1
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Jo MJ, Hwang SJ, Kwon HO, Kim JH, Shim SL, Park SJ. Korean Red Ginseng Extract Powder Mitigates Fasting And Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. J Med Food 2024. [PMID: 39263785 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar levels, causing complications. Red ginseng extract powder (RGEP) from Panax ginseng Meyer shows promise for diabetes treatment. However, its efficacy in managing T2DM remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of RGEP in a mouse model of T2DM. The efficacy of RGEP in treating T2DM was assessed in db/db mice. Mice were divided into seven groups: control, db/db, metformin, and RGEP at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Administered orally for 9 weeks, RGEP effects on glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity were assessed through various metabolic parameters. In addition, mRNA expression levels of genes associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity were examined. Fasting blood sugar showed a significant decrease in all RGEP concentration groups, but OGTT and insulin tolerance test showed a significant decrease at the RGEP concentration of 400 mg/kg, indicating enhanced glycemic control. Moreover, RGEP dose-dependently decreased serum glucose, HbA1c levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing insulin resistance in db/db mice. Furthermore, RGEP downregulated mRNA expression of key components in the gluconeogenesis pathway (G6Pase, FOXO1, GLUT4, and PEPCK), insulin sensitivity (leptin, insulin1, PTP1B, GLP-1, and DPP-4), and mitochondria energy metabolism (PGC1) in either the liver or pancreas, while simultaneously upregulating GLP-1 expression. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of RGEP as a complementary therapy for T2DM, indicating therapeutic efficacy in managing diabetic complications through improved metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Jo
- Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hwang
- Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ol Kwon
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Han Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Lye Shim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Manglani K, Anika NN, Patel D, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Sudan S, Alimohamed Z, Tiwari K. Correlation of Leptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e57667. [PMID: 38707092 PMCID: PMC11070180 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in diabetes mellitus (DM) poses serious public health concerns. In this review, we focus on the role of leptin in type 2 DM. The peripheral actions of leptin consist of upregulating proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Moreover, leptin is known to inhibit insulin secretion and plays a significant role in insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 DM. A literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar for relevant articles published until December 2023. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: "Diabetes Mellitus," "Leptin," "NPY," and "Biomarker." This article aims to discuss the physiology of leptin in type 2 DM, its glucoregulatory actions, its relationship with appetite, the impact that various lifestyle modifications can have on leptin levels, and, finally, explore leptin as a potential target for various treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajol Manglani
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dhriti Patel
- Medicine and Surgery, B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Medicine and Surgery, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, IND
| | - Sourav Sudan
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Rajouri, Rajouri, IND
| | - Zainab Alimohamed
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, USA
| | - Kripa Tiwari
- Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
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3
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Zhao S, Lin Q, Xiong W, Li L, Straub L, Zhang D, Zapata R, Zhu Q, Sun XN, Zhang Z, Funcke JB, Li C, Chen S, Zhu Y, Jiang N, Li G, Xu Z, Wyler SC, Wang MY, Bai J, Han X, Kusminski CM, Zhang N, An Z, Elmquist JK, Osborn O, Liu C, Scherer PE. Hyperleptinemia contributes to antipsychotic drug-associated obesity and metabolic disorders. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade8460. [PMID: 37992151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade8460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high degree of effectiveness in the management of psychiatric conditions, exposure to antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine and risperidone, is frequently associated with substantial weight gain and the development of diabetes. Even before weight gain, a rapid rise in circulating leptin concentrations can be observed in most patients taking antipsychotic drugs. To date, the contribution of this hyperleptinemia to weight gain and metabolic deterioration has not been defined. Here, with an established mouse model that recapitulates antipsychotic drug-induced obesity and insulin resistance, we not only confirm that hyperleptinemia occurs before weight gain but also demonstrate that hyperleptinemia contributes directly to the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. By suppressing the rise in leptin through the use of a monoclonal leptin-neutralizing antibody, we effectively prevented weight gain, restored glucose tolerance, and preserved adipose tissue and liver function in antipsychotic drug-treated mice. Mechanistically, suppressing excess leptin resolved local tissue and systemic inflammation typically associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. We conclude that hyperleptinemia is a key contributor to antipsychotic drug-associated weight gain and metabolic deterioration. Leptin suppression may be an effective approach to reducing the undesirable side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Li
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leon Straub
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dinghong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rizaldy Zapata
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xue-Nan Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Sheng 430072, China
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatric, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nisi Jiang
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Guannan Li
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ziying Xu
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Steven C Wyler
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juli Bai
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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4
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Gavin KM, Sullivan TM, Maltzahn JK, Jackman MR, Libby AE, MacLean PS, Kohrt WM, Majka SM, Klemm DJ. Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Adipocytes Modulate Adipose Tissue Cellularity, Leptin Production and Insulin Responsiveness in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:844877. [PMID: 35721743 PMCID: PMC9203959 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.844877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of adipocytes in the major adipose depots of mice is produced from hematopoietic stem cells rather than mesenchymal progenitors that are the source of conventional white and brown/beige adipocytes. To analyze the impact of hematopoietic stem cell-derived adipocytes (HSCDAs) in the adipose niche we transplanted HSCs in which expression of a diphtheria toxin gene was under the control of the adipocyte-specific adiponectin gene promoter into irradiated wild type recipients. Thus, only adipocytes produced from HSC would be ablated while conventional white and brown adipocytes produced from mesenchymal progenitor cells would be spared. Wild type mice transplanted with HSCs from mice containing a reporter gene, but not the diphtheria toxin gene, regulated by the adiponectin gene promoter served as controls. In mice in which HSCDA production was suppressed, adipocyte size declined while adipose depot weights were unchanged and the number of conventional adipocyte progenitors significantly increased. We also measured a paradoxical increase in circulating leptin levels while physical activity was significantly decreased in the HSCDA depleted mice. Finally, insulin sensitivity was significantly reduced in HSCDA depleted mice. In contrast, loss of HSCDA production had no effect on body weight, components of energy balance, or levels of several circulating adipokines and tissue-resident inflammatory cells. These data indicate that ablation of this low-abundance subpopulation of adipocytes is associated with changes in circulating leptin levels and leptin-regulated endpoints associated with adipose tissue function. How they do so remains a mystery, but our results highlight the need for additional studies to explore the role of HSCDAs in other physiologic contexts such as obesity, metabolic dysfunction or loss of sex hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gavin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy M. Sullivan
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joanne K. Maltzahn
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew E. Libby
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Wendy M. Kohrt
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Nomura H, Son C, Aotani D, Shimizu Y, Katsuura G, Noguchi M, Kusakabe T, Tanaka T, Miyazawa T, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Impaired leptin responsiveness in the nucleus accumbens of leptin-overexpressing transgenic mice with dysregulated sucrose and lipid preference independent of obesity. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:94-102. [PMID: 34971637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While hypothalamic leptin resistance can occur prior to establishment of obesity, clarification is needed as to whether the impaired response to leptin in the reward-related nuclei occurs independently of obesity. To answer this question, we attempted to dissociate the normally coexisting leptin resistance from obesity. We investigated phenotypes of leptin-overexpressing transgenic mice fed for 1 week with 60 % high-fat diet (HFD) (LepTg-HFD1W mice). After 1 week, we observed that LepTg-HFD1W mice weighed as same as wild type (WT) mice fed standard chow diet (CD) for 1 week (WT-CD1W mice). However, compared to WT-CD1W mice, LepTg-HFD1W mice exhibited attenuated leptin-induced anorexia, decreased leptin-induced c-fos immunostaining in nucleus accumbens (NAc), one of important site of reward system, decreased leptin-stimulated pSTAT3 immunostaining in hypothalamus. Furthermore, neither sucrose nor lipid preference was suppressed by leptin in LepTg-HFD1W mice. On the contrary, leptin significantly suppressed both preferences in WT mice fed HFD (WT-HFD1 W mice). These results indicate that leptin responsiveness decreases in NAc independently of obesity. Additionally, in this situation, suppressive effect of leptin on the hedonic feeding results in impaired regulation. Such findings suggest the impaired leptin responsiveness in NAc partially contributes to dysregulated hedonic feeding behavior independently of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenari Nomura
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cheol Son
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Aotani
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shimizu
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Human Health and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuura
- Department of Social and Behavioral Medicine, Division of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michio Noguchi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazawa
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Department of Human Health and Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Tanaka T, Kusakabe T, Ebihara K, Aizawa-Abe M, Aotani D, Yorifuji T, Satoh M, Ogawa Y, Nakao K. Practice guideline for lipodystrophy syndromes-clinically important diseases of the Japan Endocrine Society (JES). Endocr J 2021; 68:1027-1042. [PMID: 34373417 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0431, Japan
| | - Megumi Aizawa-Abe
- Tazuke Kofukai, Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aotani
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tohru Yorifuji
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Mari Satoh
- Pediatrics Center, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 821-8582, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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7
