1
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Kreiner P, Eggenhofer E, Schneider L, Rejas C, Goetz M, Bogovic N, Brunner SM, Evert K, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Junger H. Extrahepatic Bile Duct Organoids as a Model to Study Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury During Liver Transplantation. Transpl Int 2024; 37:13212. [PMID: 39323909 PMCID: PMC11422091 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Biliary complications are still a major cause for morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to disruption of the biliary epithelium. We introduce a novel model to study the effect of IRI on human cholangiocytes using extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs). Extrahepatic bile duct tissue was collected during LT at static cold storage and after reperfusion (n = 15); gallbladder tissue was used for controls (n = 5). ECOs (n = 9) were cultured from extrahepatic biliary tissue, with IRI induced in an atmosphere of 95% air (nitrogen), 1% O2 and 5% CO2for 48 h, followed by 24 h of reoxygenation. Qualitative and quantitative histology and qRT-PCR were performed to discern phenotype, markers of hypoxia, programmed cell death and proliferation. ECOs self-organized into circular structures resembling biliary architecture containing cholangiocytes that expressed EpCAM, CK19, LGR5 and SOX-9. After hypoxia, ECOs showed increased expression of VEGF A (p < 0.0001), SLC2A1 (p < 0.0001) and ACSL4 (p < 0.0001) to indicate response to hypoxic damage and subsequent programmed cell death. Increase in cyclin D1 (p < 0.0001) after reoxygenation indicated proliferative activity in ECOs. Therefore, ECO structure and response to IRI are comparable to that found in-vivo, providing a suitable model to study IRI of the bile duct in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kreiner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Eggenhofer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Rejas
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Goetz
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - N Bogovic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S M Brunner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Evert
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H Junger
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Nakazawa M, Nagao I, Ambrosini YM. Proinflammatory cytokines suppress stemness-related properties and expression of tight junction in canine intestinal organoids. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:916-925. [PMID: 38914841 PMCID: PMC11419940 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in canine intestinal organoid research have paved the way for the development of enhanced in vitro models, crucial for exploring intestinal physiology and diseases. Despite these strides, there is a notable gap in creating specific in vitro models that focus on intestinal inflammation. Our study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the impact of proinflammatory cytokines on canine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the context of organoid models. Canine intestinal organoids were treated with proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β. The expression of stem cell markers Lgr5, Sox9, Hopx, and Olfm4 was evaluated through RT-qPCR, while membrane integrity was assessed using immunofluorescence staining for tight junction proteins and transport assays for permeability. IFN-γ significantly decreased Lgr5 expression, a key intestinal stem cell marker, at both 24 and 48 h post-treatment (p=0.030 and p=0.002, respectively). Conversely, TNF-α increased Olfm4 expression during the same intervals (p=0.018 and p=0.011, respectively). A reduction in EdU-positive cells, indicative of decreased cell proliferation, was observed following IFN-γ treatment. Additionally, a decrease in tight junction proteins E-cadherin and ZO-1 (p<0.001 and p=0.003, respectively) and increased permeability in IECs (p=0.012) were noted, particularly following treatment with IFN-γ. The study highlights the profound impact of proinflammatory cytokines on canine IECs, influencing both stem cell dynamics and membrane integrity. These insights shed light on the intricate cellular processes underlying inflammation in the gut and open avenues for more in-depth research into the long-term effects of inflammation on intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Nakazawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Itsuma Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko M Ambrosini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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3
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Chen HC, Mueller N, Stott K, Kapeni C, Rivers E, Sauer CM, Beke F, Walsh SJ, Ashman N, O'Brien L, Rafati Fard A, Ghodsinia A, Li C, Joud F, Giger O, Zlobec I, Olan I, Aitken SJ, Hoare M, Mair R, Serrao E, Brenton JD, Garcia-Gimenez A, Richardson SE, Huntly B, Spring DR, Skjoedt MO, Skjødt K, de la Roche M, de la Roche M. Novel immunotherapeutics against LGR5 to target multiple cancer types. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:2233-2261. [PMID: 39169164 PMCID: PMC11393416 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We have developed and validated a highly specific, versatile antibody to the extracellular domain of human LGR5 (α-LGR5). α-LGR5 detects LGR5 overexpression in >90% of colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pre-B-ALL tumour cells and was used to generate an Antibody-Drug Conjugate (α-LGR5-ADC), Bispecific T-cell Engager (α-LGR5-BiTE) and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (α-LGR5-CAR). α-LGR5-ADC was the most effective modality for targeting LGR5+ cancer cells in vitro and demonstrated potent anti-tumour efficacy in a murine model of human NALM6 pre-B-ALL driving tumour attrition to less than 1% of control treatment. α-LGR5-BiTE treatment was less effective in the pre-B-ALL cancer model yet promoted a twofold reduction in tumour burden. α-LGR5-CAR-T cells also showed specific and potent LGR5+ cancer cell killing in vitro and effective tumour targeting with a fourfold decrease in pre-B-ALL tumour burden relative to controls. Taken together, we show that α-LGR5 can not only be used as a research tool and a biomarker but also provides a versatile building block for a highly effective immune therapeutic portfolio targeting a range of LGR5-expressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nico Mueller
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Chrysa Kapeni
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Eilidh Rivers
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carolin M Sauer
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Flavio Beke
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- University of Cambridge, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Ashman
- University of Cambridge, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Charles River Laboratories, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Louise O'Brien
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amir Rafati Fard
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Arman Ghodsinia
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Changtai Li
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Fadwa Joud
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Olivier Giger
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Olan
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sarah J Aitken
- University of Cambridge, MRC Toxicology Unit, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Main Drive, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Hoare
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Richard Mair
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Eva Serrao
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - James D Brenton
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Alicia Garcia-Gimenez
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Simon E Richardson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Brian Huntly
- University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - David R Spring
- University of Cambridge, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Rigshospitalet-University Hospital Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Karsten Skjødt
- University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Marc de la Roche
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Maike de la Roche
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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4
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Timmermans S, Wallaeys C, Garcia-Gonzalez N, Pollaris L, Saeys Y, Libert C. Identification and Characterization of Multiple Paneth Cell Types in the Mouse Small Intestine. Cells 2024; 13:1435. [PMID: 39273007 PMCID: PMC11394207 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal crypts harbor secretory Paneth cells (PCs) which express bactericidal peptides that are crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Considering the diverse environmental conditions throughout the course of the small intestine, multiple subtypes of PCs are expected to exist. We applied single-cell RNA-sequencing of PCs combined with deep bulk RNA-sequencing on PC populations of different small intestinal locations and discovered several expression-based PC clusters. Some of these are discrete and resemble tuft cell-like PCs, goblet cell (GC)-like PCs, PCs expressing stem cell markers, and atypical PCs. Other clusters are less discrete but appear to be derived from different locations along the intestinal tract and have environment-dictated functions such as food digestion and antimicrobial peptide production. A comprehensive spatial analysis using Resolve Bioscience was conducted, leading to the identification of different PC's transcriptomic identities along the different compartments of the intestine, but not between PCs in the crypts themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wallaeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Garcia-Gonzalez
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lotte Pollaris
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Parasido E, Ribeiro P, Chingle RM, Rohwetter T, Gupta N, Avetian G, Bladelli E, Pierobon M, Chen Y, Tang Q, Schnermann M, Rodriguez O, Robbins D, Burke TR, Albanese C, Ihemelandu C. Enhancing precision in colorectal cancer surgery: development of an LGR5-targeting RSPO1 peptide mimetic as a contrast agent for intraoperative fluorescence molecular imaging. Cell Cycle 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38984667 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2364578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. In the United States alone, CRC was responsible for approximately 52,550 deaths in 2023, with an estimated 153,020 new cases. CRC presents with synchronous peritoneal spread in 5-10% of patients, and up to 20-50% of patients with recurrent disease will develop metachronous colorectal cancer peritoneal metastatic (CRC-PM) disease. Eradication of the tumor, tumor margins and microscopic residual disease is paramount, as microscopic residual disease is associated with local recurrences, with 5-year survival rates of less than 35%. The success of resection and reduction of residual disease depends on the accuracy with which cancer cells and normal tissue can be intra-operatively distinguished. Fluorescence Molecular Imaging (IFMI) and tumor-targeted contrast agents represent a promising approach for intraoperative detection and surgical intervention. Proper target selection, the development of scalable imaging agents and enhanced real-time tumor and tumor microenvironment imaging are critical to enabling enhanced surgical resection. LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5), a colonic crypt stem cell marker and the receptor for the R-spondins (RSPO) in the Wnt signaling pathway, is also expressed on colorectal cancer stem cells (CSC) and on CRC tumors and metastases, suggesting it could be a useful target for imaging of CRC. However, there are numerous diverging reports on the role of LGR5 in CRC therapy and outcomes. Herein, we report on the synthesis and validation of a 37 amino acid RSPO1-mimetic peptide, termed RC18, that was specifically designed to access the R-spondin binding site of LGR5 to potentially be used for interoperative imaging of CRC-PM. The receptor-binding capabilities of the RC18 indicate that direct interactions with LGR5 neither significantly increased LGR5 signaling nor blocked RSPO1 binding and signal transduction, suggesting that the RSPO1-mimetic is functionally inert, making it an attractive contrast agent for intraoperative CRC-PM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patricia Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ramesh M Chingle
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Rohwetter
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - George Avetian
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elisa Bladelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Martin Schnermann
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Translational Research, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Robbins
