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Shah CH, Fonarow GC, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Trends in direct health care costs among US adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with and without diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:238. [PMID: 38978114 PMCID: PMC11232126 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Population-based national data on the trends in expenditures related to coexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and diabetes is scarce. We assessed the trends in direct health care expenditures for ASCVD among individuals with and without diabetes, which can help to better define the burden of the co-occurrence of diabetes and ASCVD. METHODS We used 12-year data (2008-2019) from the US national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey including 28,144 U.S individuals aged ≥ 18 years. Using a two-part model (adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and time), we estimated mean and adjusted incremental medical expenditures by diabetes status among individuals with ASCVD. The costs were direct total health care expenditures (out-of-pocket payments and payments by private insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, and other sources) from various sources (office-based visits, hospital outpatient, emergency room, inpatient hospital, pharmacy, home health care, and other medical expenditures). RESULTS The total direct expenditures for individuals with ASCVD increased continuously by 30% from $14,713 (95% confidence interval (CI): $13,808-$15,619) in 2008-2009 to $19,145 (95% CI: $17,988-$20,301) in 2008-2019. Individuals with diabetes had a 1.5-fold higher mean expenditure that those without diabetes. A key driver of the observed increase in direct costs was prescription drug costs, which increased by 37% among all individuals with ASCVD. The increase in prescription drug costs was more pronounced among individuals with ASCVD and diabetes, in whom a 45% increase in costs was observed, from $5184 (95% CI: $4721-$5646) in 2008-2009 to $7501 (95% CI: $6678-$8325) in 2018-2019. Individuals with ASCVD and diabetes had $5563 (95% CI: $4643-$6483) higher direct incremental expenditures compared with those without diabetes, after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Among US adults with ASCVD, the estimated adjusted total direct excess medical expenditures were $42 billion per year among those with diabetes vs. those without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of ASCVD, diabetes is associated with significantly increased health care costs, an increase that was driven by marked increase in medication costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintal H Shah
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Pate A, Sperrin M, Riley RD, Peek N, Van Staa T, Sergeant JC, Mamas MA, Lip GYH, O'Flaherty M, Barrowman M, Buchan I, Martin GP. Calibration plots for multistate risk predictions models. Stat Med 2024; 43:2830-2852. [PMID: 38720592 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is currently no guidance on how to assess the calibration of multistate models used for risk prediction. We introduce several techniques that can be used to produce calibration plots for the transition probabilities of a multistate model, before assessing their performance in the presence of random and independent censoring through a simulation. METHODS We studied pseudo-values based on the Aalen-Johansen estimator, binary logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights (BLR-IPCW), and multinomial logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights (MLR-IPCW). The MLR-IPCW approach results in a calibration scatter plot, providing extra insight about the calibration. We simulated data with varying levels of censoring and evaluated the ability of each method to estimate the calibration curve for a set of predicted transition probabilities. We also developed evaluated the calibration of a model predicting the incidence of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease among a cohort of patients derived from linked primary and secondary healthcare records. RESULTS The pseudo-value, BLR-IPCW, and MLR-IPCW approaches give unbiased estimates of the calibration curves under random censoring. These methods remained predominately unbiased in the presence of independent censoring, even if the censoring mechanism was strongly associated with the outcome, with bias concentrated in low-density regions of predicted transition probability. CONCLUSIONS We recommend implementing either the pseudo-value or BLR-IPCW approaches to produce a calibration curve, combined with the MLR-IPCW approach to produce a calibration scatter plot. The methods have been incorporated into the "calibmsm" R package available on CRAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pate
- Centre for Health Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Sperrin
- Centre for Health Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Niels Peek
- Centre for Health Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tjeerd Van Staa
- Centre for Health Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie C Sergeant
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Biostatistics, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin O'Flaherty
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration NW Coast, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Independent Researcher, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Barrowman
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration NW Coast, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain Buchan
- Independent Researcher, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Glen P Martin
- Centre for Health Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Huang CJ, Lin CH, Liu TL, Lin PC, Chu CC, Wang JJ, Wei CW, Weng SF. Healthcare Utilization and Its Correlates in Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Psychiatr Q 2024; 95:233-252. [PMID: 38639873 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the healthcare utilization and medical expenditure of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and identified the associated factors. The healthcare utilization and expenditure of T2DM patients with (case group) and without (control group) GAD between 2002 and 2013 were examined using the population-based Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Healthcare utilization included outpatient visits and hospitalization; health expenditure included outpatient, inpatient, and total medical expenditure. Moreover, nonpsychiatric healthcare utilization and medical expenditure were distinguished from total healthcare utilization and medical expenditure. The average healthcare utilization, including outpatient visits and hospitalization, was significantly higher for the case group than for the control group (total and nonpsychiatric). The results regarding differences in average outpatient expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric), inpatient expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric), and total expenditure (total and nonpsychiatric) between the case and control groups are inconsistent. Sex, age, income, comorbidities/complications, and the diabetes mellitus complication severity index were significantly associated with outpatient visits, medical expenditure, and hospitalization in the case group (total and nonpsychiatric). Greater knowledge of factors affecting healthcare utilization and expenditure in comorbid individuals may help healthcare providers intervene to improve patient management and possibly reduce the healthcare burden in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wang Wei
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Office of R&D, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Nichols GA, Amitay EL, Chatterjee S, Steubl D. Health Care Costs Associated with the Development and Combination of Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Diseases. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1382-1388. [PMID: 37461134 PMCID: PMC10615376 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Key Points Onset of any new cardio-renal-metabolic condition drove substantial increase in health care costs. Overall costs increased by $10,316 (130%) when CKD developed, $6789 (84%) for type 2 diabetes, $21,573 (304%) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and $36,522 (475%) for heart failure. However, as a result of prediagnosis costs being higher as more conditions were present, the percentage increases in costs associated with incidence were lower when more prevalent conditions existed. Background The cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) syndrome is a constellation of conditions which includes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure (HF), CKD, and type 2 diabetes. The economic consequences of developing each of these comorbidities in the context of the others have not been studied. Methods We used the electronic medical records of Kaiser Permanente Northwest to identify 387,985 members aged 18 years or older who had a serum creatinine measured between 2005 and 2017. Patients were followed through 2019. We used a statistical approach that assesses time dependency for continuous measures; the total observation period for each patient was divided into quarters (91-day increments), and each patient contributed a record for every quarter in which they were members of the health plan. CRM status was determined for each quarter. Results The incremental annualized cost of each of these chronic diseases was similar regardless of which other conditions were present when the new condition developed. Overall costs increased by $10,316 (130%) when CKD developed, $6789 (84%) for type 2 diabetes, $21,573 (304%) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and $36,522 (475%) for HF. However, as a result of prediagnosis costs being higher as more conditions were present, the percentage increases in costs associated with incidence were lower when more prevalent conditions existed. Conclusions Onset of any new CRM condition drove substantial increase in health care costs. Our findings indicate a clear interplay of CRM conditions and emphasize the need for better simultaneous prevention and management of these disease states to reduce the economic burden on health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominik Steubl
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
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Pate A, Sperrin M, Riley RD, Sergeant JC, Van Staa T, Peek N, Mamas MA, Lip GYH, O'Flaherty M, Buchan I, Martin GP. Developing prediction models to estimate the risk of two survival outcomes both occurring: A comparison of techniques. Stat Med 2023; 42:3184-3207. [PMID: 37218664 PMCID: PMC11155421 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study considers the prediction of the time until two survival outcomes have both occurred. We compared a variety of analytical methods motivated by a typical clinical problem of multimorbidity prognosis. METHODS We considered five methods: product (multiply marginal risks), dual-outcome (directly model the time until both events occur), multistate models (msm), and a range of copula and frailty models. We assessed calibration and discrimination under a variety of simulated data scenarios, varying outcome prevalence, and the amount of residual correlation. The simulation focused on model misspecification and statistical power. Using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we compared model performance when predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes both occurring. RESULTS Discrimination was similar for all methods. The product method was poorly calibrated in the presence of residual correlation. The msm and dual-outcome models were the most robust to model misspecification but suffered a drop in performance at small sample sizes due to overfitting, which the copula and frailty model were less susceptible to. The copula and frailty model's performance were highly dependent on the underlying data structure. In the clinical example, the product method was poorly calibrated when adjusting for 8 major cardiovascular risk factors. DISCUSSION We recommend the dual-outcome method for predicting the risk of two survival outcomes both occurring. It was the most robust to model misspecification, although was also the most prone to overfitting. The clinical example motivates the use of the methods considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pate
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Matthew Sperrin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Richard D. Riley
- Institute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Jamie C. Sergeant
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Centre for Biostatistics, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Tjeerd Van Staa
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Niels Peek
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
| | - Mamas A. Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research GroupKeele UniversityStoke‐on‐TrentUK
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of LiverpoolLiverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest HospitalLiverpoolUK
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Martin O'Flaherty
- Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Iain Buchan
- Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Glen P. Martin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
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Westerink J, Matthiessen KS, Nuhoho S, Fainberg U, Lyng Wolden M, Østergaard HB, Visseren F, Sattar N. Estimated Life-Years Gained Free of New or Recurrent Major Cardiovascular Events With the Addition of Semaglutide to Standard of Care in People With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1211-1218. [PMID: 35263432 PMCID: PMC9174968 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a post hoc analysis of pooled data from Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN) 6 and Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment (PIONEER) 6. We estimated the benefit of adding semaglutide to standard of care (SoC) on life-years free of new/recurrent CVD events in people with T2D at high risk of CVD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Diabetes Lifetime-perspective prediction (DIAL) competing risk-adjusted lifetime CVD risk model for people with T2D was developed previously. Baseline characteristics of the pooled cohort from SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6 (POOLED cohort) (N = 6,480) were used to estimate individual life expectancy free of CVD for patients in the POOLED cohort. The hazard ratio of MACE from adding semaglutide to SoC was derived from the POOLED cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76 [95% CI 0.62-0.92]) and combined with an individual's risk to estimate their CVD benefit. RESULTS Adding semaglutide to SoC was associated with a wide distribution in life-years free of CVD gained, with a mean increase of 1.7 (95% CI 0.5-2.9) life-years. Estimated life-years free of CVD gained with semaglutide was dependent on baseline risk (life-years free of CVD gained in individuals with established CVD vs. those with cardiovascular risk factors only: 2.0 vs. 0.2) and age at treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS Adding semaglutide to SoC was associated with a gain in life-years free of CVD events that was dependent on baseline CVD risk and age at treatment initiation. This study helps contextualize the results of semaglutide clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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Huang CJ, Liu TL, Huang YT, Hsieh HM, Chang CC, Chu CC, Wei CW, Weng SF. Healthcare burden and factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus with Schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:519-529. [PMID: 33860331 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated healthcare utilization and expenditure for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia and associated factors. Healthcare utilization (outpatient visits and hospitalization) and expenditure (outpatient, inpatient, and total medical expenditure) between 2002 and 2013 of patients with T2DM with schizophrenia (case group) and without (control group) were examined using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. (1) The average total numbers of outpatient visits and hospital admissions of the case group were 35.14 outpatient visits and 1.09 hospital admissions significantly higher than those of the control group in the whole study period (based on every 3-year period). Nonpsychiatric outpatient visits and nonpsychiatric hospital admissions were significantly more numerous for the case group. (2) The total outpatient expenditure, total inpatient expenditure, and total medical expenditure of the case group were NT$65,000, NT$170,000, and NT$235,000 significantly higher than those of the control group, respectively. Nonpsychiatric outpatient expenditure was significantly lower for the case group, but the inpatient and total nonpsychiatric medical expenditure were similar between groups. (3) Patients who were elder of low income, with complications, and high diabetes mellitus complication severity index had higher total numbers of outpatient visits and hospitalizations and medical expenditure. (4) Women had a higher number of outpatient visits but a lower number of hospitalization and medical expenditure. Lower non-psychiatric outpatient expenditure despite more visits indicated non-psychiatrist may not understand schizophrenia patients and cannot communicate well with them, leading to neglect of medical evaluation and treatment that should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Division of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, 442, Section. 2, Shulin Street, South District, Tainan, 702, Taiwan.,Department of Health Psychology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901, Chung Hwa Rd, Yung Kang District, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wang Wei
