasopressin systems. Activation of the apelin receptor promotes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and inotropy, lowers blood pressure, and promotes angiogenesis. The apelin system appears to protect against arrhythmias, inhibits thrombosis, and has broad anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. It also promotes aqueous diuresis through direct and indirect (central) effects in the kidney. Thus, the apelin system offers therapeutic promise for a range of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. This review will discuss current cardiovascular disease targets of the apelin system and future clinical utility of apelin receptor agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Chapman
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Rolland Y, Dray C, Vellas B, Barreto PDS. Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia. Metabolism 2023; 149:155597. [PMID: 37348598 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass and function, is a widely prevalent and severe condition in older adults. Since 2016, it is recognized as a disease. Strength exercise training and nutritional support are the frontline treatment of sarcopenia, with no drug currently approved for this indication. However, new therapeutic options are emerging. In this review, we evidenced that only very few trials have focused on sarcopenia/sarcopenic patients. Most drug trials were performed in different clinical older populations (e.g., men with hypogonadism, post-menopausal women at risk for osteoporosis), and their efficacy were tested separately on the components of sarcopenia (muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performances). Results from trials testing the effects of Testosterone, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), Estrogen, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Growth Hormone (GH), GH Secretagogue (GHS), drug targeting Myostatin and Activin receptor pathway, Vitamin D, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), or β-blockers, were compiled. Although some drugs have been effective in improving muscle mass and/or strength, this was not translated into clinically relevant improvements on physical performance. Finally, some promising molecules investigated in on-going clinical trials and in pre-clinical phase were summarized, including apelin and irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Cedric Dray
- Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Restore, a geroscience and rejuvenation research center, UMR 1301-Inserm, 5070-CNRS EFS, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe De Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, IHU HealthAge, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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12
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Braga APDSX, Silva DM, de Farias Lelis D, Farias RE, Paraíso AF, Santos SHS, Martins AMEDBL, Andrade JMO. Apelin and Visfatin Expression in Placental Tissue in Women With Preeclampsia and Overweight/Obesity. Biol Res Nurs 2023; 25:647-657. [PMID: 37246238 DOI: 10.1177/10998004231178835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a multifunctional and multisystem disorder. Several factors favor the development of PE, including obesity. Cytokines are also expressed in the placenta, predisposing to local alterations that favor the development of distinct pathological processes, including PE. This study aimed to evaluate the apelin and visfatin mRNA expression in the placental tissue of women with preeclampsia and overweight/obesity and correlates with maternal and fetal variables. METHODS A cross-sectional analytical study was performed with 60 pregnant women and their newborns. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory variables were collected. Placental tissue samples were obtained, and the apelin and visfatin mRNA expression levels were assessed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The main findings evidenced lower levels of apelin expression in overweight/obese women, accompanied by a negative correlation with BMI and pre-pregnancy weight; a higher expression of apelin was also observed in women with late PE and no personal history of PE. For visfatin levels, higher expression levels were observed in women with late PE and term delivery. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between visfatin levels and fetal anthropometric parameters, such as weight, length, and head circumference. CONCLUSION Apelin levels were less expressed in overweight/obese women. Apelin and visfatin levels were correlated/associated with maternal-fetal variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Matos Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Deborah de Farias Lelis
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Rogério Estevam Farias
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea Maria Eleutério de Barros Lima Martins
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
- Department of Odontology, Montes Claros State University (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - João Marcus Oliveira Andrade
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
- Department of Pathophysiology, State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Brazil
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13
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Mehri K, Hamidian G, Zavvari Oskuye Z, Nayebirad S, Farajdokht F. The role of apelinergic system in metabolism and reproductive system in normal and pathological conditions: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1193150. [PMID: 37424869 PMCID: PMC10324965 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle changes have made metabolic disorders as one of the major threats to life. Growing evidence demonstrates that obesity and diabetes disrupt the reproductive system by affecting the gonads and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Apelin, an adipocytokine, and its receptor (APJ) are broadly expressed in the hypothalamus nuclei, such as paraventricular and supraoptic, where gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released, and all three lobes of the pituitary, indicating that apelin is involved in the control of reproductive function. Moreover, apelin affects food intake, insulin sensitivity, fluid homeostasis, and glucose and lipid metabolisms. This review outlined the physiological effects of the apelinergic system, the relationship between apelin and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, as well as the effect of apelin on the reproductive system in both gender. The apelin-APJ system can be considered a potential therapeutic target in the management of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Mehri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sepehr Nayebirad
- Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Petro JL, Fragozo-Ramos MC, Milán AF, Aristizabal JC, Gallo-Villegas JA, Calderón JC. Serum Levels of Myonectin Are Lower in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome and Are Negatively Correlated with Android Fat Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086874. [PMID: 37108038 PMCID: PMC10138930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myonectin has shown beneficial effects on lipid regulation in murine models; therefore, it may have implications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated the relationship between serum myonectin and serum lipids, global and regional fat mass, intramuscular lipid content, and insulin resistance (IR) in adults with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study in sedentary adults who were diagnosed with MS or without MS (NMS). Serum myonectin was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile by conventional techniques, and free fatty acids (FFA) by gas chromatography. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and intramuscular lipid content through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the right vastus lateralis muscle. IR was estimated with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The MS (n = 61) and NMS (n = 29) groups were comparable in age (median (interquartile range): 51.0 (46.0-56.0) vs. 53.0 (45.5-57.5) years, p > 0.05) and sex (70.5% men vs. 72.4% women). MS subjects had lower serum levels of myonectin than NMS subjects (1.08 (0.87-1.35) vs. 1.09 (0.93-4.05) ng·mL-1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass index and lean mass index showed that serum myonectin was negatively correlated with the android/gynoid fat mass ratio (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.01), but not with the lipid profile, FFA, intramuscular lipid content or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, serum myonectin is lower in subjects with MS. Myonectin negatively correlates with a component relevant to the pathophysiology of MS, such as the android/gynoid fat mass ratio, but not with other components such as FFA, intramuscular fat or IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Petro
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences-GICAFS, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - María Carolina Fragozo-Ramos
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Milán
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Juan C Aristizabal
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Jaime A Gallo-Villegas
- Sports Medicine Postgraduate Program, and GRINMADE Research Group, SICOR Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Juan C Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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15
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Fibbi B, Marroncini G, Naldi L, Peri A. The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054745. [PMID: 36902176 PMCID: PMC10003082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fibbi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Marroncini
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Naldi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-5794-9275
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16
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Torres R, Maita K, Garcia J, Serrano L, Ho O, Forte AJ. Modulation of Burn Hypermetabolism in Preclinical Models. Cureus 2023; 15:e33518. [PMID: 36779088 PMCID: PMC9904913 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe burns elicit a state of physiological stress and increased metabolism to help the body compensate for the changes associated with the traumatic injury. However, this hypermetabolic state is associated with increased insulin resistance, cardiovascular dysfunction, skeletal muscle catabolism, impaired wound healing, and delayed recovery. Several interventions were attempted to modulate burn hypermetabolism, including nutritional support, early excision and grafting, and growth hormone application. However, burn hypermetabolism still imposes significant morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Due to the limitations of in vitro models, animal models are indispensable in burn research. Animal models provide researchers with invaluable tools to test the safety and efficacy of novel treatments or advance our knowledge of previously utilized agents. Several animal studies evaluated novel therapies to modulate burn hypermetabolism in the last few years, including recombinant human growth hormone, erythropoietin, acipimox, apelin, anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, and ghrelin therapies. Results from these studies are promising and may be effectively translated into human studies. In addition, other studies revisited drugs previously used in clinical practice, such as insulin and metformin, to further investigate their underlying mechanisms as modulators of burn hypermetabolism. This review aims to update burn experts with the novel therapies under investigation in burn hypermetabolism with a focus on applicability and translation. Furthermore, we aim to guide researchers in selecting the correct animal model for their experiments by providing a summary of the methodology and the rationale of the latest studies.
