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Awad TA, Alfatih F, Shafiq M, Abdalla M, Al-Shouli ST, Bashir A, Awadalla ME, Alhazmi HA, Albratty M, Makeen HA, Khalid A, Ul-Haq Z. Evaluation of chalcones as new glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors - an in-vitro and in-silico approach. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38444284 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2324110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the pivotal diseases that have drawn the attention of researchers recently and during the last few decades. Due to its devastating symptoms, attempts to develop new drugs with mild side effects have resulted in a number of drugs that are functioning through various mechanisms. Among these, Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors emerged as a new strategy for combating DM. GP is an enzyme that regulates blood glucose levels; it catalyses the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver and tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands. In the present research, we evaluate the possibility of type 2 diabetes therapy with the help of chalcones which are known to have antidiabetic activities. For this purpose, 29 chalcones were modelled, synthesised and investigated for their inhibitory activity against GP using in-vitro methods. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were found to be the most potent compounds with IC50 values 26.6, 57.1 and 75.6 µM respectively. The observed results were further validated using in-silico methods. Molecular docking simulation revealed interaction patterns that explain the structure-activity relationships of the compounds with GP. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation demonstrated a stable complex formation between compound 1 and GP through lower value and uniformity in root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the complex and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of the protein Cα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Ahmed Awad
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fatima Alfatih
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Samia T Al-Shouli
- Immunology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Bashir
- College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Prabhakar PK, Batiha GES. Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3167-3181. [PMID: 37125833 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230501172557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the lifelong chronic metabolic diseases which is prevalent globally. There is a continuous rise in the number of people suffering from this disease with time. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, which leads to severe damage to the body's system, such as blood vessels and nerves. Diabetes occurs due to the dysfunction of pancreatic β -cell which leads to the reduction in the production of insulin or body cells unable to use insulin produce efficiently. As per the data shared International diabetes federation (IDF), there are around 415 million affected by this disease worldwide. There are a number of hit targets available that can be focused on treating diabetes. There are many drugs available and still under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucokinase activator is emerging targets for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes management can be supplemented with drug intervention for obesity. The antidiabetic drug sale is the second-largest in the world, trailing only that of cancer. The future of managing diabetes will be guided by research on various novel targets and the development of various therapeutic leads, such as GLP-1 agonists, DPP-IV inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors that have recently completed their different phases of clinical trials. Among these therapeutic targets associated with type 2 diabetes, this review focused on some common therapeutic targets for developing novel drug candidates of the newer generation with better safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) 144411, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Prakhya KS, Vekaria H, Coenen DM, Omali L, Lykins J, Joshi S, Alfar HR, Wang QJ, Sullivan P, Whiteheart SW. Platelet glycogenolysis is important for energy production and function. Platelets 2023; 34:2222184. [PMID: 37292023 PMCID: PMC10658951 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2222184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of glycogen in platelets was established in the 1960s, its importance to specific functions (i.e., activation, secretion, aggregation, and clot contraction) remains unclear. Patients with glycogen storage disease often present with increased bleeding and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors, when used as treatments for diabetes, induce bleeding in preclinical studies suggesting some role for this form of glucose in hemostasis. In the present work, we examined how glycogen mobilization affects platelet function using GP inhibitors (CP316819 and CP91149) and a battery of ex vivo assays. Blocking GP activity increased glycogen levels in resting and thrombin-activated platelets and inhibited platelet secretion and clot contraction, with minimal effects on aggregation. Seahorse energy flux analysis and metabolite supplementation experiments suggested that glycogen is an important metabolic fuel whose role is affected by platelet activation and the availability of external glucose and other metabolic fuels. Our data shed light on the bleeding diathesis in glycogen storage disease patients and offer insights into the potential effects of hyperglycemia on platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Department of Neuroscience; College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daniёlle M. Coenen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda Omali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua Lykins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Smita Joshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hammodah R. Alfar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience; College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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4
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Ganekal P, Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Kotrashetti S. Identification of biomarkers, pathways, and potential therapeutic targets for heart failure using next-generation sequencing data and bioinformatics analysis. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 17:17539447231168471. [PMID: 37092838 PMCID: PMC10134165 DOI: 10.1177/17539447231168471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is the most common cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases related deaths. Increasing molecular targets have been discovered for HF prognosis and therapy. However, there is still an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers. Therefore, we evaluated biomarkers that might aid the diagnosis and treatment of HF. METHODS We searched next-generation sequencing (NGS) dataset (GSE161472) and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing 47 HF samples and 37 normal control samples using limma in R package. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed using the g: Profiler database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was plotted with Human Integrated Protein-Protein Interaction rEference (HiPPIE) and visualized using Cytoscape. Module analysis of the PPI network was done using PEWCC1. Then, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network were constructed by Cytoscape software. Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the diagnostic effectiveness of the hub genes. RESULTS A total of 930 DEGs, 464 upregulated genes and 466 downregulated genes, were identified in HF. GO and REACTOME pathway enrichment results showed that DEGs mainly enriched in localization, small molecule metabolic process, SARS-CoV infections, and the citric acid tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport. After combining the results of the PPI network miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, 10 hub genes were selected, including heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), arrestin beta 2 (ARRB2), myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1 (HSP90AB1), filamin A (FLNA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), cullin 4A (CUL4A), YEATS domain containing 4 (YEATS4), and lysine acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B). CONCLUSIONS This discovery-driven study might be useful to provide a novel insight into the diagnosis and treatment of HF. However, more experiments are needed in the future to investigate the functional roles of these genes in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Ganekal