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Office of R&D, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Ali B, Dargham S, Al Suwaidi J, Jneid H, Abi Khalil C. Temporal Trends in Outcomes of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients With Heart Failure and Diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:803092. [PMID: 35185613 PMCID: PMC8850929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.803092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We aimed to assess temporal trends in outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with diabetes and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and compared both groups. Methods Data from the National Inpatient Sample was analyzed between 2005 and 2017. We assessed hospitalizations rate and in-hospital mortality, ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), atrial fibrillation (AF), cardiogenic shock (CS), ischemic stroke, acute renal failure (ARF), and revascularization strategy. Socio-economic outcomes consisted of the length of stay (LoS) and total charges/stay. Results Hospitalization rate steadily decreased with time in STEMI patients with diabetes and HFrEF. Mean age (SD) decreased from 71 ± 12 to 67 ± 12 (p < 0.01), while the prevalence of comorbidities increased. Mortality was stable (around 9%). However, VT, VF, AF, CS, ischemic stroke, and ARF significantly increased with time. In STEMI patients with HFpEF and diabetes, the hospitalization rate significantly increased with time while mean age was stable. The prevalence of comorbidities increased, mortality remained stable (around 4%), but VF, ischemic stroke, and ARF increased with time. Compared to patients with HFrEF, HFpEF patients were 2 years older, more likely to be females, suffered from more cardio-metabolic risk factors, and had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. However, HFpEF patients were less likely to die [adjusted OR = 0.635 (0.601-0.670)] or develop VT [adjusted OR = 0.749 (0.703-0.797)], VF [adjusted OR = 0.866 (0.798-0.940)], ischemic stroke [adjusted OR = 0.871 [0.776-0.977)], and CS [adjusted OR = 0.549 (0.522-0.577)], but more likely to develop AF [adjusted OR = 1.121 (1.078-1.166)]. HFpEF patients were more likely to get PCI but less likely to get thrombolysis or CABG. Total charges per stay increased by at least 2-fold in both groups. There was a slight temporal reduction over the study period in the LoS of the HFpEF. Conclusion While hospitalizations for STEMI in patients with diabetes and HFpEF followed an upward trend, we observed a temporal decrease in those with HFrEF. Mortality was unchanged in both HF groups despite the temporal increase in risk factors. Nevertheless, HFpEF patients had lower in-hospital mortality and cardiovascular events, except for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Ali
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soha Dargham
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hani Jneid
- The Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Centre, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Charbel Abi Khalil,
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Kumar A, Siddharth V, Singh SI, Narang R. Cost analysis of treating cardiovascular diseases in a super-specialty hospital. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262190. [PMID: 34986193 PMCID: PMC8730466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular care is expensive; hence, economic evaluation is required to estimate resources being consumed and to ensure their optimal utilization. There is dearth of data regarding cost analysis of treating various diseases including cardiac diseases from developing countries. The study aimed to analyze resource consumption in treating cardio-vascular disease patients in a super-specialty hospital. An observational and descriptive study was carried out from April 2017 to June 2018 in the Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic (CT) Centre of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. As per World Health Organization, common cardiovascular diseases i.e. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD), Cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart diseases, Cardiac Arrhythmias etc. were considered for cost analysis. Medical records of 100 admitted patients (Ward & Cardiac Care Unit) of cardiovascular diseases were studied till discharge and number of patient records for a particular CVD was identified using prevalence-based ratio of admitted CVD patient data. Traditional Costing and Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) methods were used for cost computation. Per bed per day cost incurred by the hospital for admitted patients in Cardiac Care Unit, adult and pediatric cardiology ward was calculated to be Indian Rupee (INR) 28,144 (US$ 434), INR 22,210 (US$ 342) and INR 18,774 (US$ 289), respectively. Inpatient cost constituted almost 70% of the total cost and equipment cost accounted for more than 50% of the inpatient cost followed by human resource cost (28%). Per patient cost of treating any CVD was computed to be INR 2,47,822 (US $ 3842). Cost of treating Rheumatic Heart Disease was the highest among all CVDs followed by Cardiomyopathy and other CVDs. Cost of treating cardiovascular diseases in India is less than what has been reported in developed countries. Findings of this study would aid policy makers considering recent radical changes and massive policy reforms ushered in by the Government of India in healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijaydeep Siddharth
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Soubam Iboyaima Singh
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Narang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Penlioglou T, Stoian AP, Papanas N. Diabetes, Vascular Aging and Stroke: Old Dogs, New Tricks? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194620. [PMID: 34640636 PMCID: PMC8509285 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. It is well established that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for stroke, while other risk factors include dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Given that the global prevalence of diabetes steadily increases, the need for adequate glycaemic control and prevention of DM-related cardiovascular events remains a challenge for the medical community. Therefore, a re-examination of the latest data related to this issue is of particular importance. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarise the latest data on the relationship between DM and stroke, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, prevention and biomarkers. METHODS For this purpose, comprehensive research was performed on the platforms PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE with a combination of the following keywords: diabetes mellitus, stroke, macrovascular complications, diabetic stroke, cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Much progress has been made in stroke in people with DM in terms of prevention and early diagnosis. In the field of prevention, the adaptation of the daily habits and the regulation of co-morbidity of individuals play a particularly important role. Simultaneously, the most significant revolution has been brought by the relatively new treatment options that offer protection to the cardiovascular system. Moreover, many prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers have been identified, paving the way for early and accurate diagnoses. However, to date, there are crucial points that remain controversial and need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Penlioglou
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68132 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68132 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +30-25513-51723
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11
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Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Pardo-Mas JR, Tortajada S, Sáez C, Valdivieso B, García-Gómez JM. Predicting morbidity by local similarities in multi-scale patient trajectories. J Biomed Inform 2021; 120:103837. [PMID: 34119690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient Trajectories (PTs) are a method of representing the temporal evolution of patients. They can include information from different sources and be used in socio-medical or clinical domains. PTs have generally been used to generate and study the most common trajectories in, for instance, the development of a disease. On the other hand, healthcare predictive models generally rely on static snapshots of patient information. Only a few works about prediction in healthcare have been found that use PTs, and therefore benefit from their temporal dimension. All of them, however, have used PTs created from single-source information. Therefore, the use of longitudinal multi-scale data to build PTs and use them to obtain predictions about health conditions is yet to be explored. Our hypothesis is that local similarities on small chunks of PTs can identify similar patients concerning their future morbidities. The objectives of this work are (1) to develop a methodology to identify local similarities between PTs before the occurrence of morbidities to predict these on new query individuals; and (2) to validate this methodology on risk prediction of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occurrence in patients with diabetes. We have proposed a novel formal definition of PTs based on sequences of longitudinal multi-scale data. Moreover, a dynamic programming methodology to identify local alignments on PTs for predicting future morbidities is proposed. Both the proposed methodology for PT definition and the alignment algorithm are generic to be applied on any clinical domain. We validated this solution for predicting CVD in patients with diabetes and we achieved a precision of 0.33, a recall of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.38. Therefore, the proposed solution in the diabetes use case can result of utmost utility to secondary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía A Carrasco-Ribelles
- Biomedical Data Science Lab (BDSLAB), Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose Ramón Pardo-Mas
- Biomedical Data Science Lab (BDSLAB), Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Tortajada
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Universitat de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Carlos Sáez
- Biomedical Data Science Lab (BDSLAB), Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Valdivieso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 10, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M García-Gómez
- Biomedical Data Science Lab (BDSLAB), Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Tabbalat A, Dargham S, Al Suwaidi J, Aboulsoud S, Al Jerdi S, Abi Khalil C. Mortality and socio-economic outcomes among patients hospitalized for stroke and diabetes in the US: a recent analysis from the National Inpatient Sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8204. [PMID: 33859229 PMCID: PMC8050299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing worldwide. We aim to assess mortality and socio-economic outcomes among patients hospitalized for stroke and diabetes in the US and evaluate their recent trends. We examined: in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LoS), and overall hospital charges in diabetic patients over 18 years old who were hospitalized with a stroke from 2005 to 2014, included in the National Inpatient Sample. In those patients, the mean (SD) age slightly decreased from 70 (13) years to 69 (13) years (p-trend < 0.001). Interestingly, although incident cases of stroke amongst DM patients increased from 17.4 to 20.0 /100,000 US adults (p-trend < 0.001), age-adjusted mortality for those with hemorrhagic strokes decreased from 24.3% to 19.6%, and also decreased from 3.23% to 2.48% for those with ischemic strokes (p-trend < 0.01 for both), but remained unchanged in TIAs patients. As expected, the average total charges per hospital stay almost doubled over the ten-year period, increasing from 15 970 to 31 018 USD/stay (adjusted for inflation). Nonetheless, median (IQR) LoS slightly decreased from 4 (2-6) to 3 (2-6) days (p-trend < 0.001). In total, our data show that, from 2005 to 2014, the incidence of stroke among the diabetes patient population are gradually increasing, in-hospital mortality is steadily decreasing, along with average LoS. Admission costs were up almost twofold during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Tabbalat
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soha Dargham
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jassim Al Suwaidi
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO box 24144, Doha, Qatar.,Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samar Aboulsoud
- Department of Medicine, Kasr Alainy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salman Al Jerdi
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, PO box 24144, Doha, Qatar. .,Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,Joan and Sanford I, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
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13
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Mekhaimar M, Dargham S, El-Shazly M, Al Suwaidi J, Jneid H, Abi Khalil C. Diabetes-related cardiovascular and economic burden in patients hospitalized for heart failure in the US: a recent temporal trend analysis from the National Inpatient Sample. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:289-300. [PMID: 32930940 PMCID: PMC7895778 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the cardiovascular and economic burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) in the US and to assess the recent temporal trend. Data from the National Inpatient Sample were analyzed between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence of DM increased from 40.4 to 46.5% in patients hospitalized for HF. In patients with HF and DM, mean (SD) age slightly decreased from 71 (13) to 70 (13) years, in which 47.5% were males in 2005 as compared with 52% in 2014 (p trend < 0.001 for both). Surprisingly, the presence of DM was associated with lower in-hospital mortality risk, even after adjustment for confounders (adjusted OR = 0.844 (95% CI [0.828–0.860]). Crude mortality gradually decreased from 2.7% in 2005 to 2.4% in 2014 but was still lower than that of non-diabetes patients’ mortality on a yearly comparison basis. Hospitalization for HF also decreased from 211 to 188/100,000 hospitalizations. However, median (IQR) LoS slightly increased from 4 (2–6) to 4 (3–7) days, so did total charges/stay that jumped from 15,704 to 26,858 USD (adjusted for inflation, p trend < 0.001 for both). In total, the prevalence of DM is gradually increasing in HF. However, the temporal trend shows that hospitalization and in-hospital mortality are on a descending slope at a cost of an increasing yearly expenditure and length of stay, even to a larger extent than in patient without DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soha Dargham
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Hani Jneid
- The Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Centre, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar. .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK.