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17
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Llanos P, Palomero J. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) and Cytokines-Myokines Involved in Glucose Uptake and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244008. [PMID: 36552772 PMCID: PMC9776436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance onset in skeletal muscle is characterized by the impairment of insulin signaling, which reduces the internalization of glucose, known as glucose uptake, into the cell. Therefore, there is a deficit of intracellular glucose, which is the main source for energy production in the cell. This may compromise cellular viability and functions, leading to pathological dysfunction. Skeletal muscle fibers continuously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). An excess of RONS produces oxidative distress, which may evoke cellular damage and dysfunction. However, a moderate level of RONS, which is called oxidative eustress, is critical to maintain, modulate and regulate cellular functions through reversible interactions between RONS and the components of cellular signaling pathways that control those functions, such as the facilitation of glucose uptake. The skeletal muscle releases peptides called myokines that may have endocrine and paracrine effects. Some myokines bind to specific receptors in skeletal muscle fibers and might interact with cellular signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK, and facilitate glucose uptake. In addition, there are cytokines, which are peptides produced by non-skeletal muscle cells, that bind to receptors at the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and interact with the cellular signaling pathways, facilitating glucose uptake. RONS, myokines and cytokines might be acting on the same signaling pathways that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the experimental studies are limited and scarce. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding the role of RONS, myokines and cytokines as potential signals that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In addition, we encourage researchers in the field to lead and undertake investigations to uncover the fundamentals of glucose uptake evoked by RONS, myokines, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Llanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesus Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Alfonso X El Sabio, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-666-589-153
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18
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Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Brunelli A, Saatchi T, Urbani S, Giani A, Rossi AP, Zoico E, Fantin F. The Role of Crosstalk between Adipose Cells and Myocytes in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenic Obesity in the Elderly. Cells 2022; 11:3361. [PMID: 36359757 PMCID: PMC9655977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of aging, body composition changes, with a decline in muscle mass and an increase in adipose tissue (AT), which reallocates from subcutaneous to visceral depots and stores ectopically in the liver, heart and muscles. Furthermore, with aging, muscle and AT, both of which have recognized endocrine activity, become dysfunctional and contribute, in the case of positive energy balance, to the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass and function, and its prevalence increases with age. SO is strongly associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of SO is complex and multifactorial. This review focuses mainly on the role of crosstalk between age-related dysfunctional adipose and muscle cells as one of the mechanisms leading to SO. A better understanding of this mechanisms may be useful for development of prevention strategies and treatments aimed at reducing the occurrence of SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zamboni
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Brunelli
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Tanaz Saatchi
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Urbani
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Giani
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea P. Rossi
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, AULSS2, Ospedale Ca’Foncello, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Zoico
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
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19
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Portilla-Martínez A, Ortiz-Flores MÁ, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Nájera N, Ceballos G. (-)-Epicatechin Is a Biased Ligand of Apelin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8962. [PMID: 36012227 PMCID: PMC9409145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is part of a large family of biomolecules called flavonoids and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of EC consumption. Many of these reported effects are exerted by activating the signaling pathways associated with the activation of two specific receptors: the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a transmembrane receptor, and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is a nuclear receptor. However, the effects of EC are so diverse that these two receptors cannot describe the complete phenomenon. The apelin receptor or APLNR is classified within the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, and is capable of activating the G protein canonical pathways and the β-arrestin transducer, which participates in the phenomenon of receptor desensitization and internalization. β-arrestin gained interest in selective pharmacology and mediators of the so-called "biased agonism". With molecular dynamics (MD) and in vitro assays, we demonstrate how EC can recruit the β-arrestin in the active conformation of the APLN receptor acting as a biased agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Portilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ortiz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Nayelli Nájera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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20
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Lee U, Stuelsatz P, Karaz S, McKellar DW, Russeil J, Deak M, De Vlaminck I, Lepper C, Deplancke B, Cosgrove BD, Feige JN. A Tead1-Apelin axis directs paracrine communication from myogenic to endothelial cells in skeletal muscle. iScience 2022; 25:104589. [PMID: 35789856 PMCID: PMC9250016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin (Apln) is a myokine that regulates skeletal muscle plasticity and metabolism and declines during aging. Through a yeast one-hybrid transcription factor binding screen, we identified the TEA domain transcription factor 1 (Tead1) as a novel regulator of the Apln promoter. Single-cell analysis of regenerating muscle revealed that the apelin receptor (Aplnr) is enriched in endothelial cells, whereas Tead1 is enriched in myogenic cells. Knock-down of Tead1 stimulates Apln secretion from muscle cells in vitro and myofiber-specific overexpression of Tead1 suppresses Apln secretion in vivo. Apln secretion via Tead1 knock-down in muscle cells stimulates endothelial cell expansion via endothelial Aplnr. In vivo, Apln peptide supplementation enhances endothelial cell expansion while Tead1 muscle overexpression delays endothelial remodeling following muscle injury. Our work describes a novel paracrine crosstalk in which Apln secretion is controlled by Tead1 in myogenic cells and influences endothelial remodeling during muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umji Lee
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Stuelsatz
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Karaz
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David W. McKellar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julie Russeil
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Deak
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Lepper
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bart Deplancke
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jerome N. Feige
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Keeble AR, Khan NA, De Lisio M, Konopka AR, Paluska SA, Burd NA. Muscle strength after resistance training correlates to mediators of muscle mass and mitochondrial respiration in middle-aged adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:572-584. [PMID: 35834627 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00186.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle aging is a multi-dimensional pathology of atrophy, reduced strength, and oxidative damage. While some molecular targets may mediate both hypertrophic and oxidative adaptations in muscle, their responsiveness in humans and relationship with functional outcomes like strength remain unclear. Promising therapeutic targets to combat muscle aging like apelin, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and spermine oxidase (SMOX) have been investigated in preclinical models but the adaptive response in humans is not well defined. In an exploratory investigation, we examined how strength gains with resistance training relate to regulators of both muscle mass and oxidative function in middle-aged adults. Forty-one middle-aged adults (18M, 23F; 50±7y; 27.8±3.7kg/m2; mean±SD) participated in a 10-week resistance training intervention. Muscle biopsies and plasma were sampled at baseline and post-intervention. High-resolution fluo-respirometry was performed on a subset of muscle tissue. Apelin signaling (plasma apelin, P=0.002; Apln mRNA, P<0.001; apelin receptor mRNA Aplnr, P=0.001) increased with resistance training. Muscle Vdr mRNA (P=0.007) and Smox mRNA (P=0.027) were also upregulated after the intervention. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity increased (Vmax, oxidative phosphorylation, and uncoupled electron transport system, P<0.050), yet there were no changes in ADP sensitivity (Km P=0.579), hydrogen peroxide emission (P=0.469), nor transcriptional signals for mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclear respiratory factor 2, Gapba P=0.766) and mitofusion (mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase, Opa1 P=0.072). Muscular strength with resistance training positively correlated to Apln, Aplnr, Vdr, and Smox transcriptional adaptations, as well as mitochondrial respiratory capacity (unadjusted P<0.050, r=0.400-0.781). Further research is required to understand the interrelationships of these targets with aged muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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22