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Skowronski AA, LeDuc CA, Foo KS, Goffer Y, Burnett LC, Egli D, Leibel RL. Physiological consequences of transient hyperleptinemia during discrete developmental periods on body weight in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/524/eaax6629. [PMID: 31894105 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a role in central nervous system developmental programs and intercurrent physiological processes related to body fat regulation. The timing and neuromolecular mechanisms for these effects are relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Factors implicated in a body weight "set point" including dietary fat, circulating leptin, and other adipokines tend to covary with adiposity and are difficult to disarticulate experimentally. To dissociate leptin effects from adiposity and diet, we created a transgenic mouse in which leptin expression is regulated by doxycycline exposure. Using this system, we investigated the physiological consequences of developmentally-timed transient hyperleptinemia on subsequent adiposity. We evaluated physiological effects of leptin elevation during adulthood (9 to 29 weeks old), "adolescence" (3 to 8 weeks old), and the immediate postnatal period [postnatal days 0 to 22 (P0 to P22)] on long-term adiposity and susceptibility to gain weight on high-fat diet (HFD) fed ad libitum. We found that inducing chronic hyperleptinemia in adult or "adolescent" mice did not alter body weight when excess leptin was discontinued, and upon later exposure to HFD, weight gain did not differ from controls. However, transient elevation of circulating leptin from P0 to P22 increased weight and fat gain in response to HFD, indicating greater susceptibility to obesity as adults. Thus, transient plasma leptin elevations-mimicking one aspect of transient adiposity-increased later susceptibility to diet-induced obesity, although these effects were restricted to a critical developmental (P0 to P22) time window. These findings may have clinical implications for weight management in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja A Skowronski
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kylie S Foo
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yossef Goffer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lisa C Burnett
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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8
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Nano Chromium Picolinate Improves Gene Expression Associated with Insulin Signaling in Porcine Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091685. [PMID: 32961883 PMCID: PMC7552722 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary chromium has been shown to reduce fat deposition and improve insulin action whereas dietary fat can increase fat deposition and cause insulin resistance. This study found that dietary nanoparticles of chromium picolinate, an organic form of chromium, caused changes in the genes involved in insulin action in both muscle and fat tissue that indicated improved insulin action. Conversely, a moderate increase in dietary fat caused changes consistent with increased fat deposition and reduced insulin action. In conclusion, nanoparticles of chromium picolinate offer a means of supplementing pigs diets to improve growth performance and carcass composition. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of dietary nano chromium picolinate (nCrPic) and dietary fat on genes involved in insulin signaling in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of pigs. Forty-eight gilts were stratified on body weight into four blocks of four pens of three pigs and then within each block each pen was randomly allocated to four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The respective factors were dietary fat (22 or 57 g/kg) and dietary nCrPic (0 or 400 ppb nCrPic) fed for six weeks. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from the Longissimus thoracis and subcutaneous adipose tissue collected from above this muscle. Dietary nCrPic increased adiponectin, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) mRNA expression, whereas dietary fat decreased adiponectin and increased leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) mRNA expression in adipose tissue. In skeletal muscle, dietary nCrPic increased phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), AKT, UCP3 and interleukin-15 (IL-15), as well as decreased suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA expression. The improvement in insulin signaling and muscle mass and the reduction in carcass fatness by dietary nCrPic may be via decreased SOCS3 and increased UCP3 and IL-15 in skeletal muscle and increased adiponectin in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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9
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Abstract
The successful use of leptin for the treatment of individuals with lipodystrophy and leptin deficiency is well established. However, pharmacological approaches of leptin therapy for the treatment of diet-induced obesity have been ineffective. There is ample room for a better understanding of the much famed "leptin resistance" phenomenon. Our recent data in this area prompt us to call for a conceptual shift. This shift entails a model in which a reduction of bioactive leptin levels in the context of obesity triggers a high degree of leptin sensitization and improved leptin action, both centrally and peripherally. Put another way, hyperleptinemia per se causes leptin resistance and associated metabolic disorders. In this perspective, we briefly discuss the underlying conceptual steps that led us to explore partial leptin reduction as a viable therapeutic avenue. We hope this discussion will contribute to potential future applications of partial leptin reduction therapy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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10
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Zhao S, Li N, Zhu Y, Straub L, Zhang Z, Wang MY, Zhu Q, Kusminski CM, Elmquist JK, Scherer PE. Partial leptin deficiency confers resistance to diet-induced obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100995. [PMID: 32289482 PMCID: PMC7229277 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyperleptinemia per se is sufficient to promote leptin resistance in the obese state. Leptin sensitivity can be restored by reducing circulating leptin levels within a physiologically healthy range and is a viable antiobesity and antidiabetic strategy. However, a previous study suggests that partial leptin deficiency favors diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders in mice, arguing that a lower leptin level may indeed promote diet-induced obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Here, we aim to elucidate what the impact of partial leptin deficiency is on fat mass and insulin sensitivity. Methods We used two different mouse models of partial leptin deficiency: an adipocyte-specific congenital heterozygous leptin knockout mouse line (LepHZ) and the well-established whole body heterozygous leptin knockout mouse (OBHZ). The metabolic studies of OBHZ and LepHZ mice were performed both on normal carbohydrate-rich chow diet and on a high-fat diet (HFD). Male and female mice were included in the study to account for sex-specific differences. Body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were tested. Histology of adipose tissue and liver tissue allowed insights into adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic triglyceride content. Immunohistochemistry was paired with RT-PCR analysis for expression levels of inflammatory markers. Results Both OBHZ and LepHZ mice displayed reduced circulating leptin levels on the chow diet and HFD. On chow diet, male OBHZ and LepHZ mice showed elevated fat mass and body weight, while their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity remained unchanged. However, the inability in partially leptin-deficient mice to fully induce circulating leptin during the development of diet-induced obesity results in reduced food intake and leaner mice with lower body weight compared to their littermate controls. Importantly, a strong reduction of adipose tissue inflammation is observed along with improvements in insulin sensitivity and enhanced glucose tolerance. Additionally, partial leptin deficiency protects the mice from fatty liver and liver fibrosis. Chronically HFD-fed OBHZ and LepHZ mice remain more sensitive to exogenous leptin injection, as reflected by their reduced food intake upon an acute leptin treatment. Conclusion In response to HFD feeding, the inability to upregulate leptin levels due to partial leptin deficiency protects mice from diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Thus, in an obesogenic environment, maintaining lower leptin levels is highly beneficial for both obesity and diabetes management. Chronic leptin reduction represents a viable preventive strategy whose efficacy awaits clinical testing. Partial leptin deficiency protects from diet-induced obesity. Reduced leptin protects from diet-induced obesity independent of sex. Reduction of circulating leptin levels inhibits HFD-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Partial leptin deficiency confers resistance to HFD-induced liver fibrosis. Partial leptin deficiency enhances leptin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leon Straub
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Fukaishi T, Minami I, Masuda S, Miyachi Y, Tsujimoto K, Izumiyama H, Hashimoto K, Yoshida M, Takahashi S, Kashimada K, Morio T, Kosaki K, Maezawa Y, Yokote K, Yoshimoto T, Yamada T. A case of generalized lipodystrophy-associated progeroid syndrome treated by leptin replacement with short and long-term monitoring of the metabolic and endocrine profiles. Endocr J 2020; 67:211-218. [PMID: 31708526 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a case of a 28-year-old man with generalized lipodystrophy-associated progeroid syndrome treated by leptin replacement. He showed symptoms of generalized lipodystrophy around onset of puberty. His body mass index was 11.9 kg/m2, and he had a short stature, birdlike facies, dental crowding due to micrognathia, partial graying and loss of hair, and a high-pitched voice, all of which are typical features of the progeroid syndrome. Laboratory examinations and abdominal ultrasonography revealed diabetes mellitus, insulin-resistance, dyslipidemia, decreased serum leptin levels (2.2 ng/mL), elevated serum hepatobiliary enzyme levels and fatty liver. Whole exome sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous LMNA p.T10I mutation, indicating generalized lipodystrophy-associated progeroid syndrome, which is a newly identified subtype of atypical progeroid syndrome characterized by severe metabolic abnormalities. Daily injection of metreleptin [1.2 mg (0.04 mg/kg)/day] was started. Metreleptin treatment significantly improved his diabetes from HbA1c 11.0% to 5.4% in six months. It also elevated serum testosterone levels. Elevated serum testosterone levels persisted even 1 year after the initiation of metreleptin treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Japanese case report of generalized lipodystrophy-associated progeroid syndrome. Furthermore, we evaluated short and long-term effectiveness of leptin replacement on generalized lipodystrophy by monitoring metabolic and endocrine profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fukaishi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Minami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Seizaburo Masuda
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tsujimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Izumiyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Center for Medical Welfare and Liaison Services, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Preemptive Medicine and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Hematology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Division of Medical Genetics, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sayako Takahashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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12
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Ramasubramanian B, Reddy PH. Are TallyHo Mice A True Mouse Model for Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:S81-S93. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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13