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14
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Podder V, Srivastava V, Kumar S, Nagarathna R, Sivapuram MS, Kaur N, Sharma K, Singh AK, Malik N, Anand A, Nagendra HR. Prevalence and Awareness of Stroke and Other Comorbidities Associated with Diabetes in Northwest India. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2020; 11:467-473. [PMID: 32753814 PMCID: PMC7394624 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of comorbid conditions in diabetic, prediabetic, and nondiabetic individuals. Additionally, the current study examines the levels of awareness of those comorbidities among North Indian population.
Methods
As a part of a national study (Niyantrit Madhumeh Bharat [NMB] screening program), different comorbidity parameters were screened in the northern part of India between April and September 2017. There were 1,215 participants recruited in this study. Biochemical analyses of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were conducted on the study subjects. Subsequently, the study subjects were divided into diabetic, prediabetic, and nondiabetic groups based on their HbA1c results.
Results
The study analysis reveals a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (21.2%), ocular diseases (18%), and hypertension (13.4%) in diabetics with other comorbidities. Furthermore, the study found that a vast majority of the participants were unaware of the presence of hypertension (67.2%), dyslipidemia (84.5%), kidney disease (95.2%), peripheral vascular disease (34.5%), and stroke (95.1%).
Conclusion
The study concluded that in the northern India, the prevalence of multiple comorbid conditions, such as peripheral vascular disease and hypertension, is higher among diabetic population. Also, the level of awareness of diabetic comorbidities is surprisingly low, which has implications for policymakers, health practitioners, and educators of alternate medicine to increase awareness about diabetes, comorbid conditions, health risk, and possible solution at community and rural level, such as periodic screening programs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Podder
- Department of General Medicine, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Srivastava
- Department of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinna-Avutapalli, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Department of Physical Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanupriya Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Neeru Malik
- Department of Yoga, Dev Samaj College of Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Lab, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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15
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Weng W, Tian Y, Kong SX, Ganguly R, Hersloev M, Brett J, Hobbs T. Impact of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a real-world setting. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32158550 PMCID: PMC7057457 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-019-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the impact of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) on healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study using US claims data. Adult patients with T2DM were stratified by presence or absence of ASCVD and compared regarding annual (2015) healthcare resource utilization and associated costs. Subgroup analyses were conducted for three age groups (18–44, 45–64, and ≥ 65 years). Results Among 1,202,596 eligible patients with T2DM, 45.2% had documented ASCVD. The proportions of patients with inpatient and ER-based resource utilization during 2015 were three-to-four times greater in the ASCVD cohort as compared to the non-ASCVD cohort for the categories of inpatient visits (15.6% vs 4.4% of patients), outpatient ER visits (18.4% vs 5.2% of patients), and inpatient ER visits (4.3% vs 0.9% of patients). Outpatient utilization also was higher among patients with ASCVD as compared to those without ASCVD (mean number of annual office visits per patient, 9.1 vs 5.6), and more than twice as many patients with ASCVD had ≥ 9 office visits (43.5% vs 19.8%). Average per-patient total healthcare cost was $22,977 for ASCVD vs $9735 for non-ASCVD, with medical costs primarily driving the difference ($17,849 vs $6079); the difference in pharmacy costs was smaller ($5128 vs $3656). In the 18–44, 45–64, and ≥ 65 age subgroups respectively, total annual healthcare costs were 143, 127, and 114% higher in ASCVD vs non-ASCVD patients. Conclusions These findings indicate significantly higher healthcare resource utilization and associated costs in patients having T2DM with ASCVD compared to T2DM without ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Weng
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Sheldon X Kong
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Rahul Ganguly
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Malene Hersloev
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Jason Brett
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
| | - Todd Hobbs
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536 USA
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16
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Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Feenstra TL, Bilo HJG, Alessie RJM. Costs of people with diabetes in relation to average glucose control: an empirical approach controlling for year of onset cohorts. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2019; 20:989-1000. [PMID: 31098887 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-019-01072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of glycaemic control and time since diabetes diagnosis on care costs incurred by people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Random-effects linear regression models were run to test the impact of average glucose control (HbA1c) and time since diabetes diagnosis on total care spending in people with T2DM, adjusting for year of onset and other covariates. Two datasets were linked, Vektis (healthcare costs reimbursed by the Dutch mandatory health insurance) and Zodiac (clinical and sociodemographic data). The sample includes 22,612 observations, grouped in 5653 individuals from the Northern part of the Netherlands, covering 4 years (2008-2011). RESULTS A 1% point increase in HbA1c is associated with a 2.2% higher total care costs. However, when treatment modality is included, the results are modified. A 1% point increase (11 mol/mol) in HbA1c is significantly associated with 3.4% higher total care costs for individuals without glucose-lowering treatment. Being treated with insulin is significantly associated with an increase in costs of 30-38% for every additional percentage point of HbA1c, depending on the covariates included. Without controlling for year of onset, an additional year of diabetes duration relates to 2.6% higher care costs, while this is 4.9% controlling for year of onset. The effect of HbA1c and diabetes duration differs between types of costs. CONCLUSION HbA1c, insulin treatment and diabetes duration are the main drivers of increasing care costs. The results signal the relevance of controlling for HbA1c together with treatment modality, diabetes duration and year of diagnosis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Economic Analysis and Finance, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Cobertizo de San Pedro Mártir s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Talitha L Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centrum of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J G Bilo
- Department of Internal Medicine-Management, University Medical Centrum of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M Alessie
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Feldman S, Ammar W, Lo K, Trepman E, van Zuylen M, Etzioni O. Quantifying Sex Bias in Clinical Studies at Scale With Automated Data Extraction. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e196700. [PMID: 31268541 PMCID: PMC6613296 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Analyses of female representation in clinical studies have been limited in scope and scale. OBJECTIVE To perform a large-scale analysis of global enrollment sex bias in clinical studies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, clinical studies from published articles from PubMed from 1966 to 2018 and records from Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov from 1999 to 2018 were identified. Global disease prevalence was determined for male and female patients in 11 disease categories from the Global Burden of Disease database: cardiovascular, diabetes, digestive, hepatitis (types A, B, C, and E), HIV/AIDS, kidney (chronic), mental, musculoskeletal, neoplasms, neurological, and respiratory (chronic). Machine reading algorithms were developed that extracted sex data from tables in articles and records on December 31, 2018, at an artificial intelligence research institute. Male and female participants in 43 135 articles (792 004 915 participants) and 13 165 records (12 977 103 participants) were included. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Sex bias was defined as the difference between the fraction of female participants in study participants minus prevalence fraction of female participants for each disease category. A total of 1000 bootstrap estimates of sex bias were computed by resampling individual studies with replacement. Sex bias was reported as mean and 95% bootstrap confidence intervals from articles and records in each disease category over time (before or during 1993 to 2018), with studies or participants as the measurement unit. RESULTS There were 792 004 915 participants, including 390 470 834 female participants (49%), in articles and 12 977 103 participants, including 6 351 619 female participants (49%), in records. With studies as measurement unit, substantial female underrepresentation (sex bias ≤ -0.05) was observed in 7 of 11 disease categories, especially HIV/AIDS (mean for articles, -0.17 [95% CI, -0.18 to -0.16]), chronic kidney diseases (mean, -0.17 [95% CI, -0.17 to -0.16]), and cardiovascular diseases (mean, -0.14 [95% CI, -0.14 to -0.13]). Sex bias in articles for all categories combined was unchanged over time with studies as measurement unit (range, -0.15 [95% CI, -0.16 to -0.13] to -0.10 [95% CI, -0.14 to -0.06]), but improved from before or during 1993 (mean, -0.11 [95% CI, -0.16 to -0.05]) to 2014 to 2018 (mean, -0.05 [95% CI, -0.09 to -0.02]) with participants as the measurement unit. Larger study size was associated with greater female representation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Automated extraction of the number of participants in clinical reports provides an effective alternative to manual analysis of demographic bias. Despite legal and policy initiatives to increase female representation, sex bias against female participants in clinical studies persists. Studies with more participants have greater female representation. Differences between sex bias estimates with studies vs participants as measurement unit, and between articles vs records, suggest that sex bias with both measures and data sources should be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Feldman
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington
| | - Waleed Ammar
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kyle Lo
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elly Trepman
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington
- University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Oren Etzioni
- Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Lin PJ, Pope E, Zhou FL. Comorbidity Type and Health Care Costs in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Claims Database Analysis. Diabetes Ther 2018; 9:1907-1918. [PMID: 30097994 PMCID: PMC6167298 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-018-0477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies suggest that the type and combination of comorbidities may impact diabetes care, but their cost implications are less clear. This study characterized how diabetes patients' health care utilization and costs may vary according to comorbidity type classified on the basis of the Piette and Kerr framework. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study of privately insured US adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (n = 138,466) using the 2014-2016 Optum Clinformatics® Data Mart. Diabetes patients were classified into five mutually exclusive comorbidity groups: concordant only, discordant only, both concordant and discordant, any dominant, and none. We estimated average health care costs of each comorbidity group by using generalized linear models, adjusting for patient demographics, region, insurance type, and prior-year costs. RESULTS Most type 2 diabetes patients had discordant conditions only (27%), dominant conditions (25%), or both concordant and discordant conditions (24%); 7% had concordant conditions only. In adjusted analyses, comorbidities were significantly associated with higher health care costs (p < 0.0001) and the magnitude of the association varied with comorbidity type. Diabetes patients with dominant comorbidities incurred substantially higher costs ($38,168) compared with individuals with both concordant and discordant conditions ($20,401), discordant conditions only ($9173), concordant conditions only ($9000), and no comorbidities ($3365). More than half of the total costs in our sample (53%) were attributable to 25% of diabetes patients who had dominant comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes patients with both concordant and discordant conditions and with clinically dominant conditions incurred substantially higher health costs than other diabetes patients. Our findings suggest that diabetes management programs must explicitly address concordant, discordant, and dominant conditions because patients may have distinctly different health care needs and utilization patterns depending on their comorbidity profiles. The Piette and Kerr framework may serve as a screening tool to identify high-need, high-cost diabetes patients and suggest targets for tailored interventions. FUNDING Sanofi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jung Lin
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elle Pope
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Liz Zhou
- Real World Evidence and Clinical Outcomes, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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Mehta S, Ghosh S, Sander S, Kuti E, Mountford WK. Differences in All-Cause Health Care Utilization and Costs in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Population with and Without a History of Cardiovascular Disease. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2018; 24:280-290. [PMID: 29485954 PMCID: PMC10397852 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2018.24.3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have reported that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and presence of T2DM and CVD increases risk of death. There is growing interest in examining the effects of antidiabetic treatments on the reduction of cardiovascular events in T2DM adults with a history of CVD and thus at higher risk of cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE To estimate the incremental all-cause health care utilization and costs among adults with T2DM and a history of CVD compared with adults without a history of CVD, using a national linked electronic medical records (EMR) and claims database. METHODS Adults aged ≥ 18 years with evidence of at least 1 T2DM-related diagnosis code or antidiabetic medication (date of earliest occurrence was defined as the index date) in calendar year 2012 were identified. The population was divided into 2 cohorts (with and without a history of CVD) and followed until the end of their enrollment coverage, death, or 12 months, whichever came first. Multivariable generalized linear models were used to assess differences in health care utilization and per patient per month (PPPM) total costs (plan- and patient-paid amount for health care services) between the 2 groups during the post-index year, while adjusting for an a priori list of demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total of 138,018 adults with T2DM was identified, of which 16,547 (12%) had a history of CVD. The unadjusted resource utilization (outpatient: 27.5 vs. 17.8; emergency room [ER]: 0.8 vs. 0.4; inpatient: 0.4 vs. 0.2 days; and total unique drug prescriptions: 10.1 vs. 8.3) and PPPM total health care costs ($2,655.1 vs. $1,435.0) were significantly higher in T2DM adults with a history of CVD versus T2DM adults without a history of CVD. The adjusted models revealed that T2DM adults with a history of CVD had a 31% higher number of ER visits (rate ratio [RR] = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.25-1.37); 27% more inpatient visits (RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.21-1.34); 15% longer mean inpatient length of stay (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.06-1.25); and 11% more outpatient visits (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.09-1.13) compared with T2DM adults without a history of CVD. Furthermore, the difference in total PPPM health care cost was found to be 16% ($200) higher in adults with a history of CVD (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.13-1.19). PPPM costs associated with outpatient and ER visits were approximately 21% and 19% higher among adults with a history of CVD, respectively (P < 0.0001), while costs for inpatient visits were similar between the 2 groups. In addition, a subgroup analysis revealed that adjusted differences in PPPM total cost was larger in the younger age group (56% higher cost in those aged < 45 years) and diminished in the older age group (only 2% higher in those aged ≥ 65 years). CONCLUSIONS Study findings showed that resource utilization and costs remains significantly higher in T2DM patients with a history of CVD compared with patients without a history of CVD even after controlling for significant patient comorbid and demographic characteristics. Also, younger age groups had higher differences in outcomes compared with older age groups. This study underscores the importance of cost-effective interventions that may reduce economic burden in this T2DM population with a history of CVD. DISCLOSURES This study was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. At the time of this study, Mehta and Mountford were employed by IQVIA, which received funding from Boehringer Ingelheim to conduct this study. Mountford is employed by Allergan, which has no connection with this study. Ghosh, Sander, and Kuti are employed by Boehringer Ingelheim. Study concept and design were contributed by Mountford, Mehta, and Ghosh, along with Sander and Kuti. Mountford and Mehta collected the data, and data interpretation was performed by all the authors. The manuscript was written by Sander and Kuti, along with the other authors, and revised by Mehta and Gosh, along with the other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Effie Kuti
- 2 Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut
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Development of predictive risk models for major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using health insurance claims data. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:118. [PMID: 30143045 PMCID: PMC6109303 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There exist several predictive risk models for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including some developed specifically for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the models developed for a diabetic population are based on information derived from medical records or laboratory results, which are not typically available to entities like payers or quality of care organizations. The objective of this study is to develop and validate models predicting the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM based on medical insurance claims data. Methods Patients with T2DM aged 50 years or older were identified from the Optum™ Integrated Real World Evidence Electronic Health Records and Claims de-identified database (10/01/2006–09/30/2016). Risk factors were assessed over a 12-month baseline period and cardiovascular events were monitored from the end of the baseline period until end of data availability, continuous enrollment, or death. Risk models were developed using logistic regressions separately for patients with and without prior CVD, and for each outcome: (1) major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; i.e., non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, CVD-related death); (2) any MACE, hospitalization for unstable angina, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure; (3) CVD-related death. Models were developed and validated on 70% and 30% of the sample, respectively. Model performance was assessed using C-statistics. Results A total of 181,619 patients were identified, including 136,544 (75.2%) without prior CVD and 45,075 (24.8%) with a history of CVD. Age, diabetes-related hospitalizations, prior CVD diagnoses and chronic pulmonary disease were the most important predictors across all models. C-statistics ranged from 0.70 to 0.81, indicating that the models performed well. The additional inclusion of risk factors derived from pharmacy claims (e.g., use of antihypertensive, and use of antihyperglycemic) or from medical records and laboratory measures (e.g., hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin to creatinine ratio) only marginally improved the performance of the models. Conclusion The claims-based models developed could reliably predict the risk of cardiovascular events in T2DM patients, without requiring pharmacy claims or laboratory measures. These models could be relevant for providers and payers and help implement approaches to prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk diabetic patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0759-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Goyat R, Thornton JD, Tan X, Kelley GA. Cardiovascular mortality and oral antidiabetic drugs: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017644. [PMID: 29196481 PMCID: PMC5719279 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes. Despite the beneficial effects of antidiabetic drugs (ADDs) in terms of lowering haemoglobin A1c, several ADDs have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes, it is important to weigh the benefits of ADDs against their cardiovascular safety. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to conduct a systematic review with network meta-analysis to compare the effects of different oral pharmacological classes of ADDs on cardiovascular safety. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies published in English up to 31 January 2017, and which include direct and/or indirect evidence, will be included. Studies will be retrieved by searching four electronic databases and cross-referencing. Dual selection and abstraction of data will occur. The primary outcome will be cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes will include all-cause mortality, new event of acute myocardial infarction, stroke (haemorrhagic and ischaemic), hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome and urgent revascularisation procedures. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment instrument for RCTs and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology instrument for observational studies. Network meta-analysis will be performed using multivariate random-effects meta-regression models. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve will be used to provide a hierarchy of ADDs that increase cardiovascular mortality. DISSEMINATION The results of this study will be presented at a professional conference and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017051220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Goyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James Douglas Thornton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - George A Kelley
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Tan SH, Kng KK, Lim SM, Chan A, Loh JKK, Lee JYC. Long-term Clinical and Cost Outcomes of a Pharmacist-managed Risk Factor Management Clinic in Singapore: An Observational Study. Clin Ther 2017; 39:2355-2365. [PMID: 29100730 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have determined the benefits of pharmacist-run clinics within a tertiary institution, and specifically on their capability to improve clinical outcomes as well as reduce the cost of illness. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a pharmacist-managed risk factor management clinic (RFMP) in an acute care setting through the comparison of clinical (improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin level) and cost outcomes with patients receiving usual care. METHODS This single-center, observational study included patients aged ≥21 years old and diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who received care within the cardiology department of a tertiary institution between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015. The intervention group comprised patients who attended the RFMP for 3 to 6 months, and the usual-care group comprised patients who received standard cardiologist care. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were conducted to analyze the clinical and cost outcomes. FINDINGS A total of 142 patients with DM (71 patients in the intervention group and 71 patients in the usual-care group) with similar baseline characteristics were included. After adjusting for differences in baseline systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels, the mean reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin level at 6 months from baseline in the intervention group was significantly lower by 0.78% compared with the usual-care group. Patients in the usual-care group had a significantly higher risk of hospital admissions within the 12 months from baseline compared with the intervention group (odds ratio, 3.84 [95% CI, 1.17-12.57]; P = 0.026). Significantly lower mean annual direct medical costs were also observed in the intervention group (US $8667.03 [$17,416.20] vs US $56,665.02 [$127,250.10]; P = 0.001). IMPLICATIONS The pharmacist-managed RFMP exhibited improved clinical outcomes and reduced health care costs compared with usual care within a tertiary institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- She Hui Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwee Keng Kng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sze Mian Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Joyce Yu-Chia Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