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Bullich S, de Souto Barreto P, Dortignac A, He L, Dray C, Valet P, Guiard BP. Apelin controls emotional behavior in age- and metabolic state-dependent manner. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 140:105711. [PMID: 35305406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a small peptide secreted by the adipose tissue notably in conditions of obesity-induced hyper-insulinemia. Apelin exerts a range of physiological functions at the periphery including the improvement of insulin sensitivity and the increase of muscle strength or cardiac contractibility. Interestingly, the brain is endowed with a high density of APJ, the single target of apelin, and growing evidence suggests various central actions of this adipokine. Recent studies reported that the intracerebroventricular infusion of apelin modulates emotional states in middle age stressed animals. However, results are so far been mixed and have not allowed for definitive conclusions about the impact of apelin on anxio-depressive-like phenotype. This study aims 1) to evaluate whether serum apelin levels are associated with mood in older adults and 2) to determine the impact of the genetic apelin inactivation in 12-month old mice fed a standard diet (STD) or in 6-month old mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). A higher plasma apelin level was associated with higher depressive symptoms in older adults. In line with these clinical findings, 12-month old apelin knock-out (Ap-/-) mice displayed a spontaneous antidepressant-like phenotype. In a marked contrast, 6-month old Ap-/- mice harbored a higher degree of peripheral insulin resistance than wild-types in response to HFD and were more prone to develop anxiety while the depressive-like state was not modified. We also provided evidence that such anxious behavior was associated with an impairment of central serotonergic and dopaminergic neuronal activities. Finally, although the insulin sensitizing drug metformin failed to reverse HFD-induced insulin resistance in 6-month old Ap-/- mice, it reversed their anxious phenotype. These results emphasize a complex contribution of apelin in the regulation of emotional state that might depend on the age and the metabolic status of the animals. Further investigations are warranted to highlight the therapeutic potential of manipulating the apelinergic system in mood-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bullich
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR5169, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - A Dortignac
- Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Restore, a geroscience and rejuvenation research center, UMR 1301-Inserm, 5070-CNRS EFS, France
| | - L He
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 37 allées Jules Guesdes, 31000 Toulouse, France; CERPOP UMR 1295, University of Toulouse III, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - C Dray
- Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Restore, a geroscience and rejuvenation research center, UMR 1301-Inserm, 5070-CNRS EFS, France
| | - P Valet
- Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Restore, a geroscience and rejuvenation research center, UMR 1301-Inserm, 5070-CNRS EFS, France
| | - B P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR5169, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Palmer ES, Irwin N, O’Harte FPM. Potential Therapeutic Role for Apelin and Related Peptides in Diabetes: An Update. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 15:11795514221074679. [PMID: 35177945 PMCID: PMC8844737 DOI: 10.1177/11795514221074679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an epidemic with an ever-increasing global prevalence. Current treatment strategies, although plentiful and somewhat effective, often fail to achieve desired glycaemic goals in many people, leading ultimately to disease complications. The lack of sustained efficacy of clinically-approved drugs has led to a heightened interest in the development of novel alternative efficacious antidiabetic therapies. One potential option in this regard is the peptide apelin, an adipokine that acts as an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor. Apelin exists in various molecular isoforms and was initially studied for its cardiovascular benefits, however recent research suggests that it also plays a key role in glycaemic control. As such, apelin peptides have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and lower circulating blood glucose. Nevertheless, native apelin has a short biological half-life that limits its therapeutic potential. More recently, analogues of apelin, particularly apelin-13, have been developed that possess a significantly extended biological half-life. These analogues may represent a promising target for future development of therapies for metabolic disease including diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Palmer
- Ethan S Palmer, Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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24
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Pinches JL, Pinches YL, Johnson JO, Haddad NC, Boueri MG, Oke LM, Haddad GE. Could “Cellular Exercise” be the Missing Ingredient in a Healthy Life? Diets, Caloric Restriction and Exercise-Induced Hormesis. Nutrition 2022; 99-100:111629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Huo Y, Zhao G, Li J, Wang R, Ren F, Li Y, Wang X. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 Enhances Fatty Acid β-Oxidation of Adipose Tissue to Ameliorate the Development of Obesity in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030598. [PMID: 35276956 PMCID: PMC8839083 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is confirmed to be impaired in obesity, especially in adipose tissues. We previously proved that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 (BAA6) had protective effects against diet-induced obesity. However, whether BAA6 enhances FAO to ameliorate the development of obesity has not been explored. After being fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks, male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD or BAA6 for 8 weeks. In vitro study was carried out using 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the effect of BAA6 culture supernatant (BAA6-CM). Here, we showed that administration of BAA6 to mice fed with HFD decreased body weight gain (by 5.03 g) and significantly up-regulated FAO in epididymal adipose tissues. In parallel, FAO in 3T3-L1 cells was increased after BAA6-CM treatment. Acetate was identified as a constituent of BAA6-CM that showed a similar effect to BAA6-CM. Furthermore, acetate treatment activated the GPR43-PPARα signaling, thereby promoting FAO in 3T3-L1 cells. The levels of acetate were also elevated in serum and feces (by 1.92- and 2.27-fold) of HFD-fed mice following BAA6 administration. The expression levels of GPR43 and PPARα were increased by 55.45% and 69.84% after BAA6 supplement in the epididymal fat of mice. Together, these data reveal that BAA6 promotes FAO of adipose tissues through the GPR43-PPARα signaling, mainly by increasing acetate levels, leading to alleviating the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Huo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.H.); (F.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinwang Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.H.); (F.R.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.H.); (F.R.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.H.); (F.R.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-6344
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26
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Li C, Cheng H, Adhikari BK, Wang S, Yang N, Liu W, Sun J, Wang Y. The Role of Apelin-APJ System in Diabetes and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:820002. [PMID: 35355561 PMCID: PMC8959308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.820002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide hormone, exerts its effect by binding with angiotensin II protein J receptor (APJ) and is considered to be linked with diabetes and obesity. Apelin and its receptor are widely present in the body and are involved in many physiological processes, such as glucose and lipid metabolism, homeostasis, endocrine response to stress, and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the literatures on the role of the Apelin-APJ system in diabetes and obesity for a better understanding of the mechanism and function of apelin and its receptor in the pathophysiology of diseases that may contribute to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Binay Kumar Adhikari
