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Zhou M, Zhang S, Bai X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Xue C, Zheng H, Sun Q, Han D, Lou L, Wang Y, Liu W. Acteoside delays the fibrosis process of diabetic nephropathy by anti-oxidation and regulating the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176715. [PMID: 38852699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological change of kidney disease, it has also been recognized to be critical for the final progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) to kidney failure. Acteoside (ACT) is a phenylethanoid glycoside widely distributed in dicotyledonous plants. It has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, anti-diabetes, bone and cartilage protection, liver and kidney protection, and antibacterial activity. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of ACT on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with DN induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) combined with unilateral nephrectomy and its mechanism. In vivo and in vitro, the effects of ACT on reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, oxidative tubular injury, as well as damage of autophagic flux and lysosome in the DN model were detected. Results indicate that administration of ACT delayed the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis in DN by anti-oxidation and regulating the autophagy-lysosome pathway, which may potentially be attributed to the regulatory influence of ACT on transcription factor EB (TFEB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhou
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shujiao Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzi Cai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pingna Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyuan Xue
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quanmei Sun
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Weijing Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Beijing Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Yang KJ, Park H, Chang YK, Park CW, Kim SY, Hong YA. Xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition ameliorates high glucose-induced glomerular endothelial injury by activating AMPK through the purine salvage pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11167. [PMID: 38750091 PMCID: PMC11096301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) contributes to reactive oxygen species production. We investigated the cytoprotective mechanisms of XOR inhibition against high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular endothelial injury, which involves activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Human glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) exposed to HG were subjected to febuxostat treatment for 48 h and the expressions of AMPK and its associated signaling pathways were evaluated. HG-treated GECs were increased xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase levels and decreased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio, and these effects were reversed by febuxostat treatment. Febuxostat enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and PPAR-α and suppressed the phosphorylation of forkhead box O (FoxO)3a in HG-treated GECs. Febuxostat also decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox)1, Nox2, and Nox4 expressions; enhanced superoxide dismutase activity; and decreased malondialdehyde levels in HG-treated GECs. The knockdown of AMPK inhibited PGC-1α-FoxO3a signaling and negated the antioxidant effects of febuxostat in HG-treated GECs. Despite febuxostat administration, the knockdown of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) also inhibited AMPK-PGC-1α-FoxO3a in HG-treated GECs. XOR inhibition alleviates oxidative stress by activating AMPK-PGC-1α-FoxO3a signaling through the HPRT1-dependent purine salvage pathway in GECs exposed to HG conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ah Hong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Luo Y, Liu L, Zhang C. Identification and analysis of diverse cell death patterns in diabetic kidney disease using microarray-based transcriptome profiling and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Comput Biol Med 2024; 169:107780. [PMID: 38104515 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most lethal complication of diabetes. Diverse programmed cell death (PCD) has emerged as a crucial disease phenotype that has the potential to serve as an indicator of renal function decline and can be used as a target for researching drugs for DKD. METHODS Microarray-based transcriptome profiling and single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing (snRNA-seq) related to DKD were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. 13 PCD-related genes (including alkaliptosis, apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, entotic cell death, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, necroptosis, netotic cell death, oxeiptosis, parthanatos, and pyroptosis) were obtained from various public databases and reviews. The gene set variation analysis (GSVA) analysis was used to explore the pathway activity of these 13 PCDs in DKD, and the pathway activity of these PCDs in different renal cells was studied based on DKD-related snRNA-seq data. To identify the core PCDs that play a significant role in DKD, we analyzed the relationships between different types of PCD and immune infiltration, fibrosis-related gene expression levels, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and diagnostic efficiency in DKD. Using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) algorithm, we screened for core death genes among the core PCDs and constructed a cell death-related signature (CDS) risk score based on the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Finally, we validated the predictive performance of the CDS risk score in an independent validation set. RESULTS We identified 4 core PCD pathways, namely entotic cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in DKD, and further applied the WGCNA algorithm to screen 4 core death genes (CASP1, CYBB, PLA2G4A, and CTSS) and constructed a CDS risk score based on these genes. The CDS risk score demonstrated high diagnostic efficiency for DKD patients, and those with higher scores had higher levels of immune cell infiltration and poorer GFR. CONCLUSION Our study sheds light on the fact that multiple PCDs contribute to the progression of DKD, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China; Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China.
| | - Lerong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China; Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China.
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Guo H, Rogg M, Keller J, Scherzinger AK, Jäckel J, Meyer C, Sammarco A, Helmstädter M, Gorka O, Groß O, Schell C, Bechtel-Walz W. ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Interacting Protein 2 Acts as a Novel Regulator of Mitophagy and Autophagy in Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:81. [PMID: 38247505 PMCID: PMC10812550 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Differentiated podocytes are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and cellular waste products. The disease-related loss of postmitotic podocytes is a direct indicator of renal disease progression and aging. Podocytes use highly specific regulated networks of autophagy and endocytosis that counteract the increasing number of damaged protein aggregates and help maintain cellular homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that ARFIP2 is a regulator of autophagy and mitophagy in podocytes both in vitro and in vivo. (2) Methods: In a recent molecular regulatory network analysis of mouse glomeruli, we identified ADP-ribosylation factor-interacting protein 2 (Arfip2), a cytoskeletal regulator and cofactor of ATG9-mediated autophagosome formation, to be differentially expressed with age. We generated an Arfip2-deficient immortalized podocyte cell line using the CRISPR/Cas technique to investigate the significance of Arfip2 for renal homeostasis in vitro. For the in vivo analyses of Arfip2 deficiency, we used a mouse model of Streptozotozin-induced type I diabetes and investigated physiological data and (patho)histological (ultra)structural modifications. (3) Results: ARFIP2 deficiency in immortalized human podocytes impedes autophagy. Beyond this, ARFIP2 deficiency in human podocytes interferes with ATG9A trafficking and the PINK1-Parkin pathway, leading to the compromised fission of mitochondria and short-term increase in mitochondrial respiration and induction of mitophagy. In diabetic mice, Arfip2 deficiency deteriorates autophagy and leads to foot process effacement, histopathological changes, and early albuminuria. (4) Conclusions: In summary, we show that ARFIP2 is a novel regulator of autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis in podocytes by facilitating ATG9A trafficking during PINK1/Parkin-regulated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Guo
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Keller
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Scherzinger
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäckel
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Meyer
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- EMcore, Renal Division, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Gorka
- Institute of Neuropathology, Experimental Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Experimental Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Ai S, Li Y, Zheng H, Wang Z, Liu W, Tao J, Li Y, Wang Y. Global research trends and hot spots on autophagy and kidney diseases: a bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1275792. [PMID: 38099142 PMCID: PMC10719858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1275792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy is an essential cellular process involving the self-degradation and recycling of organelles, proteins, and cellular debris. Recent research has shown that autophagy plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of kidney diseases. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis regarding the relationship between autophagy and kidney diseases. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted by searching for literature related to autophagy and kidney diseases in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2000 to 2022. Data processing was carried out using R package "Bibliometrix", VOSviewers, and CiteSpace. Results: A total of 4,579 articles related to autophagy and kidney diseases were collected from various countries. China and the United States were the main countries contributing to the publications. The number of publications in this field showed a year-on-year increasing trend, with open-access journals playing a major role in driving the literature output. Nanjing Medical University in China, Osaka University in Japan, and the University of Pittsburgh in the United States were the main research institutions. The journal "International journal of molecular sciences" had the highest number of publications, while "Autophagy" was the most influential journal in the field. These articles were authored by 18,583 individuals, with Dong, Zheng; Koya, Daisuke; and Kume, Shinji being the most prolific authors, and Dong, Zheng being the most frequently co-cited author. Research on autophagy mainly focused on diabetic kidney diseases, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. "Autophagy", "apoptosis", and "oxidative stress" were the primary research hotspots. Topics such as "diabetic kidney diseases", "sepsis", "ferroptosis", "nrf2", "hypertension" and "pi3k" may represent potential future development trends. Research on autophagy has gradually focused on metabolic-related kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and hypertension. Additionally, PI3K, NRF2, and ferroptosis have been recent research directions in the field of autophagy mechanisms. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive bibliometric study summarizing the relationship between autophagy and kidney diseases. The findings aid in identifying recent research frontiers and hot topics, providing valuable references for scholars investigating the role of autophagy in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Ai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yake Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - JiaYin Tao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaotan Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Guo H, Bechtel-Walz W. The Interplay of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney: What Do We Know? Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:627-642. [PMID: 37442108 DOI: 10.1159/000531290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy, as an indispensable metabolism, plays pivotal roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Nutritional stress, amino acid deficiency, oxidative stress, and hypoxia can trigger its initiation. Oxidative stress in the kidney activates essential signal molecules, like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), to stimulate autophagy, ultimately leading to degradation of intracellular oxidative substances and damaged organelles. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy protects the kidney from oxidative stress during acute ischemic kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and even aging. SUMMARY This review emphasizes the cross talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways and autophagy during renal homeostasis and chronic kidney disease according to the current latest research and provides therapeutic targets during kidney disorders by adjusting autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress. KEY MESSAGES ROS arise through an imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to impaired cellular and organ function. Targeting the overproduction of ROS and reactive nitrogen species, reducing the antioxidant enzyme activity and the recovery of the prooxidative-antioxidative balance provide novel therapeutic regimens to contribute to recovery in acute and chronic renal failure. Although, in recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and autophagy in acute and chronic renal failure, the focus on clinical therapies is still in its infancy. The growing number of studies on the interactive mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated autophagy will be of great importance for the future treatment and prevention of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Guo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wibke Bechtel-Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Corridon PR. Enhancing the expression of a key mitochondrial enzyme at the inception of ischemia-reperfusion injury can boost recovery and halt the progression of acute kidney injury. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1024238. [PMID: 36846323 PMCID: PMC9945300 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1024238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamic fluid delivery has shown promise in influencing renal function in disease models. This technique provided pre-conditioned protection in acute injury models by upregulating the mitochondrial adaptation, while hydrodynamic injections of saline alone have improved microvascular perfusion. Accordingly, hydrodynamic mitochondrial gene delivery was applied to investigate the ability to halt progressive or persistent renal function impairment following episodes of ischemia-reperfusion injuries known to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). The rate of transgene expression was approximately 33% and 30% in rats with prerenal AKI that received treatments 1 (T1hr) and 24 (T24hr) hours after the injury was established, respectively. The resulting mitochondrial adaptation via exogenous IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+) and mitochondrial) significantly blunted the effects of injury within 24 h of administration: decreased serum creatinine (≈60%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈50%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) and blood urea nitrogen (≈50%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈35%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) levels, and increased urine output (≈40%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; ≈26%, p < 0.05 at T24hr) and mitochondrial membrane potential, Δψm, (≈ by a factor of 13, p < 0.001 at T1hr; ≈ by a factor of 11, p < 0.001 at T24hr), despite elevated histology injury score (26%, p < 0.05 at T1hr; 47%, p < 0.05 at T24hr). Therefore, this study identifies an approach that can boost recovery and halt the progression of AKI at its inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Corridon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,*Correspondence: Peter R. Corridon,
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Mao ZH, Gao ZX, Liu Y, Liu DW, Liu ZS, Wu P. Single-cell transcriptomics: A new tool for studying diabetic kidney disease. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1053850. [PMID: 36685214 PMCID: PMC9846140 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1053850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ comprising various functional partitions and special cell types that play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of kidney structure and function, the mechanism of DKD development has not been fully elucidated. Single-cell sequencing, including transcriptomics, epigenetics, metabolomics, and proteomics etc., is a powerful technology that enables the analysis of specific cell types and states, specifically expressed genes or pathways, cell differentiation trajectories, intercellular communication, and regulation or co-expression of genes in various diseases. Compared with other omics, RNA sequencing is a more developed technique with higher utilization of tissues or samples. This article reviewed the application of single-cell transcriptomics in the field of DKD and highlighted the key signaling pathways in specific tissues or cell types involved in the occurrence and development of DKD. The comprehensive understanding of single-cell transcriptomics through single-cell RNA-seq and single-nucleus RNA-seq will provide us new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of various diseases including DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Mao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiuzi Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Peng Wu, ; Zhang-Suo Liu,
| | - Peng Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Peng Wu, ; Zhang-Suo Liu,
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Zha D, Wu X. Nutrient sensing, signaling transduction, and autophagy in podocyte injury: implications for kidney disease. J Nephrol 2023; 36:17-29. [PMID: 35704261 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells of the renal glomerular tuft and these highly specialized cells are essential for the integrity of the slit diaphragm. The biological function of podocytes is primarily based on a complex ramified structure that requires sufficient nutrients and a large supply of energy in support of their unique structure and function in the glomeruli. Of note, the dysregulation of nutrient signaling and energy metabolic pathways in podocytes has been associated with a range of kidney diseases i.e., diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, nutrient-related and energy metabolic signaling pathways are critical to maintaining podocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of podocyte injury. Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that nutrient starvation induces autophagy, which suggests crosstalk between nutritional signaling with the modulation of autophagy for podocytes to adapt to nutrient deprivation. In this review, the current knowledge and advancement in the understanding of nutrient sensing, signaling, and autophagy in the podocyte biology, injury, and pathogenesis of kidney diseases is summarized. Based on the existing findings, the implications and perspective to target these signaling pathways and autophagy in podocytes during the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies in patients with podocyte injury-associated kidney diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zha
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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10
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Han YP, Liu LJ, Yan JL, Chen MY, Meng XF, Zhou XR, Qian LB. Autophagy and its therapeutic potential in diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139444. [PMID: 37020591 PMCID: PMC10067862 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is the most significant microvascular complication of diabetes and poses a severe public health concern due to a lack of effective clinical treatments. Autophagy is a lysosomal process that degrades damaged proteins and organelles to preserve cellular homeostasis. Emerging studies have shown that disorder in autophagy results in the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles in diabetic renal cells and promotes the development of DN. Autophagy is regulated by nutrient-sensing pathways including AMPK, mTOR, and Sirt1, and several intracellular stress signaling pathways such as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An abnormal nutritional status and excess cellular stresses caused by diabetes-related metabolic disorders disturb the autophagic flux, leading to cellular dysfunction and DN. Here, we summarized the role of autophagy in DN focusing on signaling pathways to modulate autophagy and therapeutic interferences of autophagy in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Overview of Nutraceuticals and Cardiometabolic Diseases following Socio-Economic Analysis. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of functional food and nutraceutical products to deal with cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has gained attention in the past few years. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the potential and effectiveness of nutraceutical in the improvement of CMDs and MetS biomarkers, alongside their burden of disease and economic health expenditure. A science database search was conducted between May and June 2021. A total of 35 studies were included in this paper. We included male and female subjects, children, and adults, in good health or with cardiovascular or metabolic disease. CMDs and MetS have gradually become worldwide health problems, becoming two of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in western countries. The results indicate a positive link between daily consumption of nutraceutical products and an improvement in cardiometabolic and anthropometric biomarkers. In this paper we included a wide range of nutraceutical products. Most of them showed promising data, indicating that nutraceuticals could provide a new therapeutic treatment to reduce prevalence and pharmaceutical expenditures attributed to CMDs and MetS. Unfortunately, there is a huge vacuum of data on nutraceutical usage, savings, and burden reduction. Therefore, further clinical and pharmaco-economic research in the field is highly required.