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Huang CJ, Hsieh HM, Chiu HC, Wang PW, Lee MH, Li CY, Lin CH. Health Care Utilization and Expenditures of Patients with Diabetes Comorbid with Depression Disorder: A National Population-Based Cohort Study. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:770-778. [PMID: 29209380 PMCID: PMC5714718 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.6.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated to compare health care utilization and expenditures between diabetic patients with and without depression in Taiwan. METHODS Health care utilization and expenditure among diabetic patients with and without depression disorder during 2000 and 2004 were examined using Taiwan's population-based National Health Insurance claims database. Health care utilization included outpatient visits and the use of inpatient services, and health expenditures were outpatient, inpatient, and total medical expenditures. Moreover, general estimation equation models were used for analyzing the factors associated with outpatient visits and expenditures. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied for identifying the factors associated with hospitalization. RESULTS The average annual outpatient visits and annual total medical expenditures in the study period were 44.23-52.20; NT$87,496-133,077 and 30.75-32.92; NT$64,411-80,955 for diabetic patients with and without depression. After adjustment for covariates, our results revealed that gender and complication were associated with out-patient visits. Moreover, the time factor was associated with the total medical expenditure, and residential urbanization and complication factors were associated with hospitalization. CONCLUSION Health care utilization and expenditures for diabetic patients with depression were significantly higher than those without depression. Sex, complications, time, and urbanization are the factors associated with health care utilization and expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Chia Chiu
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Li
- Division of Secretary, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Fitch K, Engel T, Sander S, Kuti E, Blumen H. Cardiovascular event incidence and cost in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Medicare claims-based actuarial analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2017. [PMID: 28641023 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1346595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the economic burden of cardiovascular events in Medicare beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This claims-based actuarial analysis queried 2013 and 2014 Medicare 5% samples, defining a denominator of fee-for-service beneficiaries. Average per patient per month allowed cost ($PPPM) was calculated for T2DM, demographically adjusted non-T2DM, and denominator. Per member per month allowed cost ($PMPM) was calculated by dividing total population cost by member months in the denominator. Costs of five pre-specified cardiovascular events were calculated as a contribution to denominator $PMPM, as contribution to $PPPM in T2DM, and as incremental cost. RESULTS During the study period, 22.1% of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries had T2DM; of these, 9.68% experienced a cardiovascular event or cardiovascular-related death. T2DM cost represented 37.9% of total allowed $PMPM for the denominator. Average total allowed $PPPM for a T2DM beneficiary was $1,834, compared with $850 for a non-T2DM beneficiary (2.2-times higher). Annual rates of myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina admission, heart failure admission, and coronary revascularization in T2DM were 3.3-, 2.4-, 3.2-, 4.0-, and 2.8-times higher than in non-T2DM, and utilization of health services was also greater in T2DM. Cardiovascular events in T2DM accounted for 50% of denominator cardiovascular event cost; 3.6% of denominator population $PMPM was attributable to cardiovascular events in T2DM. Risk-adjusted incremental cardiovascular event cost represented 18.1% of $PPPM in T2DM or 6.9% of $PMPM in the denominator population. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular events in Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with T2DM contribute substantially to Medicare cardiovascular events, resource utilization, and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Sander
- b Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Effie Kuti
- b Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , CT , USA
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Cha SA, Park YM, Yun JS, Lim TS, Song KH, Yoo KD, Ahn YB, Ko SH. A comparison of effects of DPP-4 inhibitor and SGLT2 inhibitor on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:58. [PMID: 28403877 PMCID: PMC5390350 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have different effects on the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors on the lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS From January 2013 to December 2015, a total of 228 patients with type 2 diabetes who were receiving a DPP-4 inhibitor or SGLT2 inhibitor as add-on therapy to metformin and/or a sulfonylurea were consecutively enrolled. We compared the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors on the lipid profile at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. To compare lipid parameters between the two groups, we used the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS A total of 184 patients completed follow-up (mean age: 53.1 ± 6.9 years, mean duration of diabetes: 7.1 ± 5.7 years). From baseline to 24 weeks, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were increased by 0.5 (95% CI, -0.9 to 2.0) mg/dl with a DPP-4 inhibitor and by 5.1 (95% CI, 3.0 to 7.1) mg/dl with an SGLT2 inhibitor (p = 0.001). LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were reduced by 8.4 (95% CI, -14.0 to -2.8) mg/dl with a DPP-4 inhibitor, but increased by 1.3 (95% CI, -5.1 to 7.6) mg/dl with an SGLT2 inhibitor (p = 0.046). There was no significant difference in the mean hemoglobin A1c (8.3 ± 1.1 vs. 8.0 ± 0.9%, p = 0.110) and in the change of total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.836), triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.867), apolipoprotein A (p = 0.726), apolipoprotein B (p = 0.660), and lipoprotein (a) (p = 0.991) between the DPP-4 inhibitor and the SGLT2 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The SGLT2 inhibitor was associated with a significant increase in HDL-C and LDL-C after 24 weeks of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with those with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment in this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was conducted by retrospective medical record review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Park
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jae-Seung Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seok Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Dong Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Bae Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, 93 Jungbu − daero, Paldal − gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi − do, Seoul, 442-723 Republic of Korea
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Fan W. Epidemiology in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2017; 6:8-16. [PMID: 31646113 PMCID: PMC6768526 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of death in the USA, diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic over the past few decades. Despite the high prevalence of diagnosed DM, close to half of all people with DM are unaware of their disease. The risk of type 2 DM is determined by interplay of genetic and metabolic factors. Patients with type 2 DM have a higher risk of death from cardiovascular causes compared with their nondiabetic counterparts, and the mortality rate of DM associated cardiovascular disease is different among ethnicity groups and sex groups. Because of its adverse effect on people's health, DM also imposes an economic burden on individuals and households affected, as well as on the healthcare system. Current guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention have focused on lifestyle management, blood pressure control, lipid control, blood glucose control, antiplatelet agent use, and tobacco use cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Fan
- Department of Medicine, Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Fetterolf D, West R. The Business Case for Quality: Combining Medical Literature Research with Health Plan Data to Establish Value for Nonclinical Managers. Am J Med Qual 2016; 19:48-55. [PMID: 15115275 DOI: 10.1177/106286060401900202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical managers face a growing need to communicate the value of what they do in terms that can be interpreted by nonclinical financial managers. We have sought to link the evidence basis of current guidelines to variables that will demonstrate in more financial terms the very real benefit of treating diseases aggressively. We have developed an approach using the medical literature that is designed to describe clinical initiatives in more concrete terms as desired by senior management. This becomes specifically critical during budget time and when justification for various clinical programs is needed. The approach uses medical research from the peer-reviewed literature to estimate the economic impact of various initiatives and then combines the analysis with an organization's actual data to impute potential benefit. A sample grid for developing the analysis is attached. A comprehensive bibliography that will assist others with similar endeavors has been included. Although not as rigorous as formal methods, actuarial analyses, or health services research activities, it presents a beginning framework around which an organization can create operational estimates of initiative effectiveness.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate healthcare utilization and expenditure for patients with diabetes comorbid with and without mental illnesses in Taiwan. People with diabetes comorbid with and without mental illnesses in 2000 were identified and followed up to 2004 to explore the healthcare utilization and expenditure. Healthcare utilization included outpatient visits and use of hospital inpatient services, and expenditure included outpatient, inpatient and total medical expenditure. General estimation equation models were used to explore the factors associated with outpatient visits and expenditure. To identify the factors associated with hospitalization, multiple logistic regressions were applied. The average number of annual outpatient visits of the patients with mental illnesses ranged from 37.01 to 41.91, and 28.83 to 31.79 times for the patients without mental illnesses from 2000 to 2004. The average annual total expenditure for patients with mental illnesses during this period ranged from NT$77,123-NT$90,790, and NT$60,793- NT$84,984 for those without mental illnesses. After controlling for covariates, the results indicated that gender, age, mental illness and time factor were associated with outpatient visits. Gender, age, and time factor were associated with total expenditure. Age and mental illness were associated with hospitalization in logistic regression. The healthcare utilization and expenditure for patients with mental illnesses was significantly higher than for patients without mental illnesses. The factors associated with healthcare utilization and expenditure included gender, age, mental illness and time trends.