- Department of Cardiology, Nepal Armed Police Force (APF) Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shudong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yonggang Wang,
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27
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Possible roles of exercise and apelin against pregnancy complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:965167. [PMID: 36093083 PMCID: PMC9452694 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.965167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cardiomyopathy. Environmental factors such as active lifestyles and apelin may lead to beneficial changes. In rats, apelin and exercise (45 to 65% VO2max for 6 to 9 weeks) during pregnancy increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) proteins such as Cidea, Elovl3, UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α in males and females fetuses, while white adipose tissue (WAT) is reduced. In humans and animals, apelin and exercise stimulate the expression of the glucose transporters (GLUT1/2/4) in the muscle and adipose tissue through the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. Hence, exercise and apelin may are known as regulators of energy metabolism and be anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. In mice, exercise also creates a short-term hypoxic environment in the pregnant mother, activating HIF-1, VEGF, and VEGFR, and increasing angiogenesis. Exercise and apelin also increase vasodilation, angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammation through the L-arginine/eNOS/NO pathway in humans. Exercise can stimulate the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in parallel with inhibiting the ACE-Ang II-AT1 pathway. Exercise and apelin seem to prevent preeclampsia through these processes. In rats, moderate-intensity exercise (60 to 70% VO2max for 8 weeks) and apelin/APJ also may prevent pathological hypertrophy in pregnancy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, PI3k-Akt-ERK1/2-p70S6K pathway, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Since pre-clinical studies have been more on animal models, future research with scientific guidelines should pay more attention to human specimens. In future research, time factors such as the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and the intensity and duration of exercise are important variables that should be considered to determine the optimal intensity and duration of exercise.
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28
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de Oliveira AA, Vergara A, Wang X, Vederas JC, Oudit GY. Apelin pathway in cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases: Therapeutic role of apelin analogs and apelin receptor agonists. Peptides 2022; 147:170697. [PMID: 34801627 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The apelin/apelin receptor (ApelinR) signal transduction pathway exerts essential biological roles, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Disturbances in the apelin/ApelinR axis are linked to vascular, heart, kidney, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the apelinergic system has surfaced as a critical therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases (including pulmonary arterial hypertension), kidney disease, insulin resistance, hyponatremia, preeclampsia, and erectile dysfunction. However, apelin peptides are susceptible to rapid degradation through endogenous peptidases, limiting their use as therapeutic tools and translational potential. These proteases include angiotensin converting enzyme 2, neutral endopeptidase, and kallikrein thereby linking the apelin pathway with other peptide systems. In this context, apelin analogs with enhanced proteolytic stability and synthetic ApelinR agonists emerged as promising pharmacological alternatives. In this review, we focus on discussing the putative roles of the apelin pathway in various physiological systems from function to dysfunction, and emphasizing the therapeutic potential of newly generated metabolically stable apelin analogs and non-peptide ApelinR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ander Vergara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaopu Wang
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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29
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Laurens C, Grundler F, Damiot A, Chery I, Le Maho AL, Zahariev A, Le Maho Y, Bergouignan A, Gauquelin-Koch G, Simon C, Blanc S, Wilhelmi de Toledo F. Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1690-1703. [PMID: 34668663 PMCID: PMC8718030 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting is attracting an increasing interest as a potential strategy for managing diseases, including metabolic disorders and complementary cancer therapy. Despite concerns of clinicians regarding protein catabolism and muscle loss, evidence-based clinical data in response to long-term fasting in healthy humans are scarce. The objective of this study was to measure clinical constants, metabolic, and muscular response in healthy men during and after a 10 day fast combined with a physical activity programme. METHODS Sixteen men (44 ± 14 years; 26.2 ± 0.9 kg/m2 ) fasted with a supplement of 200-250 kcal/day and up to 3 h daily low-intensity physical activity according to the peer-reviewed Buchinger Wilhelmi protocol. Changes in body weight (BW) and composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), physical activity, muscle strength and function, protein utilization, inflammatory, and metabolic status were assessed during the 10 day fast, the 4 days of food reintroduction, and at 3 month follow-up. RESULTS The 10 day fast decreased BW by 7% (-5.9 ± 0.2 kg, P < 0.001) and BMR by 12% (P < 0.01). Fat mass and lean soft tissues (LST) accounted for about 40% and 60% of weight loss, respectively, -2.3 ± 0.18 kg and -3.53 ± 0.13 kg, P < 0.001. LST loss was explained by the reduction in extracellular water (44%), muscle and liver glycogen and associated water (14%), and metabolic active lean tissue (42%). Plasma 3-methyl-histidine increased until Day 5 of fasting and then decreased, suggesting that protein sparing might follow early proteolysis. Daily steps count increased by 60% (P < 0.001) during the fasting period. Strength was maintained in non-weight-bearing muscles and increased in weight-bearing muscles (+33%, P < 0.001). Glycaemia, insulinemia, blood lipids, and blood pressure dropped during the fast (P < 0.05 for all), while non-esterified fatty acids and urinary beta-hydroxybutyrate increased (P < 0.01 for both). After a transient reduction, inflammatory cytokines returned to baseline at Day 10 of fasting, and LST were still lower than baseline values (-2.3% and -3.2%, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS A 10 day fast appears safe in healthy humans. Protein loss occurs in early fast but decreases as ketogenesis increases. Fasting combined with physical activity does not negatively impact muscle function. Future studies will need to confirm these first findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris, France
| | - Franziska Grundler
- Buchinger Wilhelmi Clinic, Überlingen, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institut of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Damiot
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Chery
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandre Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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30
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Alipanah-Moghadam R, Mehri A, Manafi F, Malekzadeh V, Nemati A, Aghamohammadi V, Mazani M, Cain CTC, Mohammadzadeh-Vardin M. Andrographolide, a novel inducer of apelin gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114487. [PMID: 34352330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia and Scandinavia for centuries to remedy several illnesses. It has since been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-neoplasm, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and energetic effects. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study sought to investigate the effect of Andrographolide on apelin gene expression and serum levels of glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 18 male rats were used. They were divided into three groups of six, including i) negative control group, ii) 3.5 mg/kg Andrographolide group, and iii) 7 mg/kg Andrographolide group. Apelin gene expression was investigated by real-time PCR method. Serum levels of glucose were measured by the photometric method. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that 3.5 and 7 mg doses per kg of body weight of andrographolide, for six days, significantly increased hepatic expression of apelin gene in male Wistar rats, as compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of glucose at doses of 3.5 and 7 mg/kg of andrographolide, and in the control group, were 71.5 ± 8.96, 51.5 ± 2.64, and 93.87 ± 14.27 mg/dl, respectively. Andrographolide induced a decrease in serum levels of HDL-c and an increase in LDL-c/HDL-c ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Andrographolide can elicit an increase of hepatic apelin gene expression and a decrease in serum levels of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alipanah-Moghadam
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - A Mehri
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - F Manafi
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - V Malekzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - A Nemati
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - V Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
| | - M Mazani
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil, Iran