- Department of General Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Gadag, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, #253, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, India
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Huang J, Chu X, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li H. Insights into Phosphorylation-Induced Protein Allostery and Conformational Dynamics of Glycogen Phosphorylase via Integrative Structural Mass Spectrometry and In Silico Modeling. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1951-1962. [PMID: 35675581 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation plays a fundamental role in innumerable biological processes. Understanding its dynamic mechanism and impact at the molecular level is of great importance in disease diagnosis and drug discovery. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a phosphoprotein responding to allosteric regulation and has significant biological importance to glycogen metabolism. Although the atomic structures of GP have been previously solved, the conformational dynamics of GP related to allostery regulation remain largely elusive due to its macromolecular size (∼196 kDa). Here, we integrated native top-down mass spectrometry (nTD-MS), hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS (HDX-MS), protection factor (PF) analysis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and allostery signaling analysis to examine the structural basis and dynamics for the allosteric regulation of GP by phosphorylation. nTD-MS reveals differences in structural stability as well as oligomeric state between the unphosphorylated (GPb) and phosphorylated (GPa) forms. HDX-MS, PF analysis, and MD simulations further pinpoint the structural differences between GPb and GPa involving the binding interfaces (the N-terminal and tower-tower helices), catalytic site, and PLP-binding region. More importantly, it also allowed us to complete the missing link of the long-range communication process from the N-terminal tail to the catalytic site caused by phosphorylation. This integrative MS and in silico-based platform is highly complementary to biophysical approaches and yields valuable insights into protein structures and dynamic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiakun Chu
- Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Wang
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Sarkar T, Bharadwaj KK, Salauddin M, Pati S, Chakraborty R. Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic properties, Molecular Docking, Pharmacokinetic Profiling, and Network Pharmacology Analysis of the Major Phytoconstituents of Raw and Differently Dried Mangifera indica (Himsagar cultivar): an In Vitro and In Silico Investigations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:950-987. [PMID: 34591254 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Himsagar cultivar) is a high moisture-bearing seasonal fruit and cultivated in a wide range of the world. Mango pulp is generally preserved by sun drying. In recent days, industries are using hot-air oven, freeze, and microwave drying for mango leather (dried mango pulp in the sheet like texture) processing. Here, all these four drying methods were studied to determine the effect of drying on mango leather processing. RP-HPLC and FTIR were studied for analysis of polyphenol profile and predominant functional groups in raw and processed samples. The phytochemical analysis and medicinal properties (antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activity) of all five mango samples were studied. The bioinformatics approach was studied to evaluate the bioactive potential of the phytochemicals derived from the samples. Freeze-dried mango leather was found to be the highest in DPPH (74.23%) and Superoxide (66.04%) activity, though raw mango pulp was observed with the highest H2O2 activity (73.24%). Gallic acid was the predominant phenolic acid present in all five samples and it was maximum in the case of freeze-dried sample (2.76 ± 0.04 mg/100 g MD). On the other hand, quercetin was the predominant flavonoid, it was found maximum for freeze-dried sample (3.93 ± 0.21 mg/100 g MD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
- Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, 732102, Govt. of West Bengal, India.
| | - Kaushik Kumar Bharadwaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Molla Salauddin
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
- MMM Govt. Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal, Nadia, 741156, India
| | - Siddhartha Pati
- SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore, 756001, Odisha, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Management and Information Technology, Khordha, 752057, Odisha, India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Li XL, Yu F, Fu CL, Yu X, Xu M, Cheng M. Phosphoproteomics analysis of diabetic cardiomyopathy in aging-accelerated mice and effects of D-pinitol. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34510791 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) development and D-pinitol (DP) in its treatment remain unclear. The present study is to explore the underlying mechanism of DCM in an elderly diabetic mouse model and to seek the protective targets of DP by phosphoproteomics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used streptozotocin to induce diabetes in SAMP8 and DP (150 mg/kg/day) intragastrically administrated to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. The heart tissues were harvested for label-free phosphoproteomic analysis from diabetic mice. Some differentially regulated phosphorylation sites were confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring. RESULTS Our results showed that 612 phosphorylation sites on 454 proteins had their phosphorylation levels significantly changed in the heart of untreated diabetic mice (DM). Of these phosphorylation sites, 216 phosphorylation sites on 182 proteins were normalized after DP treatment. We analyzed the functional signaling pathways in the heart of DP treated diabetic mice (DMT), including glucagon signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, mitophagy, apoptosis, and longevity regulating pathway. Two consensus motifs identified were targeted by Src and epidermal growth factor receptor between DMT and DM groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our study might help to better understand the mechanism of DCM, provide novel targets for estimating the protective effects of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Fu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine & Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Metabolic impacts of cordycepin on hepatic proteomic expression in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256140. [PMID: 34388207 PMCID: PMC8363009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with abnormal liver function, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Cordycepin improves hepatic metabolic pathways leading to recovery from liver damage. We investigated the effects of cordycepin in streptozotocin-induced T1DM mice via the expression of liver proteins. Twenty-four mice were divided into four equal groups: normal (N), normal mice treated with cordycepin (N+COR), diabetic mice (DM), and diabetic mice treated with cordycepin (DM+COR). Mice in each treatment group were intraperitoneally injection of cordycepin at dose 24 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Body weight, blood glucose, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were measured. Liver tissue protein profiling was performed using shotgun proteomics, while protein function and protein-protein interaction were predicted using PANTHER and STITCH v.5.0 software, respectively. No significant difference was observed in fasting blood glucose levels between DM and DM+COR for all time intervals. However, a significant decrease in final body weight, food intake, and water intake in DM+COR was found. Hepatic oxaloacetate and citrate levels were significantly increased in DM+COR compared to DM. Furthermore, 11 and 36 proteins were only expressed by the N+COR and DM+COR groups, respectively. Three unique proteins in DM+COR, namely, Nfat3, Flcn, and Psma3 were correlated with the production of ATP, AMPK signaling pathway, and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), respectively. Interestingly, a protein detected in N+COR and DM+COR (Gli3) was linked with the insulin signaling pathway. In conclusion, cordycepin might help in preventing hepatic metabolism by regulating the expression of energy-related protein and UPS to maintain cell survival. Further work on predicting the performance of metabolic mechanisms regarding the therapeutic applications of cordycepin will be performed in future.