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Translational Research, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka Ihemelandu
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Yu M, Qin K, Fan J, Zhao G, Zhao P, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhong J, Zhu Y, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho S, Lee MJ, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC. The evolving roles of Wnt signaling in stem cell proliferation and differentiation, the development of human diseases, and therapeutic opportunities. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101026. [PMID: 38292186 PMCID: PMC10825312 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway plays a central role in development and adult tissue homeostasis across species. Wnt proteins are secreted, lipid-modified signaling molecules that activate the canonical (β-catenin dependent) and non-canonical (β-catenin independent) Wnt signaling pathways. Cellular behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and proper body-axis specification are carried out by the canonical pathway, which is the best characterized of the known Wnt signaling paths. Wnt signaling has emerged as an important factor in stem cell biology and is known to affect the self-renewal of stem cells in various tissues. This includes but is not limited to embryonic, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, gut, neural, and epidermal stem cells. Wnt signaling has also been implicated in tumor cells that exhibit stem cell-like properties. Wnt signaling is crucial for bone formation and presents a potential target for the development of therapeutics for bone disorders. Not surprisingly, aberrant Wnt signaling is also associated with a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. Mutations of Wnt pathway members in cancer can lead to unchecked cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Altogether, advances in the understanding of dysregulated Wnt signaling in disease have paved the way for the development of novel therapeutics that target components of the Wnt pathway. Beginning with a brief overview of the mechanisms of canonical and non-canonical Wnt, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in stem cells, aberrations to the Wnt pathway associated with diseases, and novel therapeutics targeting the Wnt pathway in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yu
- School of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kevin Qin
- School of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jiamin Zhong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Suture Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Suture Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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7
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Niu X, Xu X, Xu C, Cheuk YC, Rong R. Recent Advances of MSCs in Renal IRI: From Injury to Renal Fibrosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:432. [PMID: 38790298 PMCID: PMC11117619 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a pathological endpoint of maladaptation after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and despite many attempts, no good treatment has been achieved so far. At the core of renal fibrosis is the differentiation of various types of cells into myofibroblasts. MSCs were once thought to play a protective role after renal IRI. However, growing evidence suggests that MSCs have a two-sided nature. In spite of their protective role, in maladaptive situations, MSCs start to differentiate towards myofibroblasts, increasing the myofibroblast pool and promoting renal fibrosis. Following renal IRI, it has been observed that Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) and Renal Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells (RR-MSCs) play important roles. This review presents evidence supporting their involvement, discusses their potential mechanisms of action, and suggests several new targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Niu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cuidi Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin Celeste Cheuk
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Kinstler SR, Cloft SE, Siegel PB, Honaker CF, Maurer JJ, Wong EA. Early intestinal development of chickens divergently selected for high or low 8-wk body weight and a commercial broiler. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103538. [PMID: 38387293 PMCID: PMC10900922 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The early posthatch period is crucial to intestinal development, shaping long-term growth, metabolism, and health of the chick. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genetic selection on morphological characteristics and gene expression during early intestinal development. Populations of White Plymouth Rocks have been selected for high weight (HWS) and low weight (LWS) for over 63 generations, and some LWS display symptoms of anorexia. Intestinal structure and function of these populations were compared to a commercial broiler Cobb 500 (Cobb) during the perihatch period. Egg weights, yolk-free embryo BW, yolk weights, and jejunal samples from HWS, LWS, and Cobb were collected on embryonic day (e) 17, e19, day of hatch, day (d) 3, d5, and d7 posthatch for histology and gene expression analysis. The RNAscope in-situ hybridization method was used to localize expression of the stem cell marker, olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4). Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD were measured from Olfm4 stained images using ImageJ. mRNA abundance for Olfm4, stem cell marker Lgr5, peptide transporter PepT1, goblet cell marker Muc2, marker of proliferation Ki67, and antimicrobial peptide LEAP2 were examined. Two-factor ANOVA was performed for measurements and Turkey's HSD was used for mean separation when appropriate. Cobb were heaviest and LWS the lightest (P < 0.01). at each timepoint. VH increased in Cobb and CD increased in HWS compared to LWS (P < 0.01). PepT1 mRNA was upregulated in LWS (P < 0.01), and Muc2 mRNA was decreased in both HWS and LWS compared to Cobb (P < 0.01). Selection for high or low 8-wk body weight has caused differences in intestinal gene expression and morphology when compared to a commercial broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E Cloft
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul B Siegel
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - John J Maurer
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric A Wong
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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9
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Ghobakhloo S, Khoshhali M, Vatandoost N, Jafarpour S, Niazmand A, Nedaeinia R, Salehi R. Clinical Implications and Prognostic Value of Leucine-Rich G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 Expression as A Cancer Stem Cell Marker in Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CELL JOURNAL 2024; 26:1-12. [PMID: 38351725 PMCID: PMC10864775 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2023.2010157.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in various cancers. Based on different studies, conflicting reports exist on correlation between LGR5 expression and poor prognosis/ clinicopathological parameters in cancer patients. Therefore, our purpose in conducting this study was to investigate correlation between LGR5 expression and outcomes of cancer patients under study through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant articles were searched and collected using EMBASE, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases until December 21, 2022. This study was conducted to examine correlation between LGR5 expression and different clinical outcomes, such as recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and clinicopathological characteristics of the included cancer patients. To achieve this, hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were used as statistical measures. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0 software. Finally, 53 studies including 9523 patients met the inclusion criteria. Significantly, high-level expression of LGR5 was related to poor prognosis in terms of OS, higher tumor stage, presence of distant metastasis, and presence of lymph node metastasis. It was discovered through subgroup analysis that several factors, including the study area, evaluation method, and type of cancer, can influence the correlation between LGR5 expression and negative prognosis in cancer patients. According to the results of our study, LGR5 overexpression was related to poor OS in cancer patients. In addition, clinicopathological data indicated an unfavorable prognosis in cancer patients with high LGR5 expression. In conclusion, LGR5 may serve as a potential prognostic marker for predicting survival in certain cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ghobakhloo
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehri Khoshhali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasimeh Vatandoost
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sima Jafarpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Anoosha Niazmand
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Soleimani A, Saeedi N, Al-Asady AM, Nazari E, Hanaie R, Khazaei M, Ghorbani E, Akbarzade H, Ryzhikov M, Avan A, Mehr SMH. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers: Biological Traits and Prognostic Insights. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:1386-1397. [PMID: 38623972 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128291321240329050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to self-renewal, differentiation, and limitless proliferation properties, Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) increase the probability of tumor development. These cells are identified by using CSC markers, which are highly expressed proteins on the cell surface of CSCs. Recently, the therapeutic application of CSCs as novel biomarkers improved both the prognosis and diagnosis outcome of colorectal Cancer. In the present review, we focused on a specific panel of colorectal CSC markers, including LGR5, ALDH, CD166, CD133, and CD44, which offers a targeted and comprehensive analysis of their functions. The selection criteria for these markers cancer were based on their established significance in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) pathogenesis and clinical outcomes, providing novel insights into the CSC biology of CRC. Through this approach, we aim to elevate understanding and stimulate further research for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Soleimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nikoo Saeedi
- Medical School, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Nazari
- Department of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhane Hanaie
- Department of Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbarzade
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Genetics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Ben-Shahar Y, Vasserman V, Pollak Y, Kremer K, Sukhotnik I. The mechanism of intestinal stem cells differentiation after ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 40:23. [PMID: 38108924 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are responsible for regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling roles in regulation of ISC differentiation following ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a rat. METHODS Rats were assigned into two groups: Sham rats underwent laparotomy without vascular intervention and IR rats underwent occlusion of SMA and portal vein for 20 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Wnt/β-catenin and Notch-related gene expression were determined using Real-Time PCR. Enterocyte proliferation, differentiation and Wnt-related proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IR rats demonstrated a significant decrease in β-catenin gene expression, a decrease in cyclin D1 and β-catenin positive cells in jejunum and ileum compared to Sham rats. IR rats demonstrated a significant increase in Notch-related gene expression in jejunum and ileum compared to Sham rats. The number of secretory cells was higher mainly in the jejunum and number of absorptive cells was significantly lower in jejunum and lower in ileum in IR rats compared to Sham rats. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal stem-cell differentiation is toward secretory cells 48 h after IR injury; however, Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition and Notch-related gene expression stimulation suggest crosstalk between pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ben-Shahar
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Victoria Vasserman
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulia Pollak
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Kremer
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Igor Sukhotnik
- Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Yin W, Li X, Liu P, Li Y, Liu J, Yu S, Tai S. Digestive system deep infiltrating endometriosis: What do we know. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3649-3661. [PMID: 37632165 PMCID: PMC10718155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive system infiltrating endometriosis (DSIE) is an uncommon form of endometriosis in the digestive system. DSIE often occurs in the intestines (especially the sigmoid rectum), liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Clinically, DSIE presents with the same symptoms as endometriosis, including cyclic pain, bleeding and infertility, in addition to specific biliary/intestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. Compared to general endometriosis, DSIE has unique biological behaviour and pathophysiological mechanisms. Most DSIEs are deep invasive endometrioses, characterized by metastasis to the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, angiogenesis, peripheral nerve recruitment, fibrosis and invasion of surrounding tissues. DSIE-related peripheral angiogenesis is divided into three patterns: angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and inosculation. These patterns are regulated by interactions between multiple hypoxia-hormone cytokines. The nerve growth factors regulate the extensive neurofibril recruitment in DSIE lesions, which accounts for severe symptoms of deep pain. They are also associated with fibrosis and the aggressiveness of DSIE. Cyclic changes in DSIE lesions, recurrent inflammation and oxidative stress promote repeated tissue injury and repair (ReTIAR) mechanisms in the lesions, accelerating fibril formation and cancer-related mutations. Similar to malignant tumours, DSIE can also exhibit aggressiveness derived from collective cell migration mediated by E-cadherin and N-cadherin. This often makes DSIE misdiagnosed as a malignant tumour of the digestive system in clinical practice. In addition to surgery, novel treatments are urgently required to effectively eradicate this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Yin
- Department of Hepatic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of PathologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical GeneticsHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of PathologySix Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of PathologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of PathologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of Hepatic SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
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13
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Dinarello A, May M, Amo-Aparicio J, Azam T, Gaballa JM, Marchetti C, Tesoriere A, Ghirardo R, Redzic JS, Webber WS, Atif SM, Li S, Eisenmesser EZ, de Graaf DM, Dinarello CA. IL-38 regulates intestinal stem cell homeostasis by inducing WNT signaling and beneficial IL-1β secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306476120. [PMID: 37906644 PMCID: PMC10636342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306476120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 Family member IL-38 has been characterized primarily as an antiinflammatory cytokine in human and mouse models of systemic diseases. Here, we examined the role of IL-38 in the murine small intestine (SI). Immunostaining of SI revealed that IL-38 expression partially confines to intestinal stem cells. Cultures of intestinal organoids reveal IL-38 functions as a growth factor by increasing organoid size via inducing WNT3a. In contrast, organoids from IL-38-deficient mice develop more slowly. This reduction in size is likely due to the downregulation of intestinal stemness markers (i.e., Fzd5, Ephb2, and Olfm4) expression compared with wild-type organoids. The IL-38 binding to IL-1R6 and IL-1R9 is still a matter of debate. Therefore, to analyze the molecular mechanisms of IL-38 signaling, we also examined organoids from IL-1R9-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, these organoids, although significantly smaller than wild type, respond to IL-38, suggesting that IL-1R9 is not involved in IL-38 signaling in the stem cell crypt. Nevertheless, silencing of IL-1R6 disabled the organoid response to the growth property of IL-38, thus suggesting IL-1R6 as the main receptor used by IL-38 in the crypt compartment. In organoids from wild-type mice, IL-38 stimulation induced low concentrations of IL-1β which contribute to organoid growth. However, high concentrations of IL-1β have detrimental effects on the cultures that were prevented by treatment with recombinant IL-38. Overall, our data demonstrate an important regulatory function of IL-38 as a growth factor, and as an antiinflammatory molecule in the SI, maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Makenna May
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Jesus Amo-Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Tania Azam
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Joseph M. Gaballa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | | | | | - Jasmina S. Redzic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045
| | - William S. Webber
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Shaikh M. Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Suzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Elan Z. Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Dennis M. de Graaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
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14
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Banjac I, Maimets M, Jensen KB. Maintenance of high-turnover tissues during and beyond homeostasis. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:348-361. [PMID: 37028402 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissues with a high turnover rate produce millions of cells daily and have abundant regenerative capacity. At the core of their maintenance are populations of stem cells that balance self-renewal and differentiation to produce the adequate numbers of specialized cells required for carrying out essential tissue functions. Here, we compare and contrast the intricate mechanisms and elements of homeostasis and injury-driven regeneration in the epidermis, hematopoietic system, and intestinal epithelium-the fastest renewing tissues in mammals. We highlight the functional relevance of the main mechanisms and identify open questions in the field of tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Banjac
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martti Maimets
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Zhang M, Qu T, Liu S, Yu F, Fan L, Lin D, Zhang Q, Song F, Zhang M, Cui B, Zhang S. Ethylbenzene induces hearing loss by triggering mitochondrial impairments and excess apoptosis in cochlear progenitor cells via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114721. [PMID: 36950984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylbenzene (EB) is widely distributed at low levels in the environment from vehicle emissions, industrial discharge, cigarette smoke, and in some food and consumer products. Evidence shows that EB exposure is associated with hearing loss, yet the mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which plays a key role during cochlear development, in EB-induced hearing loss. In vitro, we found that EB treatment decreased the viability of cochlear progenitor cells (CPCs), isolated from the cochleae of neonatal rats and crucial for cochlear hair cells generation and hearing construction, via inducing mitochondrial impairments and excessive apoptosis. These were accompanied by the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, as manifested by the decreased levels of related molecules β-catenin, LEF-1 and Lgr5. These findings were further confirmed by knocking down β-catenin and immunofluorescence analysis. Interestingly, adenovirus-mediated β-catenin overexpression activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling network, alleviated mitochondrial impairments, reduced cell apoptosis, therefore promoting CPCs survival under EB treatment conditions. Finally, using adult Sprague-Dawley rats as an in vivo model with EB inhalation for 13 weeks, we found that exposure to EB decreased body weight gain, increased the hearing thresholds at different exposure stages, along with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway suppression in cochlear tissue. More importantly, cochlear microinjection of recombinant lentivirus expressing β-catenin significantly reversed EB-elicited these deleterious effects. Collectively, our results indicate that EB induces hearing loss by triggering mitochondrial impairments and excess apoptosis in CPCs via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and provide clues for the possible therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health Comprehensive Management, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Tengjiao Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Fangjin Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Fan
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dafeng Lin
- Department of Occupational Health Comprehensive Management, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Fangfang Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Meibian Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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16
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Childs CJ, Holloway EM, Sweet CW, Tsai YH, Wu A, Vallie A, Eiken MK, Capeling MM, Zwick RK, Palikuqi B, Trentesaux C, Wu JH, Pellón-Cardenas O, Zhang CJ, Glass I, Loebel C, Yu Q, Camp JG, Sexton JZ, Klein OD, Verzi MP, Spence JR. EPIREGULIN creates a developmental niche for spatially organized human intestinal enteroids. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165566. [PMID: 36821371 PMCID: PMC10070114 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial organoids derived from intestinal tissue, called enteroids, recapitulate many aspects of the organ in vitro and can be used for biological discovery, personalized medicine, and drug development. Here, we interrogated the cell signaling environment within the developing human intestine to identify niche cues that may be important for epithelial development and homeostasis. We identified an EGF family member, EPIREGULIN (EREG), which is robustly expressed in the developing human crypt. Enteroids generated from the developing human intestine grown in standard culture conditions, which contain EGF, are dominated by stem and progenitor cells and feature little differentiation and no spatial organization. Our results demonstrate that EREG can replace EGF in vitro, and EREG leads to spatially resolved enteroids that feature budded and proliferative crypt domains and a differentiated villus-like central lumen. Multiomic (transcriptome plus epigenome) profiling of native crypts, EGF-grown enteroids, and EREG-grown enteroids showed that EGF enteroids have an altered chromatin landscape that is dependent on EGF concentration, downregulate the master intestinal transcription factor CDX2, and ectopically express stomach genes, a phenomenon that is reversible. This is in contrast to EREG-grown enteroids, which remain intestine like in culture. Thus, EREG creates a homeostatic intestinal niche in vitro, enabling interrogation of stem cell function, cellular differentiation, and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily M. Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Caden W. Sweet
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Angeline Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Abigail Vallie
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madeline K. Eiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meghan M. Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel K. Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua H. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Oscar Pellón-Cardenas
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles J. Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qianhui Yu
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Gray Camp
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School and University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Head and neck cancer patient-derived tumouroid cultures: opportunities and challenges. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1807-1818. [PMID: 36765173 PMCID: PMC10147637 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNC) are the seventh most prevalent cancer type globally. Despite their common categorisation, HNCs are a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising in various anatomical sites within the head and neck region. These cancers exhibit different clinical and biological manifestations, and this heterogeneity also contributes to the high rates of treatment failure and mortality. To evaluate patients who will respond to a particular treatment, there is a need to develop in vitro model systems that replicate in vivo tumour status. Among the methods developed, patient-derived cancer organoids, also known as tumouroids, recapitulate in vivo tumour characteristics including tumour architecture. Tumouroids have been used for general disease modelling and genetic instability studies in pan-cancer research. However, a limited number of studies have thus far been conducted using tumouroid-based drug screening. Studies have concluded that tumouroids can play an essential role in bringing precision medicine for highly heterogenous cancer types such as HNC.
