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Benz PM, Frömel T, Laban H, Zink J, Ulrich L, Groneberg D, Boon RA, Poley P, Renne T, de Wit C, Fleming I. Cardiovascular Functions of Ena/VASP Proteins: Past, Present and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:1740. [PMID: 37443774 PMCID: PMC10340426 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin binding proteins are of crucial importance for the spatiotemporal regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, thereby mediating a tremendous range of cellular processes. Since their initial discovery more than 30 years ago, the enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) family has evolved as one of the most fascinating and versatile family of actin regulating proteins. The proteins directly enhance actin filament assembly, but they also organize higher order actin networks and link kinase signaling pathways to actin filament assembly. Thereby, Ena/VASP proteins regulate dynamic cellular processes ranging from membrane protrusions and trafficking, and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, to the generation of mechanical tension and contractile force. Important insights have been gained into the physiological functions of Ena/VASP proteins in platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the unique and redundant functions of Ena/VASP proteins in cardiovascular cells and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Benz
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hebatullah Laban
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joana Zink
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lea Ulrich
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dieter Groneberg
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinier A. Boon
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Poley
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Renne
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 VN51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cor de Wit
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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AMPK inhibits liver gluconeogenesis: fact or fiction? Biochem J 2023; 480:105-125. [PMID: 36637190 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Is there a role for AMPK in the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis and could targeting AMPK in liver be a viable strategy for treating type 2 diabetes? These are frequently asked questions this review tries to answer. After describing properties of AMPK and different small-molecule AMPK activators, we briefly review the various mechanisms for controlling hepatic glucose production, mainly via gluconeogenesis. The different experimental and genetic models that have been used to draw conclusions about the role of AMPK in the control of liver gluconeogenesis are critically discussed. The effects of several anti-diabetic drugs, particularly metformin, on hepatic gluconeogenesis are also considered. We conclude that the main effect of AMPK activation pertinent to the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis is to antagonize glucagon signalling in the short-term and, in the long-term, to improve insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic lipid content.
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Yadav T, Gau D, Roy P. Mitochondria-actin cytoskeleton crosstalk in cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2387-2403. [PMID: 35342955 PMCID: PMC9945482 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria perform diverse functions in the cell and their roles during processes such as cell survival, differentiation, and migration are increasingly being appreciated. Mitochondrial and actin cytoskeletal networks not only interact with each other, but this multifaceted interaction shapes their functional dynamics. The interrelation between mitochondria and the actin cytoskeleton extends far beyond the requirement of mitochondrial ATP generation to power actin dynamics, and impinges upon several major aspects of cellular physiology. Being situated at the hub of cell signaling pathways, mitochondrial function can alter the activity of actin regulatory proteins and therefore modulate the processes downstream of actin dynamics such as cellular migration. As we will discuss, this regulation is highly nuanced and operates at multiple levels allowing mitochondria to occupy a strategic position in the regulation of migration, as well as pathological events that rely on aberrant cell motility such as cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the crosstalk that exists between mitochondria and actin regulatory proteins, and further emphasize on how this interaction holds importance in cell migration in normal as well as dysregulated scenarios as in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Yadav
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
| | - David Gau
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Li T, Gong H, Zhan B, Mao X. Chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells via the activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14045. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Han Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Biyuan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
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Benitez-Amaro A, Revuelta-López E, Bornachea O, Cedó L, Vea À, Herrero L, Roglans N, Soler-Botija C, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Nasarre L, Camino-López S, García E, Mato E, Blanco-Vaca F, Bayes-Genis A, Sebastian D, Laguna JC, Serra D, Zorzano A, Escola-Gil JC, Llorente-Cortes V. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 deficiency in cardiomyocytes reduces susceptibility to insulin resistance and obesity. Metabolism 2020; 106:154191. [PMID: 32112822 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) plays a key role in fatty acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. In the context of dyslipemia, LRP1 is upregulated in the heart. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of cardiomyocyte LRP1 deficiency on high fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiac and metabolic alterations, and to explore the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS We used TnT-iCre transgenic mice with thoroughly tested suitability to delete genes exclusively in cardiomyocytes to generate an experimental mouse model with conditional Lrp1 deficiency in cardiomyocytes (TNT-iCre+-LRP1flox/flox). FINDINGS Mice with Lrp1-deficient cardiomyocytes (cm-Lrp1-/-) have a normal cardiac function combined with a favorable metabolic phenotype against HFD-induced glucose intolerance and obesity. Glucose intolerance protection was linked to higher hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO), lower liver steatosis and increased whole-body energy expenditure. Proteomic studies of the heart revealed decreased levels of cardiac pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP), which was parallel to higher ANP circulating levels. cm-Lrp1-/- mice showed ANP signaling activation that was linked to increased fatty acid (FA) uptake and increased AMPK/ ACC phosphorylation in the liver. Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) antagonist completely abolished ANP signaling and metabolic protection in cm-Lrp1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that an ANP-dependent axis controlled by cardiac LRP1 levels modulates AMPK activity in the liver, energy homeostasis and whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Revuelta-López