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Kaur N, Kumar V, Nayak SK, Wadhwa P, Kaur P, Sahu SK. Alpha-amylase as molecular target for treatment of diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:539-560. [PMID: 34173346 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The alpha (α)-amylase is a calcium metalloenzyme that aids digestion by breaking down polysaccharide molecules into smaller ones such as glucose and maltose. In addition, the enzyme causes postprandial hyperglycaemia and blood glucose levels to rise. α-Amylase is a well-known therapeutic target for the treatment and maintenance of postprandial blood glucose elevations. Various enzymatic inhibitors, such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose, have been found to be effective in targeting this enzyme, prompting researchers to express an interest in developing potent alpha-amylase inhibitor molecules. The review mainly focused on designing different derivatives of drug molecules such as benzofuran hydrazone, indole hydrazone, spiroindolone, benzotriazoles, 1,3-diaryl-3-(arylamino) propan-1-one, oxadiazole and flavonoids along with their target-receptor interactions, IC50 values and other biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vanktesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Nayak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Paranjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Zaidi SSA, Kayani MUR, Zhang X, Ouyang Y, Shamsi IH. Prediction and analysis of metagenomic operons via MetaRon: a pipeline for prediction of Metagenome and whole-genome opeRons. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:60. [PMID: 33468056 PMCID: PMC7814594 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient regulation of bacterial genes in response to the environmental stimulus results in unique gene clusters known as operons. Lack of complete operonic reference and functional information makes the prediction of metagenomic operons a challenging task; thus, opening new perspectives on the interpretation of the host-microbe interactions. Results In this work, we identified whole-genome and metagenomic operons via MetaRon (Metagenome and whole-genome opeRon prediction pipeline). MetaRon identifies operons without any experimental or functional information. MetaRon was implemented on datasets with different levels of complexity and information. Starting from its application on whole-genome to simulated mixture of three whole-genomes (E. coli MG1655, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Bacillus subtilis str. 16), E. coli c20 draft genome extracted from chicken gut and finally on 145 whole-metagenome data samples from human gut. MetaRon consistently achieved high operon prediction sensitivity, specificity and accuracy across E. coli whole-genome (97.8, 94.1 and 92.4%), simulated genome (93.7, 75.5 and 88.1%) and E. coli c20 (87, 91 and 88%,), respectively. Finally, we identified 1,232,407 unique operons from 145 paired-end human gut metagenome samples. We also report strong association of type 2 diabetes with Maltose phosphorylase (K00691), 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononate 9-phosphate synthase (K21279) and an uncharacterized protein (K07101). Conclusion With MetaRon, we were able to remove two notable limitations of existing whole-genome operon prediction methods: (1) generalizability (ability to predict operons in unrelated bacterial genomes), and (2) whole-genome and metagenomic data management. We also demonstrate the use of operons as a subset to represent the trends of secondary metabolites in whole-metagenome data and the role of secondary metabolites in the occurrence of disease condition. Using operonic data from metagenome to study secondary metabolic trends will significantly reduce the data volume to more precise data. Furthermore, the identification of metabolic pathways associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) also presents another dimension of analyzing the human gut metagenome. Presumably, this study is the first organized effort to predict metagenomic operons and perform a detailed analysis in association with a disease, in this case type 2 diabetes. The application of MetaRon to metagenomic data at diverse scale will be beneficial to understand the gene regulation and therapeutic metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shujaat Ali Zaidi
- Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (BNRIST), Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Bioscience Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85719, USA
| | - Masood Ur Rehman Kayani
- Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 2000025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuegong Zhang
- Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (BNRIST), Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Younan Ouyang
- China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), 28 Shuidaosuo rd, Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Nagy L, Béke F, Juhász L, Kovács T, Juhász-Tóth É, Docsa T, Tóth A, Gergely P, Somsák L, Bai P. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, 2,3-bis[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido] butanedioic acid (BF142), improves baseline insulin secretion of MIN6 insulinoma cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236081. [PMID: 32960890 PMCID: PMC7508380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic diseases, is characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion of β cells. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme in glycogen breakdown, and contributes to hepatic glucose production during fasting or during insulin resistance. Pharmacological GP inhibitors are potential glucose lowering agents, which may be used in T2DM therapy. A natural product isolated from the cultured broth of the fungal strain No. 138354, called 2,3-bis(4-hydroxycinnamoyloxy)glutaric acid (FR258900), was discovered a decade ago. In vivo studies showed that FR258900 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. We previously showed that GP inhibitors can potently enhance the function of β cells. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an analogue of FR258900 can influence β cell function. BF142 (Meso-Dimethyl 2,3-bis[(E)-3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido]butanedioate) treatment activated the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathway, as indicated by enhanced glycolysis, increased mitochondrial oxidation, significantly increased ATP production, and elevated calcium influx in MIN6 cells. Furthermore, BF142 induced mTORC1-specific phosphorylation of S6K, increased levels of PDX1 and insulin protein, and increased insulin secretion. Our data suggest that BF142 can influence β cell function and can support the insulin producing ability of β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Béke
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Juhász
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Juhász-Tóth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Ramanathan R, Kiyimba F, Gonzalez J, Mafi G, DeSilva U. Impact of Up- and Downregulation of Metabolites and Mitochondrial Content on pH and Color of the Longissimus Muscle from Normal-pH and Dark-Cutting Beef. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7194-7203. [PMID: 32530278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited knowledge is currently available on the biochemical basis for the development of dark-cutting beef. The objective of this research was to determine the metabolite profile and mitochondrial content differences between normal-pH and dark-cutting beef. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer-based nontargeted metabolomic approach indicated downregulation of glycolytic metabolites, including glucose-1- and 6-phosphate and upregulation of tricarboxylic substrates such as malic and fumaric acids occurred in dark-cutting beef when compared to normal-pH beef. Neurotransmitters such as 4-aminobutyric acid and succinate semialdehyde were upregulated in dark-cutting beef than normal-pH beef. Immunohistochemistry indicated a more oxidative fiber type in dark-cutting beef than normal-pH beef. In support, the mitochondrial protein and DNA content were greater in dark-cutting beef. This increased mitochondrial content, in part, could influence oxygen consumption and myoglobin oxygenation/appearance of dark-cutting beef. The current results demonstrate that the more tricarboxylic metabolites and mitochondrial content in dark-cutting beef impact muscle pH and color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ramanathan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Frank Kiyimba
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - John Gonzalez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gretchen Mafi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Udaya DeSilva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Ibeji CU, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS. Umbelliferone stimulates glucose uptake; modulates gluconeogenic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, and dysregulated lipid metabolic pathways in isolated psoas muscle. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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A thermodynamic function of glycogen in brain and muscle. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 189:101787. [PMID: 32151532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain and muscle glycogen are generally thought to function as local glucose reserves, for use during transient mismatches between glucose supply and demand. However, quantitative measures show that glucose supply is likely never rate-limiting for energy metabolism in either brain or muscle under physiological conditions. These tissues nevertheless do utilize glycogen during increased energy demand, despite the availability of free glucose, and despite the ATP cost of cycling glucose through glycogen polymer. This seemingly wasteful process can be explained by considering the effect of glycogenolysis on the amount of energy obtained from ATP (ΔG'ATP). The amount of energy obtained from ATP is reduced by elevations in inorganic phosphate (Pi). Glycogen utilization sequesters Pi in the glycogen phosphorylase reaction and in downstream phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates, thereby buffering Pi elevations and maximizing energy yield at sites of rapid ATP consumption. This thermodynamic effect of glycogen may be particularly important in the narrow, spatially constrained astrocyte processes that ensheath neuronal synapses and in cells such as astrocytes and myocytes that release Pi from phosphocreatine during energy demand. The thermodynamic effect may also explain glycolytic super-compensation in brain when glycogen is not available, and aspects of exercise physiology in muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease).