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12
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Thomas MC. The clustering of Cardiovascular, Renal, Adipo-Metabolic Eye and Liver disease with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2022; 128:154961. [PMID: 34958818 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, fatty liver disease, eye and foot disease. But equally, these conditions are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Rather than being simply considered complications of diabetes, as exists within a 'pure' type 1 diabetes paradigm, both type 2 diabetes and its comorbidities are primarily caused by a failure to efficiently sequester excess energy leading to the accumulation of sick fat (adiposopathy). Type 2 diabetes is a symptom of a chronic disease complex, just as cardiovascular, renal, eye, foot and/or liver disease, are. In addition, each of these conditions feed forward so that dysfunction in one system accelerates dysfunction in another, partly through their shared pathogenesis and partly due dysfunction that follows in their wake. This review will explore the sticky, brittle conglomeration of CArdiac, Renal, Adipo-Metabolic, Eye and Liver disease (hereafter collectively known as CARAMEL disease) that is coincident in most patients with type 2 diabetes and contextualise the recent changes in diabetes guidelines that now specifically focus on identifying and aggressively managing these high-risk individuals with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Thomas
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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13
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Xu J, Shan X, Chen C, Gao Y, Zou D, Wang X, Wang T, Shi Y. Tangshenning Attenuates High Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury via Restoring Autophagy Activity through Inhibiting mTORC1 Activation. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:1610416. [PMID: 35799948 PMCID: PMC9256440 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1610416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the most common cause of death in diabetic patients. DN progression is associated with podocyte damage due to reduced autophagy caused by mTORC1 activation. Tangshenning (TSN) has been shown to reduce proteinuria, protect renal function, and reduce podocyte damage. Still, the effect of TSN on the autophagic activity of podocytes remains unclear. Herein, in vitro experiments using a high glucose-induced podocyte injury model were performed. Results showed that TSN treatment enhanced the weakened nephrin expression and autophagic activity of podocytes and inhibited the mTORC1 pathway (p-mTOR, mTOR, p-p70S6K, p70S6K, ULK1, and 4EBP1) under high glucose conditions. Furthermore, the mTORC1 activator (siRNA-TSC2) partially inhibited the above beneficial effects of TSN, suggesting that mTORC1 was the target of TSN to regulate autophagy. In summary, TSN reduces podocyte damage induced by high glucose via inhibiting mTORC1 pathway and downstream targets and restoring podocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbin Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
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14
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosome-dependent catabolic process whereby cytoplasmic components, including damaged organelles, protein aggregates and lipid droplets, are degraded and their components recycled. Autophagy has an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to intracellular stress; however, the efficiency of autophagy declines with age and overnutrition can interfere with the autophagic process. Therefore, conditions such as sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that are characterized by metabolic derangement and intracellular stresses (including oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress) also involve the accumulation of damaged cellular components. These conditions are prevalent in ageing populations. For example, sarcopenia is an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that is involved in the pathogenesis of both insulin resistance and T2DM, particularly in elderly people. Impairment of autophagy results in further aggravation of diabetes-related metabolic derangements in insulin target tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, as well as in pancreatic β-cells. This Review summarizes the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases associated with or occurring in the context of ageing, including insulin resistance, T2DM and sarcopenic obesity, and describes its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kusatsu General Hospital, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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15
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Ricciardi CA, Gnudi L. Kidney disease in diabetes: From mechanisms to clinical presentation and treatment strategies. Metabolism 2021; 124:154890. [PMID: 34560098 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and haemodynamic perturbations and their interaction drive the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its progression towards end stage renal disease (ESRD). Increased mitochondrial oxidative stress has been proposed as the central mechanism in the pathophysiology of DKD, but other mechanisms have been implicated. In parallel to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, cell apoptosis and tissue fibrosis drive the relentless progressive loss of kidney function affecting both the glomerular filtration barrier and the renal tubulointerstitium. Alteration of glomerular capillary autoregulation is at the basis of glomerular hypertension, an important pathogenetic mechanism for DKD. Clinical presentation of DKD can vary. Its classical presentation, often seen in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), features hyperfiltration and albuminuria followed by progressive fall in renal function. Patients can often also present with atypical features characterised by progressive reduction in renal function without albuminuria, others in conjunction with non-diabetes related pathologies making the diagnosis, at times, challenging. Metabolic, lipid and blood pressure control with lifestyle interventions are crucial in reducing the progressive renal function decline seen in DKD. The prevention and management of DKD (and parallel cardiovascular disease) is a huge global challenge and therapies that target haemodynamic perturbations, such as inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and SGLT2 inhibitors, have been most successful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Gnudi
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, London, UK.
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16
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Gouda K, AbdelHamid S, Mansour A, Omar N, El-Mesallamy H. Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy by Targeting Autophagy via Rapamycin or Fasting: Relation to Cell Apoptosis/Survival. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1698-1714. [PMID: 34698133 PMCID: PMC8928967 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been demonstrated to have a beneficial effect on diabetic nephropathy (DN). Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, was shown to stimulate β-cell autophagy. However, its effects on preventing or ameliorating DN is unclear, and its effects are worth studying. As fasting is now an attractive protective strategy, we aim to compare its effect to rapamycin effects on pancreatic and renal cells. Twenty-eight adult male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, using streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). Autophagy was induced by two ways; rapamycin or fasting. The extent of autophagy and apoptosis were investigated by measuring the level of LC3B and p53 proteins, respectively, in pancreatic and kidney tissues using Western blotting (WB) technique and imaging the renal cells under transmission electron microscope. The efflux transporter P-glycoprotein was quantified by WB as well. Rapamycin-induced autophagy occurred concurrently with apoptosis. On the other hand, fasting supported P-glycoprotein recovery and renal cell survival together with disabling β-cells apoptosis. In conclusion, this study provides a potential link between rapamycin or fasting for the cross-regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the setting of cell stress as DN. Unlike rapamycin, fasting enhanced the active expression of ABCB1 efflux protein, providing insights on the potential ameliorative effects of fasting in DN that require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Gouda
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12055, Egypt; (K.G.); (N.O.)
| | - Sherihan AbdelHamid
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Mansour
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Nesreen Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 12055, Egypt; (K.G.); (N.O.)
| | - Hala El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
- Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, North Sinai 45518, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-106-1669-913
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17
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Yang X, Han X, Wen Q, Qiu X, Deng H, Chen Q. Protective Effect of Keluoxin against Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8455709. [PMID: 34712350 PMCID: PMC8548109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8455709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney disease that develops in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Renal dysfunction and persistent proteinuria are the main clinical features of DN. Podocyte injury is an important cause of persistent proteinuria and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. Traditional Chinese patent medicines can improve renal function by enhancing autophagy and promoting apoptosis. Keluoxin is a Chinese patent medicine that has the effect of invigorating qi and nourishing yin, activating blood, and eliminating blood stasis. Therefore, we hypothesized that Keluoxin may have a protective effect against diabetic nephropathy in rats with type 2 DM. Rats induced with diabetes through streptozocin (STZ) injection and a high-fat and high-sugar diet were treated with Keluoxin (0.63 g/kg/day) for 8 weeks, and renal function, biochemical indicators, and histopathological changes in renal tissues were observed. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins. The results showed that Keluoxin reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, improved renal function, and alleviated renal histopathological changes in rats with DN. The therapeutic effect was similar to that of Irbesartan (15.6 mg/kg/day). It is inferred that the mechanism works through reducing the obstruction of downstream pathways of autophagy by improving the lysosomal degradation function and alleviating podocyte injury. This study demonstrates that Keluoxin could regulate autophagy in podocytes, alleviate kidney injury in rats with DN, and have a protective effect on renal function; its mechanism can thus be a potential therapy for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xuke Han
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Qing Wen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xianliang Qiu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Huan Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
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18
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Yu HX, Lin W, Yang K, Wei LJ, Chen JL, Liu XY, Zhong K, Chen X, Pei M, Yang HT. Transcriptome-Based Network Analysis Reveals Hirudin Potentiates Anti-Renal Fibrosis Efficacy in UUO Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:741801. [PMID: 34621173 PMCID: PMC8490886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.741801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hirudin has been widely used in the treatment of antifibrosis. Previous studies have shown that hirudin can effectively improve the clinical remission rate of chronic kidney disease. However, the mechanism of its renal protection has not been systematically investigated. Methods: In this study, the reliability of UUO-induced renal interstitial fibrosis was evaluated by histopathological verification. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing was used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of hirudin, differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, and their functions were analyzed by GO analysis and GSEA. In addition, the RNA-seq results were validated by in vitro and vivo experiments. Results: We found 322 identical differential expressed genes (IDEs) in the UUO hirudin-treated group compared with the sham group. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that cellular amino acid metabolic processes were the most obvious enrichment pathways in biological processes. In terms of molecular functional enrichment analysis, IDEs were mainly enriched in coenzyme binding, pyridoxal phosphate binding and other pathways. In addition, microbody is the most obvious pathway for cellular components. A total of 115 signaling pathways were enriched, and AMPK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways were the important signaling pathways enriched. We found that PI3K, p-Akt, and mTOR expression were significantly reduced by hirudin treatment. In particular, our results showed that hirudin could induce a decrease in the expression of autophagy-related proteins such as P62, LC3, Beclin-1 in TGF-β1-induced NRK-52E cells. Conclusion: Our results suggest that hirudin may protect the kidney by ameliorating renal autophagy impairment through modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Xing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Kidney Disease Treatment Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Wei