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Bornachea
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Àngela Vea
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Soler-Botija
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nasarre
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Camino-López
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo García
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Mato
- CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Program, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Service and Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sebastian
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortes
- Institute of Biochemical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Tateya S, Rizzo-De Leon N, Cheng AM, Dick BP, Lee WJ, Kim ML, O’Brien K, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW, Kim F. The role of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in the control of hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215601. [PMID: 31017943 PMCID: PMC6481847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During periods in which glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is insufficient to meet body requirements, hepatic gluconeogenesis plays a key role to maintain normal blood glucose levels. The current studies investigated the role in this process played by vasodilatory-associated phosphoprotein (VASP), a protein that is phosphorylated in hepatocytes by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA), a key mediator of the action of glucagon. We report that following stimulation of hepatocytes with 8Br-cAMP, phosphorylation of VASP preceded induction of genes encoding key gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6p) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1), and that VASP overexpression enhanced this gene induction. Conversely, hepatocytes from mice lacking VASP (Vasp-/-) displayed blunted induction of gluconeogenic enzymes in response to cAMP, and Vasp-/- mice exhibited both greater fasting hypoglycemia and blunted hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression in response to fasting in vivo. These effects of VASP deficiency were associated with reduced phosphorylation of both CREB (a key transcription factor for gluconeogenesis that lies downstream of PKA) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a combination of effects that inhibit transcription of gluconeogenic genes. These data support a model in which VASP functions as a molecular bridge linking the two key signal transduction pathways governing hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshiro Tateya
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Norma Rizzo-De Leon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Dick
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Woo Je Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Madeleine L. Kim
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kevin O’Brien
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Francis Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) modulates multiple cardiometabolic traits through effects on hepatic thiamine content. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002907. [PMID: 29659562 PMCID: PMC5919692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A constellation of metabolic disorders, including obesity, dysregulated lipids, and elevations in blood glucose levels, has been associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Analysis of data from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) demonstrated that reduced-function polymorphisms in the organic cation transporter, OCT1 (SLC22A1), are significantly associated with higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, yet the mechanism linking OCT1 to these metabolic traits remains puzzling. Here, we show that OCT1, widely characterized as a drug transporter, plays a key role in modulating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, potentially by mediating thiamine (vitamin B1) uptake and hence its levels in the liver. Deletion of Oct1 in mice resulted in reduced activity of thiamine-dependent enzymes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which disrupted the hepatic glucose–fatty acid cycle and shifted the source of energy production from glucose to fatty acids, leading to a reduction in glucose utilization, increased gluconeogenesis, and altered lipid metabolism. In turn, these effects resulted in increased total body adiposity and systemic levels of glucose and lipids. Importantly, wild-type mice on thiamine deficient diets (TDs) exhibited impaired glucose metabolism that phenocopied Oct1 deficient mice. Collectively, our study reveals a critical role of hepatic thiamine deficiency through OCT1 deficiency in promoting the metabolic inflexibility that leads to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. The liver is the major organ for glucose and lipid metabolism; impairment in liver energy metabolism is often found in metabolic disorders. Traditionally, excesses in macronutrients (fat and glucose) are linked to the development of metabolic disorders. Our study provides evidence that imbalances in a micronutrient, vitamin B1 (thiamine), can serve as an etiological cause of lipid and glucose disorders and implicates the organic cation transporter, OCT1, in these disorders. OCT1 is a key determinant of thiamine levels in the liver. In humans, reduced-function polymorphisms of OCT1 significantly associate with high LDL cholesterol levels. Using Oct1 knockout mice, we show that reduced OCT1-mediated thiamine uptake in the liver leads to reduced levels of TPP—the active metabolite of thiamine—and decreased activity of key TPP-dependent enzymes. As a result, a shift from glucose to fatty acid oxidation occurs, leading to imbalances in key metabolic intermediates, alterations in metabolic flux pathways, and disruptions of various metabolic regulatory mechanisms. The extensive characterization of Oct1 knockout mice provides evidence for the molecular mechanisms responsible for various metabolic traits and indicates an important role for imbalances in micronutrients in cardiometabolic disorders.