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Gui MX, Huang B, Peng J, Chen X, Muthu R, Gao Y, Wang RG, Lin JM. Babao Dan Alleviates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Damage via Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:1000-1006. [PMID: 33420580 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the protective function of Babao Dan (BBD) on 5-flurouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) and uncover the underlying mechanism. METHODS A total of 18 male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups by a random number table, including control, 5-FU and 5-FU combined BBD groups, 6 mice in each group. A single intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) was performed in 5-FU and 5-FU combined BBD groups on day 0. Mice in 5-FU combined BBD group were gavaged with BBD (250 mg/kg) daily from day 1 to 6. Mice in the control group were gavaged with saline solution for 6 days. The body weight and diarrhea index of mice were recorded daily. On the 7th day, the blood from the heart of mice was collected to analyze the proportional changes of immunological cells, and the mice were subsequently euthanized by mild anesthesia with 2% pentobarbital sodium. Colorectal lengths and villus heights were measured. Intestinal-cellular apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated by Tunel assay and immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were performed to investigate the expressions of components in Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Wnt3, LRP5, β-catenin, c-Myc, LRG5 and CD44). RESULTS BBD obviously alleviated 5-FU-induced body weight loss and diarrhea, and reversed the decrease in the number of white blood cells, including monocyte, granulocyte and lymphocyte, and platelet (P<0.01). The shortening of colon caused by 5-FU was also reversed by BBD (P<0.01). Moreover, BBD inhibited apoptosis and promoted proliferation in jejunum tissues so as to reduce the intestinal mucosal damage and improve the integrity of villus and crypts. Mechanically, the expression levels of Wnt/β -catenin mediators such as Wnt3, LRP5, β-catenin were upregulated by BBD, activating the transcription of c-Myc, LRG5 and CD44 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS BBD attenuates the adverse effects induced by 5-FU via Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting it may act as a potential agent against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xuan Gui
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team Support Force, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Ragunath Muthu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Rui-Guo Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiu-Mao Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Chen Z, Chung HY. Pseudo-Taste Cells Derived from Rat Taste and Non-Taste Tissues: Implications for Cultured Taste Cell-Based Biosensors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10826-10835. [PMID: 35998688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the technique for taste cell culture has been reported, cultured taste cells have remained poorly validated. This study systematically compared the cultured cells derived from both taste and non-taste tissues. Fourteen cell lines established from rat circumvallate papillae (RCVs* or RCVs), non-taste lingual epithelia (RVEs), and tail skins (RTLs) were analyzed by PCR, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and calcium imaging. The cell lines were morphologically indistinguishable, and all expressed some taste-related molecules. Of the tested RCVs*, RCVs, RVEs, and RTLs (%), 84.7 ± 7.8, 63.9 ± 22.8, 46.8 ± 0.3, and 40.8 ± 15.1 of them were responsive to at least one tastant or ATP, respectively. However, the calcium signaling pathways in the responding cells differed from the canonical taste transduction pathways in the taste cells in vivo, suggesting that they were not genuine taste cells. In addition, the growth medium intended for taste cell culture did not prevent the proliferation of non-gustatory epithelial cells regardless of supplementation of Y-27632 and EGF. In conclusion, the current method for taste cell culture is susceptible to pseudo-taste cells that may lead to overinterpretation. Thus, biosensors that rely on calcium responses of cultured taste cells should be applied with extreme caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hau Yin Chung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Olbertová K, Hrčkulák D, Kříž V, Jesionek W, Kubovčiak J, Ešner M, Kořínek V, Buchtová M. Role of LGR5-positive mesenchymal cells in craniofacial development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:810527. [PMID: 36133922 PMCID: PMC9484000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.810527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5), a Wnt pathway member, has been previously recognised as a stem cell marker in numerous epithelial tissues. In this study, we used Lgr5-EGFP-CreERT2 mice to analyse the distribution of LGR5-positive cells during craniofacial development. LGR5 expressing cells were primarily located in the mesenchyme adjacent to the craniofacial epithelial structures undergoing folding, such as the nasopharyngeal duct, lingual groove, and vomeronasal organ. To follow the fate of LGR5-positive cells, we performed lineage tracing using an inducible Cre knock-in allele in combination with Rosa26-tdTomato reporter mice. The slight expansion of LGR5-positive cells was found around the vomeronasal organ, in the nasal cavity, and around the epithelium in the lingual groove. However, most LGR5 expressing cells remained in their original location, possibly supporting their signalling function for adjacent epithelium rather than exerting their role as progenitor cells for the craniofacial structures. Moreover, Lgr5 knockout mice displayed distinct defects in LGR5-positive areas, especially in the reduction of the nasopharyngeal duct, the alteration of the palatal shelves shape, abnormal epithelial folding in the lingual groove area, and the disruption of salivary gland development. The latter defect manifested as an atypical number and localisation of the glandular ducts. The gene expression of several Wnt pathway members (Rspo1-3, Axin2) was altered in Lgr5-deficient animals. However, the difference was not found in sorted EGFP-positive cells obtained from Lgr5 +/+ and Lgr5 -/- animals. Expression profiling of LGR5-positive cells revealed the expression of several markers of mesenchymal cells, antagonists, as well as agonists, of Wnt signalling, and molecules associated with the basal membrane. Therefore, LGR5-positive cells in the craniofacial area represent a very specific population of mesenchymal cells adjacent to the epithelium undergoing folding or groove formation. Our results indicate a possible novel role of LGR5 in the regulation of morphogenetic processes during the formation of complex epithelial structures in the craniofacial areas, a role which is not related to the stem cell properties of LGR5-positive cells as was previously defined for various epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Olbertová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Dušan Hrčkulák
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vítězslav Kříž
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wojciech Jesionek
- Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Kubovčiak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Ešner
- Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Kořínek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Walia B, Li T, Crosio G, Montero A, Huang A. Axin2-lineage cells contribute to neonatal tendon regeneration. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:530-543. [PMID: 35180018 PMCID: PMC9491382 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2036732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tendon injuries are a challenging clinical problem with few treatment options. Identifying the molecular regulators of tendon is required for the development of new therapies. While the Wnt pathway is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of many tissues, the role of Wnt signaling in tendon cell biology remains largely unexplored. METHODS The effects of Wnt activation were tested in vitro using neonatal tendon-derived cells cultured in 2D and 3D conditions. The inducible Axin2CreERT2 was then used to label Axin2+ cells in vivo and cells were traced during neonatal tendon regeneration. RESULTS We showed that activation of Wnt signaling results in proliferation of neonatal tendon cells. While tendon marker expression was inhibited by Wnt activation under 2D conditions, Scx expression was not affected under 3D uniaxial tension, suggesting that the microenvironment contextualizes tendon cell response to Wnt signaling. Using an in vivo model of neonatal tendon regeneration, we further showed that Wnt signaling cells comprise a subpopulation of tenocyte and epitenon cells that proliferate after injury and are recruited during regeneration. DISCUSSION Collectively, these studies suggest that Wnt signaling may play a role in tendon cell proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Walia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - T.M. Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - G. Crosio
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - A.M. Montero
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - A.H. Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY
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22
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Ontogeny of cellular organization and LGR5 expression in porcine cochlea revealed using tissue clearing and 3D imaging. iScience 2022; 25:104695. [PMID: 35865132 PMCID: PMC9294204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 11% of the world's population experience hearing loss. Although there are promising studies to restore hearing in rodent models, the size, ontogeny, genetics, and frequency range of hearing of most rodents' cochlea do not match that of humans. The porcine cochlea can bridge this gap as it shares many anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarities with its human counterpart. Here, we provide a detailed methodology to process and image the porcine cochlea in 3D using tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy. The resulting 3D images can be employed to compare cochleae across different ages and conditions, investigate the ontogeny of cochlear cytoarchitecture, and produce quantitative expression maps of LGR5, a marker of cochlear progenitors in mice. These data reveal that hair cell organization, inner ear morphology, cellular cartography in the organ of Corti, and spatiotemporal expression of LGR5 are dynamic over developmental stages in a pattern not previously documented.