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15
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Gupta S, Nair A, Jhawat V, Mustaq N, Sharma A, Dhanawat M, Khan SA. Unwinding Complexities of Diabetic Alzheimer by Potent Novel Molecules. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520937542. [PMID: 32864980 PMCID: PMC10623924 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520937542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the aggressive disorders in global society. No pharmacotherapy is available for permanent diabetes cure, although management is possible with drugs and physical activities. One of the recent complications noticed in type 2 diabetes mellitus includes diabetes-induced Alzheimer. It has been proposed that the possible diabetes-induced Alzheimer could be of type 3 diabetes. A variety of cross-sectional studies have proved that type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the factors responsible for the pathophysiology of Alzheimer. New drug molecules developed by pharmaceutical companies with adequate neuroprotective effect have demonstrated their efficacy in treatment of Alzheimer in various preclinical diabetic studies. Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus may show the benefit with existing drugs but may not cause complete cure. Extensive studies are being carried out to find new drug molecules that show their potential as antidiabetic drug and could treat type 2 diabetes-induced Alzheimer as well. This review provides an overview about the recent advancement in pharmacotherapy of diabetes-induced Alzheimer. The pathomechanistic links between diabetes and Alzheimer as well as neurochemical changes in diabetes-induced Alzheimer are also briefed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India
| | - Anroop Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Jhawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, G. D Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Nazia Mustaq
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Dhanawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Oman Medical College, Muscat, Oman
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Kyriakis E, Karra AG, Papaioannou O, Solovou T, Skamnaki VT, Liggri PGV, Zographos SE, Szennyes E, Bokor É, Kun S, Psarra AMG, Somsák L, Leonidas DD. The architecture of hydrogen and sulfur σ-hole interactions explain differences in the inhibitory potency of C-β-d-glucopyranosyl thiazoles, imidazoles and an N-β-d glucopyranosyl tetrazole for human liver glycogen phosphorylase and offer new insights to structure-based design. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115196. [PMID: 31767404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
C-Glucopyranosyl imidazoles, thiazoles, and an N-glucopyranosyl tetrazole were assessed in vitro and ex vivo for their inhibitory efficiency against isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase (GP; a validated pharmacological target for the development of anti-hyperglycaemic agents). Imidazoles proved to be more potent inhibitors than the corresponding thiazoles or the tetrazole. The most potent derivative has a 2-naphthyl substituent, a Ki value of 3.2 µM for hepatic glycogen phosphorylase, displaying also 60% inhibition of GP activity in HepG2 cells, compared to control vehicle treated cells, at 100 μM. X-Ray crystallography studies of the protein - inhibitor complexes revealed the importance of the architecture of inhibitor associated hydrogen bonds or sulfur σ-hole bond interactions to Asn284 OD1, offering new insights to structure-based design efforts. Moreover, while the 2-glucopyranosyl-tetrazole seems to bind differently from the corresponding 1,2,3-triazole compound, the two inhibitors are equipotent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Kyriakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Aikaterini G Karra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Olga Papaioannou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodora Solovou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassiliki T Skamnaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiota G V Liggri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary; Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros E Zographos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Eszter Szennyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Bokor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna-Maria G Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4002 POB 400 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Demetres D Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece.
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Al-Nour MY, Ibrahim MM, Elsaman T. Ellagic Acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin from Acacia nilotica: Promising Combined Drug With Multiple Mechanisms of Action. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 5:255-280. [PMID: 32226726 PMCID: PMC7100491 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of Acacia nilotica's phytochemical constituents was confirmed with evidence-based studies, but the determination of exact targets that they bind and the mechanism of action were not done; consequently, we aim to identify the exact targets that are responsible for the pharmacological activity via the computational methods. Furthermore, we aim to predict the pharmacokinetics (ADME) properties and the safety profile in order to identify the best drug candidates. To achieve those goals, various computational methods were used including the ligand-based virtual screening and molecular docking. Moreover, pkCSM and SwissADME web servers were used for the prediction of pharmacokinetics and safety. The total number of the investigated compounds and targets was 25 and 61, respectively. According to the results, the pharmacological activity was attributed to the interaction with essential targets. Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin were the best A. nilotica's phytochemical constituents that contribute to the therapeutic activities, were non-toxic as well as non-carcinogen. The administration of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems will be a valuable therapeutic choice for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosab Yahya Al-Nour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Musab Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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18
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Wu L, Wong CP, Swanson RA. Methodological considerations for studies of brain glycogen. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:914-922. [PMID: 30892752 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen stores in the brain have been recognized for decades, but the underlying physiological function of this energy reserve remains elusive. This uncertainty stems in part from several technical challenges inherent in the study of brain glycogen metabolism. These include low glycogen content in the brain, non-homogeneous labeling of glycogen by radiotracers, rapid glycogenolysis during postmortem tissue handling, and effects of the stress response on brain glycogen turnover. Here we briefly review the aspects of the glycogen structure and metabolism that bear on these technical challenges and present ways they can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Candance P Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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19
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Wu L, Butler NJM, Swanson RA. Technical and Comparative Aspects of Brain Glycogen Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:169-185. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Dai Y, Wang Z, Quan M, Lv Y, Li Y, Xin HB, Qian Y. Asiatic acid protests against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulation of glycometabolism in rat cardiomyocyte. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3573-3582. [PMID: 30498333 PMCID: PMC6207266 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s175116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Asiatic acid is a reported glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor derived from the tropical medicinal plant Centella asiatica and exhibits myocardial protection both in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of asiatic acid on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with the modulation of glycometabolism in cardiomyocyte. Materials and methods The rats were subjected to MI/R with or without asiatic acid pretreatment. The cardiac function indexes, the size of myocardial infarction, and plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were detected. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL assay. The Akt/GSK-3β activation was measured by Western blot. The glycogen content, plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined following MI/R. The mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ and GLUT4 were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results Asiatic acid pretreatment significantly improved the cardiac function indexes, attenuated the size of myocardial infarction, reduced LDH and CK activities, and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI/R. Asiatic acid activated Akt/GSK-3β signal pathway in the myocardium following MI/R injury. In addition, asiatic acid effectively suppressed MI/R-induced glycogen breakdown and inhibited the elevation of plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. Asiatic acid treatment increased PPARγ expression at both mRNA and protein levels, and promoted the translocation of GLUT4 to plasma membrane after MI/R insult. However, the effects mediated by asiatic acid on glycometabolism and GLUT4 translocation were reversed by the administration of LY294002, the Akt inhibitor. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that asiatic acid exerts beneficial effects on MI/R injury in rats. This protection may be related to the modulation of glycometabolism via Akt-dependent GLUT4 translocation and PPARγ activation in ischemic cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Minxue Quan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Yanni Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330046, China
| | - Yunman Li