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Kang YM, Kim F, Lee WJ. Role of NO/VASP Signaling Pathway against Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:89-95. [PMID: 28447436 PMCID: PMC5409001 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has quickly become a worldwide pandemic, causing major adverse health outcomes such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancers. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the key for developing these metabolic disorders, and investigation to understand the molecular mechanisms involved has been vibrant for the past few decades. Of these, low-grade chronic inflammation is suggested as a critical concept in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, and the anti-inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been reported to be linked to improvement of insulin resistance in multiple organs involved in glucose metabolism. Recently, a body of evidence suggested that vasodilatory-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a downstream mediator of NO signaling plays a crucial role in the anti-inflammatory effect and improvement of peripheral insulin resistance. These preclinical studies suggest that NO/VASP signaling could be an ideal therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. In this review, we introduce studies that investigated the protective role of NO/VASP signaling against obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Francis Kim
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Woo Je Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Genomics of human fatty liver disease reveal mechanistically linked lipid droplet-associated gene regulations in bland steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Transl Res 2016; 177:41-69. [PMID: 27376874 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disorder hallmarked by excessive lipid deposits. Based on our recent research on lipid droplet (LD) formation in hepatocytes, we investigated LD-associated gene regulations in NAFLD of different grades, that is, steatosis vs steatohepatitis by comparing liver biopsies from healthy controls (N = 13) and NAFLD patients (N = 102). On average, more than 700 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified of which 146 are mechanistically linked to LD formation. We identified 51 LD-associated DEGs frequently regulated in patient samples (range ≥5 to ≤102) with the liver-receptor homolog-1(NR5A2), that is, a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism being commonly repressed among 100 patients examined. With bland steatosis, notable regulations involved hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated-protein and diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase-2 renowned for their role in LD-growth. Conversely, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated DEGs coded for epidermal growth factor receptor and TLR4 signaling with decreased expression of the GTPase Rab5 and the lipid phosphohydrolase PPAP2B thus highlighting adaptive responses to inflammation, LDL-mediated endocytosis and lipogenesis, respectively. Studies with steatotic primary human hepatocyte cultures demonstrated induction of LD-associated PLIN2, CIDEC, DNAAF1, whereas repressed expression of CPT1A, ANGPTL4, and PKLR informed on burdened mitochondrial metabolism. Equally, repressed expression of the B-lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL13 and STAT4 as well as induced FGF21 evidenced amelioration of steatosis-related inflammation. In-vitro/in-vivo patient sample comparisons confirmed C-reactive protein, SOCS3, NR5A2, and SOD2 as commonly regulated. Lastly, STRING network analysis highlighted potential "druggable" targets with PLIN2, CIDEC, and hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated-protein being confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, steatosis and steatohepatitis specific gene regulations informed on the pathogenesis of NAFLD to broaden the perspective of targeted therapies.