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Chen G, Yin S, Zeng H, Li H, Wan X. Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081151. [PMID: 36013330 PMCID: PMC9410528 DOI: 10.3390/life12081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a type of cells capable of self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. The self-renewal of ESCs is regulated by factors including signaling pathway proteins, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, cytokines, and small molecular compounds. Similarly, non-coding RNAs, small RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) also play an important role in the process. Functionally, the core transcription factors interact with helper transcription factors to activate the expression of genes that contribute to maintaining pluripotency, while suppressing the expression of differentiation-related genes. Additionally, cytokines such as leukemia suppressor factor (LIF) stimulate downstream signaling pathways and promote self-renewal of ESCs. Particularly, LIF binds to its receptor (LIFR/gp130) to trigger the downstream Jak-Stat3 signaling pathway. BMP4 activates the downstream pathway and acts in combination with Jak-Stat3 to promote pluripotency of ESCs in the absence of serum. In addition, activation of the Wnt-FDZ signaling pathway has been observed to facilitate the self-renewal of ESCs. Small molecule modulator proteins of the pathway mentioned above are widely used in in vitro culture of stem cells. Multiple epigenetic regulators are involved in the maintenance of ESCs self-renewal, making the epigenetic status of ESCs a crucial factor in this process. Similarly, non-coding RNAs and cellular energetics have been described to promote the maintenance of the ESC's self-renewal. These factors regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs by forming signaling networks. This review focused on the role of major transcription factors, signaling pathways, small molecular compounds, epigenetic regulators, non-coding RNAs, and cellular energetics in ESC's self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.L.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-20261000 (ext. 1379) (G.C.)
| | - Shasha Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China;
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Haisen Li
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.L.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-20261000 (ext. 1379) (G.C.)
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.L.); (X.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-021-20261000 (ext. 1379) (G.C.)
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Melis M, Tang XH, Mai K, Gudas LJ, Trasino SE. Fenretinide Reduces Intestinal Mucin-2-Positive Goblet Cells in Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Pharmacology 2022; 107:406-416. [PMID: 35551126 DOI: 10.1159/000524386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol-induced thickening of the gut mucosal layer and increased expression of goblet cell gel-forming mucins, such as mucin-2 (MUC2) are associated with disruptions to the gut barrier in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Interest in drugs that can target gut mucins in ALD has grown; however to date, no studies have examined the properties of drugs on expression of gut mucins in models of ALD. We previously demonstrated that at 10 mg/kg/day, the drug fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide [Fen]), a synthetic retinoid, mitigates alcohol-associated damage to the gut barrier and liver injury in a murine model of ALD. METHODS In this study, we specifically sought to examine the effects of Fen on gut goblet cells, and expression of mucins, including MUC2 using a 25-day Lieber-DeCarli model of chronic alcohol intake. RESULTS Our results show that chronic alcohol intake increased gut-mucosal thickening, goblet cell numbers, and mRNA and protein expression of MUC2 in both the ileum and colon. Alcohol intake was associated with marked decreases in ileal and colonic Notch signaling, levels of Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4, and increases in the expression of Notch-associated genes indispensable for goblet cell specification, including Math1 and Spdef. Interestingly, ileal and colonic expression of KLF4, which is involved in terminal differentiation of goblet cells, was reduced in mice chronically fed alcohol. Coadministration of alcohol with Fen at 10 mg/kg/day significantly reduced alcohol-associated increases in ileal and colonic mucosal thickening, ileal Muc2, colonic Muc2, Muc5ac and Muc6 mRNAs, and goblet cell numbers. We also found that Fen strongly prevented alcohol-mediated suppression of the Notch ligand Dll1, Notch signaling, and alcohol-induced increases in expression of Notch-associated goblet cell specification genes in both the ileum and colon. In the absence of alcohol, Fen treatments alone at 10 mg/kg/day had no effects on any of the goblet cell-related endpoints. CONCLUSION These data show for the first time that the drug Fen possesses mucosal layer-modulating properties in response to chronic alcohol abuse. These data warrant further preclinical examination of Fen given the need for anti-ALD drugs and emerging evidence of a role for intestinal goblet cell mucins in the progression of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen Mai
- Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven E Trasino
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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Saito S, Ku CC, Wuputra K, Pan JB, Lin CS, Lin YC, Wu DC, Yokoyama KK. Biomarkers of Cancer Stem Cells for Experimental Research and Clinical Application. J Pers Med 2022; 12:715. [PMID: 35629138 PMCID: PMC9147761 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis has been highly effective over several decades. Studies of biomarkers in cancer patients pre- and post-treatment and during cancer progression have helped identify cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their related microenvironments. These analyses are critical for the therapeutic application of drugs and the efficient targeting and prevention of cancer progression, as well as the investigation of the mechanism of the cancer development. Biomarkers that characterize CSCs have thus been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. However, CSCs demonstrate elevated levels of plasticity, which alters their functional phenotype and appearance by interacting with their microenvironments, in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapeutics. In turn, these changes induce different metabolic adaptations of CSCs. This article provides a review of the most frequently used CSCs and stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita 329-1571, Japan
- Horus Co., Ltd., Nakano, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Shin D, Choi Y, Soon ZY, Kim M, Kim DJ, Jung JH. Comparative toxicity study of waterborne two booster biocides (CuPT and ZnPT) on embryonic flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113337. [PMID: 35219958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of booster biocides that include metal pyrithiones (PTs) such as copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) are being used as tributyltin alternatives. In the marine environment, ZnPT can easily transchelate Cu to form CuPT, and the environmental fate and persistence of these two metal pyrithiones are closely related. Although some data on the toxicity of biocides on marine fish are available, little is known about their toxicity and toxic pathway. We thus compared the toxic effects of CuPT and ZnPT on embryonic olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by investigating their adverse effects based on developmental morphogenesis and transcriptional variation. In our study, the toxic potency of CuPT was greater with respect to developmental malformation and mortality than ZnPT. Consistent with the developmental effects, the expression of genes related to tail fin malformation (including plod2, furin, and wnt3a) was higher in embryonic flounder exposed to CuPT than in those exposed to ZnPT. Genes related to muscle and nervous system development exhibited significant changes on differential gene expression profiles using RNA sequencing (cutoff value P < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis of embryos exposed to CuPT revealed affected cellular respiration and kidney development, whereas genes associated with cell development, nervous system development and heart development showed significant variation in embryonic flounder exposed to ZnPT. Overall, our study clarifies the common and unique developmental toxic effects of CuPT and ZnPT through transcriptomic analyses in embryonic flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Shin
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmi Choi
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Yang Soon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 63068, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Li T, Chan RW, Lee CL, Chiu PC, Li RH, Ng EH, Yeung WS. WNT5A Interacts With FZD5 and LRP5 to Regulate Proliferation and Self-Renewal of Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:837827. [PMID: 35295855 PMCID: PMC8919396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.837827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells (eMSC) reside in the basal layer of the endometrium and are responsible for cyclic regeneration during the reproductive lives of women. Myometrial cells act as a component of the niche and regulate the stem cell fate through the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling via WNT5A. Since WNT5A-responsive mechanisms on eMSC are still uncertain, we hypothesize that the WNT ligand–WNT5A works to activate WNT/β-catenin signaling through binding to Frizzled receptors (FZDs) and co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5). Among the various receptors that have been reported to interact with WNT5A, we found FZD5 abundantly expressed by eMSC when compared to unfractionated stromal cells. Neutralizing the protein expression by using anti-FZD5 antibody suppressed the stimulatory effects on phenotypic expression and the clonogenicity of eMSC in a myometrial cell–eMSC co-culture system as well as in an L-Wnt5a conditioned medium. Gene silencing of FZD5 not only reduced the binding of WNT5A to eMSC but also decreased the TCF/LEF transcriptional activities and expression of active β-catenin. Inhibition of LRP coreceptors with recombinant Dickkopf-1 protein significantly reduced the binding affinity of eMSC to WNT5A as well as the proliferation and self-renewal activity. During postpartum remodeling in mouse endometrium, active β-catenin (ABC) was detected in label-retaining stromal cells (LRSCs), and these ABC+ LRSCs express FZD5 and LRP5, suggesting the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the interaction of WNT5A, FZD5, and LRP5 in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of eMSC through WNT/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rachel W.S. Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Rachel W S. Chan, ; William S B. Yeung,
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Philip C.N. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond H.W. Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ernest H.Y. Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S.B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Rachel W S. Chan, ; William S B. Yeung,