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun-Li Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Tao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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19
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Xue M, Yang F, Le Y, Yang Y, Wang B, Jia Y, Zheng Z, Xue Y. Klotho protects against diabetic kidney disease via AMPK- and ERK-mediated autophagy. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:1413-1423. [PMID: 34046744 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and results in serious public health problems. Although a great number of studies have been performed to elucidate the mechanisms of this disease, these mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS Cell and animal models were first constructed using human renal proximal tubule cells stimulated by high glucose (HG) and mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ). After Klotho overexpression, Klotho expression was assessed by RT-PCR and western blot, immunofluorescence; autophagy and AMPK/ERK proteins were confirmed using western blot or immunohistochemical assay; the autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscope; the pathological structure, fibrosis, polysaccharides and glycogen of kidney were evaluated by H&E staining, Masson staining and PAS staining. RESULTS We first confirmed that Klotho expression and autophagic activity were reduced in DM mice and HG-induced human renal proximal tubule cells. Besides, overexpression of Klotho could significantly enhance autophagy and AMPK and ERK1/2 activities in vivo and in vitro, which also could be abolished by selective AMPK inhibitor and ERK activator. Moreover, we proved that Klotho could inhibit hyperglycemia-induced renal tubular damage. CONCLUSION In summary, our results proved that Klotho improved renal tubular cell autophagy via the AMPK and ERK pathways and played a role in renal protection. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of Klotho and autophagy in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's HospitalJinan UniversityThe First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Le
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's HospitalJinan UniversityThe First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yanlin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bingsen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's HospitalJinan UniversityThe First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yijie Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zongji Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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20
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Li A, Yi B, Han H, Yang S, Hu Z, Zheng L, Wang J, Liao Q, Zhang H. Vitamin D-VDR (vitamin D receptor) regulates defective autophagy in renal tubular epithelial cell in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via the AMPK pathway. Autophagy 2021; 18:877-890. [PMID: 34432556 PMCID: PMC9037529 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1962681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become a major cause of end-stage renal disease, and autophagy disorder is implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. Our previous studies found that vitamin D (VD) and VDR (vitamin D receptor) played a renoprotective role by inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. However, whether VD-VDR regulates autophagy disorders in DN remains unclear. In this study, we established a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model in vdr knockout (vdr-KO) mice and VDR specifically overexpressed in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (Vdr-OE) mice. Our results showed that paricalcitol (an activated vitamin D analog) or Vdr-OE could alleviate STZ-induced ALB (albumin) excretion, renal tubule injury and inflammation, while these were worsened in vdr-KO mice. Defective autophagy was observed in the kidneys of STZ mice, which was more pronounced in vdr-KO mice and could be partially restored by paricalcitol or Vdr-OE. In high glucose-induced HK-2 cells, defective autophagy and decreased PRKAA1/AMPK phosphorylation was observed, which could be partially restored by paricalcitol in a VDR-dependent manner. AMPK inhibitor abolished paricalcitol-induced autophagy activation, and AMPK activator restored the defective autophagy in high glucose-induced HK-2 cells. Furthermore, paricalcitol-mediated AMPK activation was abrogated by CAMKK2/CaMKKβ inhibition, but not by STK11/LKB1 knockout. Meanwhile, paricalcitol rescued the decreased Ca2+ concentration induced by high glucose. In conclusion, VD-VDR can restore defective autophagy in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic mice, which could be attributed to the activation of the Ca2+-CAMKK2-AMPK pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells. Abbreviations: ACTB/β-actin: actin beta;AGE: advanced glycation end-products;AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase;CAMKK2/CaMKKβ: calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2;CQ: chloroquine;DN: diabetic nephropathy;HG: high levels of glucose;KO: knockout;LG: low levels of glucose;MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3;NOD2: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2;OE: overexpression;PAS: periodic acid Schiff; Pari: paricalcitol;PTECs: proximal renal tubule epithelial cells;RT: room temperature;SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1;STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11;STZ: streptozotocin;TEM: transmission electron microscopy;VD: vitamin D;VDR: vitamin D receptor;WT: wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hailong Han
- Centre For Medical Genetics And Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School Of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Postdoctoral Station For Basic Medicine, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoxin Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Jia Z, Wang K, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Xiao K, Liu S, Ding X. Icariin Ameliorates Diabetic Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis by Restoring Autophagy via Regulation of the miR-192-5p/GLP-1R Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720387. [PMID: 34349660 PMCID: PMC8326523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is one of the most common pathological features of diabetic nephropathy. Autophagy, an intracellular mechanism to remove damaged or dysfunctional cell parts and maintain metabolic homeostasis, is inhibited in diabetic neuropathy. Icariin is a traditional Chinese medicine extract known for nourishing the kidney and reinforcing Yang. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of Icariin on renal function, autophagy, and fibrosis in type 2 diabetic nephropathic rats and in high-glucose-incubated human renal tubular epithelial cells and rat renal fibroblasts (in vitro). Icariin improved diabetes, renal function, restored autophagy, and alleviated fibrosis in type 2 diabetic neuropathic rats and in vitro. After we applied autophagy-related gene 5-small interfering RNA, we found that fibrosis improvement by Icariin was related to autophagy restoration. By detecting serum sex hormone levels, and using dihydrotestosterone, siRNA for androgen receptor, and the androgen receptor antagonist Apalutamide (ARN-509), we found that Icariin had an androgen-like effect and restored autophagy and reduced fibrosis by regulating the androgen receptor. In addition, miR-192-5p levels were increased under high glucose but reduced after dihydrotestosterone and Icariin treatment. Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone and Icariin inhibited miR-192-5p overexpression-induced fibrosis production and autophagy limitation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) was downregulated by high glucose and overexpression of miR-192-5p and could be restored by dihydrotestosterone and Icariin. By using ARN-509, we found that Icariin increased GLP-1R expression by regulating the androgen receptor. GLP-1R-siRNA transfection weakened the effects of Icariin on autophagy and fibrosis. These findings indicate that Icariin alleviates tubulointerstitial fibrosis by restoring autophagy through the miR-192-5p/GLP-1R pathway and is a novel therapeutic option for diabetic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Jia
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiwei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yameng Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yalei Duan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Precision Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Ticagrelor and Dapagliflozin Have Additive Effects in Ameliorating Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:829-840. [PMID: 34232433 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ticagrelor and dapagliflozin can suppress the activation of the NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome and activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The anti-inflammatory effects of dapagliflozin has been shown to depend on AMPK activation. Dapagliflozin and ticagrelor have been shown to have additive effects on the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in BTBR ob/ob mice with type-2 diabetes. We assessed whether dapagliflozin and ticagrelor have additive effects on the activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome and the progression of diabetic nephropathy in mice with type-2 diabetes. METHODS Eight-week-old BTBR received either no-drug, dapagliflozin (1.5 mg/kg/d), ticagrelor (100 mg/kg/d), or their combination for 12 weeks. Blood was assessed weekly for glucose and urine for glucose and albumin. After 12 weeks, blood creatinine, cystatin C, inflammasome activation, and insulin were assessed by ELISA. Renal cortex samples were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining. RT-PCR and immunoblotting were used to evaluate fibrosis and the activation of Akt, AMPK and the inflammasome. RESULTS Both ticagrelor and dapagliflozin reduced serum creatinine and cystatin C levels and urinary albumin. Both drugs attenuated the increase in glomerular area and mesangial matrix index. Both drugs decreased collagen-1 and collagen-3 expression and the activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome. Both drugs increased P-AMPK levels, but only dapagliflozin increased P-Akt levels. Overall, the protective effects of dapagliflozin and ticagrelor were additive. CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin and ticagrelor attenuated the progression of diabetic nephropathy in BTBR ob/ob mice with additive effects of the combination. This was associated with AMPK activation and reduced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, whereas only dapagliflozin increased Akt activation.
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23
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Thomas MC. Targeting the Pathobiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2021; 28:282-289. [PMID: 34922684 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) involves an interplay between all the many different cell types that exist within the kidney and their shared and cumulative dysfunction in response to chronic hyperglycemia. DKD is characteriszed by morphological changes including tubular hypertrophy, podocyte dysfunction, mesangial expansion and mesangiolysis, endothelitis and capillary rarefaction, arteriolar hyalinosis, basement membrane thickening, and ultimately nephron dropout and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These adaptive but ultimately maladaptive changes accelerate the progression of lesions in the diabetic kidney by increasing mechanical and oxidative stress, hypoxia, fibrogenesis, inflammation, senescence, and apoptosis. In particular, atrophy at the critical junction between Bowman's capsule and the proximal tubule likely represent the leading cause of nephron dropout and kidney function decline in DKD. Preventing, slowing, or reversing these changes should be the target of future "smart" therapies for patients with DKD, many of which are now under development.