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10
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Liu TY, Xiong XQ, Ren XS, Zhao MX, Shi CX, Wang JJ, Zhou YB, Zhang F, Han Y, Gao XY, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. FNDC5 Alleviates Hepatosteatosis by Restoring AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Lipogenesis in Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:3262-3275. [PMID: 27504012 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) protein induces browning of subcutaneous fat and mediates the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism. However, whether FNDC5 is associated with hepatic steatosis, autophagy, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and lipogenesis remains unknown. Herein, we show the roles and mechanisms of FNDC5 in hepatic steatosis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. Fasted FNDC5-/- mice exhibited severe steatosis, reduced autophagy, and FAO, and enhanced lipogenesis in the liver compared with wild-type mice. Energy deprivation-induced autophagy, FAO, and AMPK activity were attenuated in FNDC5-/- hepatocytes, which were restored by activating AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 with rapamycin enhanced autophagy and FAO and attenuated lipogenesis and steatosis in FNDC5-/- livers. FNDC5 deficiency exacerbated hyperlipemia, hepatic FAO and autophagy impairment, hepatic lipogenesis, and lipid accumulation in obese mice. Exogenous FNDC5 stimulated autophagy and FAO gene expression in hepatocytes and repaired the attenuated autophagy and palmitate-induced steatosis in FNDC5-/- hepatocytes. FNDC5 overexpression prevented hyperlipemia, hepatic FAO and autophagy impairment, hepatic lipogenesis, and lipid accumulation in obese mice. These results indicate that FNDC5 deficiency impairs autophagy and FAO and enhances lipogenesis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. FNDC5 deficiency aggravates whereas FNDC5 overexpression prevents the HFD-induced hyperlipemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and impaired FAO and autophagy in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming-Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue-Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Sun Q, Zhang W, Zhong W, Sun X, Zhou Z. Dietary Fisetin Supplementation Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2076-2084. [PMID: 27575873 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overproduction of reactive oxygen species is associated with the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Plant polyphenols have been used as dietary interventions for multiple diseases including ALD. The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with fisetin, a novel flavonoid, exerts beneficial effect on alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were pair-fed with the Lieber-DeCarli control or ethanol (EtOH) diet for 4 weeks with or without fisetin supplementation at 10 mg/kg/d. RESULTS Alcohol feeding induced lipid accumulation in the liver and increased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, which were attenuated by fisetin supplementation. The EtOH concentrations in the plasma and liver were significantly elevated by alcohol exposure but were reduced by fisetin supplementation. Although fisetin did not affect the protein expression of alcohol metabolism enzymes, the aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased by fisetin compared to the alcohol alone group. In addition, fisetin supplementation remarkably reduced hepatic NADPH oxidase 4 levels along with decreased plasma hydrogen peroxide and hepatic superoxide and 4-hydroxynonenal levels after alcohol exposure. Alcohol-induced apoptosis and up-regulation of Fas and cleaved caspase-3 in the liver were prevented by fisetin. Moreover, fisetin supplementation attenuated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis through increasing plasma adiponectin levels and hepatic protein levels of p-AMPK, ACOX1, CYP4A, and MTTP. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the protective effect of fisetin on ALD is achieved by accelerating EtOH clearance and inhibition of oxidative stress. The data suggest that fisetin has a therapeutical potential for treating ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina. .,Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, North Carolina.
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12
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Rai S, Bhatnagar S. Hyperlipidemia, Disease Associations, and Top 10 Potential Drug Targets: A Network View. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:152-68. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rai
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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13
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Roberts LD, Ashmore T, Murray AJ, Griffin JL. Response to Comment on Lee et al. Diabetes 2015;64:2836-2846. Comment on Roberts et al. Diabetes 2015;64:471-484. Diabetes 2016; 65:e16. [PMID: 26908912 DOI: 10.2337/dbi15-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Roberts
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K. Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K. Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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14