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A cell atlas of microbe-responsive processes in the zebrafish intestine. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110311. [PMID: 35108531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial products direct growth, differentiation, and development in animal hosts. However, we lack system-wide understanding of cell-specific responses to the microbiome. We profiled cell transcriptomes from the intestine, and associated tissue, of zebrafish larvae raised in the presence or absence of a microbiome. We uncovered extensive cellular heterogeneity in the conventional zebrafish intestinal epithelium, including previously undescribed cell types with known mammalian homologs. By comparing conventional to germ-free profiles, we mapped microbial impacts on transcriptional activity in each cell population. We revealed intricate degrees of cellular specificity in host responses to the microbiome that included regulatory effects on patterning and on metabolic and immune activity. For example, we showed that the absence of microbes hindered pro-angiogenic signals in the developing vasculature, causing impaired intestinal vascularization. Our work provides a high-resolution atlas of intestinal cellular composition in the developing fish gut and details the effects of the microbiome on each cell type.
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29
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Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Ahmed I, Yusuf K, Roy BC, Stubbs J, Anant S, Attard TM, Sampath V, Umar S. Dietary Interventions Ameliorate Infectious Colitis by Restoring the Microbiome and Promoting Stem Cell Proliferation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:339. [PMID: 35008767 PMCID: PMC8745185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreases in short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) are linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Yet, the mechanisms through which SCFAs promote wound healing, orchestrated by intestinal stem cells, are poorly understood. We discovered that, in mice with Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced infectious colitis, treatment with Pectin and Tributyrin diets reduced the severity of colitis by restoring Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and by increasing mucus production. RNA-seq in young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells identified higher expression of Lgr4, Lgr6, DCLK1, Muc2, and SIGGIR after Butyrate treatment. Lineage tracing in CR-infected Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-CreERT2/ROSA26-LacZ (Lgr5-R) mice also revealed an expansion of LacZ-labeled Lgr5(+) stem cells in the colons of both Pectin and Tributyrin-treated mice compared to control. Interestingly, gut microbiota was required for Pectin but not Tributyrin-induced Lgr5(+) stem cell expansion. YAMC cells treated with sodium butyrate exhibited increased Lgr5 promoter reporter activity due to direct Butyrate binding with Lgr5 at -4.0 Kcal/mol, leading to thermal stabilization. Upon ChIP-seq, H3K4me3 increased near Lgr5 transcription start site that contained the consensus binding motif for a transcriptional activator of Lgr5 (SPIB). Thus, a multitude of effects on gut microbiome, differential gene expression, and/or expansion of Lgr5(+) stem cells seem to underlie amelioration of colitis following dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Kafayat Yusuf
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Badal C. Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Jason Stubbs
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Cancer Biology Department, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Attard
- Department of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (T.M.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (T.M.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (I.A.); (K.Y.); (B.C.R.)
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31
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Zhao Z, Wang Y, Wu Y, Li D, Zhang T, Ma Y, Teng X, Zuo W. Single-cell analysis defines the lineage plasticity of stem cells in cervix epithelium. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:36. [PMID: 34719766 PMCID: PMC8558147 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Information about the dynamic change and post-injury regeneration of cervical epithelium is relatively rare, even though it is tightly related to gynecologic malignancy. Here, using a feeder cell-based culturing system, we stably cloned mouse and human P63 and KRT5 expressing cells from the adult cervix as putative cervical stem/progenitor cells (CVSCs). When subjected to differentiation, the cultured cells gave rise to mature cervical epithelium by differentiating into squamous or glandular cells. The ability of endogenous mouse CVSCs to reconstitute cervical epithelium after injury was also evident from the genetic lineage tracing experiments. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis further classified the CVSCs into three subtypes and delineated their bi-lineage differentiation roadmap by pseudo-time analysis. We also tracked the real-time differentiation routes of two representing single CVSC lines in vitro and found that they recapitulated the predicted roadmap in pseudo-time analysis. Signaling pathways including Wnt, TGF-beta, Notch and EGFR were found to regulate the cervical epithelial hierarchy and implicated the different roles of distinct types of cells in tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Collectively, the above data provide a cloning system to achieve stable in vitro culture of a bi-lineage stem/progenitor cell population in the cervix, which has profound implications for our understanding of the cervix stem/progenitor cell function in homeostasis, regeneration, and disease and could be helpful for developing stem cell-based therapies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Zhao
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchuan Wu
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jincai East Secondary School, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Li
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Teng
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai, China. .,Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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32
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Kwak SY, Jang WI, Park S, Cho SS, Lee SB, Kim MJ, Park S, Shim S, Jang H. Metallothionein 2 activation by pravastatin reinforces epithelial integrity and ameliorates radiation-induced enteropathy. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103641. [PMID: 34688032 PMCID: PMC8546423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation causes severe damage of healthy intestinal tissues. Intestinal barrier function is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, and loss of epithelial integrity results in mucosal inflammation, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia. Few studies have of epithelial integrity as a therapeutic target to treat radiation toxicity. Here, we examined the effects of pravastatin (PS) and the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial integrity on radiation-induced enteropathy. Methods The radio-mitigative effects of PS were evaluated in a minipig model by quantifying clinical symptoms, and performing histological and serological analyses and mRNA sequencing in intestinal tissues. To evaluate the role of intercellular junctions on radiation damage, we used tight junction regulator and metallothionein 2 (MT2) as treatments in a mouse model of radiation-induced enteropathy. Caco-2 monolayers were used to examine functional epithelial integrityand intercellular junction expression. Finding Using a minipig model of pharmaceutical oral bioavailability, we found that PS mitigated acute radiation-induced enteropathy. PS-treated irradiated minipigs had mild clinical symptoms, lower intestinal inflammation and endotoxin levels, and improved gastrointestinal integrity, compared with control group animals. The results of mRNA sequencing analysis indicated that PS treatment markedly influenced intercellular junctions by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling in the irradiated intestinal epithelium. The PS-regulated gene MT2 improved the epithelial barrier via enhancement of intercellular junctions in radiation-induced enteropathy. Interpretation PS regulated epithelial integrity by modulating MT2 in radiation-damaged epithelial cells. These findings suggested that maintenance of epithelial integrity is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage. Funding As stated in the Acknowledgments
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Kwak
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Park
- Comprehensive Radiation Irradiation Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sik Cho
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea; Department of Surgery, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Flora P, Dalal G, Cohen I, Ezhkova E. Polycomb Repressive Complex(es) and Their Role in Adult Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1485. [PMID: 34680880 PMCID: PMC8535826 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of resident stem cells (SCs) are responsible for maintaining, repairing, and regenerating adult tissues. In addition to having the capacity to generate all the differentiated cell types of the tissue, adult SCs undergo long periods of quiescence within the niche to maintain themselves. The process of SC renewal and differentiation is tightly regulated for proper tissue regeneration throughout an organisms' lifetime. Epigenetic regulators, such as the polycomb group (PcG) of proteins have been implicated in modulating gene expression in adult SCs to maintain homeostatic and regenerative balances in adult tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that elucidate the composition and function of the polycomb repressive complex machinery and highlight their role in diverse adult stem cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Gil Dalal
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Tanaka K, Tanaka J, Aizawa R, Kato-Tanaka M, Ueno H, Mishima K, Yamamoto M. Structure of junctional epithelium is maintained by cell populations supplied from multiple stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18860. [PMID: 34552180 PMCID: PMC8458500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The junctional epithelium (JE) is an epithelial component that attaches directly to the tooth surface and performs the unique function of protecting against bacterial infections; its destruction causes inflammation of the periodontal tissue and loss of alveolar bone. A recent study that used the single-color lineage tracing method reported that JE is maintained by its stem cells. However, the process by which individual stem cells form the entire JE around a whole tooth remains unclear. Using a 4-color lineage tracing method, we performed a detailed examination of the dynamics of individual stem cells that constitute the entire JE. The multicolor lineage tracing method showed that single-color areas, which were derived from each cell color, replaced all the constituent JE cells 168 d after the administration of tamoxifen. The horizontal section of the first molar showed that the single-color areas in the JE expanded widely. We detected putative stem cells at the external basal layer farthest from the enamel. In this study, JE cells that were supplied from different stem cells were visualized as individual monochromatic regions, and the JE around the first molar was maintained by several JE-specific stem cells. These findings indicated that the JE consisted of several cell populations that were supplied from their multiple stem cells and could help to explore the mechanisms involved in periodontal tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tanaka
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Mayu Kato-Tanaka
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan.