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Yisong Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
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Brás NF, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Understanding the Rate‐Limiting Step of Glycogenolysis by Using QM/MM Calculations on Human Glycogen Phosphorylase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1608-1616. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natércia F. Brás
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
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Probing the β-pocket of the active site of human liver glycogen phosphorylase with 3-(C-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-5-(4-substituted-phenyl)-1, 2, 4-triazole inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:485-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ayeleso TB, Matumba MG, Mukwevho E. Oleanolic Acid and Its Derivatives: Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential in Chronic Diseases. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111915. [PMID: 29137205 PMCID: PMC6150249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for natural products as an alternative therapy for chronic diseases has encouraged research into the pharmacological importance of bioactive compounds from plants. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid (OA) in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in plants, including fruits and vegetables with different techniques and chromatography platforms being employed in its extraction and isolation. Several studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic effects of OA on different diseases and their symptoms. Furthermore, oleanolic acid also serves as a framework for the development of novel semi-synthetic triterpenoids that could prove vital in finding therapeutic modalities for various ailments. There are recent advances in the design and synthesis of chemical derivatives of OA to enhance its solubility, bioavailability and potency. Some of these derivatives have also been therapeutic candidates in a number of clinical trials. This review consolidates and expands on recent reports on the biological effects of oleanolic acid from different plant sources and its synthetic derivatives as well as their mechanisms of action in in vitro and in vivo study models. This review suggests that oleanolic acid and its derivatives are important candidates in the search for alternative therapy in the treatment and management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo Betty Ayeleso
- Department of Biochemistry, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Mashudu Given Matumba
- Department of Biochemistry, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Mukwevho
- Department of Biochemistry, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Hiyoshi T, Fujiwara M, Yao Z. Postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes. J Biomed Res 2017; 33:1. [PMID: 29089472 PMCID: PMC6352876 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glucose level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that exerts effects greater than glucose levels at fasting state, whereas increase in serum triglyceride level, under both fasting and postprandial conditions, contributes to the development of arteriosclerosis. Insulin resistance is a prevailing cause of abnormalities in postabsorptive excursion of blood glucose and postprandial lipid profile. Excess fat deposition renders a vicious cycle of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in the postprandial state, and both of which are contributors to atherosclerotic change of vessels especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic approaches for ameliorating each of these abnormalities have been attempted, including various antidiabetic agents or new compounds targeting lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hiyoshi
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- . Department of Laboratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zemin Yao
- . Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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25
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Nagy L, Márton J, Vida A, Kis G, Bokor É, Kun S, Gönczi M, Docsa T, Tóth A, Antal M, Gergely P, Csóka B, Pacher P, Somsák L, Bai P. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition improves beta cell function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:301-319. [PMID: 28409826 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme for glycogen degradation. GP inhibitors (GPi-s) are glucose lowering agents that cause the accumulation of glucose in the liver as glycogen. Glycogen metabolism has implications in beta cell function. Glycogen degradation can maintain cellular glucose levels, which feeds into catabolism to maintain insulin secretion, and elevated glycogen degradation levels contribute to glucotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to assess whether influencing glycogen metabolism in beta cells by GPi-s affects the function of these cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of structurally different GPi-s were investigated on MIN6 insulinoma cells and in a mouse model of diabetes. KEY RESULTS GPi treatment increased glycogen content and, consequently, the surface area of glycogen in MIN6 cells. Furthermore, GPi treatment induced insulin receptor β (InsRβ), Akt and p70S6K phosphorylation, as well as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1(PDX1) and insulin expression. In line with these findings, GPi-s enhanced non-stimulated and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. The InsRβ was shown to co-localize with glycogen particles as confirmed by in silico screening, where components of InsR signalling were identified as glycogen-bound proteins. GPi-s also activated the pathway of insulin secretion, indicated by enhanced glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidation and calcium signalling. Finally, GPi-s increased the size of islets of Langerhans and improved glucose-induced insulin release in mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that GPi-s also target beta cells and can be repurposed as agents to preserve beta cell function or even ameliorate beta cell dysfunction in different forms of diabetes. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Márton
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Bokor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mónika Gönczi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.,Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Novel Liver-targeted conjugates of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor PSN-357 for the Treatment of Diabetes: Design, Synthesis, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Evaluations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42251. [PMID: 28225016 PMCID: PMC5320518 DOI: 10.1038/srep42251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PSN-357, an effective glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitor for the treatment for type 2 diabetics, is hampered in its clinical use by the poor selectivity between the GP isoforms in liver and in skeletal muscle. In this study, by the introduction of cholic acid, 9 novel potent and liver-targeted conjugates of PSN-357 were obtained. Among these conjugates, conjugate 6 exhibited slight GP inhibitory activity (IC50 = 31.17 μM), good cellular efficacy (IC50 = 13.39 μM) and suitable stability under various conditions. The distribution and pharmacokinetic studies revealed that conjugate 6 could redistribute from plasma to liver resulting in a considerable higher exposure of PSN-357 metabolizing from 6 in liver (AUCliver/AUCplasma ratio was 18.74) vs that of PSN-357 (AUCliver/AUCplasma ratio was 10.06). In the in vivo animal study of hypoglycemia under the same dose of 50 mg/kg, conjugate 6 exhibited a small but significant hypoglycemic effects in longer-acting manners, that the hypoglycemic effects of 6 is somewhat weaker than PSN-357 from administration up to 6 h, and then became higher than PSN-357 for the rest time of the test. Those results indicate that the liver-targeted glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor may hold utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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27
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Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:786-804. [PMID: 27516169 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some success in lowering blood glucose levels, their effect is not always sustained and their use may be associated with undesirable side effects, such as hypoglycaemia. Novel antidiabetic drugs, which may be used in combination with existing therapies, are therefore needed. The potential of specifically targeting the liver to normalize blood glucose levels has not been fully exploited. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, and assess the prospect of therapeutically targeting associated pathways to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Rines
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clint D J Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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28
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Spasov AA, Chepljaeva NI, Vorob’ev ES. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Donnier-Maréchal M, Vidal S. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors: a patent review (2013 - 2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:199-212. [PMID: 26666989 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1131268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Control of glycemia is crucial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complications. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) releases glucose from the liver into the blood stream. Design of potent GP inhibitors is a therapeutic strategy in the context of type 2 diabetes. AREAS COVERED Glucose-based inhibitors have found potential applications since they now reach low nanomolar Ki values. Another set of patents disclose cholic acid/7-aza-indole conjugates for targeted drug delivery to the liver. A series of benzazepinones have also been reported as potent GP inhibitors. In vitro data are reported for GP inhibition but the in vivo biological data at the cellular or animal levels are often missing, even though the literature reported for these molecules is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A structural analogy between glucose-based GP inhibitors and C-glucosides targeting sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is intriguing. Cholic acid/7-aza-indole conjugates are promising in vivo drug delivery systems to the liver. Benzazepinones were very recently described and no associated literature is available, making it very difficult to comment at present. While industry has slowed down on GP inhibitors design, academic groups are pursuing investigations and have provided potential drug candidates which will resuscitate the interest for GP, including its potential for targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Donnier-Maréchal