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Shi CX, Zhao MX, Shu XD, Xiong XQ, Wang JJ, Gao XY, Chen Q, Li YH, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. β-aminoisobutyric acid attenuates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and glucose/lipid metabolic disturbance in mice with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21924. [PMID: 26907958 PMCID: PMC4764829 DOI: 10.1038/srep21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a nature thymine catabolite, and contributes to exercise-induced protection from metabolic diseases. Here we show the therapeutical effects of BAIBA on hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and glucose/lipid metabolic disturbance in diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by combined streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Oral administration of BAIBA for 4 weeks reduced blood glucose and lipids levels, hepatic key enzymes of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis expressions, attenuated hepatic insulin resistance and lipid accumulation, and improved insulin signaling in type 2 diabetic mice. BAIBA reduced hepatic ER stress and apoptosis in type 2 diabetic mice. Furthermore, BAIBA alleviated ER stress in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells with glucosamine-induced insulin resistance. Hepatic AMPK phosphorylation was reduced in STZ/HFD mice and glucosamine-treated HepG2 cells, which were restored by BAIBA treatment. The suppressive effects of BAIBA on glucosamine-induced ER stress were reversed by knockdown of AMPK with siRNA. In addition, BAIBA prevented thapsigargin- or tunicamycin-induced ER stress, and tunicamycin–induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that BAIBA attenuates hepatic ER stress, apoptosis and glucose/lipid metabolic disturbance in mice with type 2 diabetes. AMPK signaling is involved to the role of BAIBA in attenuating ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ming-Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jue-Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xing-Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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15
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Moreno-Arriola E, EL Hafidi M, Ortega-Cuéllar D, Carvajal K. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Oxidative Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through the NHR-49 and MDT-15 Transcriptional Regulators. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148089. [PMID: 26824904 PMCID: PMC4732773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy regulation relies on complex signaling pathways that respond to fuel availability and metabolic demands. Dysregulation of these networks is implicated in the development of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. In Caenorhabditis elegans the AMP-activated protein kinase, AAK, has been associated with longevity and stress resistance; nevertheless its precise role in energy metabolism remains elusive. In the present study, we find an evolutionary conserved role of AAK in oxidative metabolism. Similar to mammals, AAK is activated by AICAR and metformin and leads to increased glycolytic and oxidative metabolic fluxes evidenced by an increase in lactate levels and mitochondrial oxygen consumption and a decrease in total fatty acids and lipid storage, whereas augmented glucose availability has the opposite effects. We found that these changes were largely dependent on the catalytic subunit AAK-2, since the aak-2 null strain lost the observed metabolic actions. Further results demonstrate that the effects due to AAK activation are associated to SBP-1 and NHR-49 transcriptional factors and MDT-15 transcriptional co-activator, suggesting a regulatory pathway that controls oxidative metabolism. Our findings establish C. elegans as a tractable model system to dissect the relationship between distinct molecules that play a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism in human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed EL Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuéllar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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16
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Lee WJ, Tateya S, Cheng AM, Rizzo-DeLeon N, Wang NF, Handa P, Wilson CL, Clowes AW, Sweet IR, Bomsztyk K, Schwartz MW, Kim F. M2 Macrophage Polarization Mediates Anti-inflammatory Effects of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Signaling. Diabetes 2015; 64:2836-46. [PMID: 25845662 PMCID: PMC4512216 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays a physiological role in limiting obesity-associated insulin resistance and inflammation. This study was undertaken to investigate whether this NO effect involves polarization of macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Mice with transgenic endothelial NO synthase overexpression were protected against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance, and this effect was associated with reduced proinflammatory M1 and increased anti-inflammatory M2 activation of Kupffer cells. In cell culture studies, exposure of macrophages to endothelial NO similarly reduced inflammatory (M1) and increased anti-inflammatory (M2) gene expression. Similar effects were induced by macrophage overexpression of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a key downstream mediator of intracellular NO signaling. Conversely, VASP deficiency induced proinflammatory M1 macrophage activation, and the transplantation of bone marrow from VASP-deficient donor mice into normal recipients caused hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance resembling that induced in normal mice by consumption of an HFD. These data suggest that proinflammatory macrophage M1 activation and macrophage-mediated inflammation are tonically inhibited by NO → VASP signal transduction, and that reduced NO → VASP signaling is involved in the effect of HFD feeding to induce M1 activation of Kupffer cells and associated hepatic inflammation. Our data implicate endothelial NO → VASP signaling as a physiological determinant of macrophage polarization and show that signaling via this pathway is required to prevent hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Je Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sanshiro Tateya
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew M Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Norma Rizzo-DeLeon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicholas F Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Priya Handa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ian R Sweet
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Karol Bomsztyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Francis Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Camila Manrique
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO
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18