| | - C T Clark Cain
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 4FB, UK
| | - M Mohammadzadeh-Vardin
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Hong JH, Lee MK. Carnitine Orotate Complex Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis Through Carnitine Acetyltransferase Pathway. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:933-947. [PMID: 34407600 PMCID: PMC8640142 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine orotate complex (Godex) has been shown to decrease glycated hemoglobin levels and improve steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the mechanisms of Godex in glucose metabolism remain unclear. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: normal-fat diet, high-fat diet, a high-fat diet supplemented with intraperitoneal injection of (500 mg or 2,000 mg/kg/day) Godex for 8 weeks. Computed tomography, indirect calorimetry, and histological analyses including electron microscopy of the liver were performed, and biochemical profiles and oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were undertaken. Expressions of genes in the lipid and glucose metabolism, activities of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, carnitine acetyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/CoA ratio were evaluated. RESULTS Godex improved insulin sensitivity and significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, steatosis, and gluconeogenesis, with a marked increase in fatty acid oxidation as well as better use of glucose in high-fat diet-fed mice. It preserved mitochondrial function and ultrastructure, restored oxidative phosphorylation enzyme activities, decreased acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio, and increased carnitine acetyltransferase content and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Carnitine acetyltransferase knockdown partially reversed the effects of Godex in liver and in vitro. CONCLUSION Godex improved insulin resistance and steatosis by regulating carnitine acetyltransferase in liver in high-fat diet-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Hong
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Korea
- Corresponding author: Moon-Kyu Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-7184 Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, 712 Dongil-ro, Uijeongbu 11759, Korea E-mail:
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Apelin-13-Mediated AMPK ameliorates endothelial barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury mice via improvement of mitochondrial function and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108230. [PMID: 34655850 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the pulmonary endothelial barrier that prevents the exudation of inflammatory factors and proteins is the key to the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). Apelin-13 plays an important role in vascular diseases; however, the protective effects of Apelin-13 on ALI with pulmonary endothelial barrier are unknown. Therefore, mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were injured by LPS following Apelin-13 administration. ALI mice showed reduced pulmonary vascular permeability, adhesion junction, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy compared to the control group. Apelin-13 administration in ALI mice ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury, pulmonary vascular permeability, mitochondrial function, and promoted autophagic flux in mice and HUVECs. However, the effect of Apelin-13 was reduced after AMPK inhibition using Compound C. These data suggest that Apelin-13 ameliorates pulmonary vascular permeability in mice with ALI induced by LPS, which may be related to enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK to regulate mitochondrial function and autophagy.
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Ye Y, Cai Y, Xia E, Shi K, Jin Z, Chen H, Xia F, Xia Y, Papadimos TJ, Xu X, Liu L, Wang Q. Apelin-13 Reverses Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1048-1059. [PMID: 34524989 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiotoxicity can be induced by the commonly used amide local anesthetic, bupivacaine. Bupivacaine can inhibit protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα). It can decouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Apelin enhances the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathways, promotes the complete fatty acid oxidation in the heart, and reduces the release of ROS. In this study, we examined whether exogenous (Pyr1) apelin-13 could reverse bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS We used the bupivacaine-induced inhibition model in adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 48) and H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell cultures to explore the role of apelin-13 in the reversal of bupivacaine cardiotoxicity, and its possible mechanism of action. AMPKα, ACC, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), PI3K, AKT, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47-phox) were quantified. Changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined, and mitochondrial DNA, cell viability, ROS release, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were determined. RESULTS Apelin-13 reduced bupivacaine-induced mitochondrial DNA lesions in SD rats (P < .001), while increasing the expression of AMPKα (P = .007) and PI3K (P = .002). Furthermore, apelin-13 blocked bupivacaine-induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (P = .019) and the bupivacaine-induced increases in ROS (P = .001). Also, the AMPK pathway was activated by bupivacaine as well as apelin-13 (P = .002) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Additionally, the reduction in the PI3K expression by bupivacaine was mitigated by apelin-13 in H9c2 cardiomyocytes (P = .001). While the aforementioned changes induced by bupivacaine were not abated by apelin-13 after pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor compound C; the bupivacaine-induced changes were still mitigated by apelin-13, even when pretreated with PI3K inhibitor-LY294002. CONCLUSIONS Apelin-13 treatment reduced bupivacaine-induced oxidative stress, attenuated mitochondrial morphological changes and mitochondrial DNA damage, enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism, and ultimately reversed bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. Our results suggest a role for the AMPK in apelin-13 reversal of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erjie Xia
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J Papadimos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xuzhong Xu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Le Liu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology
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Chae SA, Son JS, Du M. Prenatal exercise in fetal development: a placental perspective. FEBS J 2021; 289:3058-3071. [PMID: 34449982 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity (MO) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are common in Western societies, which impair fetal development and predispose offspring to metabolic dysfunction. Placenta is the organ linking the mother to her fetus, and MO suppresses the development of vascular system and expression of nutrient transporters in placenta, thereby affecting fetal development. For maintaining its proper physiological function, placenta is energy demanding, which is met through extensive oxidative phosphorylation. However, the oxidative capacity of placenta is suppressed due to MO and GDM. Recently, several studies showed that physical activity during pregnancy enhances oxidative metabolism and improves placental function, which might be partially mediated by exerkines, referring to cytokines elicited by exercise. In addition, as an endocrine organ, placenta secretes cytokines, termed placentokines, including apelin, superoxide dismutase 3, irisin, and adiponectin, which mediate fetal development and maternal metabolism. Possible molecular mechanisms linking maternal exercise and placentokines to placental and fetal development are further discussed. As an emerging field, up to now, available studies are limited, mostly conducted in rodents. Given the epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as the prevalence of maternal sedentary lifestyle, the effects of exercise of pregnant women on placental function and placentokine secretion, as well as their impacts on fetal development, need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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35