- a Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246 , CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- a Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie, UMR 5246 , CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
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30
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Donnier-Maréchal M, Goyard D, Folliard V, Docsa T, Gergely P, Praly JP, Vidal S. 3-Glucosylated 5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles: synthesis and evaluation as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:499-503. [PMID: 25977724 PMCID: PMC4419504 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen phosporylase (GP) is a promising target for the control of glycaemia. The design of inhibitors binding at the catalytic site has been accomplished through various families of glucose-based derivatives such as oxadiazoles. Further elaboration of the oxadiazole aromatic aglycon moiety is now reported with 3-glucosyl-5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles synthesized by condensation of a C-glucosyl amidoxime with N,N’-dialkylcarbodiimides or Vilsmeier salts. The 5-amino group introduced on the oxadiazole scaffold was expected to provide better inhibition of GP through potential additional interactions with the enzyme’s catalytic site; however, no inhibition was observed at 625 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Donnier-Maréchal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (UMR 5246), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Goyard
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (UMR 5246), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Folliard
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (UMR 5246), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pal Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jean-Pierre Praly
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (UMR 5246), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (UMR 5246), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS; 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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31
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Goyard D, Docsa T, Gergely P, Praly JP, Vidal S. Synthesis of 4-amidomethyl-1-glucosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and evaluation as glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2015; 402:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Fayaz SM, Suvanish Kumar VS, Rajanikant KG. Finding needles in a haystack: application of network analysis and target enrichment studies for the identification of potential anti-diabetic phytochemicals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112911. [PMID: 25396726 PMCID: PMC4232558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a debilitating metabolic disorder and remains a significant threat to public health. Herbal medicines have been proven to be effective anti-diabetic agents compared to synthetic drugs in terms of side effects. However, the complexity in their chemical constituents and mechanism of action, hinder the effort to discover novel anti-diabetic drugs. Hence, understanding the biological and chemical basis of pharmacological action of phytochemicals is essential for the discovery of potential anti-diabetic drugs. Identifying important active compounds, their protein targets and the pathways involved in diabetes would serve this purpose. In this context, the present study was aimed at exploring the mechanism of action of anti-diabetic plants phytochemicals through network and chemical-based approaches. This study also involves a focused and constructive strategy for preparing new effective anti-diabetic formulations. Further, a protocol for target enrichment was proposed, to identify novel protein targets for important active compounds. Therefore, the successive use of network analysis combined with target enrichment studies would accelerate the discovery of potential anti-diabetic phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik M. Fayaz
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, India
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33
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Sanae F, Kamiyama O, Ikeda-Obatake K, Higashi Y, Asano N, Adachi I, Kato A. Effects of eugenol-reduced clove extract on glycogen phosphorylase b and the development of diabetes in db/db mice. Food Funct 2014; 5:214-9. [PMID: 24336787 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60514k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We found that the 50% aqueous EtOH extract of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) had potent dose-dependent inhibitory activity toward glycogen phosphorylase b and glucagon-stimulated glucose production in primary rat hepatocytes. Among the components, eugeniin inhibited glycogen phosphorylase b and glucagon-stimulated glucose production in primary rat hepatocytes, with IC50 values of 0.14 and 4.7 μM, respectively. In sharp contrast, eugenol showed no significant inhibition toward glycogen phosphorylase b, even at a concentration of 400 μM. Eugenol-reduced clove extracts (erCE) were prepared and when fed to a db/db mouse they clearly suppressed the blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Furthermore, plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels in 5% and 10% erCE-fed db/db mice were significantly lowered, compared with control db/db mice without erCE supplementation. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with the erCE could beneficially modify glucose and lipid metabolism and contribute to the prevention of the progress of hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sanae
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
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34
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Nazaruk J, Borzym-Kluczyk M. The role of triterpenes in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2014; 14:675-690. [PMID: 26213526 PMCID: PMC4513225 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-014-9369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which is a serious global problem. In 2010 an estimated 285 million people had diabetes and within the next 20 years this value is expected to almost double. Many antidiabetic therapies focus on improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production, and/or decreasing the level of blood glucose. Although a number of synthetic medicines are available, drugs of natural origin have aroused great interest. Triterpenes seem to demonstrate adequate properties. Many experiments have shown that these compounds have several antidiabetic mechanisms. They can inhibit enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, prevent the development of insulin resistance and normalize plasma glucose and insulin levels. These natural compounds, in contrast to synthetic drugs, apart from producing a hypoglycemic effect have also been found to manifest hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. Triterpenes are also promising agents in the prevention of diabetic complications. They have strong antioxidant activity and inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products, implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, embryopathy, neuropathy or impaired wound healing. Until now very few clinical studies have been concerned with the application of triterpenes in treating diabetes. However, due to their great therapeutic potential, these compounds deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a Str., 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - M. Borzym-Kluczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2a Str., 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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35
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Rochester CD, Akiyode O. Novel and emerging diabetes mellitus drug therapies for the type 2 diabetes patient. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:305-315. [PMID: 24936252 PMCID: PMC4058735 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of deranged fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia as a result of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Although a wide variety of diabetes therapies is available, yet limited efficacy, adverse effects, cost, contraindications, renal dosage adjustments, inflexible dosing schedules and weight gain significantly limit their use. In addition, many patients in the United States fail to meet the therapeutic HbA1c goal of < 7% set by the American Diabetes Association. As such new and emerging diabetes therapies with different mechanisms of action hope to address some of these drawbacks to improve the patient with type 2 diabetes. This article reviews new and emerging classes, including the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors, G Protein-Coupled receptor agonists and glucokinase activators. These emerging diabetes agents hold the promise of providing benefit of glucose lowering, weight reduction, low hypoglycemia risk, improve insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β cell preservation, and oral formulation availability. However, further studies are needed to evaluate their safety profile, cardiovascular effects, and efficacy durability in order to determine their role in type 2 diabetes management.