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Cui XB, Luan JN, Chen SY. RGC-32 Deficiency Protects against Hepatic Steatosis by Reducing Lipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20387-95. [PMID: 26134570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome because of increased hepatic triglyceride content. We have reported previously that deficiency of response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. This study was conducted to determine the role of RGC-32 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis. We observed that hepatic RGC-32 was induced dramatically by both HFD challenge and ethanol administration. RGC-32 knockout (RGC32(-/-)) mice were resistant to HFD- and ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis. The hepatic triglyceride content of RGC32(-/-) mice was decreased significantly compared with WT controls even under normal chow conditions. Moreover, RGC-32 deficiency decreased the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). RGC-32 deficiency also decreased SCD1 activity, as indicated by decreased desaturase indices of the liver and serum. Mechanistically, insulin and ethanol induced RGC-32 expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which, in turn, increased SCD1 expression in a SREBP-1c-dependent manner. RGC-32 also promoted SREBP-1c expression through activating liver X receptor. These results demonstrate that RGC-32 contributes to the development of hepatic steatosis by facilitating de novo lipogenesis through activating liver X receptor, leading to the induction of SREBP-1c and its target genes. Therefore, RGC-32 may be a potential novel drug target for the treatment of hepatic steatosis and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Jun-Na Luan
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Medical University, Shiyan, 442000 Hubei, China
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19
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Sheldon RD, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Chronic NOS inhibition accelerates NAFLD progression in an obese rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G540-9. [PMID: 25573175 PMCID: PMC4360049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00247.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a serious health concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) via N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) would intensify liver injury in a rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, and NAFLD. Obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats received control or L-NAME (65-70 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1))-containing drinking water for 4 wk. L-NAME treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum NO metabolites and food intake in both groups. Remarkably, despite no increase in body weight, L-NAME treatment increased hepatic triacylglycerol content (+40%, P < 0.05) vs. control OLETF rats. This increase was associated with impaired (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. Interestingly, the opposite effect was found in LETO rats, where L-NAME increased (P < 0.05) hepatic mitochondrial state 3 respiration. In addition, L-NAME induced a shift toward proinflammatory M1 macrophage polarity, as indicated by elevated hepatic CD11c (P < 0.05) and IL-1β (P = 0.07) mRNA in OLETF rats and reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory M2 markers CD163 and CD206 (P < 0.05) in LETO rats. Markers of total macrophage content (CD68 and F4/80) mRNA were unaffected by L-NAME in either group. In conclusion, systemic NOS inhibition in the obese OLETF rats reduced hepatic mitochondrial respiration, increased hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, and increased hepatic inflammation. These findings suggest an important role for proper NO metabolism in the hepatic adaptation to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
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20
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Lu XG, Kang X, Zhou FQ, Wang XZ, Guo S, Fan ZW, Liang ZK, Yu J. Effects of pyruvate-enriched peritoneal dialysis solution on intestinal barrier in peritoneal resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Surg Res 2015; 193:368-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hematopoietic tissue factor-protease-activated receptor 2 signaling promotes hepatic inflammation and contributes to pathways of gluconeogenesis and steatosis in obese mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:524-35. [PMID: 25476527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Failure to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis is a major mechanism contributing to fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and, along with steatosis, is the hallmark of hepatic insulin resistance. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation in multiple tissues, and hepatic inflammation is mechanistically linked to both steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Here, we delineate a role for coagulation signaling via tissue factor (TF) and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in obesity-mediated hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and gluconeogenesis. In diet-induced obese mice, TF tail signaling independent of PAR2 drives CD11b(+)CD11c(+) hepatic macrophage recruitment, and TF-PAR2 signaling contributes to the accumulation of hepatic CD8(+) T cells. Transcripts of key pathways of gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammatory cytokines were reduced in high-fat diet-fed mice that lack the cytoplasmic domain of TF (F3) (TF(ΔCT)) or that are deficient in PAR2 (F2rl1), as well as by pharmacological inhibition of TF-PAR2 signaling in diet-induced obese mice. These gluconeogenic, lipogenic, and inflammatory pathway transcripts were similarly reduced in response to genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of TF-PAR2 signaling in hematopoietic cells and were mechanistically associated with activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These findings indicate that hematopoietic TF-PAR2 signaling plays a pivotal role in the hepatic inflammatory responses, steatosis, and hepatic insulin resistance that lead to systemic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity.