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Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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Dogra S, Neelakantan D, Patel MM, Griesel B, Olson A, Woo S. Adipokine Apelin/APJ Pathway Promotes Peritoneal Dissemination of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1534-1545. [PMID: 34172534 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, which can provide adipokines and nutrients to tumors, plays a key role in promoting ovarian cancer metastatic lesions in peritoneal cavity. The adipokine apelin promotes ovarian cancer metastasis and progression through its receptor APJ, which regulates cell proliferation, energy metabolism, and angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional role and mechanisms of the apelin-APJ pathway in ovarian cancer metastasis, especially in context of tumor cell-adipocyte interactions. When co-cultured in the conditioned media (AdipoCM) derived from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which express and secrete high apelin, human ovarian cancer cells with high APJ expression showed significant increases in migration and invasion in vitro. We also found that cells expressing high levels of APJ had increased cell adhesion to omentum ex vivo, and preferentially "home-in" on the omentum in vivo. These apelin-induced pro-metastatic effects were reversed by APJ antagonist F13A in a dose-dependent manner. Apelin-APJ activation increased lipid droplet accumulation in ovarian cancer cells, which was further intensified in the presence of AdipoCM and reversed by F13A or APJ knockdown. Mechanistically, this increased lipid uptake was mediated by CD36 upregulation via APJ-STAT3 activation, and the lipids were utilized in promoting fatty acid oxidation via activation of AMPK-CPT1a axis. Together, our studies demonstrate that adipocyte-derived apelin activates APJ-expressing tumor cells in a paracrine manner, promoting lipid uptake and utilization and providing energy for ovarian cancer cell survival at the metastatic sites. Hence, the apelin-APJ pathway presents a novel therapeutic target to curb ovarian cancer metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: Targeting the APJ pathway in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is a novel strategy to inhibit peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrita Dogra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Maulin M Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Cardiovascular Biology Department, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beth Griesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ann Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sukyung Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Luo J, Liu W, Feng F, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A novel therapeutic target for locomotor system diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174286. [PMID: 34174264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin/APJ system is widely expressed in abundant tissues, especially bone, joint and muscle tissue. This review focus on the effects of apelin/APJ system on locomotor system. An increasing number of evidence suggests that apelin/APJ system plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes of locomotor system. Physiologically, apelin/APJ system promotes bone formation, muscle metabolism and skeletal muscle production. Pathologically, apelin/APJ system exacerbates osteoarthritis pathogenesis, whereas it alleviates osteoporosis. Besides, the level of apelin expression is regulated by different training modes, including continuous aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training and resistance exercises. More importantly, exercise-induced apelin may be a potent pharmacological agent for the treatment of diseases and the regulation of physiological processes. Considering the pleiotropic effects of apelin on locomotor system, apelin/APJ system may be an important therapeutic target for locomotor system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Fen Feng
- School of Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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38
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Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Valet P. The therapeutic potentials of apelin in obesity-associated diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111278. [PMID: 33838166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a peptide with several active isoforms ranging from 36 to 12 amino acids and its receptor APJ, a G-protein-coupled receptor, are widely distributed. However, apelin has emerged as an adipokine more than fifteen years ago, integrating the field of inter-organs interactions. The apelin/APJ system plays important roles in several physiological functions both in rodent and humans such as fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular physiology, angiogenesis, energy metabolism. Thus the apelin/APJ system has generated great interest as a potential therapeutic target in different pathologies. The present review will consider the effects of apelin in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes with a focus on diabetic cardiomyopathy among the complications associated with diabetes and APJ agonists or antagonists of interest in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Castan-Laurell
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - C Dray
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
| | - P Valet
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
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Narayanan S, Wang S, Vasukuttan V, Vyas Devambatla RK, Dai D, Jin C, Snyder R, Laudermilk L, Runyon SP, Maitra R. Pyrazole Agonist of the Apelin Receptor Improves Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3006-3025. [PMID: 33705126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptor agonism improves symptoms of metabolic syndrome. However, endogenous apelin peptides have short half-lives, making their utility as potential drugs limited. Previously, we had identified a novel pyrazole-based agonist scaffold. Systematic modification of this scaffold was performed to produce compounds with improved ADME properties. Compound 13 with favorable agonist potency (cAMPi EC50 = 162 nM), human liver microsome stability (T1/2 = 62 min), and pharmacokinetic profile in rodents was identified. The compound was tested in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and metabolic syndrome for efficacy. Treatment with 13 led to significant weight loss, hypophagia, improved glucose utilization, reduced liver steatosis, and improvement of disease-associated biomarkers. In conclusion, a small-molecule agonist of the apelin receptor has been identified that is suitable for in vivo investigation of the apelinergic system in DIO and perhaps other diseases where this receptor has been implicated to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Narayanan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Donghua Dai
- Sterling Pharma Solutions Limited, Sheldon Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Chunyang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lucas Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling improves high-fat diet induced metabolic dysfunction but does not alter cardiac function in mice. Biochem J 2021; 477:3313-3327. [PMID: 32779693 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor that contributes to many physiological processes and is emerging as a therapeutic target to treat a variety of diseases. For most disease indications the role of G protein vs β-arrestin signalling in mitigating disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. This hinders the development of G protein biased APJ agonists, which have been proposed to have several advantages over balanced APJ signalling agonists. To elucidate the contribution of APJ β-arrestin signalling, we generated a transgenic mouse harbouring a point mutation (APJ I107A) that maintains full G protein activity but fails to recruit β-arrestin following receptor activation. APJ I107A mutant mice did not alter cardiac function at rest, following exercise challenge or in response to pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, APJ I107A mice have comparable body weights, plasma glucose and lipid levels relative to WT mice when fed a chow diet. However, APJ I107A mice showed significantly lower body weight, blood insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance and greater insulin sensitivity when fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, loss of APJ β-arrestin signalling also affected fat composition and the expression of lipid metabolism related genes in adipose tissue from high-fat fed mice. Taken together, our results suggest that G protein biased APJ activation may be more effective for certain disease indications given that loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling appears to mitigate several aspects of diet induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Mazzoccoli G, Kvetnoy I, Mironova E, Yablonskiy P, Sokolovich E, Krylova J, Carbone A, Anderson G, Polyakova V. The melatonergic pathway and its interactions in modulating respiratory system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111397. [PMID: 33761613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a key intracellular neuroimmune-endocrine regulator and coordinator of multiple complex and interrelated biological processes. The main functions of melatonin include the regulation of neuroendocrine and antioxidant system activity, blood pressure, rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle, the retardation of ageing processes, as well as reseting and optimizing mitochondria and thereby the cells of the immune system. Melatonin and its agonists have therefore been mooted as a treatment option across a wide array of medical disorders. This article reviews the role of melatonin in the regulation of respiratory system functions under normal and pathological conditions. Melatonin can normalize the structural and functional organization of damaged lung tissues, by a number of mechanisms, including the regulation of signaling molecules, oxidant status, lipid raft function, optimized mitochondrial function and reseting of the immune response over the circadian rhythm. Consequently, melatonin has potential clinical utility for bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, lung vascular diseases, as well as pulmonary and viral infections. The integration of melatonin's effects with the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the regulation of mitochondrial function are proposed as a wider framework for understanding the role of melatonin across a wide array of diverse pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy.