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36
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Nagy L, Docsa T, Szántó M, Brunyánszki A, Hegedűs C, Márton J, Kónya B, Virág L, Somsák L, Gergely P, Bai P. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor N-(3,5-dimethyl-Benzoyl)-N'-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)urea improves glucose tolerance under normoglycemic and diabetic conditions and rearranges hepatic metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69420. [PMID: 23936011 PMCID: PMC3723905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen and largely contributes to hepatic glucose production making GP inhibition an attractive target to modulate glucose levels in diabetes. Hereby we present the metabolic effects of a novel, potent, glucose-based GP inhibitor (KB228) tested in vitro and in vivo under normoglycemic and diabetic conditions. KB228 administration enhanced glucose sensitivity in chow-fed and obese, diabetic mice that was a result of higher hepatic glucose uptake. Besides improved glucose sensitivity, we have observed further unexpected metabolic rearrangements. KB228 administration increased oxygen consumption that was probably due to the overexpression of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) that was observed in animal and cellular models. Furthermore, KB228 treatment induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) in mice. Our data demonstrate that glucose based GP inhibitors are capable of reducing glucose levels in mice under normo and hyperglycemic conditions. Moreover, these GP inhibitors induce accommodation in addition to GP inhibition - such as enhanced mitochondrial oxidation and mTORC2 signaling – to cope with the glucose influx and increased glycogen deposition in the cells, however the molecular mechanism of accommodation is unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Szántó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Márton
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bálint Kónya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
- Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Jain S, Gupta N, Jindal R, Dubey T, Agarwal N, Siddiqui A, Wangnoo S. Newer anti-hyperglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus – Expanding the horizon. APOLLO MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apme.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Gaboriaud-Kolar N, Skaltsounis AL. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1017-32. [PMID: 23627914 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.794790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of glucose-1-phosphate, the source of energy for muscles and the rest of the body. The binding of different ligands in catalytic or allosteric sites assures activation and deactivation of the enzyme. A description of the regulation mechanism and the implications in glycogen metabolism are given. AREAS COVERED Deregulation of GP has been observed in diseases such as diabetes mellitus or cancers. Therefore, it appears as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of such pathologies. Numbers of inhibitors have been published in academic literature or patented in the last two decades. This review presents the main patent claims published between 2008 and 2012. EXPERT OPINION Good inhibitors with interesting IC50 and in vivo results are presented. However, such therapeutic strategy raises questions and some answers are proposed to bring new insights in the field.
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39
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Goyard D, Baron M, Skourti PV, Chajistamatiou AS, Docsa T, Gergely P, Chrysina ED, Praly JP, Vidal S. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from xylosyl and 5-thioxylosyl azides: evaluation of the xylose scaffold for the design of potential glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 364:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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41
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Alexacou KM, Zhang YZ, Praly JP, Zographos SE, Chrysina ED, Oikonomakos NG, Leonidas DD. Halogen-substituted (C-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-hydroquinone regioisomers: Synthesis, enzymatic evaluation and their binding to glycogen phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Hepatic 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 involvement in alterations of glucose metabolism produced by acidotic stress in rat. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:329-37. [PMID: 20358345 DOI: 10.1007/bf03185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDs) enzymes regulate the activity of glucocorticoids in target organs. HSD1, one of the two existing isoforms, locates mainly in CNS, liver and adipose tissue. HSD1 is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome. The stress produced by HCl overload triggers metabolic acidosis and increases liver HSD1 activity associated with increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a regulatory enzyme of gluconeogenesis that is activated by glucocorticoids, with increased glycaemia and glycogen breakdown. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the metabolic modifications triggered by HCl stress are due to increased liver HSD1 activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a potent HDS inhibitor, was administered subcutaneously (20 mg/ml) to stressed and unstressed four months old maleSprague Dawley rats to investigate changes in liver HSD1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PECPK) and glycogen phosphorylase activities and plasma glucose levels. It was observed that all these parameters increased in stressed animals, but that treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid significantly reduced their levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of HSD1 in stress induced carbohydrate disturbances and could contribute to the impact of HSD1 inhibitors on carbohydrate metabolism and its relevance in the study of Metabolic Syndrome Disorder and non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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43
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Glucose-based spiro-isoxazolines: A new family of potent glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7368-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Betik AC, Thomas MM, Wright KJ, Riel CD, Hepple RT. Exercise training from late middle age until senescence does not attenuate the declines in skeletal muscle aerobic function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R744-55. [PMID: 19571205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90959.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that 7 wk of treadmill exercise training in late-middle-aged rats can reverse the modest reductions in skeletal muscle aerobic function and enzyme activity relative to values in young adult rats (Exp Physiol 93: 863-871, 2008). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether extending this training program into senescence would attenuate the accelerated decline in the muscle aerobic machinery normally seen at this advanced age. For this purpose, 29-mo-old Fisher 344 Brown-Norway rats underwent 5 or 7 mo of treadmill exercise training. Training resulted in greater exercise capacity during an incremental treadmill exercise test and reduced percent body fat in 34- and 36-mo-old rats and improved survival. Despite these benefits at the whole body level, in situ muscle aerobic capacity and muscle mass were not greater in the trained groups at 34 mo or 36 mo of age. Similarly, the trained groups did not have higher activities of citrate synthase (CS) or Complex IV in homogenates of either the plantaris (fast twitch) or the soleus (slow twitch) muscles at either age. Finally, protein expression of CS (a marker of mitochondrial content) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (relating to the drive on mitochondrial biogenesis) were not higher in the trained groups. Therefore, although treadmill training from late middle age into senescence had significant benefits on running capacity, survival, and body fat, it did not prevent the declines in muscle mass, muscle aerobic capacity, or mitochondrial enzyme activities normally seen across this age, revealing a markedly diminished plasticity of the aerobic machinery in response to endurance exercise at advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Betik