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22
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Li B, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Quan K, Lu Y, Cai D, Ning G. Aberrant miR199a-5p/caveolin1/PPARα axis in hepatic steatosis. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:393-403. [PMID: 25312970 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes, has dramatically increased globally during recent decades. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been suggested to play crucial roles in many complex diseases and lipid metabolism. Our results indicated that miR199a-5p was remarkably upregulated in free fatty acid (FA)-treated hepatocytes. To investigate the role of miR199a-5p in the pathogenesis of fatty liver and the potential mechanism by which miR199a-5p regulates NAFLD, we first transfected two hepatocyte cell lines, HepG2 and AML12 cells, with agomiR199a-5p or antagomiR199a-5p. Our results indicated that miR199a-5p overexpression exacerbated deposition of FA and inhibited ATP levels and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents. Consistently, suppression of miR199a-5p partially alleviated deposition of FA and increased ATP levels and mtDNA contents. Moreover, miR199a-5p suppressed the expression of mitochondrial FA β-oxidation-related genes through inhibition of caveolin1 (CAV1) and the related peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway. Furthermore, suppression of CAV1 gene expression by CAV1 siRNA inhibited the PPARα signalling pathway. Finally, we examined the expression of miR199a-5p in liver samples derived from mice fed a high-fat diet, db/db mice, ob/ob mice and NAFLD patients, and found that miR199a-5p was upregulated while CAV1 and PPARA were downregulated in these systems, which was strongly indicative of the essential role of miR199a-5p in NAFLD. In summary, miR199a-5p plays a vital role in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and mitochondrial β-oxidation in liver. Upregulated miR199a-5p in hepatocytes may contribute to impaired FA β-oxidation in mitochondria and aberrant lipid deposits, probably via CAV1 and the PPARα pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Huizhi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Kai Quan
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, ChinaDepartment of NeurosurgeryHuashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDepartment of Molecular PharmacologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Randriamboavonjy V, Fleming I. Energy and motion: AMP-activated protein kinase α1 and its role in platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:970-2. [PMID: 24738639 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Randriamboavonjy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signaling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wu C, Guo Y, Su Y, Zhang X, Luan H, Zhang X, Zhu H, He H, Wang X, Sun G, Sun X, Guo P, Zhu P. Cordycepin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via interaction with the γ1 subunit. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:293-304. [PMID: 24286368 PMCID: PMC3930416 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin is a bioactive component of the fungus Cordyceps militaris. Previously, we showed that cordycepin can alleviate hyperlipidemia through enhancing the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but the mechanism of this stimulation is unknown. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms of cordycepin-induced AMPK activation in HepG2 cells. Treatment with cordycepin largely reduced oleic acid (OA)-elicited intracellular lipid accumulation and increased AMPK activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin-induced AMPK activation was not accompanied by changes in either the intracellular levels of AMP or the AMP/ATP ratio, nor was it influenced by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibition; however, this activation was significantly suppressed by liver kinase B1 (LKB1) knockdown. Molecular docking, fluorescent and circular dichroism measurements showed that cordycepin interacted with the γ1 subunit of AMPK. Knockdown of AMPKγ1 by siRNA substantially abolished the effects of cordycepin on AMPK activation and lipid regulation. The modulating effects of cordycepin on the mRNA levels of key lipid regulatory genes were also largely reversed when AMPKγ1 expression was inhibited. Together, these data suggest that cordycepin may inhibit intracellular lipid accumulation through activation of AMPK via interaction with the γ1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhang X, Wu C, Wu H, Sheng L, Su Y, Zhang X, Luan H, Sun G, Sun X, Tian Y, Ji Y, Guo P, Xu X. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects and potential mechanisms of action of the caffeoylquinic acid-rich Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61922. [PMID: 23613974 PMCID: PMC3628350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is considered to be one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the prevalence and severity of cardiovascular diseases. In this work, we investigated the anti-hyperlipidemic effect and potential mechanism of action of the Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet (HFD). The n-butanol fraction of the P. tectorius fruit ethanol extract (PTF-b) was rich in caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). Administration of PTF-b for 4 weeks effectively decreased retroperitoneal fat and the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and hepatic TC and TG. The lipid signals (fatty acids, and cholesterol) in the liver as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were correspondingly reduced. Realtime quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA levels of PPARα and PPARα-regulated genes such as ACO, CPT1, LPL and HSL were largely enhanced by PTF-b. The transcription of LDLR, CYP7A1, and PPARγ was also upregulated. Treatment with PTF-b significantly stimulated the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as the activity of serum and hepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Together, these results suggest that administration of the PTF-b enriched in CQAs moderates hyperlipidemia and improves the liver lipid profile. These effects may be caused, at least in part, by increasing the expression of PPARα and its downstream genes and by upregulation of LPL and AMPK activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopo Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yan Su
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Research Centre on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Research Centre on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Luan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Research Centre on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yubin Ji
- Research Centre on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PG); (XX)
| | - Xudong Xu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PG); (XX)
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