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Bohn B, Schöfl C, Zimmer V, Hummel M, Heise N, Siegel E, Karges W, Riedl M, Holl RW. Achievement of treatment goals for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction or stroke in 29,325 patients with type 2 diabetes: a German/Austrian DPV-multicenter analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:72. [PMID: 27141979 PMCID: PMC4855873 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze whether medical care is in accordance with guidelines for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes from Germany and Austria. METHODS 29,325 patients (≥ 20 years of age) with type 2 diabetes and MI, or stroke, documented between 2006 and 2015 were selected from the Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation database. We analyzed medication, clinical characteristics, and lifestyle factors according to national secondary prevention guidelines in patients with MI, or stroke, separately. RESULTS HbA1C <7.5 % was achieved in 64.9 % (MI), and in 61.1 % (stroke) of patients. LDL <100 mg/dl was documented in 56.2 % (MI), and in 42.2 % (stroke). Non-smoking was reported in 92.0 % (MI), and in 93.1 % (stroke), physical activity in 9.6 % (MI), and 5.5 % (stroke). Target values of blood pressure (<130/80 mmHg in MI, 120/70-140/90 in stroke) were reached in 67.0 % (MI), and in 89.9 % (stroke). Prescription prevalence of inhibitors of platelet aggregation (IPA) was 50.7 % (MI), and 31.7 % (stroke). 57.0 % (MI), and 40.1 % (stroke) used statins, 65.1 % (MI), and 65.8 % (stroke) used any type of antihypertensives, and ACE inhibitors were prescribed in 49.7 % (MI), and 41.3 % (stroke). A body mass index (BMI) <27 kg/m(2) and the use of beta blockers were only recommended in subjects with MI. Of the patients with MI, 32.0 % had a BMI <27 kg/m(2), and 59.5 % used beta blockers. CONCLUSIONS Achievement of treatment goals in secondary prevention of MI, or stroke in subjects with type 2 diabetes needs improvement. Target goals were met more frequently in patients with MI compared to subjects with stroke. Especially the use of IPA was very low in patients with stroke. There remains great potential to reduce the risk of repeated macrovascular events and premature death, as well as to increase patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bohn
- />Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christof Schöfl
- />Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Zimmer
- />Department for Internal Medicine, Protestant Hospital Zweibrücken, Zweibrücken, Germany
- />Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- />Specialized Diabetes Practice Rosenheim & Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Heise
- />Alb Fils Kliniken, Helfenstein Clinic, Geislingen, Germany
| | - Erhard Siegel
- />Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josefs Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Karges
- />Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Riedl
- />Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard W. Holl
- />Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - On behalf of the DPV-initiative
- />Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- />Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
- />Department for Internal Medicine, Protestant Hospital Zweibrücken, Zweibrücken, Germany
- />Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
- />Specialized Diabetes Practice Rosenheim & Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- />Alb Fils Kliniken, Helfenstein Clinic, Geislingen, Germany
- />Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josefs Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- />Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- />Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- />German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Huang CJ, Chiu HC, Hsieh HM, Yen JY, Lee MH, Chang KP, Li CY, Lin CH. Health care utilization and expenditures of persons with diabetes comorbid with anxiety disorder: a national population-based cohort study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:299-304. [PMID: 25936674 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate and compare health care utilization and expenditures between persons with diabetes comorbid with and without anxiety disorder in Taiwan. METHODS Health care utilization and expenditures among persons with diabetes with and without comorbid anxiety disorder in the period 2000-2004 were examined using the Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims data. Health care utilization included outpatient visits and use of hospital inpatient services, while expenditures included outpatient, inpatient and total medical expenditures. General estimation equation (GEE) models were used to analyze the factors associated with outpatient visits and expenditures, and multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with hospitalization. RESULTS In the study period, the average number of annual outpatient visits was 43.11-50.37 and 29.82-31.42 for persons with diabetes comorbid with anxiety disorder and for those without anxiety disorder, respectively. The average annual total expenditure was NT$74,875-92,781 and NT$63,764-81,667, respectively. Controlling for covariates, the GEE models revealed that age and time were associated with outpatient visits. Income and time factor were associated with total expenditure. CONCLUSIONS Health care utilization and expenditures for persons with diabetes with comorbid anxiety disorder are significantly higher than those without anxiety disorder. The factors associated with health care utilization and expenditures are age, income and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Chia Chiu
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yu Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Ping Chang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Li
- Division of Secretary, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Tshamba HM, Van Caillie D, Nawej FN, Kapend FM, Kaj FM, Yav GD, Nawej PT. Risk of death and the economic accessibility at the dialysis therapy for the renal insufficient patients in Lubumbashi city, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:61. [PMID: 25667723 PMCID: PMC4317069 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.61.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last five years, Lubumbashi records the emergence centers of dialysis. We achieved this study to evaluate the risk factors of death for the renal insufficient patients and the economic accessibility to this peak therapy. A cross sectional study based on a random sample of 53 patients has been completed in 2012. The data is analyzed using the SPSS 19.0 software. A significance level of p < 0.05 and Confidence interval fixed to 95%. The Fischer exact test and the odds ratio have been used. The participation rate was 65.4%. The mean age was 49.49 ± 13.30 years old and 60.4% were aged > 50 years old. The sex ratio 0.3 women by men was noted. 83% of patients was private versus other category (p<0.05). 66% are renal insufficient chronic patients versus 34% of recent renal insufficient patients. 90% of patients were diabetic hypertensive. The patients’ monthly income declared was US$ 205 for 52.8% of patients, US $ 525 for 34% patients and US $ 750 for 13.2% of patients versus US $ 1, 270 monthly mean care cost. The deaths are associated statistically with an interruption of the treatment (χ2=9.30, p=0.0022, OR= 8.5) and with the irregularity of treatment (χ2=8.65, p=0.0032, OR=6). Africa in comparison with countries of other continents, to invest in advanced medical equipment is a salutary measure, but the majority of patients are not able to pay the costs of health care. Our results shown that, the dialysis became an ultimate recourse for the renal insufficient patients at Lubumbashi city but the economic accessibility remains a major obstacle. Consequently, it's important to subsidize the health care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Van Caillie
- School of Management, Centre for Research on Corporate Performance, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Frank Nduu Nawej
- Centre Medical du Centre Ville, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Francis Mutach Kapend
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Françoise Malonga Kaj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Grevisse Ditend Yav
- Faculty of Economy and Management, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Implications of comorbidity for primary care costs in the UK: a retrospective observational study. Br J Gen Pract 2014; 63:e274-82. [PMID: 23540484 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp13x665242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity is increasingly common in primary care. The cost implications for patient care and budgetary management are unclear. AIM To investigate whether caring for patients with specific disease combinations increases or decreases primary care costs compared with treating separate patients with one condition each. DESIGN Retrospective observational study using data on 86 100 patients in the General Practice Research Database. METHOD Annual primary care cost was estimated for each patient including consultations, medication, and investigations. Patients with comorbidity were defined as those with a current diagnosis of more than one chronic condition in the Quality and Outcomes Framework. Multiple regression modelling was used to identify, for three age groups, disease combinations that increase (cost-increasing) or decrease (cost-limiting) cost compared with treating each condition separately. RESULTS Twenty per cent of patients had at least two chronic conditions. All conditions were found to be both cost-increasing and cost-limiting when co-occurring with other conditions except dementia, which is only cost-limiting. Depression is the most important cost-increasing condition when co-occurring with a range of conditions. Hypertension is cost-limiting, particularly when co-occurring with other cardiovascular conditions. CONCLUSION Three categories of comorbidity emerge, those that are: cost-increasing, mainly due to a combination of depression with physical comorbidity; cost-limiting because treatment for the conditions overlap; and cost-limiting for no apparent reason but possibly because of inadequate care. These results can contribute to efficient and effective management of chronic conditions in primary care.
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Okosun IS, Davis-Smith M, Seale JP. Awareness of diabetes risks is associated with healthy lifestyle behavior in diabetes free American adults: evidence from a nationally representative sample. Prim Care Diabetes 2012; 6:87-94. [PMID: 22261413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine whether diabetes free healthy non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and Mexican-Americans (MA) who are told of their diabetes risk were more likely to adopt healthy lifestyle behavior defined as current weight control, physical activity and reduced fat/calories intake than those who were not told that they were at increased risk. METHODS A nationally representative data (n=5073) from the 2007-2008 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used for this investigation. Odds ratio from multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether diabetes free NHW, NHB, and MA who are told of their increased diabetes risk were more likely than those who are not told of their diabetes risk to adopt healthy lifestyle behavior. RESULTS Being told of increased diabetes risk was associated with increased adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors as indicated by odds ratio of 2.38 (95% CI=1.34-4.05) in NHW, 2.46 (95% CI=1.20-5.05) in NHB and 2.27 (95% CI=1.32-3.89) in MA who have no diabetes, after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, hypertension, education, household income and total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of increased risk for diabetes is associated with implementing healthy lifestyle behaviors in diabetes free healthy American adults. Population-based programs designed to assess and communicate diabetes risk may be helpful in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. Programs designed along racial/ethnic line may be needed to reduce racial/ethnic differences in rates of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike S Okosun
- Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
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Wu CX, Tan WS, Toh MPHS, Heng BH. Stratifying healthcare costs using the Diabetes Complication Severity Index. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:107-12. [PMID: 22465400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to determine whether healthcare costs for patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are associated with the severity of diabetes complications as measured by the Diabetes Complication Severity Index (DCSI). METHODS Retrospective cohort analysis was performed on a 2007 primary care cohort of T2DM patients. The DCSI is a 13-point scale, which comprises 7 categories of complications and their severity levels. Healthcare cost data from 2008 and 2009 were used as primary outcome. Inpatient and outpatient costs incurred for services consumed by patients within the provider network were included. Generalized linear model with log-link and gamma distribution was used to predict healthcare costs. RESULTS Of the 59,767 T2DM patients, 2977 (5.0%) deaths occurred and 1336 (2.2%) were lost to follow up. Healthcare cost was strongly associated with increase in DCSI score. Compared to patients without complications, those with more complications (higher DCSI score) had an increased risk of higher healthcare costs. Risk ratio (RR) increased from 1.25 (95%CI: 1.19-1.32) for DCSI=1 to 1.61 (1.51-1.72) for DCSI=2; 2.10 (1.91-2.31) for DCSI=3; 2.52 (2.21-2.87) for DCSI=4 and 3.62 (3.09-4.25) for DCSI≥5. As a continuous score, a one-point increase in the DCSI was associated with a cost increase of 27% (95%CI: 1.25-1.29). CONCLUSION The DCSI score is a useful tool for predicting direct healthcare costs. The DCSI can be used to triage high-risk patients for more focused secondary prevention interventions at primary care level, in a bid to lower overall healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C X Wu
- Health Services and Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore 149547.