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Wang Q, Mu H, Shen H, Gu Z, Liu D, Yang M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Mai K. Comparative analysis of glucose metabolism responses of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea fed diet with fish oil and palm oil. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1603-1614. [PMID: 31054044 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of dietary fatty acid compositions on glucose metabolism, large yellow croaker juveniles Larimichthys crocea (initial weight, 36.80 ± 0.39 g) were fed with two experiment diets for 12 weeks. The two diets contained 6.5% of fish oil (FO) and palm oil (PO), respectively. Results showed that the contents of saturated fatty acids in liver and muscle, levels of glucose, triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and leptin in blood were significantly higher in PO group, while the hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood insulin and adiponectin levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the FO group, the expressions of glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase (GYS), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), insulin receptor 1 (IR1), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS2), and protein kinase B (AKT2) were significantly decreased, and the expressions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver were significantly increased in the PO group. Meanwhile, the expressions of GK, phosphofructokinase, GYS, GLUT4, and insulin receptor 2 (IR2) were significantly reduced, and the expressions PEPCK, fructose-1 and 6-diphosphatase in muscle were significantly increased in the PO group. In conclusion, palm oil in diet could inhibit the utilization of glucose and promote the endogenous glucose production in large yellow croaker by reducing the sensitivity of insulin, so as to increase the blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hua Mu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haohao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhixiang Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mengxi Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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NAKAO K. Translational science: Newly emerging science in biology and medicine - Lessons from translational research on the natriuretic peptide family and leptin. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:538-567. [PMID: 31708497 PMCID: PMC6856003 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Translation is the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic, and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the public, ranging from diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes. Translational research is defined as the effort to traverse a particular step of the translation process for a particular target or disease. Translational science is a newly emerging science, distinct from basic and clinical sciences in biology and medicine, and is a field of investigation focused on understanding the scientific and operational principles underlying each step of the translational process. Advances in translational science will increase the efficacy and safety of translational research in all diagnostic and therapeutic areas. This report examines translational research on novel hormones, the natriuretic peptide family and leptin, which have achieved clinical applications or for which studies are still ongoing, and also emphasizes the lessons that translational science has learned from more than 30 years' experience in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuwa NAKAO
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Napso T, Yong HEJ, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 30174608 PMCID: PMC6108594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and metabolic systems of the mother. Failure to appropriately adjust maternal physiology to the pregnant state may result in pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes and abnormal birth weight, which can further lead to a range of medically significant complications for the mother and baby. The placenta, which forms the functional interface separating the maternal and fetal circulations, is important for mediating adaptations in maternal physiology. It secretes a plethora of hormones into the maternal circulation which modulate her physiology and transfers the oxygen and nutrients available to the fetus for growth. Among these placental hormones, the prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids and neuropeptides play critical roles in driving maternal physiological adaptations during pregnancy. This review examines the changes that occur in maternal physiology in response to pregnancy and the significance of placental hormone production in mediating such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Napso
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Nicholson T, Church C, Baker DJ, Jones SW. The role of adipokines in skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin sensitivity. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29760587 PMCID: PMC5944154 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background There is currently an unmet clinical need to develop better pharmacological treatments to improve glucose handling in Type II Diabetes patients with obesity. To this end, determining the effect of obesity-associated adipokines on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity has emerged as an important area of drug discovery research. This review draws together the data on the functional role of adipokines on skeletal muscle insulin signalling, highlights several understudied novel adipokines and provides a perspective on the direction of future research. Main body The adipokines leptin, resistin, visfatin and adiponectin have all been shown to affect skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by impacting on the activity of components within insulin signalling pathways, affecting GLUT4 translocation and modulating insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the adipose tissue secretome has recently identified several novel adipokines including vaspin, chemerin and pref-1 that are associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans and functionally impact on insulin signalling pathways. However, predominantly, these functional findings are the result of studies in rodents, with in vitro studies utilising either rat L6 or murine C2C12 myoblasts and/or myotubes. Despite the methodology to isolate and culture human myoblasts and to differentiate them into myotubes being established, the use of human muscle in vitro models for the functional validation of adipokines on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is limited. Conclusion Understanding the mechanism of action and function of adipokines in mediating insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, to date, studies conducted in human skeletal muscle cells and tissues are limited. Such human in vitro studies should be prioritised in order to reduce the risk of candidate drugs failing in the clinic due to the assumption that rodent skeletal muscle target validation studies will to translate to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nicholson
- 1MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB UK
| | - Chris Church
- 2MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH UK
| | - David J Baker
- 2MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH UK
| | - Simon W Jones
- 1MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB UK.,3Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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17
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Zhang WX, Li YP, Fan J, Chen HJ, Li GL, Ouyang YQ, Yan YE. Perinatal nicotine exposure increases obesity susceptibility by peripheral leptin resistance in adult female rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2018; 283:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Romualdi D, Immediata V, De Cicco S, Tagliaferri V, Lanzone A. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:644-653. [PMID: 28874103 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117728803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several peripheral and central signals are involved in the sophisticated regulation of food intake. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are prone to consume a diet higher in saturated fat and foods with high glycemic index and show impaired appetite regulation and measures of satiety. As a consequence, obesity, mostly of the central type, is prevalent in the syndrome and worsens the endocrine and metabolic profile of the affected patients. This review article briefly analyzes the current knowledge about the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the interplay between feeding behavior, obesity, and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Romualdi
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Immediata
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona De Cicco
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Tagliaferri
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanzone
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Aotani D, Ariyasu H, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Shimizu Y, Nomura H, Murofushi Y, Kaneko K, Izumi R, Matsubara M, Kanda H, Noguchi M, Tanaka T, Kusakabe T, Miyazawa T, Nakao K. Development of ghrelin transgenic mice for elucidation of clinical implication of ghrelin. Endocr J 2017; 64:S31-S33. [PMID: 28652541 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.64.s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the clinical implication of ghrelin, we have been trying to generate variable models of transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing ghrelin. We generated Tg mice overexpressing des-acyl ghrelin in a wide variety of tissues under the control of β-actin promoter. While plasma des-acyl ghrelin level in the Tg mice was 44-fold greater than that of control mice, there was no differences in the plasma ghrelin level between des-acyl ghrelin Tg and the control mice. The des-acyl ghrelin Tg mice exhibited the lower body weight and the shorter body length due to modulation of GH-IGF-1 axis. We tried to generate Tg mice expressing a ghrelin analog, which possessed ghrelin-like activity (Trp3-ghrelin Tg mice). The plasma Trp3-ghrelin concentration in Trp3-ghrelin Tg mice was approximately 85-fold higher than plasma ghrelin (acylated ghrelin) concentration seen in the control mice. Because Trp3-ghrelin is approximately 24-fold less potent than ghrelin, the plasma Trp3-ghrelin concentration in Trp3-ghrelin Tg mice was calculated to have approximately 3.5-fold biological activity greater than that of ghrelin (acylated ghrelin) in the control mice. Trp3-ghrelin Tg mice did not show any phenotypes except for reduced insulin sensitivity in 1-year old. After the identification of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), we generated doubly Tg mice overexpressing both mouse des-acyl ghrelin and mouse GOAT in the liver by cross-mating the two kinds of Tg mice. The plasma ghrelin concentration of doubly Tg mice was approximately 2-fold higher than that of the control mice. No apparent phenotypic changes in body weight and food intake were observed in doubly Tg mice. Further studies are ongoing in our laboratory to generate Tg mice with the increased plasma ghrelin level to a greater extent. The better understanding of physiological and pathophysiological significance of ghrelin from experiments using an excellent animal model may provide a new therapeutic approach for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aotani
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shimizu
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenari Nomura
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Murofushi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Izumi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsubara
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Kanda
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Noguchi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazawa
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Tu J, Cheung WW, Mak RH. Inflammation and nutrition in children with chronic kidney disease. World J Nephrol 2016; 5:274-282. [PMID: 27152263 PMCID: PMC4848150 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and nutritional imbalance are important comorbid conditions that correlate with poor clinical outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nutritional disorders such as cachexia/protein energy wasting, obesity and growth retardation negatively impact the quality of life and disease progression in children with CKD. Inadequate nutrition has been associated with growth disturbances in children with CKD. On the other hand, over-nutrition and obesity are associated with poor outcomes in children with CKD. The exact mechanisms leading to these unfavorable conditions are not fully elucidated and are most likely multifactorial. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of nutrition disorders and inflammation and their impact on clinical outcomes in children with CKD.