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Stevens PD, Williams BO. LGR4: Not Just for Wnt Anymore? Cancer Res 2021; 81:4397-4398. [PMID: 34470783 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is best known for its role in regulating the ability of cells to respond to Wnt ligands. In this well-known role, LGR4 serves as a receptor for R-spondins and forms a complex with the ubiquitin E3 ligases ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) and zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3). RNF43 and ZNRF3 ubiquitinate Frizzleds (FZD), which are a family of ten WNT receptors. This ubiquitination decreases FZD receptor levels on the cell surface, reducing Wnt ligands' ability to activate signaling. While there were some previous indications of Wnt-independent functions of LGR4, this WNT-centric view has remained predominant. In this issue of Cancer Research, Yue and colleagues report that LGR4 also functions to regulate signaling through the EGF receptor. This work was stimulated by observing that while high levels of LGR4 expression in breast tumors correlated with poor patient outcomes, LGR4 levels did not correlate with a well-established Wnt-associated gene signature in these same patients. In contrast, high levels of Lgr4 expression strongly correlated with EGFR signaling. Reducing Lgr4 expression also inhibited signaling through the EGFR, potentially via regulation of the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma ubiquitin E3 ligase. Consistent with this model, LGR4 could be coimmunoprecipitated with a complex that contained EGFR and was capable of inhibiting EGFR ubiquitination. The implications of this work and how it challenges our understanding of the contributions of Wnt signaling and EGFR signaling in cancer are discussed as our several interesting future directions.See related article by Yue et al., p. 4441.
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Koyama S, Kondo K, Ueha R, Kashiwadani H, Heinbockel T. Possible Use of Phytochemicals for Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8912. [PMID: 34445619 PMCID: PMC8396277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 became the year of the outbreak of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which escalated into a worldwide pandemic and continued into 2021. One of the unique symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 disease, COVID-19, is the loss of chemical senses, i.e., smell and taste. Smell training is one of the methods used in facilitating recovery of the olfactory sense, and it uses essential oils of lemon, rose, clove, and eucalyptus. These essential oils were not selected based on their chemical constituents. Although scientific studies have shown that they improve recovery, there may be better combinations for facilitating recovery. Many phytochemicals have bioactive properties with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. In this review, we describe the chemical compounds with anti- inflammatory and anti-viral effects, and we list the plants that contain these chemical compounds. We expand the review from terpenes to the less volatile flavonoids in order to propose a combination of essential oils and diets that can be used to develop a new taste training method, as there has been no taste training so far. Finally, we discuss the possible use of these in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
- Swallowing Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashiwadani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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37
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Genshaft AS, Ziegler CGK, Tzouanas CN, Mead BE, Jaeger AM, Navia AW, King RP, Mana MD, Huang S, Mitsialis V, Snapper SB, Yilmaz ÖH, Jacks T, Van Humbeck JF, Shalek AK. Live cell tagging tracking and isolation for spatial transcriptomics using photoactivatable cell dyes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4995. [PMID: 34404785 PMCID: PMC8371137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell's phenotype and function are influenced by dynamic interactions with its microenvironment. To examine cellular spatiotemporal activity, we developed SPACECAT-Spatially PhotoActivatable Color Encoded Cell Address Tags-to annotate, track, and isolate cells while preserving viability. In SPACECAT, samples are stained with photocaged fluorescent molecules, and cells are labeled by uncaging those molecules with user-patterned near-UV light. SPACECAT offers single-cell precision and temporal stability across diverse cell and tissue types. Illustratively, we target crypt-like regions in patient-derived intestinal organoids to enrich for stem-like and actively mitotic cells, matching literature expectations. Moreover, we apply SPACECAT to ex vivo tissue sections from four healthy organs and an autochthonous lung tumor model. Lastly, we provide a computational framework to identify spatially-biased transcriptome patterns and enriched phenotypes. This minimally perturbative and broadly applicable method links cellular spatiotemporal and/or behavioral phenotypes with diverse downstream assays, enabling insights into the connections between tissue microenvironments and (dys)function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Genshaft
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Constantine N Tzouanas
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex M Jaeger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew W Navia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P King
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Huang
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Mitsialis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Scott A, Olack B, Rouch JD, Khalil HA, Kokubun BA, Lei NY, Wang J, Solorzano S, Lewis M, Dunn JCY, Stelzner MG, Niland JC, Martín MG. Comparison of Surgical and Cadaveric Intestine as a Source of Crypt Culture in Humans. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720903709. [PMID: 32907378 PMCID: PMC7784595 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720903709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small intestinal crypts are the source of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that are capable of undergoing self-renewal and differentiation to an epithelial layer. The development of methods to expand the ISCs has provided opportunities to model human intestinal epithelial disorders. Human crypt samples are usually obtained from either endoscopic or discarded surgical samples, and are thereby exposed to warm ischemia, which may impair their in vitro growth as three-dimensional culture as spheroids or enteroids. In this study we compared duodenal samples obtained from discarded surgical samples to those isolated from whole-body preserved cadaveric donors to generate in vitro cultures. We also examined the effect of storage solution (phosphate-buffered saline or University of Wisconsin [UW] solution) as well as multiple storage times on crypt isolation and growth in culture. We found that intestinal crypts were successfully isolated from cadaveric tissue stored for up to 144 h post-procurement and also were able to generate enteroids and spheroids in certain media conditions. Surgical samples stored in UW after procurement were sufficiently viable up to 24 h and also allowed the generation of enteroids and spheroids. We conclude that surgical samples stored for up to 24 h post-procurement in UW solution allowed for delayed crypt isolation and viable in vitro cultures. Furthermore, in situ, hypothermic preservation in cadaveric duodenal samples permitted crypt/ISC isolation, and successful culture of spheroids and enteroids from tissues held for up to 6 days post-procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Scott
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Olack
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, 20220City of Hope, Integrated Islet Distribution Program and Intestinal Stem Cell Consortium, Coordinating Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rouch
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hassan A Khalil
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent A Kokubun
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nan Ye Lei
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Solorzano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Surgery, 6429Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias G Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joyce C Niland
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, 20220City of Hope, Integrated Islet Distribution Program and Intestinal Stem Cell Consortium, Coordinating Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, 12222UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Marsee A, Roos FJM, Verstegen MMA, Gehart H, de Koning E, Lemaigre F, Forbes SJ, Peng WC, Huch M, Takebe T, Vallier L, Clevers H, van der Laan LJW, Spee B. Building consensus on definition and nomenclature of hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:816-832. [PMID: 33961769 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear definitions and nomenclature describing these systems also grows. To facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation, we revisit the concept of an organoid and introduce an intuitive classification system and nomenclature for describing these 3D structures through the consensus of experts in the field. To promote the standardization and validation of HPB organoids, we propose guidelines for establishing, characterizing, and benchmarking future systems. Finally, we address some of the major challenges to the clinical application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Marsee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eelco de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lemaigre
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, and Center for Stem Cell, and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Alharbi SA, Ovchinnikov DA, Wolvetang E. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 marks different cancer stem cell compartments in human Caco-2 and LoVo colon cancer lines. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1578-1594. [PMID: 33958845 PMCID: PMC8058648 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i15.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer cell lines are widely used for research and for the screening of drugs that specifically target the stem cell compartment of colon cancers. It was reported that colon cancer carcinoma specimens contain a subset of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-expressing stem cells, these so-called “tumour-initiating” cells, reminiscent in their properties of the normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs), may explain the apparent heterogeneity of colon cancer cell lines. Also, colon cancer is initiated by aberrant Wnt signaling in ISCs known to express high levels of LGR5. Furthermore, in vivo reports demonstrate the clonal expansion of intestinal adenomas from a single LGR5-expressing cell.