| | - Igor Kvetnoy
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Lygovsky Ave. 2-4, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation; Department of Pathology, Saint Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Dynamo Ave., 3, Saint Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Yablonskiy
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Lygovsky Ave. 2-4, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii Sokolovich
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Lygovsky Ave. 2-4, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation
| | - Julia Krylova
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Lygovsky Ave. 2-4, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy str. 6-8, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russian Federation
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | | | - Victoria Polyakova
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Lygovsky Ave. 2-4, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Litovskaia str. 2, Saint-Petersburg 194100, Russian Federation
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Relationship between Apelin/APJ Signaling, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8866725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a peptide hormone, is an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor and has been shown to be widely expressed in human and animal tissues, such as the central nervous system and adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate that the apelin/APJ system is involved in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological processes, and it is associated with cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurological diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, aging, eclampsia, deafness, and tumors. The occurrence and development of these diseases are closely related to the local inflammatory response. Oxidative stress is that the balance between oxidation and antioxidant is broken, and reactive oxygen species are produced in large quantities, causing cell or molecular damage, which leads to vascular damage and a series of inflammatory reactions. Hence, this article reviewed recent advances in the relationship between apelin/APJ and oxidative stress, and inflammation-related diseases, and highlights them as potential therapeutic targets for oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases.
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Aplnr knockout mice display sex-specific changes in conditioned fear. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113059. [PMID: 33309737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor APLNR and its ligands apelin and ELABELA/TODDLER/apela comprise the apelinergic system, a signaling pathway that is critical during development and physiological homeostasis. Targeted regulation of the receptor has been proposed to treat several important diseases including heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome. The apelinergic system is widely expressed within the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of this system in the CNS has not been completely elucidated. Utilizing an Aplnr knockout mouse model, we report here results from tests of sensory ability, locomotion, reward preference, social preference, learning and memory, and anxiety. We find that knockout of Aplnr leads to significant effects on acoustic startle response and sex-specific effects on conditioned fear responses without significant changes in baseline anxiety. In particular, male Aplnr knockout mice display enhanced context- and cue-dependent fear responses. Our results complement previous reports that exogenous Apelin administration reduced conditioned fear and freezing responses in rodent models, and future studies will explore the therapeutic benefit of APLNR-targeted drugs in rodent models of PTSD.
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Son JS, Chae SA, Wang H, Chen Y, Bravo Iniguez A, de Avila JM, Jiang Z, Zhu MJ, Du M. Maternal Inactivity Programs Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Offspring Mice by Attenuating Apelin Signaling and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108461. [PMID: 33264618 PMCID: PMC8137280 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although maternal exercise (ME) becomes increasingly uncommon, the effects of ME on offspring muscle metabolic health remain largely undefined. Maternal mice are subject to daily exercise during pregnancy, which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal muscle development; this is correlated with higher mitochondrial content and oxidative muscle fibers in offspring muscle and improved endurance capacity. Apelin, an exerkine, is elevated due to ME, and maternal apelin administration mirrors the effect of ME on mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Importantly, both ME and apelin induce DNA demethylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (Ppargc1a) promoter and enhance its expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Such changes in DNA methylation were maintained in offspring, with ME offspring muscle expressing higher levels of PGC-1α1/4 isoforms, explaining improved muscle function. In summary, ME enhances DNA demethylation of the Ppargc1a promoter in fetal muscle, which has positive programming effects on the exercise endurance capacity and protects offspring muscle against metabolic dysfunction. Son et al. demonstrate that maternal exercise facilitates fetal muscle development, which improves muscle function and exercise endurance in offspring. Maternal administration of apelin, an exerkine, mirrors the beneficial effects of maternal exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and fetal muscle development. These findings suggest apelin and its receptor as potential drug targets for improving fetal muscle development of sedentary mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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45
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Senesi P, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Adipokines, Myokines, and Cardiokines: The Role of Nutritional Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218372. [PMID: 33171610 PMCID: PMC7664629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now established that adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart are endocrine organs and secrete in normal and in pathological conditions several molecules, called, respectively, adipokines, myokines, and cardiokines. These secretory proteins constitute a closed network that plays a crucial role in obesity and above all in cardiac diseases associated with obesity. In particular, the interaction between adipokines, myokines, and cardiokines is mainly involved in inflammatory and oxidative damage characterized obesity condition. Identifying new therapeutic agents or treatment having a positive action on the expression of these molecules could have a key positive effect on the management of obesity and its cardiac complications. Results from recent studies indicate that several nutritional interventions, including nutraceutical supplements, could represent new therapeutic agents on the adipo-myo-cardiokines network. This review focuses the biological action on the main adipokines, myokines and cardiokines involved in obesity and cardiovascular diseases and describe the principal nutraceutical approaches able to regulate leptin, adiponectin, apelin, irisin, natriuretic peptides, and follistatin-like 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Senesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (L.L.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (L.L.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (L.L.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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A multitarget angiogenesis inhibitor, CTT peptide-endostatin mimic-kringle 5, prevents diet-induced obesity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1753-1765. [PMID: 33141247 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue vasculature has been considered an attractive target for prevention and treatment of obesity. AARP (CTT peptide-endostatin mimic-kringle 5) is a novel multitarget fusion protein against tumor angiogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effects of AARP on diet-induced obesity and its possible molecular mechanism. Treatment with AARP markedly prevented weight gains, improved metabolic disturbances, and decreased adipose tissue angiogenesis in diet-induced obese mice without noticeable toxicities. In addition to its potent antiangiogenic and MMP-2/9 inhibitory activities, AARP administration also significantly increased energy expenditure, influenced the metabolic and angiogenic gene expression profiles, and attenuated obesity-induced inflammation, demonstrating its systemic beneficial effects. Importantly, AARP exhibited no effect on mice fed with standard normal mouse diet. Furthermore, the AARP-treated HFD-fed mice experienced a significant increase in lifespan during the posttreatment observation period, compared with untreated HFD-fed mice. Our results suggest that AARP might be pharmacologically useful for treatment of obesity or obesity-related metabolic disorders in humans. KEY MESSAGES: What is already known • More effective and safe therapies for obesity are in urgent need. • AARP is a novel multitarget fusion protein against tumor angiogenesis. What this study adds • AARP prevents obesity, improves metabolic disorders in mice fed high-fat diet. • AARP increases energy expenditure, decreases adipose tissue angiogenesis, and increases lifespan. • AARP is well tolerated and exhibits no observable toxicity. Clinical significance • AARP may be a promising therapeutic agent against obesity or obesity-related metabolic disturbances.