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Assessing the association between receipt of dental care, diabetes control measures and health care utilization. J Am Dent Assoc 2012; 143:20-30. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abbas K, Umer M, Qadir I, Zaheer J, ur Rashid H. Predictors of length of hospital stay after total hip replacement. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2011; 19:284-7. [PMID: 22184155 DOI: 10.1177/230949901101900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify variables affecting length of hospital stay after total hip replacement (THR) while controlling for potential confounders. METHODS Records of 199 consecutive elective unilateral THRs were reviewed. Clinical and demographic data including age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, surgical factors (surgical approach, type of prosthesis, use of cement, operating time), anaesthetic factors (type of anaesthesia, ASA physical status), and length of hospital stay were recorded. RESULTS 64% of patients left hospital within 12 days, 28% within 3 weeks, and 8% after 3 weeks. The median length of hospital stay was longer in women than men (11.5 vs. 9 days, p=0.009), in patients aged >65 years than those younger (13 vs. 9 days, p<0.0001), and in those with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades 3 and 4 than grades 1 or 2 (14 vs. 9 days, p<0.0001). A greater proportion of women than men (45% vs. 27%, p=0.007), patients aged >65 years than those younger (61% vs. 37% or 24%, p<0.0001), and those with ASA grades 3 and 4 than grades 1 and 2 (68% vs. 25%, p<0.0001) stayed 12 days or longer. In the multiple regression analysis, the predictors for prolonged hospital stay (12 days or more) were patient age >65 years (p<0.003), female gender (p<0.05), and ASA grades 3 and 4 (p<0.0001). Of the 72 patients with prolonged stay, 7% had no, 26% had one, 42% had 2, and 25% had all 3 predictors. CONCLUSION Prolonged hospital stay after THR is largely predetermined by case mix. Our study helps to identify individuals who need longer rehabilitation and more care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Abbas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Little PJ, Chait A, Bobik A. Cellular and cytokine-based inflammatory processes as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:255-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Translation of the National Institutes of Health Diabetes Prevention Program in African American Churches. J Natl Med Assoc 2011; 103:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wu HT, Liu CC, Lin PH, Chung HM, Liu MC, Yip HK, Liu AB, Sun CK. Novel application of parameters in waveform contour analysis for assessing arterial stiffness in aged and atherosclerotic subjects. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly in both developed and developing countries around the world. The emerging pandemic is driven by the combined effects of population ageing, rising levels of obesity and inactivity, and greater longevity among patients with diabetes that is attributable to improved management. The vascular complications of type 2 diabetes account for the majority of the social and economic burden among patients and society more broadly. This review summarizes the burden of type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and their vascular complications. It is projected that by 2025 there will be 380 million people with type 2 diabetes and 418 million people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes is a major global cause of premature mortality that is widely underestimated, because only a minority of persons with diabetes dies from a cause uniquely related to the condition. Approximately one half of patients with type 2 diabetes die prematurely of a cardiovascular cause and approximately 10% die of renal failure. Global excess mortality attributable to diabetes in adults was estimated to be 3.8 million deaths.
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Fu AZ, Qiu Y, Radican L, Yin DD, Mavros P. Impact of concurrent macrovascular co-morbidities on healthcare utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes in Europe: a matched study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:631-7. [PMID: 20590738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine and to quantify the impact of concurrent macrovascular co-morbidities (MVC) on healthcare resource utilization among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Europe. METHODS This is a matched cohort study based on the Real-Life Effectiveness and Care Patterns of Diabetes Management study, a multicentre, observational study with retrospective medical chart reviews of T2DM patients in Spain, France, UK, Norway, Finland, Germany and Poland. Included patients were aged > or =30 years at time of diagnosis of T2DM who added a sulfonylurea or a PPARgamma agonist to failing metformin monotherapy (index date) and had concurrent MVC (cases). A control cohort with T2DM but without concurrent MVC was identified using 1:1 propensity score matching. Logit models were used to identify the relationship between concurrent MVC and the likelihood of emergency room admission, receiving medical/surgical procedures, and hospitalization during the study period after controlling for baseline demographics, clinical information and baseline treatment. Negative binomial models were used to predict the number of office visits and length of hospital stay per year attributable to the concurrent MVC. RESULTS Relative to controls, patients with MVC were significantly more likely to have emergency department admissions [odds ratio (OR) 2.69; 95% CI: 1.56-4.65], receiving medical/surgical procedures (OR 2.57; 95% CI: 1.56-4.21) and hospitalizations (OR 2.58; 95% CI: 1.64-4.07) after controlling for other predictors. Similarly, MVC were associated with 1.49 additional office visits per year (p = 0.036) and 0.32 days of hospital stay per year (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Within a seven-country European sample, this study showed that T2DM patients with MVC were more likely to use healthcare resources compared with T2DM patients without MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Fu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sullivan SD, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Conner C, Hammer M, Blonde L. A simulation of the comparative long-term effectiveness of liraglutide and glimepiride monotherapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 29:1280-8. [PMID: 19873688 DOI: 10.1592/phco.29.11.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To project and compare long-term outcomes of morbidity and mortality, and costs of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus from a randomized controlled trial of patients receiving liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy. DESIGN Mathematic simulation using the validated Center for Outcomes Research (CORE) Diabetes Model, calibrated to baseline patient characteristics from a short-term, randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide and glimepiride monotherapies (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes [LEAD]-3 trial) and using data from long-term outcomes studies. SETTING Simulated routine clinical practice. PATIENTS Seven hundred forty-six patients with type 2 diabetes who participated in the LEAD-3 trial, and three hypothetical cohorts of 5000 patients each that were based on the baseline characteristics of the patients in the LEAD-3 trial. The patients in the LEAD-3 trial were randomly assigned to monotherapy with liraglutide 1.2 mg/day (251 patients), liraglutide 1.8 mg/day (247 patients), or glimepiride 8 mg/day (248 patients). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The impact of the three treatments for type 2 diabetes on survival and cumulative incidence of cardiovascular, ocular, or renal events and costs were estimated at three time periods: 10, 20, and 30 years. Simulations predicted improved survival for liraglutide 1.8 and 1.2 mg at all three time points compared with glimepiride. Survival benefits were greatest after 30 years of follow-up: 16.5%, 13.6%, and 7.3%, respectively. The frequency of nonfatal renal and ocular events was lower for both liraglutide doses than for glimepiride. The rate of neuropathies leading to first or recurrent amputation was higher for glimepiride compared with both liraglutide doses. The average cumulative cost/patient was higher for glimepiride compared with liraglutide 1.2 mg and liraglutide 1.8 mg. CONCLUSION With use of the CORE Diabetes Model and data from the LEAD-3 trial, long-term projected survival, diabetes complications, and costs favored liraglutide 1.2- and 1.8-mg monotherapies compared with glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Sullivan
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zhang Q, Rajagopalan S, Mavros P, Engel SS, Davies MJ, Yin D, Radican L. Differences in baseline characteristics between patients prescribed sitagliptin versus exenatide based on a US electronic medical record database. Adv Ther 2010; 27:223-32. [PMID: 20464538 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-010-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sitagliptin, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and exenatide, an injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, are incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study examined differences in baseline characteristics between patients with type 2 diabetes initiating sitagliptin vs. exenatide treatment in clinical practice settings in the US. METHODS The General Electric Healthcare's Clinical Data Services electronic medical records database, covering 12 million US patients of all ages from 49 states, was used to identify patients with type 2 diabetes, aged > or =30 years, who received their first sitagliptin or exenatide prescription between October 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008 (index period). Patient's medical records, including demographics, diagnoses, procedures, prescriptions, and laboratory results were extracted for the 12-month period (baseline) prior to the date of the first prescription of sitagliptin or exenatide (ie, the index date). Patient baseline profiles were stratified by mono-, dual, or triple therapy and compared between regimens with sitagliptin or exenatide. RESULTS A total of 9543 patients initiated therapy with sitagliptin (n=5589) or exenatide (n=3954) during the index period. For those initiating monotherapy, 876 patients initiated sitagliptin and 476 initiated exenatide. Compared with patients initiating exenatide at baseline, patients on sitagliptin were older (64 vs. 55 years), more likely to be men (45% vs. 35%), and less likely to be obese (60% vs. 87%), and had higher hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c); 7.1% vs. 6.9%), a higher serum creatinine (1.2 mg/dL vs. 1.0 mg/dL), and a higher prevalence of pre-existing cardiovascular complications or microvascular conditions (all P<0.01 for sitagliptin vs. exenatide). For dual therapy, 1885 were prescribed sitagliptin and 1392 were prescribed exenatide. For triple therapy, 2828 were prescribed sitagliptin and 2086 were prescribed exenatide. The observed patient profile differences with dual and triple therapy were generally consistent with those observed with monotherapy. CONCLUSION In a clinical practice setting, there are differences in the baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes who are prescribed sitagliptin relative to those prescribed exenatide. These findings have important implications for conclusions drawn from observational studies using medical record or claim databases, as estimated clinical and health outcomes measures may be biased due to channeling of patients to different therapies based on different baseline characteristics.
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The impact of acute myocardial infarction and stroke on health care costs in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:576-82. [PMID: 19491686 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e32832d193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the economic impact of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the health care costs associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sweden. DESIGN Population-based open cohort study of 9941 patients with type 2 diabetes retrospectively identified in primary care records at 26 centres in Uppsala County. METHODS Episodes of AMI and stroke suffered by study patients were tracked in the Swedish National Inpatient Register. Annual per patient costs of health care were computed for the years 2000-2004 using register data covering inpatient care, outpatient hospital care, primary care and drugs. Panel data regression was applied to determine the impact of suffering a first or repeat AMI or stroke on health care costs during the year of the event and in subsequent years. RESULTS Total health care costs of patients suffering a first AMI/stroke increased by 4.1/6.5 during the year of the event [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-5.4/4.9-8.5] and by 1.1/1.4 during subsequent years (95% CI: 1.0-1.3/1.2-1.6), controlling for age, sex, the event of amputation and presence of renal failure, heart failure and diabetic eye disease. Total health care costs of patients suffering a first or repeat AMI/stroke increased by 4.1/6.4 during the year of an event (95% CI: 3.2-5.2/5.0-8.1) but were not significantly higher during subsequent years. CONCLUSION Estimates of the costs related to major cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes are critical input to economic evaluations.