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24
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Kumar P, Zadjali F, Yao Y, Siroky B, Astrinidis A, Gross KW, Bissler JJ. Tsc Gene Locus Disruption and Differences in Renal Epithelial Extracellular Vesicles. Front Physiol 2021; 12:630933. [PMID: 34262466 PMCID: PMC8273388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.630933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), Tsc2 mutations are associated with more severe disease manifestations than Tsc1 mutations and the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this context is not yet studied. We report a comparative analysis of EVs derived from isogenic renal cells except for Tsc1 or Tsc2 gene status and hypothesized that in spite of having similar physical characteristics, EVs modulate signaling pathways differently, thus leading to TSC heterogenicity. We used mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells with the Tsc1 (T1G cells) or Tsc2 (T2J cells) gene disrupted by CRISPR/CAS9. EVs were isolated from the cell culture media by size-exclusion column chromatography followed by detailed physical and chemical characterization. Physical characterization of EVs was accessed by tunable resistive pulse sensing and dynamic light scattering, revealing similar average sizes and zeta potentials (at pH 7.4) for EVs from mIMCD3 (123.5 ± 5.7 nm and −16.3 ± 2.1 mV), T1G cells (131.5 ± 8.3 nm and −19.8 ± 2.7 mV), and T2J cells (127.3 ± 4.9 nm and −20.2 ± 2.1 mV). EVs derived from parental mIMCD3 cells and both mutated cell lines were heterogeneous (>90% of EVs < 150 nm) in nature. Immunoblotting detected cilial Hedgehog signaling protein Arl13b; intercellular proteins TSG101 and Alix; and transmembrane proteins CD63, CD9, and CD81. Compared to Tsc2 deletion, Tsc1 deletion cells had reduced EV production and release rates. EVs from Tsc1 mutant cells altered mTORC1, autophagy, and β-catenin pathways differently than EVs from Tsc2-mutated cells. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed the down regulation of miR-212a-3p and miR-99a-5p in EVs from Tsc2-mutated cells compared to EVs from Tsc1-mutant cells. Thus, EV-derived miR-212-3p and mIR-99a-5p axes may represent therapeutic targets or biomarkers for TSC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brian Siroky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John J Bissler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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25
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Guo X, Wu Z. GABARAP ameliorates IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow-derived stromal cells by activating autophagy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11561. [PMID: 34078931 PMCID: PMC8172545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the most commonly investigated progenitor cells in bone defect repair and osteoarthritis subchondral bone regeneration; however, these studies are limited by complex inflammatory conditions. In this study, we investigated whether pro-autophagic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) promotes BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by modulating autophagy in the presence or absence of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in vitro. The expression levels of all relevant factors were evaluated by qRT-PCR or western blotting where appropriate. BMSCs differentiation were assessed by Alizarin Red, alkaline phosphatase, safranin O, and Oil Red O staining. Furthermore, the interactions between autophagy and osteogenic differentiation were investigated by co-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). As the results, we found that treatment with recombinant human His6-GABARAP protein promoted cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and reduced ROS generation by increasing autophagic activity, particularly when co-cultured with IL-1β. Moreover, His6-GABARAP could effectively increase the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The expression levels of inflammatory factors were significantly decreased by His6-GABARAP treatment, whereas its protective effects were attenuated by 3-MA. This study demonstrates that GABARAP maintains BMSCs survival and strengthens their osteogenic differentiation in an inflammatory environment by upregulating mediators of the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Jincheng General Hospital, Jincheng, 048000, China.
| | - Zhenyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jincheng General Hospital, Jincheng, 048000, China
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26
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He X, Kuang G, Zuo Y, Li S, Zhou S, Ou C. The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Diabetic Nephropathy-Related Oxidative Stress. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:626423. [PMID: 33959621 PMCID: PMC8093385 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.626423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the main complications of diabetes and the main cause of diabetic end-stage renal disease, which is often fatal. DN is usually characterized by progressive renal interstitial fibrosis, which is closely related to the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix and oxidative stress. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules expressed in eukaryotic cells that are not translated into proteins. They are widely involved in the regulation of biological processes, such as, chromatin remodeling, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, and signal transduction. Recent studies have shown that ncRNAs play an important role in the occurrence and development of DN and participate in the regulation of oxidative stress in DN. This review clarifies the functions and mechanisms of ncRNAs in DN-related oxidative stress, providing valuable insights into the prevention, early diagnosis, and molecular therapeutic targets of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoyan Kuang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Suxian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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27
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Oza MJ, Laddha AP, Gaikwad AB, Mulay SR, Kulkarni YA. Role of dietary modifications in the management of type 2 diabetic complications. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105602. [PMID: 33838293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Insufficient insulin secretion and insulin action are two major causes for the development of diabetes, which is characterized by a persistent increase in blood glucose level. Diet and sedentary life style play pivotal role in development of vascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Dietary modification is associated with a reprogramming of nutrient intake, which are proven to be effective for the management of diabetes and associated complications. Dietary modifications modulate various molecular key players linked with the functions of nutrient signalling, regulation of autophagy, and energy metabolism. It activates silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog1 (SIRT1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK mainly acts as an energy sensor and inhibits autophagy repressor Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) under nutritional deprivation. Under calorie restriction (CR), SIRT1 gets activated directly or indirectly and plays a central role in autophagy via the regulation of protein acetylation. Dietary modification is also effective in controlling inflammation and apoptosis by decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines like nuclear factor kappa- beta (NF-kβ), tissue growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). It also improves glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion through beta cell regeneration. This indicates calorie intake plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes-associated complications. The present review, emphasizes the role of dietary modifications in diabetes and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha J Oza
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Ankit P Laddha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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28
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Hasan HF, Rashed LA, El Bakary NM. Concerted outcome of metformin and low dose of radiation in modulation of cisplatin induced uremic encephalopathy via renal and neural preservation. Life Sci 2021; 276:119429. [PMID: 33785333 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The therapeutic expediency of cisplatin was limited due to its nephrotoxic side effects, so this study planned to assess the nephrotic and neuroprotective impact of metformin (MET) and low-dose radiation (LDR) in cisplatin-prompted kidney injury and uremic encephalopathy (UE). METHODS The effect of the 10-day MET treatment (200 mg/kg, orally) and/or fractionated LDR (0.25 Gy, of the total dose of 0.5 Gy, 1st and 7th day, respectively) on (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) cisplatin as a single dose was administered at the 5th day. Serum urea, creatinine and renal kidney injury molecule-1 were measured for the assessment of kidney function. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential in the renal and brain tissues was evaluated through, malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione estimation. Moreover, renal apoptotic markers: AMP-activated protein kinase, lipocalin, B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein, B-cell lymphoma 2, P53 and beclin 1 were estimated. UE was evaluated through the determination of serum inflammatory markers: nuclear factor kappa B, tumor-necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1 beta likewise, the cognitive deficits were assessed via forced swimming test, gamma-aminobutyric acid, n-methyl-d-aspartate and neuronal nitric oxide synthases besides AMP-activated protein kinase, light chain 3 and caspase3 levels in rats' cerebella. KEY FINDINGS The obtained results revealed a noticeable improvement in the previously mentioned biochemical factors and behavioral tasks that was reinforced by histopathological examination when using the present remedy. SIGNIFICANCE metformin and low doses of radiation afforded renoprotection and neuroprotection against cisplatin-induced acute uremic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Farouk Hasan
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen M El Bakary
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Gong Q, Wang H, Yu P, Qian T, Xu X. Protective or Harmful: The Dual Roles of Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644121. [PMID: 33842506 PMCID: PMC8026897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative pathway involving intracellular substance degradation and recycling. Recently, this process has attracted a great deal of attention for its fundamental effect on physiological processes in cells, tissues, and the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy occurs in some diseases, including immune disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), as a serious microvascular complication of diabetes, is the main cause of visual loss in working-age adults worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of DR are thought to be associated with accumulation of oxidative stress, retinal cell apoptosis, inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and nutrient starvation. These factors are closely related to the regulation of autophagy under pathological conditions. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the potential role of autophagy in the progression of DR through different pathways. However, to date this role is not understood, and whether the altered level of autophagy flux protects DR, or instead aggravates the progression, needs to be explored. In this review, we explore the alterations and functions of autophagy in different retinal cells and tissues under DR conditions, and explain the mechanisms involved in DR progression. We aim to provide a basis on which DR associated stress-modulated autophagy may be understood, and to suggest novel targets for future therapeutic intervention in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
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30
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Bensaada I, Robin B, Perez J, Salemkour Y, Chipont A, Camus M, Lemoine M, Guyonnet L, Lazareth H, Letavernier E, Hénique C, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Calpastatin prevents Angiotensin II-mediated podocyte injury through maintenance of autophagy. Kidney Int 2021; 100:90-106. [PMID: 33675847 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The strong predictive value of proteinuria in chronic glomerulopathies is firmly established as well as the pathogenic role of angiotensin II promoting progression of glomerular disease with an altered glomerular filtration barrier, podocyte injury and scarring of glomeruli. Here we found that chronic angiotensin II-induced hypertension inhibited autophagy flux in mouse glomeruli. Deletion of Atg5 (a gene encoding a protein involved autophagy) specifically in the podocyte resulted in accelerated angiotensin II-induced podocytopathy, accentuated albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. This indicates that autophagy is a key protective mechanism in the podocyte in this condition. Angiotensin-II induced calpain activity in podocytes inhibits autophagy flux. Podocytes from mice with transgenic expression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin displayed higher podocyte autophagy at baseline that was resistant to angiotensin II-dependent inhibition. Also, sustained autophagy with calpastatin limited podocyte damage and albuminuria. These findings suggest that hypertension has pathogenic effects on the glomerular structure and function, in part through activation of calpains leading to blockade of podocyte autophagy. These findings uncover an original mechanism whereby angiotensin II-mediated hypertension inhibits autophagy via calcium-induced recruitment of calpain with pathogenic consequences in case of imbalance by calpastatin activity. Thus, preventing a calpain-mediated decrease in autophagy may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for nephropathies associated with high renin-angiotensin system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blaise Robin
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Perez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Chipont
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Marine Camus
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Lea Guyonnet
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
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31
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Roles of mTOR in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020321. [PMID: 33671526 PMCID: PMC7926630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and the number of patients affected is increasing worldwide. Thus, there is a need to establish a new treatment for DKD to improve the renal prognosis of diabetic patients. Recently, it has shown that intracellular metabolic abnormalities are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD. In particular, the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a nutrient-sensing signaling molecule, is hyperactivated in various organs of diabetic patients, which suggests the involvement of excessive mTORC1 activation in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In DKD, hyperactivated mTORC1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of podocyte damage, which causes proteinuria, and tubular cell injury that decreases renal function. Therefore, elucidating the role of mTORC1 in DKD and developing new therapeutic agents that suppress mTORC1 hyperactivity may shed new light on DKD treatments in the future.