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Cardoso RC, Veiga-Lopez A, Moeller J, Beckett E, Pease A, Keller E, Madrigal V, Chazenbalk G, Dumesic D, Padmanabhan V. Developmental Programming: Impact of Gestational Steroid and Metabolic Milieus on Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity in Prenatal Testosterone-Treated Female Sheep. Endocrinology 2016; 157:522-35. [PMID: 26650569 PMCID: PMC4733129 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatally testosterone (T)-treated sheep present metabolic disruptions similar to those seen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. These females exhibit an increased ratio of small to large adipocytes, which may be the earliest event in the development of adult insulin resistance. Additionally, our longitudinal studies suggest the existence of a period of compensatory adaptation during development. This study tested whether 1) in utero cotreatment of prenatally T-treated sheep with androgen antagonist (flutamide) or insulin sensitizer (rosiglitazone) prevents juvenile insulin resistance and adult changes in adipocyte size; and 2) visceral adiposity and insulin sensitivity are both unaltered during early adulthood, confirming the predicted developmental trajectory in this animal model. Insulin sensitivity was tested during juvenile development and adipose tissue distribution, adipocyte size, and concentrations of adipokines were determined during early adulthood. Prenatal T-treated females manifested juvenile insulin resistance, which was prevented by prenatal rosiglitazone cotreatment. Neither visceral adiposity nor insulin sensitivity differed between groups during early adulthood. Prenatal T-treated sheep presented an increase in the relative proportion of small adipocytes, which was not substantially prevented by either prenatal intervention. A large effect size was observed for increased leptin concentrations in prenatal T-treated sheep compared with controls, which was prevented by prenatal rosiglitazone. In conclusion, gestational alterations in insulin-glucose homeostasis likely play a role in programming insulin resistance, but not adipocyte size distribution, in prenatal T-treated sheep. Furthermore, these results support the notion that a period of compensatory adaptation of the metabolic system to prenatal T exposure occurs between puberty and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo C Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jacob Moeller
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Evan Beckett
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anthony Pease
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Erica Keller
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Vanessa Madrigal
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gregorio Chazenbalk
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daniel Dumesic
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics (R.C.C., A.V.-L., J.M., E.B., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (A.P.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.K., V.M., G.C., D.D.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Hyperleptinemia suppresses aggravation of arthritis of collagen-antibody-induced arthritis in mice. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:1106-13. [PMID: 26293802 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipocytokine produced by adipocytes and controlling body weight. It is unclear whether leptin works as a proinflammatory or an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We investigated the effects of hyperleptinemia on leptin transgenic (LepTg) mice in terms of cartilage destruction, bone destruction, joint synovitis, and serum cytokine levels by using a mouse model of collagen-antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). METHODS CAIA was induced for female age-matched 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 J control mice and LepTg mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg of a combination of monoclonal antibody specific for type II collagen on day 0 and 12.5 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 3. Clinical evaluation of arthritis was monitored for 14 days, and hind paws were examined clinically and histologically. Serum cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also analyzed on days 0 and 5. Moreover, THP-1 cells, which are human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient, were cultured and differentiated into macrophages. The effects of leptin on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-6 were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Serum leptin concentrations were approximately ninefold higher in LepTg mice (62.0 ± 20.7 ng/ml) than in control mice (7.2 ± 0.5 ng/ml). Severity of clinical paw swelling, arthritis score, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage damage were suppressed in LepTg mice with CAIA. Although serum cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-10 and TNF-α showed no significant changes in two mice, serum levels of IL-6 in LepTg mice were suppressed at day 5. Moreover, in vitro study showed that IL-6 elevation following LPS exposure in THP-1 cells was suppressed with high leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that hyperleptinemia suppress IL-6 responses and progression of joint inflammation. Leptin may play an anti-inflammatory role under hyperleptinemia.
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Shi D, Liu YY, Li W, Zhang X, Sun XJ, Xu L, Zhang L, Chen ZB, Meng HX. Association between plasma leptin level and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with aggressive periodontitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:528-32. [PMID: 25673458 PMCID: PMC4836259 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence supports an association between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Leptin is involved both in the energy metabolism and inflammatory processes and is suggested to be a link between periodontal infection and systemic health. The present study aimed to evaluate the peripheral leptin concentration in patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and to explore the relationship between leptin and systemic inflammation. Methods: Ninety patients with AgP visiting the Clinic of the Periodontology Department, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology between July 2001 and May 2006, and 44 healthy controls (staff and student volunteers in the same institute) were recruited. Plasma levels of leptin and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to analyze the association between plasma leptin level and other variables. Results: Plasma leptin level of AgP group was significantly higher than that of the control group (19.7 ± 4.4 ng/ml vs. 7.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml, P < 0.01). After controlling for age, gender, and body mass index, positive correlation was observed between plasma leptin concentration and log-transformed levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP), and the partial correlation coefficients ranged from 0.199 to 0.376 (P < 0.05). Log-transformed IL-1β and IL-6 levels entered the final regression model (standardized β were 0.422 and 0.461 respectively, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Elevated plasma leptin concentration may be associated with increased systemic levels of inflammatory markers in AgP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huan-Xin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Sakai T, Kusakabe T, Ebihara K, Aotani D, Yamamoto-Kataoka S, Zhao M, Gumbilai VMJ, Ebihara C, Aizawa-Abe M, Yamamoto Y, Noguchi M, Fujikura J, Hosoda K, Inagaki N, Nakao K. Leptin restores the insulinotropic effect of exenatide in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E712-9. [PMID: 25159327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Leptin may reduce pancreatic lipid deposition, which increases with progression of obesity and can impair β-cell function. The insulinotropic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonist are reduced associated with impaired β-cell function. In this study, we examined whether leptin could restore the efficacy of exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, in type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity. We chronically administered leptin (500 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹) and/or exenatide (20 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹) for 2 wk in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diet (STZ/HFD mice). The STZ/HFD mice exhibited hyperglycemia, overweight, increased pancreatic triglyceride level, and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS); moreover, the insulinotropic effect of exenatide was reduced. However, leptin significantly reduced pancreatic triglyceride level, and adding leptin to exenatide (LEP/EX) remarkably enhanced GSIS. These results suggested that the leptin treatment restored the insulinotropic effect of exenatide in the mice. In addition, LEP/EX reduced food intake, body weight, and triglyceride levels in the skeletal muscle and liver, and corrected hyperglycemia to a greater extent than either monotherapy. The pair-feeding experiment indicated that the marked reduction of pancreatic triglyceride level and enhancement of GSIS by LEP/EX occurred via mechanisms other than calorie restriction. These results suggest that leptin treatment may restore the insulinotropic effect of exenatide associated with the reduction of pancreatic lipid deposition in type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity. Combination therapy with leptin and exenatide could be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Sakai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Daisuke Aotani
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamamoto-Kataoka
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Ebihara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Aizawa-Abe
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Noguchi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Fujikura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Human Health Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