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Lopez-de-Andres A, Hernández-Barrera V, Carrasco-Garrido P, Esteban-Hernandez J, Gil-de-Miguel A, Jiménez-García R. Trends of hospitalizations, fatality rate and costs for acute myocardial infarction among Spanish diabetic adults, 2001-2006. BMC Health Serv Res 2010; 10:59. [PMID: 20205960 PMCID: PMC2839980 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the more frequent reasons diabetic patients are admitted to hospital, and there are reports that the long-term prognosis after an AMI is much worse in these patients than in non-diabetic patients. This study aims to compare hospital admissions and costs in Spanish diabetic and non-diabetic subjects due to AMI during the period 2001-2006. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 6 years of national hospitalization data associated with diabetes using the Minimum Basic Data Set. National hospitalization rates were calculated for AMI among diabetic and non-diabetic adults. Fatality rates, mean hospital stay and direct medical costs related to hospitalization were analyzed. Costs were calculated using Diagnosis-Related Groups for AMI in diabetics and non-diabetics patients. Results During the study period, a total of 307,099 patients with AMI were admitted to Spanish hospitals. Diabetic patients made up 29.6% of the total. The estimated incidence due to AMI in diabetics increased from 54.7 cases per 100,000 in 2001 to 64.1 in 2006. Diabetic patients had significantly higher mortality than nondiabetic patients after adjusting for age, gender, and year (OR 1.11 [95% CI, 1.08-1.14]). The cost among diabetic patients increased by 21.3% from 2001 to 2006. Conclusions Diabetic patients have higher rates of hospital admission and fatality rates during the hospitalization after an AMI than nondiabetic patients. Diabetic adults who have suffered an AMI have a greater than expected increase in direct hospital costs over the period 2001-2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-de-Andres
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Teaching and Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón 28922 Madrid, Spain.
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Ariza MA, Vimalananda VG, Rosenzweig JL. The economic consequences of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the United States. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2010; 11:1-10. [PMID: 20191325 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-010-9128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-related care and complications constitute a significant proportion of the United States' (US) health care expenditure. Of these complications, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major component. Higher morbidity and mortality rates translate to higher costs of care in patients with diabetes compared to those who do not have the disease. Minorities bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes and CVD. We review this disparity and examine potential etiologies for it in Hispanics and African-Americans, the two largest minority groups in the US. We examine strategies in these populations that may improve outcomes in diabetes and CVD, potentially decreasing health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ariza
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Zhao Z, Zhu B, Anderson J, Fu H, LeNarz L. Resource utilization and healthcare costs for acute coronary syndrome patients with and without diabetes mellitus. J Med Econ 2010; 13:748-59. [PMID: 21091396 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2010.535661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared differences in healthcare costs and resource utilization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS A retrospective cohort study of a large, US employer-based claims database identified adults hospitalized for ACS between 01/01/2005 and 12/31/2006 and categorized them based on DM status. Resource utilization and costs during the index hospitalization and in the 12-month follow-up period were compared for ACS patients with and without DM using the propensity score stratification bootstrapping method, adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of 12,502 patients who met selection criteria, 3,040 (24%) had a history of DM and 9,462 (76%) did not. Patients with DM were older, female, and had higher rates of previous cardiovascular and renal diseases. After the propensity score stratification, patients with DM incurred higher index hospitalization costs ($32,577 vs. $29,150, p < 0.01) as well as higher total follow-up healthcare costs ($35,400 vs. $24,080, p < 0.01), including higher inpatient ($17,278 vs. $11,247, p < 0.01), outpatient ($12,357 vs. $8,853, p < 0.01), and pharmacy costs ($5,765 vs. $3,980, p < 0.01). LIMITATIONS General limitations exist with any retrospective claims database analysis including potential diagnostic or procedural coding inaccuracies. Additionally, the patient population was representative of a working-age population with employer-sponsored health insurance and results may not be generalizable to other patient populations. CONCLUSIONS DM is significantly associated with increased healthcare resource utilization and costs for ACS patients.
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Fu AZ, Qiu Y, Radican L, Wells BJ. Health care and productivity costs associated with diabetic patients with macrovascular comorbid conditions. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:2187-92. [PMID: 19729528 PMCID: PMC2782975 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine and quantify from the societal perspective the impact of macrovascular comorbid conditions (MVCCs) on health care and productivity costs in diabetic patients in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS With use of the pooled Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2004 and 2006 data, a nationally representative adult sample (aged >or=18 years) was included in the study. Health care cost was measured by the annual health care expenditure. Productivity cost was calculated from the lost productivity from missed work days and additional bed days due to illness/injury based on the 2006 average national hourly wage. Both 2004 and 2006 cost data were adjusted to 2006 dollars. Given the heavily right-skewed distribution of the cost data, the generalized linear model with log-link function and gamma variance was used to identify the relationship between MVCCs and costs after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, income, employment status, smoking status, health insurance, diabetes severity, and comorbidities. Negative binomial models were applied to analyze the outcomes of missed work days and bed days. All statistics were adjusted using the proper sampling weight from MEPS. RESULTS Compared with diabetic patients without MVCCs (n = 3,320), those with MVCCs (n = 913) had statistically significant higher annual health care costs (5,120 USD, P < 0.001), more missed work days (13.03 days, P < 0.001), and more bed days (7.60 days, P = 0.025) per patient after controlling for differences in sociodemographics, smoking, diabetes severity, and comorbidities. The marginal lost productivity cost was 2,388 USD annually per patient. CONCLUSIONS From the U.S. societal perspective, MVCCs in diabetic patients are associated with increased health care and lost productivity costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Z Fu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Straka RJ, Liu LZ, Girase PS, DeLorenzo A, Chapman RH. Incremental cardiovascular costs and resource use associated with diabetes: an assessment of 29,863 patients in the US managed-care setting. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8:53. [PMID: 19781099 PMCID: PMC2762466 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular events, and there is an associated economic burden attached to this risk. We conducted a retrospective claims database analysis to evaluate incremental cardiovascular costs in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients hospitalized for a cardiovascular event. Methods Patients hospitalized for a cardiovascular event between January 1, 2001 and June 30, 2005 were identified from a large US managed-care population. Diabetic patients were identified by evidence of type 2 diabetes in the 12 months prior to the index hospitalization. Direct medical costs and resource use - including inpatient expenditures (for the index and first recurrent hospitalizations), as well as outpatient, laboratory, and pharmacy expenditures (during the 3-year follow-up period) - were determined for patients with or without diabetes. Results Of the 29,863 patients identified with a cardiovascular hospitalization, 5,501 patients (18.4%) had a history of diabetes in the pre-index period (mean age, 57.8 years; 42.1% female). The overall mean follow-up period was 22.8 months. The incidence of subsequent cardiovascular events in the first year of follow-up was significantly higher for patients with diabetes compared with non-diabetic patients for all types of cardiovascular events except angina. Compared with non-diabetic patients, patients with diabetes had similar mean direct medical costs per patient for the index cardiovascular hospitalization ($17,435 versus $16,917; P = 0.09), and the first recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization ($18,488 versus $17,481; P = 0.2), yet higher mean total direct medical costs per patient for cardiovascular events during follow-up years (Year 1: $8,805 versus $6,982; Year 2: $13,860 versus $10,056; Year 3: $16,149 versus $12,163; all P ≤ 0.0002). The cost difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients remained significant after adjusting for age, gender and other potential confounders in multivariate regression analysis. The mean (SD) total period of inpatient cardiovascular hospitalization after 3 years of follow-up was 3.3 (12.4) days for patients with diabetes compared with 1.8 (5.8) days for non-diabetic patients (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Diabetic patients hospitalized for a cardiovascular event incur higher costs for cardiovascular care than their non-diabetic counterparts. This analysis of the incremental cardiovascular cost and resource use provides the basis for greater accuracy and precision when modeling the economic value of initiatives aimed at reducing cardiovascular morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Straka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of BMI on post-operative outcomes and resource utilization following elective total hip arthroplasty (THA).DesignA retrospective cohort analysis on all primary elective THA patients between 1996 and 2004. Primary outcomes investigated using regression analyses included length of stay (LOS) and costs (US dollars).SettingMayo Clinic Rochester, a tertiary care centre.SubjectsPatients were stratified by pre-operative BMI as normal (18·5–24·9 kg/m2), overweight (25·0–29·9 kg/m2), obese (30·0–34·9 kg/m2) and morbidly obese (≥35·0 kg/m2). Of 5642 patients, 1362 (24·1 %) patients had a normal BMI, 2146 (38·0 %) were overweight, 1342 (23·8 %) were obese and 792 (14·0 %) were morbidly obese.ResultsAdjusted LOS was similar among normal (4·99 d), overweight (5·00 d), obese (5·02 d) and morbidly obese (5·17 d) patients (P= 0·20). Adjusted overall episode costs were no different (P= 0·23) between the groups of normal ($17 211), overweight ($17 462), obese ($17 195) and morbidly obese ($17 655) patients. Overall operative and anaesthesia costs were higher in the morbidly obese group ($5688) than in normal ($5553), overweight ($5549) and obese ($5593) patients (P= 0·03). Operating room costs were higher in morbidly obese patients ($3418) than in normal ($3276), overweight ($3291) and obese ($3340) patients (P< 0·001). Post-operative costs were no different (P= 0·30). Blood bank costs differed (P= 0·002) and were lower in the morbidly obese group ($180) compared with the other patient groups (P< 0·05). Other differences in costs were not significant. Morbidly obese patients were more likely to be transferred to a nursing home (24·1 %) than normal (18·4 %), overweight (17·9 %) or obese (16·0 %) patients (P= 0·001 each). There were no differences in the composite endpoint of 30 d mortality, re-admissions, re-operations or intensive care unit utilization.ConclusionsBMI in patients undergoing primary elective THA did not impact LOS or overall institutional acute care costs, despite higher operative costs in morbidly obese patients. Obesity does not increase resource utilization for elective THA.
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