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32
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Ma Z, Li L, Livingston MJ, Zhang D, Mi Q, Zhang M, Ding HF, Huo Y, Mei C, Dong Z. p53/microRNA-214/ULK1 axis impairs renal tubular autophagy in diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5011-5026. [PMID: 32804155 DOI: 10.1172/jci135536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has been reported, but the underlying mechanism and its pathogenic role remain elusive. We show that autophagy was inhibited in DKD models and in human diabetic kidneys. Ablation of autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) from kidney proximal tubules led to autophagy deficiency and worse renal hypertrophy, tubular damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and albuminuria in diabetic mice, indicating a protective role of autophagy in DKD. Autophagy impairment in DKD was associated with the downregulation of unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1), which was mediated by the upregulation of microRNA-214 (miR-214) in diabetic kidney cells and tissues. Ablation of miR-214 from kidney proximal tubules prevented a decrease in ULK1 expression and autophagy impairment in diabetic kidneys, resulting in less renal hypertrophy and albuminuria. Furthermore, blockade of p53 attenuated miR-214 induction in DKD, leading to higher levels of ULK1 and autophagy, accompanied by an amelioration of DKD. Compared with nondiabetic samples, renal biopsies from patients with diabetes showed induction of p53 and miR-214, associated with downregulation of ULK1 and autophagy. We found a positive correlation between p53/miR-214 and renal fibrosis, but a negative correlation between ULK1/LC3 and renal fibrosis in patients with diabetes. Together, these results identify the p53/miR-214/ULK1 axis in autophagy impairment in diabetic kidneys, pinpointing possible therapeutic targets for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dongshan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingsheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Changlin Mei
- Department of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Matboli M, Ibrahim D, Hasanin AH, Hassan MK, Habib EK, Bekhet MM, Afifi AM, Eissa S. Epigenetic modulation of autophagy genes linked to diabetic nephropathy by administration of isorhamnetin in Type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Epigenomics 2021; 13:187-202. [PMID: 33406900 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess isorhamnetin efficacy for diabetic kidney disease in a Type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model, through investigating its effect at the epigenetic, mRNA and protein levels. Materials & methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by streptozotocin and high-fat diet. Rats were treated with isorhamnetin (50 mg/kg/d) for 4 or 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, renal and lipid profiles were evaluated. Renal tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. Autophagy genes (FYCO1, ULK, TECPR1 and WIPI2) and miR-15b, miR-34a and miR-633 were assessed by qRT-PCR, and LC3A/B by immunoblotting. Results: Isorhamnetin improved fasting blood glucose, renal and lipid profiles with increased autophagosomes in renal tissues. It suppressed miRNA regulation of autophagy genes. Conclusion: We propose a molecular mechanism for the isorhamnetin renoprotective effect by modulation of autophagy epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Matboli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany H Hasanin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K Hassan
- Department of Biology/Zoology, Biotechnology program, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt
- Zewail City for Science & Technology, Helmy Institute for Medical Science, Center for Genomics, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman K Habib
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miram M Bekhet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Afifi
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egyp, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, PO Box 11381, Cairo, Egypt
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Tan C, Gu J, Li T, Chen H, Liu K, Liu M, Zhang H, Xiao X. Inhibition of aerobic glycolysis alleviates sepsis‑induced acute kidney injury by promoting lactate/Sirtuin 3/AMPK‑regulated autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:19. [PMID: 33448325 PMCID: PMC7849980 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism reprogramming influences the severity of organ dysfunction, progression to fibrosis, and development of disease in acute kidney injury (AKI). Previously we showed that inhibition of aerobic glycolysis improved survival rates and protected septic mice from kidney injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, it was revealed that sepsis or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced aerobic glycolysis as evidenced by increased lactate production and upregulated mRNA expression of glycolysis-related genes in kidney tissues and human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. The aerobic glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) downregulated glycolysis, and improved kidney injury induced by sepsis. 2-DG treatments increased the expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and phosphorylation-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), following promoted autophagy and attenuated apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells in septic mice and in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. However, the glycolysis metabolite lactate downregulated SIRT3 and p-AMPK expression, inhibited autophagy and enhanced apoptosis in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) partially abolished the protective effect of 2-DG in sepsis-induced AKI. These findings indicated that inhibition of aerobic glycolysis protected against sepsis-induced AKI by promoting autophagy via the lactate/SIRT3/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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Kitamura K, Hayashi K, Ito S, Hoshina Y, Sakai M, Yoshino K, Endo K, Fujitani S, Suzuki T. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on eGFR in type 2 diabetic patients-the role of antidiabetic and antihypertensive medications. Hypertens Res 2020; 44:508-517. [PMID: 33311577 PMCID: PMC8099726 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent randomized trials demonstrating the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in type 2 diabetes suggest that early reductions in eGFR upon initiation of SGLT2i therapy are associated with improved renal outcomes. Multiple concomitant medications, including antidiabetic and antihypertensive agents, are commonly used, however, which may modify the renal hemodynamic action of SGLT2is. Here we found that background treatment with metformin diminished the SGLT2i-induced reductions in eGFR after 3 months of SGLT2i therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension (-2.29 ± 0.90 vs -5.85 ± 1.27 mL/min/1.73 m2 for metformin users (n = 126) and nonusers (n = 97), respectively). Other antidiabetic agents (DPP4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas and insulin) had no effect on the eGFR response to SGLT2is. Antihypertensive drugs, including calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and β blockers, did not affect the SGLT2i-induced changes in eGFR, whereas renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) tended to enhance this response (p = 0.059). Next, we evaluated the interaction between metformin and RASis in the eGFR responses to SGLT2is. Under no background treatment with RASis, metformin abrogated the eGFR response to SGLT2is, but this response was preserved when RASis had been given along with metformin (decreases of 0.75 ± 1.28 vs. 4.60 ± 1.15 mL/min/1.73 m2 in eGFR, p = 0.028). No interaction between metformin and insulin or between metformin and DPP4 inhibitors was observed. In conclusion, metformin blunts the SGLT2i-induced decrease in eGFR, but coadministration of RASis ameliorates this response. Furthermore, the inability of CCBs to modify the SGLT2i-induced reduction in eGFR suggests that the SGLT2i-induced renal microvascular action is mediated predominantly by postglomerular vasodilation rather than preglomerular vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Hayashi
- Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda City, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ito
- Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuiko Hoshina
- Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kaede Yoshino
- Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Endo
- Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujitani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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SGLT2 Inhibition Mediates Protection from Diabetic Kidney Disease by Promoting Ketone Body-Induced mTORC1 Inhibition. Cell Metab 2020; 32:404-419.e6. [PMID: 32726607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SGLT2 inhibitors offer strong renoprotection in subjects with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). But the mechanism for such protection is not clear. Here, we report that in damaged proximal tubules of high-fat diet-fed ApoE-knockout mice, a model of non-proteinuric DKD, ATP production shifted from lipolysis to ketolysis dependent due to hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We further found that empagliflozin raised endogenous ketone body (KB) levels, and thus its use or treatment with 1,3-butanediol, a KB precursor, prevented decreases in renal ATP levels and organ damage in the mice. The renoprotective effect of empagliflozin was abolished by gene deletion of Hmgcs2, a rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis. Furthermore, KBs attenuated mTORC1-associated podocyte damage and proteinuria in diabetic db/db mice. Our findings show that SGLT2 inhibition-associated renoprotection is mediated by an elevation of KBs that in turn corrects mTORC1 hyperactivation that occurs in non-proteinuric and proteinuric DKD.