The hyperphagia, low sympathetic nervous system tone, and decreased circulating concentrations of bioactive thyroid hormones that are common to states of congenital leptin deficiency and hypoleptinemia following and during weight loss suggest that the major physiological function of leptin is to signal states of negative energy balance and decreased energy stores. In weight-reduced humans, these phenotypes together with pronounced hypometabolism and increased parasympathetic nervous system tone create the optimal circumstance for weight regain. Based on the weight loss induced by leptin administration in states of leptin deficiency (obese) and observed similarity of phenotypes in states of congenital and dietary-induced states of hypoleptinemia (reduced obese), it has been suggested that exogenous leptin could potentially be useful in initiating, promoting, and sustaining weight reduction. However, the responses of human beings to exogenous leptin administration are dependent not only on extant energy stores but also on energy balance. Leptin administration to humans at usual weight has little, if any, effect on body weight while leptin administration during weight loss mitigates hunger, especially if given in supraphysiological doses during severe caloric restriction. Leptin repletion is most effective following weight loss by dietary restriction. In this state of weight stability but reduced energy stores, leptin at least partially reverses many of the metabolic, autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral adaptations that favor weight regain. The major physiological function of leptin is to signal states of negative energy balance and decreased energy stores. Leptin, and pharmacotherapies affecting leptin signaling pathways, is likely to be most useful in sustaining weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartments of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 6th Floor, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartments of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 6th Floor, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Fujita Y, Fujii T, Mimori T, Sato T, Nakamura T, Iwao H, Nakajima A, Miki M, Sakai T, Kawanami T, Tanaka M, Masaki Y, Fukushima T, Okazaki T, Umehara H. Deficient leptin signaling ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus lesions in MRL/Mp-Fas lpr mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:979-84. [PMID: 24391210 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is secreted by adipocytes, the placenta, and the stomach. It not only controls appetite through leptin receptors in the hypothalamus, it also regulates immunity. In the current study, we produced leptin-deficient MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice to investigate the potential role of leptin in autoimmunity. C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice were backcrossed with MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice, which develop human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like lesions. The effects of leptin deficiency on various SLE-like manifestations were investigated in MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice. The regulatory T cell population in the spleen was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the effects of leptin on regulatory T cells and Th17 cells were evaluated in vitro. Compared with leptin-producing MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice, leptin-deficient MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice showed less marked splenomegaly and a particularly low population of CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-)B220(+) T cells (lpr cells). Their serum concentrations of Abs to dsDNA were lower, and renal histological changes at age 20 wk were ameliorated. Regulatory T cells were increased in the spleens of leptin-deficient MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice. Leptin suppressed regulatory T cells and enhanced Th17 cells in vitro. In conclusion, blockade of leptin signaling may be of therapeutic benefit in patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Fujita
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Masuda S, Tanaka T, Masuzaki H, Nakao K, Taguchi S. Overexpression of Leptin Reduces the Ratio of Glycolytic to Oxidative Enzymatic Activities without Changing Muscle Fiber Types in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:169-73. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Masuda
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Hiroaki Masuzaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Sadayoshi Taguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
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Arch JRS, Trayhurn P. Detection of thermogenesis in rodents in response to anti-obesity drugs and genetic modification. Front Physiol 2013; 4:64. [PMID: 23580228 PMCID: PMC3619105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds and genetic manipulations are claimed to confer resistance to obesity in rodents by raising energy expenditure. Examples taken from recent and older literature, demonstrate that such claims are often based on measurements of energy expenditure after body composition has changed, and depend on comparisons of energy expenditure divided by body weight. This is misleading because white adipose tissue has less influence than lean tissue on energy expenditure. Application of this approach to human data would suggest that human obesity is usually due to a low metabolic rate, which is not an accepted view. Increased energy expenditure per animal is a surer way of demonstrating thermogenesis, but even then it is important to know whether this is due to altered body composition (repartitioning), or increased locomotor activity rather than thermogenesis per se. Regression analysis offers other approaches. The thermogenic response to some compounds has a rapid onset and so cannot be due to altered body composition. These compounds usually mimic or activate the sympathetic nervous system. Thermogenesis occurs in, but may not be confined to, brown adipose tissue. It should not be assumed that weight loss in response to these treatments is due to thermogenesis unless there is a sustained increase in 24-h energy expenditure. Thyroid hormones and fibroblast growth factor 21 also raise energy expenditure before they affect body composition. Some treatments and genetic modifications alter the diurnal rhythm of energy expenditure. It is important to establish whether this is due to altered locomotor activity or efficiency of locomotion. There are no good examples of compounds that do not affect short-term energy expenditure but have a delayed effect. How and under what conditions a genetic modification or compound increases energy expenditure influences the decision on whether to seek drugs for the target or take a candidate drug into clinical studies.
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Gunta SS, Mak RH. Ghrelin and leptin pathophysiology in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:611-6. [PMID: 23229444 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone with additional effects on the regulation of inflammation and the cardiovascular system. It may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cachexia/protein-energy wasting (PEW), inflammation and cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are three circulating gene products of ghrelin, namely, acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin, each with individual distinct functions. Perturbations of these circulating ghrelin proteins impact the overall milieu of CKD. Leptin is an anorexigenic hormone which is secreted from the adipocytes and interacts with ghrelin and other appetite-regulating hormones. Leptin also plays a role in regulating inflammation and the cardiovascular system. Indeed, ghrelin and leptin may play yin-and-yang roles in CKD pathophysiology. Clinical trials involving the use of the mimetics or antagonists of these hormones are limited to short-term phase I/II studies. Further understanding of their interactions in CKD pathophysiology is needed for potential large-scale clinical trials, which may impact the quality of life and survival of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujana S Gunta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
To understand the chronic effects of ghrelin, genetically engineered mouse models would be useful. Early studies, however, suggested that it was challenging to generate ghrelin gain-of-activity models by standard procedures. Although several groups have been trying to generate transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing ghrelin, almost all these animals produced only des-acyl ghrelin rather than acylated ghrelin. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism for the fatty acid modification in ghrelin, many researchers have been seeking an enzyme that would catalyze the acylation of ghrelin with an octanoic acid. In 2008, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) was identified at last, and thereafter double-Tg mice overexpressing ghrelin and GOAT were generated by Kirchner et al. On the other hand, we have succeeded in generating Tg mice overexpressing Trp(3)-ghrelin, a ghrelin analog that does not require posttranscriptional modification with GOAT for activity. These ghrelin gain-of-activity models are useful tools for evaluating the long-term pathophysiological and/or pharmacological effects of ghrelin or ghrelin analogs and provide insight into the physiological roles of ghrelin/GHS-R systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P. Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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32
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Miyamoto L, Ebihara K, Kusakabe T, Aotani D, Yamamoto-Kataoka S, Sakai T, Aizawa-Abe M, Yamamoto Y, Fujikura J, Hayashi T, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Leptin activates hepatic 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase through sympathetic nervous system and α1-adrenergic receptor: a potential mechanism for improvement of fatty liver in lipodystrophy by leptin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40441-7. [PMID: 23024365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AMPK activation promotes glucose and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Hepatic AMPK activities were decreased in fatty liver from lipodystrophic mice, and leptin activated the hepatic AMPK via the α-adrenergic effect. CONCLUSION Leptin improved the fatty liver possibly by activating hepatic AMPK through the central and sympathetic nervous systems. SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic AMPK plays significant roles in the pathophysiology of lipodystrophy and metabolic action of leptin. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that regulates energy homeostasis. Leptin treatment strikingly ameliorates metabolic disorders of lipodystrophy, which exhibits ectopic fat accumulation and severe insulin-resistant diabetes due to a paucity of adipose tissue. Although leptin is shown to activate 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the skeletal muscle, the effect of leptin in the liver is still unclear. We investigated the effect of leptin on hepatic AMPK and its pathophysiological relevance in A-ZIP/F-1 mice, a model of generalized lipodystrophy. Here, we demonstrated that leptin activates hepatic AMPK through the central nervous system and α-adrenergic sympathetic nerves. AMPK activities were decreased in the fatty liver of A-ZIP/F-1 mice, and leptin administration increased AMPK activities in the liver as well as in skeletal muscle with significant reduction in triglyceride content. Activation of hepatic AMPK with A769662 also led to a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content and blood glucose levels in A-ZIP/F-1 mice. These results indicate that the down-regulation of hepatic AMPK activities plays a pathophysiological role in the metabolic disturbances of lipodystrophy, and the hepatic AMPK activation is involved in the therapeutic effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder EE, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2004 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:381-490. [PMID: 15833932 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the eleventh update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2004. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2004, 173 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 10 different genes have been reported, and 49 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 166 genes which, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 221. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we have now 204 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 50 genome-wide scans. A total of 38 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to four studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably with 358 findings of positive associations with 113 candidate genes. Among them, 18 genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, >600 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and genomic and other relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Kusakabe T, Ebihara K, Sakai T, Miyamoto L, Aotani D, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto-Kataoka S, Aizawa-Abe M, Fujikura J, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Amylin improves the effect of leptin on insulin sensitivity in leptin-resistant diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E924-31. [PMID: 22275759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin enhances insulin sensitivity in addition to reducing food intake and body weight. Recently, amylin, a pancreatic β-cell-derived hormone, was shown to restore a weight-reducing effect of leptin in leptin-resistant diet-induced obesity. However, whether amylin improves the effect of leptin on insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity is unclear. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were infused with either saline (S), leptin (L; 500 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹), amylin (A; 100 μg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹), or leptin plus amylin (L/A) for 14 days using osmotic minipumps. Food intake, body weight, metabolic parameters, tissue triglyceride content, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity were examined. Pair-feeding and weight-matched calorie restriction experiments were performed to assess the influence of food intake and body weight reduction. Continuous L/A coadministration significantly reduced food intake, increased energy expenditure, and reduced body weight, whereas administration of L or A alone had no effects. L/A coadministration did not affect blood glucose levels during ad libitum feeding but decreased plasma insulin levels significantly (by 48%), suggesting the enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Insulin tolerance test actually showed the increased effect of insulin in L/A-treated mice. In addition, L/A coadministration significantly decreased tissue triglyceride content and increased AMPKα2 activity in skeletal muscle (by 67%). L/A coadministration enhanced insulin sensitivity more than pair-feeding and weight-matched calorie restriction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the beneficial effect of L/A coadministration on glucose and lipid metabolism in DIO mice, indicating the possible clinical usefulness of L/A coadministration as a new antidiabetic treatment in obesity-associated diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kusakabe
- Dept. of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Satoh M, Andoh Y, Clingan CS, Ogura H, Fujii S, Eshima K, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Hirata N, Ishimori N, Tsutsui H, Onoé K, Iwabuchi K. Type II NKT cells stimulate diet-induced obesity by mediating adipose tissue inflammation, steatohepatitis and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30568. [PMID: 22383967 PMCID: PMC3284453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of obesity is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory process that involves both innate and acquired immunity. Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognize lipid antigens and are also distributed in adipose tissue. To examine the involvement of NKT cells in the development of obesity, C57BL/6 mice (wild type; WT), and two NKT-cell-deficient strains, Jα18(-/-) mice that lack the type I subset and CD1d(-/-) mice that lack both the type I and II subsets, were fed a high fat diet (HFD). CD1d(-/-) mice gained the least body weight with the least weight in perigonadal and brown adipose tissue as well as in the liver, compared to WT or Jα18(-/-) mice fed an HFD. Histologically, CD1d(-/-) mice had significantly smaller adipocytes and developed significantly milder hepatosteatosis than WT or Jα18(-/-) mice. The number of NK1.1(+)TCRβ(+) cells in adipose tissue increased when WT mice were fed an HFD and were mostly invariant Vα14Jα18-negative. CD11b(+) macrophages (Mφ) were another major subset of cells in adipose tissue infiltrates, and they were divided into F4/80(high) and F4/80(low) cells. The F4/80(low)-Mφ subset in adipose tissue was increased in CD1d(-/-) mice, and this population likely played an anti-inflammatory role. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in CD1d(-/-) mice were not aggravated as in WT or Jα18(-/-) mice fed an HFD, likely due to a lower grade of inflammation and adiposity. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that type II NKT cells initiate inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue and exacerbate the course of obesity that leads to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihar, Japan
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Andoh
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Christopher Stuart Clingan
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hisako Ogura
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihar, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hirata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishimori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Onoé
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihar, Japan
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Fujita Y, Yanagida H, Mimori T, Jin ZX, Sakai T, Kawanami T, Sawaki T, Masaki Y, Fukushima T, Okazaki T, Umehara H. Prevention of fasting-mediated bone marrow atrophy by leptin administration. Cell Immunol 2011; 273:52-8. [PMID: 22196379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine that regulates body weight. In the current study, we demonstrate that continuous injection of leptin prevents the lymphocyte reduction observed in fasted mice, especially the immature B cell populations in the bone marrow. Although leptin administration reduced apoptotic cells in the bone marrow of fasted mice, it did not prevent glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis in vitro. Bone marrow atrophy has also been shown in the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying these processes, we transplanted bone marrow cells from db/db or control (+m/+m) mice into C.B-17/lcr-scid/scid mice. We found that the spleen and bone marrow B cell populations were completely reconstituted when db/db and +m/+m cells were transplanted into scid mice. Our findings suggest that direct interactions between leptin and bone marrow cells are not essential for the development of B cells in a metabologically normal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Fujita
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Molvarec A, Szarka A, Walentin S, Bekő G, Karádi I, Prohászka Z, Rigó Jr J. Serum leptin levels in relation to circulating cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:124. [PMID: 21906313 PMCID: PMC3184629 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we determined circulating levels of C-reactive protein, several cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and angiogenic factors along with those of leptin in healthy non-pregnant and pregnant women and preeclamptic patients, and investigated whether serum leptin levels were related to the clinical characteristics and measured laboratory parameters of the study participants. METHODS Sixty preeclamptic patients, 60 healthy pregnant women and 59 healthy non-pregnant women were involved in this case-control study. Levels of leptin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in maternal sera were assessed by ELISA. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were determined by multiplex suspension array. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured by an autoanalyzer. Serum total soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and biologically active placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. For statistical analyses, non-parametric methods were applied. RESULTS There were significant differences in most of the measured laboratory parameters among the three study groups except for serum IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 levels. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients and healthy pregnant women than in healthy non-pregnant women. Additionally, preeclamptic patients had significantly higher leptin levels as compared to healthy pregnant women. Serum leptin levels were independently associated with BMI in healthy non-pregnant women. In healthy pregnant women, both BMI and serum CRP concentrations showed significant positive linear association with leptin levels. There were significant positive correlations between serum leptin concentrations of healthy pregnant women and systolic blood pressure, as well as serum levels of IP-10, while their serum leptin levels correlated inversely with fetal birth weight. In preeclamptic patients, a significant positive correlation was observed between serum concentrations of leptin and IP-10. Furthermore, elevated serum leptin level and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio had an additive (joint) effect in the risk of preeclampsia, as shown by the substantially higher odds ratios of their combination than of either alone. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous measurement of leptin with several inflammatory molecules and angiogenic factors in this study enabled us to investigate their relationship, which can help to understand the role of circulating leptin in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Molvarec
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szarka
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Walentin
- Central Laboratory, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Bekő
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Karádi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group of Inflammation Biology and Immunogenomics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Rigó Jr
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Naito M, Fujikura J, Ebihara K, Miyanaga F, Yokoi H, Kusakabe T, Yamamoto Y, Son C, Mukoyama M, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Therapeutic impact of leptin on diabetes, diabetic complications, and longevity in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:2265-73. [PMID: 21810600 PMCID: PMC3161331 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the long-term effects of leptin on glucose metabolism, diabetes complications, and life span in an insulin-dependent diabetes model, the Akita mouse. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We cross-mated Akita mice with leptin-expressing transgenic (LepTg) mice to produce Akita mice with physiological hyperleptinemia (LepTg:Akita). Metabolic parameters were monitored for 10 months. Pair-fed studies and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. The pancreata and kidneys were analyzed histologically. The plasma levels and pancreatic contents of insulin and glucagon, the plasma levels of lipids and a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary albumin excretion were measured. Survival rates were calculated. RESULTS Akita mice began to exhibit severe hyperglycemia and hyperphagia as early as weaning. LepTg:Akita mice exhibited normoglycemia after an extended fast even at 10 months of age. The 6-h fasting blood glucose levels in LepTg:Akita mice remained about half the level of Akita mice throughout the study. Food intake in LepTg:Akita mice was suppressed to a level comparable to that in WT mice, but pair feeding did not affect blood glucose levels in Akita mice. LepTg:Akita mice maintained insulin hypersensitivity and displayed better glucose tolerance than did Akita mice throughout the follow-up. LepTg:Akita mice had normal levels of plasma glucagon, a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary albumin excretion rates. All of the LepTg:Akita mice survived for >12 months, the median mortality time of Akita mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that leptin is therapeutically useful in the long-term treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes.