- Muscle and Aging Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Cecioni S, Argintaru OA, Docsa T, Gergely P, Praly JP, Vidal S. Probing multivalency for the inhibition of an enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase as a case study. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Constantin-Teodosiu D, Baker DJ, Constantin D, Greenhaff PL. PPARdelta agonism inhibits skeletal muscle PDC activity, mitochondrial ATP production and force generation during prolonged contraction. J Physiol 2008; 587:231-9. [PMID: 19001043 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that PPARdelta agonism, used clinically to treat insulin resistance, increases fat oxidation and up-regulates mitochondrial PDK4 mRNA and protein expression in resting skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that PDK4 up-regulation, which inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-dependent carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, would negatively affect muscle function during sustained contraction where the demand on CHO is markedly increased. Three groups of eight male Wistar rats each received either vehicle or a PPARdelta agonist (GW610742X) at two doses (5 and 100 mg (kg body mass (bm))(-1) orally for 6 days. On the seventh day, the gastrocnemius-soleus-plantaris muscle group was isolated and snap frozen, or underwent 30 min of electrically evoked submaximal intensity isometric contraction using a perfused hindlimb model. During contraction, the rate of muscle PDC activation was significantly lower at 100 mg (kg bm)(-1) compared with control (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the rates of muscle PCr hydrolysis and lactate accumulation were significantly increased at 100 mg (kg bm)(-1) compared with control, reflecting lower mitochondrial ATP generation. Muscle tension development during contraction was significantly lower at 100 mg (kg bm)(-1) compared with control (25%; P < 0.05). The present data demonstrate that PPARdelta agonism inhibits muscle CHO oxidation at the level of PDC during prolonged contraction, and is paralleled by the activation of anaerobic metabolism, which collectively impair contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Synthesis of a C-glucosylated cyclopropylamide and evaluation as a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4774-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wen X, Sun H, Liu J, Cheng K, Zhang P, Zhang L, Hao J, Zhang L, Ni P, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Alexacou KM, Gimisis T, Hayes JM, Oikonomakos NG. Naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystallographic studies. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3540-54. [PMID: 18517260 DOI: 10.1021/jm8000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes, 15 of which were synthesized in this study, were biologically evaluated as inhibitors of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa). From SAR studies, the presence of a sugar moiety in triterpene saponins resulted in a markedly decreased activity ( 7, 18- 20) or no activity ( 21, 22). These saponins, however, might find their value as potential natural prodrugs which are much more water-soluble than their corresponding aglycones. To elucidate the mechanism of GP inhibition, we have determined the crystal structures of the GPb-asiatic acid and GPb-maslinic acid complexes. The X-ray analysis indicates that the inhibitors bind at the allosteric activator site, where the physiological activator AMP binds. Pentacyclic triterpenes represent a promising class of multiple-target antidiabetic agents that exert hypoglycemic effects, at least in part, through GP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Wen
- Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Poucher SM, Freeman S, Loxham SJG, Convey G, Bartlett JB, De Schoolmeester J, Teague J, Walker M, Turnbull AV, Charles AD, Carey F, Berg S. An assessment of the in vivo efficacy of the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor GPi688 in rat models of hyperglycaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1239-47. [PMID: 17934512 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies in cultured hepatocytes demonstrate glycogen synthase (GS) activation with glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors. The current study investigated whether these phenomena occurred in vivo using a novel GP inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An allosteric GP inhibitor, GPi688, was evaluated against both glucagon-mediated hyperglycaemia and oral glucose challenge-mediated hyperglycaemia to determine the relative effects against GP and GS in vivo. KEY RESULTS In rat primary hepatocytes, GPi688 inhibited glucagons-mediated glucose output in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally GP activity was reduced and GS activity increased seven-fold. GPi688 inhibited glucagon-mediated hyperglycaemia in both Wistar (65%) & obese Zucker (100%) rats and demonstrated a long duration of action in the Zucker rat. The in vivo efficacy in the glucagon challenge model could be predicted by the equation; % glucagon inhibition=56.9+34.3[log ([free plasma]/rat IC50)], r=0.921). GPi688 also reduced the blood glucose of obese Zucker rats after a 7 h fast by 23%. In an oral glucose tolerance test in Zucker rats, however, GPi688 was less efficacious (7% reduction) than a glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor (22% reduction), despite also observing activation (by 45%) of GS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although GP inhibition can inhibit hyperglycaemia mediated by increased glucose production, the degree of GS activation induced by allosteric GP inhibitors in vivo, although discernible, is insufficient to increase glucose disposal. The data suggests that GP inhibitors might be more effective clinically against fasting rather than prandial hyperglycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Poucher
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Discovery Department, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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He L, Zhi Zhang Y, Tanoh M, Chen GR, Praly JP, Chrysina ED, Tiraidis C, Kosmopoulou M, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG. In the Search of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors: Synthesis of C-D-Glycopyranosylbenzo(hydro)quinones – Inhibition of and Binding to Glycogen Phosphorylase in the Crystal. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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