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Guo L, Tan K, Luo Q, Bai X. Dihydromyricetin promotes autophagy and attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating miR-155-5p/PTEN signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:372-380. [PMID: 31668144 PMCID: PMC7416184 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes and is prone to kidney failure. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological activities. This study aims to explore the effect of DHM on DN and the underlying molecular mechanism. An in vivo DN rat model was established. The degree of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In vitro, NRK-52E cells were divided into four groups: normal glucose (NG), high glucose (HG), HG+DHM, and HG+rapamycin (autophagy inhibitor). The levels of autophagy- and fibrosis-related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. The expression of miR-155-5p and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and their relationship were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR and dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Our results showed that RIF was increased in DN rat model and in HG-induced NRK-52E cells. DHM treatment attenuated the increased RIF and also increased autophagy. MiR-155-5p expression was increased, while PTEN expression was decreased in DN rat and cell model, and DHM reversed both effects. Dual luciferase assay showed that PTEN was the target gene of miR-155-5p. DHM inhibited HG-induced fibrosis and promoted autophagy by inhibiting miR-155-5p expression in NRK-52E cells. In addition, DHM promoted autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, DHM promotes autophagy and attenuates RIF by regulating the miR-155-5p/PTEN signaling and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Guo
- Department of Nephrology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuibi Tan
- Department of Nephrology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Luo
- Department of Nephrology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Department of Nephrology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, China
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Kume S, Maegawa H. Lipotoxicity, Nutrient-Sensing Signals, and Autophagy in Diabetic Nephropathy. JMA J 2020; 3:87-94. [PMID: 33150239 PMCID: PMC7590395 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of proteinuria, kidney fibrosis, and subsequent end-stage renal disease. The renal prognosis of diabetic patients with refractory proteinuria is extremely poor. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic targets to combat this serious condition and improve renal prognosis is urgently necessary. In diabetic patients, in addition to blood glucose levels, serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) are chronically elevated, even during postprandial periods. Of the various types of FFAs, saturated FFAs are highly cytotoxic and their levels are elevated in the serum of patients with diabetes. Thus, an increase in saturated FFAs is currently thought to contribute to proximal tubular cell damage and podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, protecting both types of kidney cells from saturated FFA-related lipotoxicity may become a novel therapeutic approach for diabetic patients with refractory proteinuria. Interestingly, accumulating evidence suggests that controlling intracellular nutrient signals and autophagy can ameliorate the FFA-related kidney damage. Here, we review the evidence indicating possible mechanisms underlying cell injury caused by saturated FFAs and cell protective roles of intracellular nutrient signals and autophagy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kume
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Oza MJ, Kulkarni YA. Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Improve SIRT1 Expression and Glycogen Content in High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000019. [PMID: 32187456 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flowering tops of Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae) are known for its traditional medicinal values. In present study, our aim was to investigate effect of standardized aqueous extract of flowering tops of Trifolium pratense L. on insulin resistance and SIRT1 expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high fat diet and administering low dose of streptozotocin. Diabetic animals were treated with standardized aqueous extract at three different doses. Parameters such as blood glucose, lipid profile, glycohemoglobin, insulin sensitivity, HOMA-IR and liver glycogen content were measured. Changes in morphology and expression of SIRT1 in pancreatic tissue were measured in histopathological and immunohistological studies. Aqueous extract treatment showed reduction in hyperglycemia and improved insulin sensitivity. Extract treatment also showed reduction in formation of glycated hemoglobin and improved liver glycogen level. Histopathological study revealed protecting effect of extract in pancreatic tissue against hyperglycemia induced damage. Treatment increased expression of SIRT1 in rat pancreatic tissue. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of Trifolium pratense had beneficial role in improving insulin sensitivity and SIRT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha J Oza
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.,SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Liu Y, Xiao J, Sun J, Chen W, Wang S, Fu R, Liu H, Bao H. ATG7 promotes autophagy in sepsis‑induced acute kidney injury and is inhibited by miR‑526b. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2193-2201. [PMID: 32323768 PMCID: PMC7115197 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is considered to be the most common contributing factor in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the mechanisms by which sepsis leads to AKI remain unclear. Autophagy is important for a number of fundamental biological activities and plays a key role in numerous different diseases. The present study demonstrated that autophagy is involved in sepsis-induced kidney injury and upregulates ATG7, LC3 and Beclin I. In addition, it was revealed that miR-526b is decreased in sepsis-induced kidney injury, and miR-526b was identified as a direct regulator of ATG7. Furthermore, the present study investigated the biological effects of ATG7 inhibited by miR-526b and demonstrated that miR-526b could promote cell viability by inhibiting autophagy, potentially through targeting ATG7. In conclusion, the present study highlights the role of autophagy in sepsis-induced AKI, and miR-526b in regulating autophagy through targeting ATG7, which suggested that miR-526b may be a molecular therapeutic target for sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jilai Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jiakui Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Run Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xiao D, Zhang J, Wang X, Guan F, Zhang M, Chen L. Highly bioavailable berberine formulation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and the activation of autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 873:172955. [PMID: 32001218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and cell autophagy are the most important factors in the development of kidney damage under diabetic conditions. The activation of AMPK might be an important treatment target for diabetic nephropathy. Berberine has multiple effects on all types of diabetic complications as an activator of AMPK. However, the poor bioavailability of berberine limits its clinical applications. Huang-Gui Solid Dispersion (HGSD), a new formulation of berberine developed in our lab, has 4-fold greater bioavailability than berberine. However, its therapeutic application and mechanism still need to be explored. In the present study, the effect of HGSD on kidney function in type 2 diabetic rats and db/db mice was investigated. The results demonstrated that HGSD improved kidney function in these two animal models, decreased the glomerular volume and increased autophagy. Meanwhile, AMPK phosphorylation levels and autophagy-related protein expression were significantly increased, and extracellular matrix protein deposition-related protein expression was decreased after treatment. The present study indicated that HGSD protected against diabetic kidney dysfunction by inhibiting glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and activating autophagy. The mechanism of HGSD in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy might be connected to the activation of AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Research Institution of Paediatrics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The First Clinical Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Senior Officials Inpatient Ward, The First Clinical Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fengying Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Zhang L, Wen Z, Han L, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Fang X, Zhao L, Tong X. Research Progress on the Pathological Mechanisms of Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7504798. [PMID: 32695831 PMCID: PMC7368941 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is not only an important microvascular complication of diabetes but also the main cause of end-stage renal disease. Studies have shown that the occurrence and development of DN are closely related to morphological and functional changes in podocytes. A series of morphological changes after podocyte injury in DN mainly include podocyte hypertrophy, podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation, podocyte detachment, and podocyte apoptosis; functional changes mainly involve podocyte autophagy. More and more studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways play important roles in the progression of podocyte injury in DN. Here, we review research progress on the pathological mechanism of morphological and functional changes in podocytes associated with DN, to provide a new target for delaying the occurrence and development of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhige Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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Zhang XX, Jiang CH, Liu Y, Lou DX, Huang YP, Gao M, Zhang J, Yin ZQ, Pan K. Cyclocarya paliurus triterpenic acids fraction attenuates kidney injury via AMPK-mTOR-regulated autophagy pathway in diabetic rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153060. [PMID: 31401495 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Diabetic nephropathy is the most serious complication of diabetes. Cyclocarya paliurus (CP), an herbal plant in China, has been reported the biological activity of anti-hyperglycemia. However, its effects on the diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain unclear. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the potential role of CP and its underlying mechanisms on DN. STUDY DESIGN In this study, the effects of triterpenic acids-enriched fraction from CP (CPT) on DN was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats and high glucose (HG)-induced HK-2 cells models. METHODS After oral administration with or without CPT for 10 weeks, body weight, glucose, microalbumin, serum creatinine and blood urea in STZ-induced rats were detected. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate renal function of mice. Moreover, the level of autophagy was detected by western blot or immunostaining. In vitro, HG-induced HK-2 cell was conducted to evaluate the renal protection and mechanism of CPT. RESULTS CPT dramatically decreased the levels of microalbumin, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and ameliorated increased mesangial matrix and glomerular fibrosis. In addition, we found the CPT prevented renal damage and cell apoptosis through the autophagy. Furthermore, CPT could increase the phosphorylation of AMPK and decrease its downstream effector phosphorylation of mTOR. Besides, the expression of LC3-II were locked by AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (compound C), implying that the autophagy may be regulated with AMPK activation. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that CPT might be a desired candidate against diabetes, potentially through AMPK-mTOR-regulated autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Cui-Hua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Dong-Xiao Lou
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Qi Yin
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Lysosome restoration to activate podocyte autophagy: a new therapeutic strategy for diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:806. [PMID: 31649253 PMCID: PMC6813305 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the intracellular lysosomal degradation process plays a pivotal role in podocyte homeostasis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Lysosomal function, autophagic activity, and their actions were investigated in vitro and in vivo. We found that LC3-II- and p62-positive vacuoles accumulated in podocytes of patients with DKD. Moreover, we found that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could increase the protein expression of LC3-II and p62 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cultured podocytes. However, the mRNA expression of LC3B, Beclin-1 or ATG7, as well as the protein level of Beclin-1 or ATG7 did not change significantly in the AGE-treated cells compared with that in control groups, suggesting that AGEs did not induce autophagy. In addition, AGEs led to an increase in the number of autophagosomes but not autolysosomes, accompanied with a failure in lysosomal turnover of LC3-II or p62, indicating that the degradation of autophagic vacuoles was blocked. Furthermore, we observed a dramatic decrease in the enzymatic activities, and the degradation of DQ-ovalbumin was significantly suppressed after podocytes were treated with AGEs. Plasma-irregular lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 granules accompanied with the diffusion of cathepsin D expression and acridine orange redistribution were observed in AGE-treated podocytes, indicating that the lysosomal membrane permeability was triggered. Interestingly, we also found that AGEs-induced autophagic inhibition and podocyte injury were mimicked by the specific lysosomotropic agent, l-leucyl-l-leucine methyl ester. The exacerbated apoptosis and Rac-1-dependent actin-cytoskeletal disorganization were alleviated by an improvement in the lysosomal-dependent autophagic pathway by resveratrol plus vitamin E treatment in AGE-treated podocytes. However, the rescued effects were reversed by the addition of leupeptin, a lysosomal inhibitor. It suggests that restoring lysosomal function to activate autophagy may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for DKD.