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Role of central leptin signaling in the starvation-induced alteration of B-cell development. J Neurosci 2011; 31:8373-80. [PMID: 21653842 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6562-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional deprivation or malnutrition suppresses immune function in humans and animals, thereby conferring higher susceptibility to infectious diseases. Indeed, nutritional deprivation induces atrophy of lymphoid tissues such as thymus and spleen and decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes. Leptin, a major adipocytokine, is exclusively produced in the adipose tissue in response to the nutritional status and acts on the hypothalamus, thereby regulating energy homeostasis. Although leptin plays a critical role in the starvation-induced T-cell-mediated immunosuppression, little is known about its role in B-cell homeostasis under starvation conditions. Here we show the alteration of B-cell development in the bone marrow of fasted mice, characterized by decrease in pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells and increase in mature B cells. Interestingly, intracerebroventricular leptin injection was sufficient to prevent the alteration of B-cell development of fasted mice. The alteration of B lineage cells in the bone marrow of fasted mice was markedly prevented by oral administration of glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (11β-[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-17β-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one). It was also effectively prevented by intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBP3226 [(2R)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[(2,2-diphenylacetyl)amino]-N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]pentanamide], along with suppression of the otherwise increased serum corticosterone concentrations. This study provides the first in vivo evidence for the role of central leptin signaling in the starvation-induced alteration of B-cell development. The data of this study suggest that the CNS, which is inherent to integrate information from throughout the organism, is able to control immune function.
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40
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Ribeiro AC, Ceccarini G, Dupré C, Friedman JM, Pfaff DW, Mark AL. Contrasting effects of leptin on food anticipatory and total locomotor activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23364. [PMID: 21853117 PMCID: PMC3154408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese, leptin deficient obob mice have profoundly decreased activity and increased food seeking behavior. The decreased activity has been attributed to obesity. In mice, we tested the hypothesis that leptin increases total locomotor activity but inhibits food anticipatory activity. We also sought to determine if leptin induced increases in total locomotor activity are independent of changes in body weight and obesity. We studied obob mice and also created a novel transgenic mouse where leptin is over-expressed in a tetracycline-off system and can be abruptly and non-invasively suppressed by doxycycline within few hours. The studies were performed using two independent behavioral assays: home cage activity (HCA) and running wheel activity (RWA). Systemic administration of leptin (150 ng/hr) to obob mice produced a 122%±30% (mean ± SEM) increase (p≤0.01) in locomotor activity within 2 days In addition, cerebroventricular administration of leptin (5 ng/hr) also produced an early and progressive increase in total locomotor activity beginning on the 1st day (+28±8%; p≤0.05) and increasing to +69±23% on day 3 without a decrease in body weight during this time. The increase in activity was restricted to the dark phase. Conversely, in a tet-off transgenic obob mouse line, acute leptin suppression reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. To further define activities that are leptin regulated, we assayed food anticipatory activity (FAA) and found that it was markedly augmented in obob mice compared to wild type mice (+38±6.7 in obob vs +20±6.3% in wild type at peak; mean ± SEM; p≤0.001) and abolished by leptin. Although melanocortin-3 receptors (MC3R) reportedly mediate FAA, we found augmented FAA and preserved inhibitory effects of leptin on FAA in MC3R-/-obob mice. In summary, this study demonstrates that total activity and FAA are regulated independently by leptin. Leptin, acting in the central nervous system and at physiologic levels, produces early increases in locomotor activity before substantial weight loss. In contrast, leptin suppresses augmented food anticipatory activity in obob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Mount Saint Vincent, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Ceccarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christophe Dupré
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald W. Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Allyn L. Mark
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Yamada N, Katsuura G, Ochi Y, Ebihara K, Kusakabe T, Hosoda K, Nakao K. Impaired CNS leptin action is implicated in depression associated with obesity. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2634-43. [PMID: 21521746 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies indicate that obesity increases the incidence of depression. We examined the implication of leptin for obesity-associated depression. Leptin induced antidepressive behavior in normal mice in a forced swimming test (FST), and leptin-overexpressing transgenic mice with hyperleptinemia exhibited more antidepressive behavior in the FST than nontransgenic mice. In contrast, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice showed more severe depressive behavior in the FST than normal mice, and leptin administration substantially ameliorated this depressive behavior. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat diet showed more depressive behavior in the FST and in a sucrose preference test compared with mice fed a control diet (CD). In DIO mice, leptin induced neither antidepressive action nor increment of the number of c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus. Diet substitution from high-fat diet to CD in DIO mice ameliorated the depressive behavior and restored leptin-induced antidepressive action. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in the hippocampus were significantly lower in DIO mice than in CD mice. Leptin administration significantly increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in CD mice but not in DIO mice. The antidepressant activity of leptin in CD mice was significantly attenuated by treatment with K252a. These findings demonstrated that leptin induces an antidepressive state, and DIO mice, which exhibit severe depressive behavior, did not respond to leptin in both the FST and the biochemical changes in the hippocampus. Thus, depression associated with obesity is due, at least in part, to impaired leptin activity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shougoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Oikawa S. [Obesity: Progress in diagnosis and treatment; Topics, III. Obesity and its complications; 3. Obesity and dyslipidemia]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 100:950-957. [PMID: 21626831 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Japan
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Yang R, Sikka G, Larson J, Watts VL, Niu X, Ellis CL, Miller KL, Camara A, Reinke C, Savransky V, Polotsky VY, O'Donnell CP, Berkowitz DE, Barouch LA. Restoring leptin signaling reduces hyperlipidemia and improves vascular stiffness induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1467-76. [PMID: 21278136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00604.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep can result from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a disorder that is particularly prevalent in obesity. OSA is associated with high levels of circulating leptin, cardiovascular dysfunction, and dyslipidemia. Relationships between leptin and cardiovascular function in OSA and chronic IH are poorly understood. We exposed lean wild-type (WT) and obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice to IH for 4 wk, with and without leptin infusion, and measured cardiovascular indices including aortic vascular stiffness, endothelial function, cardiac myocyte morphology, and contractile properties. At baseline, ob/ob mice had decreased vascular compliance and endothelial function vs. WT mice. We found that 4 wk of IH decreased vascular compliance and endothelial relaxation responses to acetylcholine in both WT and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals. Recombinant leptin infusion in both strains restored IH-induced vascular abnormalities toward normoxic WT levels. Cardiac myocyte morphology and function were unaltered by IH. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased by leptin treatment in IH mice, as was hepatic stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 expression. Taken together, these data suggest that restoring normal leptin signaling can reduce vascular stiffness, increase endothelial relaxation, and correct dyslipidemia associated with IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Wang Y, Asakawa A, Inui A, Kosai KI. Leptin gene therapy in the fight against diabetes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1405-14. [PMID: 20690892 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.512286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, yet current treatments are not always effective for all patient or disease types. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here, we summarize the biologic and clinical roles of leptin in diabetes, and discuss candidate viral vectors that may be employed in the clinical use of central leptin gene therapy for diabetes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We discuss how studies on leptin, a regulator of the insulin-glucose axis, have significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of energy homeostasis and insulin resistance in the pathogeneses of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated the long-term therapeutic effects of central leptin gene therapy in obesity and diabetes via decreased insulin resistance and increased glucose metabolism. Many of these studies have employed viral vectors, which afford high in vivo gene transduction efficiencies compared with non-viral vectors. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Adeno-associated viral vectors are particularly well suited for central leptin gene therapy owing to their low toxicity and ability to drive transgene expression for extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Kalra SP. Pivotal role of leptin-hypothalamus signaling in the etiology of diabetes uncovered by gene therapy: a new therapeutic intervention? Gene Ther 2011; 18:319-25. [PMID: 21209624 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus has soared to epidemic proportion worldwide. The debilitating chronic hyperglycemia is caused by either lack of insulin as in diabetes type 1 or its ineffectiveness as in diabetes type 2. Frequent replacement of insulin with or without insulin analogs for optimum glycemic control are the conventional cumbersome therapies. Recent application of leptin gene transfer technology has uncovered the participation of adipocytes-derived leptin-dependent hypothalamic neural signaling in glucose homeostasis and demonstrated that a breakdown in this communication due to leptin insufficiency in the hypothalamus underlies the etiology of chronic hyperglycemia. Reinstatement of central leptin sufficiency by hyperleptinemia produced either by intravenous leptin infusion or a single systemic injection of recombinant adenovirus vector encoding leptin gene suppressed hyperglycemia and evoked euglycemia only transiently in rodent models of diabetes type 1. In contrast, stable restoration of leptin sufficiency, solely in the hypothalamus, with biologically active leptin transduced by an intracerebroventicular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding leptin gene (rAAV-lep) abolished hyperglycemia and imposed euglycemia through the extended duration of experiment by stimulating glucose disposal in the periphery in models of diabetes type 1. Further, similar hypothalamic leptin transgene expression abrogated chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, the predisposing risk factors of the age and environmentally acquired diabetes type 2, and instituted euglycemia by independently activating relays that stimulate glucose metabolism and repress hyperinsulinemia and improve insulin sensitivity in the periphery. Consequently, this durable antidiabetic efficacy of one time rAAV-lep neurotherapy offers a potential novel substitute for insulin therapy following preclinical trials in subhuman primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA.