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Gauze-Gnagne C, Raynaud F, Djohan YF, Lauret C, Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Monde A, Koffi G, Morena M, Camara-Cisse M, Cristol JP, Badia E. Impact of diets rich in olive oil, palm oil or lard on myokine expression in rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:9114-9128. [PMID: 33025998 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It has recently emerged that myokines may be an important skeletal muscle adaptive response to obesogenic diets in sedentary subjects (who do not exercise). This study aimed to assess the influence of various high fat (HF) diets rich in either crude palm oil (cPO), refined palm oil (rPO), olive oil (OO) or lard on the modulation of myokine gene expression in the gastrocnemius. Five groups of 8 rats were each fed HF or control diet for 12 weeks. Systemic parameters concerning glucose, insulin, inflammation, cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and transaminases were assessed by routine methods or ELISA. Akt and ACC phosphorylation were analyzed by WB in the soleus. Mitochondrial density, inflammation, and the gene expression of 17 myokines and the apelin receptor (Apj) were assessed by qPCR in the gastrocnemius. We found that HF diet-fed rats were insulin resistant and Akt phosphorylation decreased in the soleus muscle, but without any change in Glut4 gene expression. Systemic (IL-6) and muscle inflammation (NFκB and IκB) were not affected by the HF diets as well as TBARS, and ASAT level was enhanced with OO diet. Soleus pACC phosphorylation and gastrocnemius mitochondrial density were not significantly altered. The gene expression of some myokines was respectively increased (myostatin and Il-15) and decreased (Fndc5 and apelin) with the HF diets, whatever the type of fat used. The gene expression of two myokines with anti-inflammatory properties, Il-10 and myonectin, was dependent on the type of fat used and was most increased respectively with cPO or both rPO and OO diets. In conclusion, high-fat diets can differentially modulate the expression of some myokines, either in a dependent manner or independently of their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Gauze-Gnagne
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU, Univ. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. and Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, INHP, Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and PhyMedExp, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Raynaud
- PhyMedExp, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Youzan Ferdinand Djohan
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU, Univ. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Céline Lauret
- PhyMedExp, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Absalome Monde
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU, Univ. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Gervais Koffi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU, Univ. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. and PhyMedExp, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Morena
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Département de Biochimie et Hormonologie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Massara Camara-Cisse
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU, Univ. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jean Paul Cristol
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Département de Biochimie et Hormonologie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Badia
- PhyMedExp, Univ. Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Saleme B, Das SK, Zhang Y, Boukouris AE, Lorenzana Carrillo MA, Jovel J, Wagg CS, Lopaschuk GD, Michelakis ED, Sutendra G. p53-Mediated Repression of the PGC1A (PPARG Coactivator 1α) and APLNR (Apelin Receptor) Signaling Pathways Limits Fatty Acid Oxidation Energetics: Implications for Cardio-oncology. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017247. [PMID: 32750288 PMCID: PMC7792244 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Saleme
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Subhash K Das
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Yongneng Zhang
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Aristeidis E Boukouris
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Maria Areli Lorenzana Carrillo
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Cory S Wagg
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Evangelos D Michelakis
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart InstituteUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
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Guo A, Li K, Xiao Q. Sarcopenic obesity: Myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111022. [PMID: 32707318 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition characterized by the occurrence of both sarcopenia and obesity and imposes a heavy burden on the health of the elderly. Controversies and challenges regarding the definition, diagnosis and treatment of SO still remain because of its complex pathogenesis and limitations. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have revealed that myokines secreted from skeletal muscle play significant roles in the regulation of muscle mass and function as well as metabolic homeostasis. Abnormalities in myokines may trigger and promote the pathogenesis underlying age-related and metabolic diseases, including obesity, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and SO. This review mainly focuses on the role of myokines as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic targets in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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50
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Onalan E, Doğan Y, Onalan E, Gozel N, Buran I, Donder E. Elabela levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: can it be a marker for diabetic nephropathy? Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:833-840. [PMID: 33163050 PMCID: PMC7609116 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elabela (ELA) is a hormone that is secreted at high levels in the kidneys of a healthy adult. This study aims to investigate whether serum ELA levels of patients with Type 2 Diabetes vary with the severity of renal damage. METHODS Our study included 50 healthy control subjects and 100 diabetic patients, who were categorized into groups based on urine albumin/creatinine ratios (ACR). Patients included in the study were assigned to four groups: Group 1 (healthy control), Group 2 (ACR<29mg/g), Group 3 (ACR=30-299 mg/g), and Group 4 (ACR>300 mg/g normal or high serum creatinine). Physical examination findings, demographic characteristics of the study group were recorded, and serum ELA levels and other laboratory parameters were assessed using appropriate methods. RESULTS The results of the study indicated that ELA levels determined in healthy individuals gradually decreased through stages of normal albuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria. Moreover, ELA had a significant negative correlation with LDL-C (r=-0.201, p=0.014), glucose (r=-0.437, P<0.001), retinopathy (r=-0.222, P=0.006), serum BUN (r=-0.161, P=0.049), and a positive correlation with eGFR (r=0.250, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The fact that ELA levels are higher in healthy individuals compared to diabetic patients without microalbuminuria, and higher in diabetic patients without microalbuminuria compared to patients with advanced albuminuria and kidney damage, suggests that the ELA level can be an important clinical prognostic variable and even a promising agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Onalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Erhan Onalan, Assistant Professor, Firat University Medical Faculty, Internal Medicine Department, Elaziğ, Turkey. E-mail:
| | - Yusuf Doğan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ebru Onalan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty of Firat University, 23000, Elaziğ, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Gozel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ilay Buran
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty of Firat University, 23000, Elaziğ, Turkey
| | - Emir Donder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
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