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Madhavi Y, Gaikwad N, Yerra VG, Kalvala AK, Nanduri S, Kumar A. Targeting AMPK in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications: Energy Homeostasis, Autophagy and Mitochondrial Health. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5207-5229. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180406120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key enzymatic protein involved
in linking the energy sensing to the metabolic manipulation. It is a serine/threonine kinase activated
by several upstream kinases. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein complex regulated by AMP, ADP, and
ATP allosterically. AMPK is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues of the living system such as heart,
kidney, liver, brain and skeletal muscles. Thus malfunctioning of AMPK is expected to harbor several
human pathologies especially diseases associated with metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction. AMPK
activators including synthetic derivatives and several natural products that have been found to show therapeutic
relief in several animal models of disease. AMP, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICA
riboside) and A769662 are important activators of AMPK which have potential therapeutic importance
in diabetes and diabetic complications. AMPK modulation has shown beneficial effects against
diabetes, cardiovascular complications and diabetic neuropathy. The major impact of AMPK modulation
ensures healthy functioning of mitochondria and energy homeostasis in addition to maintaining a strict
check on inflammatory processes, autophagy and apoptosis. Structural studies on AMP and AICAR suggest
that the free amino group is imperative for AMPK stimulation. A769662, a non-nucleoside
thienopyridone compound which resulted from the lead optimization studies on A-592107 and several
other related compound is reported to exhibit a promising effect on diabetes and its complications through
activation of AMPK. Subsequent to the discovery of A769662, several thienopyridones,
hydroxybiphenyls pyrrolopyridones have been reported as AMPK modulators. The review will explore
the structure-function relationships of these analogues and the prospect of targeting AMPK in diabetes
and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.V. Madhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Nikhil Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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Lee G, Uddin MJ, Kim Y, Ko M, Yu I, Ha H. PGC-1α, a potential therapeutic target against kidney aging. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12994. [PMID: 31313501 PMCID: PMC6718532 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is defined as changes in an organism over time. The proportion of the aged population is markedly increasing worldwide. The kidney, as an essential organ with a high energy requirement, is one of the most susceptible organs to aging. It is involved in glucose metabolism via gluconeogenesis, glucose filtration and reabsorption, and glucose utilization. Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) depend on lipid metabolism to meet the high demand for ATP. Recent studies have shown that aging‐related kidney dysfunction is highly associated with metabolic changes in the kidney. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1 alpha (PGC‐1α), a transcriptional coactivator, plays a major role in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisomal biogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. PGC‐1α is abundant in tissues, including kidney PTECs, which demand high energy. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the activation of PGC‐1α by genetic or pharmacological intervention prevents telomere shortening and aging‐related changes in the skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. The activation of PGC‐1α can also prevent kidney dysfunction in various kidney diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of PGC‐1α activation in various organs on aging and kidney diseases may unveil a potential therapeutic strategy against kidney aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Yoojeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Minji Ko
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Inyoung Yu
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
- College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
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Wang X, Zhao L, Ajay AK, Jiao B, Zhang X, Wang C, Gao X, Yuan Z, Liu H, Liu WJ. QiDiTangShen Granules Activate Renal Nutrient-Sensing Associated Autophagy in db/db Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1224. [PMID: 31632286 PMCID: PMC6779835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
QiDiTangShen granules (QDTS) have been proven to reduce the proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) effectively. The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying QDTS's renoprotection. The main components of QDTS were identified by ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacological databases, among which active components were screened by oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. Their regulation on autophagy-related nutrient-sensing signal molecules (AMPK, SIRT1, and mTOR) was retrieved and analyzed through the Pubmed database. Then, db/db mice were randomly divided into three groups (model control, valsartan and QDTS), and given intragastric administration for 12 weeks, separately. Fasting and random blood glucose, body weight, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and injury markers of liver and kidney were investigated to evaluate the effects and safety. Renal histological lesions were assessed, and the expressions of proteins related to nutrient-sensing signals and autophagy were investigated. Thirteen active components were screened from 78 components identified. Over half the components had already been reported to improve nutrient-sensing signals. QDTS significantly reduced UAE, ameliorated mesangial matrix deposition, alleviate the expression of protein and mRNA of TGF-β, α-SMA, and Col I, as well as improved the quality of mitochondria and the number of autophagic vesicles of renal tubular cells although the blood glucose was not decreased in db/db mice. Compared to the db/db group, the expression of the autophagy-inducible protein (Atg14 and Beclin1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) were up-regulated, autophagic substrate transporter p62 was down-regulated in QDTS group. It was also found that the expression of SIRT1 and the proportion of p-AMPK (thr172)/AMPK were increased, while the p-mTOR (ser2448)/mTOR ratio was decreased after QDTS treatment in db/db mice, which was consistent with the effect of its active ingredients on the nutrient-sensing signal pathway as reported previously. Therefore, QDTS may prevent the progression of DN by offering the anti-fibrotic effect. The renoprotection is probably attributable to the regulation of nutrient-sensing signal pathways, which activates autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Amrendra K. Ajay
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Baihai Jiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Health Management Center, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Wu Z, Luan Z, Zhang X, Zou K, Ma S, Yang Z, Feng W, He M, Jiang L, Li J, Yao J. Chondro-protective effects of polydatin in osteoarthritis through its effect on restoring dysregulated autophagy via modulating MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13906. [PMID: 31554953 PMCID: PMC6761091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the cartilage that is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly demography. Polydatin (PD), a natural resveratrol glucoside, has shown significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential in previous studies. This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic properties of PD in vitro and in vivo, and elucidate their underlying mechanisms. The expression levels of all relevant factors were evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) where suitable. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were analyzed using the suitable probes and flow cytometry. The histological evidence of cartilage was assessed in rat models, moreover, the several serum cytokines levels and autophagy levels were evaluated. The result showed PD displayed significant chondro-protective effects, inferred in terms of reduced inflammation and cartilage degradation, apoptosis inhibition, and lower ROS production. The protective effects were attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, indicating a mediating role of autophagy in PD action. Mechanistically, PD exerted its effects by inhibiting the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways which led to the down-regulation of mTOR. In conclusion, PD protects against cartilage degeneration by activating the autophagy flux in the chondrocytes via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhiwei Luan
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shiting Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhenyi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mingwei He
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Linhua Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jia Li
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Lee IH. Mechanisms and disease implications of sirtuin-mediated autophagic regulation. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 31492861 PMCID: PMC6802627 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that sirtuins are key components of diverse physiological processes, including metabolism and aging. Sirtuins confer protection from a wide array of metabolic and age-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have also suggested that sirtuins regulate autophagy, a protective cellular process for homeostatic maintenance in response to environmental stresses. Here, we describe various biological and pathophysiological processes regulated by sirtuin-mediated autophagy, focusing on cancer, heart, and liver diseases, as well as stem cell biology. This review also emphasizes key molecular mechanisms by which sirtuins regulate autophagy. Finally, we discuss novel insights into how new therapeutics targeting sirtuin and autophagy may potentially lead to effective strategies to combat aging and aging-related diseases. Harnessing the protective powers of a family of proteins could help tackle age-related diseases. In a review of recent research, In Hye Lee at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea, explores links between the sirtuin protein family and autophagy, a natural process involving the degradation and recycling of cellular components. In mammals, the sirtuin family comprises seven proteins that are found in specific locations across the body, and play key roles in many biological processes from metabolism to the regulation of autophagy. As we age, autophagic balance becomes disrupted, leaving us vulnerable to diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, cancerous tumors can exploit autophagic processes for their own benefit. Lee’s review suggests that therapies targeting sirtuins could restore and maintain autophagic balance, potentially helping to control aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hye Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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50
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Koya D. Diabetic kidney disease: Its current trends and future therapeutic perspectives. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1174-1176. [PMID: 31361399 PMCID: PMC6717829 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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