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Yamada G, Ariyasu H, Iwakura H, Hosoda H, Akamizu T, Nakao K, Kangawa K. Generation of transgenic mice overexpressing a ghrelin analog. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5935-40. [PMID: 20962048 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of ghrelin, we attempted to generate ghrelin gene transgenic (Tg) mice. These animals, however, produced only des-acyl ghrelin, which lacked the n-octanoyl modification at Ser(3) necessary to manifest ghrelin activity. Because the mechanism for acyl-modification of ghrelin had been unclear until the recent identification of GOAT (ghrelin O-acyltransferase), it had been difficult to generate Tg mice overexpressing ghrelin using standard procedures. Therefore, we planned to generate Tg mice overexpressing a ghrelin analog, which possessed ghrelin-like activity in the absence of acylation at Ser(3) and could be synthesized in vivo. As the replacement of Ser(3) of ghrelin with Trp(3) (Trp(3)-ghrelin) preserves a low level of ghrelin activity and Trp(3)-ghrelin can be synthesized in vivo, we generated mice overexpressing Trp(3)-ghrelin by using the hSAP (human serum-amyloid-P) promoter. Plasma Trp(3)-ghrelin concentrations in the Tg mice were approximately 85-fold higher than plasma ghrelin concentrations in non-Tg littermates. Because Trp(3)-ghrelin is approximately 1/10-1/20 less potent than ghrelin in vivo, plasma Trp(3)-ghrelin concentrations in Tg mice were calculated to have an activity approximately 6-fold greater than that of acylated ghrelin seen in non-Tg mice (85-fold x 1/10-1/20). Tg mice exhibited a normal growth and glucose metabolism in their early life stage. However, 1-yr-old Tg mice demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance and reduced insulin sensitivity. This model will be useful to evaluate the long-term effects of ghrelin or ghrelin analogs. In addition, this technique may be a useful method to generate gain-of-activity models for hormones that require posttranscriptional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Belgardt BF, Brüning JC. CNS leptin and insulin action in the control of energy homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1212:97-113. [PMID: 21070248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The obesity and diabetes pandemics have made it an urgent necessity to define the central nervous system (CNS) pathways controlling body weight, energy expenditure, and fuel metabolism. The pancreatic hormone insulin and the adipose tissue-derived leptin are known to act on diverse neuronal circuits in the CNS to maintain body weight and metabolism in a variety of species, including humans. Because these homeostatic circuits are disrupted during the development of obesity, the pathomechanisms leading to CNS leptin and insulin resistance are a focal point of research. In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning the mechanisms and novel neuronal mediators of both insulin and leptin action in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt F Belgardt
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47a, Cologne, Germany
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Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Seripa D, Capurso C, Santamato A, Sancarlo D, Vendemiale G, Pilotto A, Panza F. Metabolic-cognitive syndrome: a cross-talk between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:399-417. [PMID: 20444434 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological evidence suggested that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Mets components (impaired glucose tolerance, abdominal or central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) may be important in the development of age-related cognitive decline (ARCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These suggestions proposed in these patients the presence of a "metabolic-cognitive syndrome", i.e. a MetS plus cognitive impairment of degenerative or vascular origin. This could represent a pathophysiological model in which to study in depth the mechanisms linking MetS and MetS components with dementia, particularly AD, and predementia syndromes (ARCD or MCI), suggesting a possible integrating view of the MetS components and their influence on cognitive decline. In the present article, we discussed the role of these factors in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, including underlying mechanisms, supporting their influence on β-amyloid peptide metabolism and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, the principal neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In the next future, trials could then be undertaken to determine if modifications of these MetS components including inflammation, another factor probably related to MetS, could lower risk of developing cognitive decline. Future research aimed at identifying mechanisms that underlie comorbid associations of MetS components will not only provide important insights into the causes and interdependencies of predementia and dementia syndromes, but will also inspire novel strategies for treating and preventing cognitive disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/physiology
- Aging/psychology
- Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
- Alzheimer Disease/therapy
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/standards
- Comorbidity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/physiopathology
- Hyperlipidemias/therapy
- Hypertension/epidemiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/therapy
- Life Style
- Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology
- Metabolic Syndrome/therapy
- Mice
- Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/metabolism
- Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Obesity, Abdominal/therapy
- Population Dynamics
- Risk Factors
- tau Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Frisardi
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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Inuzuka M, Tamura N, Yamada N, Katsuura G, Oyamada N, Taura D, Sonoyama T, Fukunaga Y, Ohinata K, Sone M, Nakao K. C-type natriuretic peptide as a new regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3633-42. [PMID: 20555027 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological implication of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) including energy metabolism has not been elucidated, because of markedly short stature in CNP-null mice. In the present study we analyzed food intake and energy expenditure of CNP-null mice with chondrocyte-targeted CNP expression (CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice), in which marked skeletal dysplasia was rescued, to investigate the significance of CNP under minimal influences of skeletal phenotypes. In CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice, body weight and body fat ratio were reduced by 24% and 32%, respectively, at 20 wk of age, and decreases of blood glucose levels during insulin tolerance tests were 2-fold exaggerated at 17 wk of age, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Urinary noradrenalin excretion of CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice was greater than that of CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice by 28%. In CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice, rectal temperature at 1600 h was higher by 1.1 C, and uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression in the brown adipose tissue was 2-fold increased, which was canceled by propranolol administration, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased in CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice compared with that in CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. Food intake of CNP-Tg/Nppc(-/-) mice upon ad libitum feeding and refeeding after 48 h starvation were reduced by 21% and 61%, respectively, as compared with CNP-Tg/Nppc(+/+) mice. This study unveiled a new aspect of CNP as a molecule regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Further analyses on precise mechanisms of CNP actions would lead to the better understanding of the significance of the CNP/guanylyl cyclase-B system in food intake and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inuzuka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Suganami T, Ogawa Y. Adipose tissue macrophages: their role in adipose tissue remodeling. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:33-9. [PMID: 20360405 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0210072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue secretes a large number of bioactive substances, adipocytokines, which may be involved in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Unbalanced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines seen in visceral fat obesity contributes critically to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Evidence has accumulated indicating that obesity is associated with a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation, suggesting that inflammation may be a potential mechanism, whereby obesity leads to insulin resistance. Indeed, obese adipose tissue is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, followed by increased angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, extracellular matrix overproduction, and thus, increased production of proinflammatory adipocytokines during the progression of chronic inflammation. The dynamic change found in the adipose tissue can be referred to as "adipose tissue remodeling," in which stromal cells change dramatically in number and cell type during the course of obesity. Among stromal cells, infiltration of macrophages in the adipose tissue precedes the development of insulin resistance in animal models, suggesting that they are crucial for obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation. We have demonstrated that a paracrine loop involving saturated fatty acids and TNF-alpha derived from adipocytes and macrophages, respectively, aggravates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Notably, saturated fatty acids, which are released from hypertrophied adipocytes via the macrophage-induced lipolysis, serve as a naturally occurring ligand for TLR4 complex, thereby activating macrophages. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying adipose tissue remodeling may lead to the identification of novel, therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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