AIM To investigate whether colon cancer cell lines contain cancer stem cells and to characterize these putative cancer stem cells.
METHODS A portable fluorescent reporter construct based on a conserved fragment of the LGR5 promoter was used to isolate the cell compartments expressing different levels of LGR5 in two widely used colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and LoVo). These cells were then characterized according to their proliferation capacity, gene expression signatures of ISC markers, and their tumorigenic properties in vivo and in vitro.
RESULTS The data revealed that the LGR5 reporter can be used to identify and isolate a classical intestinal crypt stem cell-like population from the Caco-2, but not from the LoVo, cell lines, in which the cancer stem cell population is more akin to B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 homolog (+4 crypt) stem cells. This sub-population within Caco-2 cells exhibits an intestinal cancer stem cell gene expression signature and can both self-renew and generate differentiated LGR5 negative progeny. Our data also show that cells expressing high levels of LGR5/enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) from this cell line exhibit tumorigenic-like properties in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, cell compartments of LoVo that are expressing high levels of LGR5/EYFP did not show these stem cell-like properties. Thus, cells that exhibit high levels of LGR5/EYFP expression represent the cancer stem cell compartment of Caco-2 colon cancer cells, but not LoVo cells.
CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the presence of a spectrum of different ISC-like compartments in different colon cancer cell lines. Their existence is an important consideration for their screening applications and should be taken into account when interpreting drug screening data. We have generated a portable LGR5-reporter that serves as a valuable tool for the identification and isolation of different colon cancer stem cell populations in colon cancer lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Abdulaali Alharbi
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Department of Stem Cell Engineering Group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
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REGγ regulates hair cycle by activating Lgr5 positive hair follicle stem cells. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:101-108. [PMID: 33933312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REGγ acts as a proteasome activating factor mediating proteasome degradation of substrate proteins in an ATP and ubiquitination independent manner and also as an important regulator of cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis. Hair cycle involves dynamic, continuous morphological changes of three stages (anagen, catagen and telogen). OBJECTIVE The function of REGγ in hair cycling is still unclear. METHODS Here, we used REGγ knockout 293 T cells, inducible 293WT and 293N151Y cell, REGγ knockout mice to identify the novel molecular mechanism of REGγ in regulating hair follicle stem cells. RESULTS In the present study, we found that REGγ deletion markedly delayed the transition of hair follicles from telogen to anagen and hair regeneration in mice. We also observed significant decrease of hair follicle stem cell number, stem-like property and proliferation ability. Interestingly, the results from real-time PCR, FACS, Western Blot and immunofluorescent analysis showed that REGγ deletion could greatly downregulate Lgr5 expression in the hair follicles. Meanwhile, REGγ was demonstrated to directly interact with LHX2 and promotes its degradation. Importantly, REGγ specific deletion in Lgr5+ stem cells induced the marked delay of hair regeneration after depilation. CONCLUSION These data together indicate that REGγ was a new mediator of Lgr5 expression in hair follicle at least partly by promoting the degradation of its suppressive transcription factor LHX2. It seemed that REGγ regulated hair anagen entry and hair regrowth by activating Lgr5 positive hair follicle stem cells.
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Functional States in Tumor-Initiating Cell Differentiation in Human Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051097. [PMID: 33806447 PMCID: PMC7961698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Different types of cells with tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and resistance to anti-cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to understand whether different cell types exist within a patient-derived tumor culture, distinguishable by different patterns of their gene expression. By mRNA sequencing of patient-derived CRC cultures at the single-cell level, we defined expression programs that closely resemble differentiated cell populations of the normal intestine. Here, cell type-associated subpopulations showed differences in functional properties such as cell growth and energy metabolism. Subsequent functional analyses in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that metabolic states are linked to TIC activity in primary CRC cultures. We also show that TIC activity is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation, which may therefore represent a target for novel therapies. Abstract Intra-tumor heterogeneity of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity drives colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and therapy resistance. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing of patient-derived CRC models to decipher distinct cell subpopulations based on their transcriptional profiles. Cell type-specific expression modules of stem-like, transit amplifying-like, and differentiated CRC cells resemble differentiation states of normal intestinal epithelial cells. Strikingly, identified subpopulations differ in proliferative activity and metabolic state. In summary, we here show at single-cell resolution that transcriptional heterogeneity identifies functional states during TIC differentiation. Furthermore, identified expression signatures are linked to patient prognosis. Targeting transcriptional states associated to cancer cell differentiation might unravel novel vulnerabilities in human CRC.
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The RNA helicase Dhx15 mediates Wnt-induced antimicrobial protein expression in Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017432118. [PMID: 33483420 PMCID: PMC7848544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017432118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA helicases play roles in various essential biological processes such as RNA splicing and editing. Recent in vitro studies show that RNA helicases are involved in immune responses toward viruses, serving as viral RNA sensors or immune signaling adaptors. However, there is still a lack of in vivo data to support the tissue- or cell-specific function of RNA helicases owing to the lethality of mice with complete knockout of RNA helicases; further, there is a lack of evidence about the antibacterial role of helicases. Here, we investigated the in vivo role of Dhx15 in intestinal antibacterial responses by generating mice that were intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deficient for Dhx15 (Dhx15 f/f Villin1-cre, Dhx15ΔIEC). These mice are susceptible to infection with enteric bacteria Citrobacter rodentium (C. rod), owing to impaired α-defensin production by Paneth cells. Moreover, mice with Paneth cell-specific depletion of Dhx15 (Dhx15 f/f Defensinα6-cre, Dhx15ΔPaneth) are more susceptible to DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced colitis, which phenocopy Dhx15ΔIEC mice, due to the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. In humans, reduced protein levels of Dhx15 are found in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Taken together, our findings identify a key regulator of Wnt-induced α-defensins in Paneth cells and offer insights into its role in the antimicrobial response as well as intestinal inflammation.
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Olatz C, Patricia GG, Jon L, Iker B, Carmen DLH, Fernando U, Gaskon I, Ramon PJ. Is There Such a Thing as a Genuine Cancer Stem Cell Marker? Perspectives from the Gut, the Brain and the Dental Pulp. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120426. [PMID: 33260962 PMCID: PMC7760753 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between gut, brain and dental pulp stem cells and their related CSCs, placing a particular emphasis on both their shared and distinctive cell markers, including the expression of pluripotency core factors. We discuss some of their similarities and differences with regard to oncogenic signaling, telomerase activity and their intrinsic propensity to degenerate to CSCs. We also explore the characteristics of the events and mutations leading to malignant transformation in each case. Importantly, healthy dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) share a great deal of features with many of the so far reported CSC phenotypes found in malignant neoplasms. However, there exist literally no reports about the contribution of DPSCs to malignant tumors. This raises the question about the particularities of the dental pulp and what specific barriers to malignancy might be present in the case of this tissue. These notable differences warrant further research to decipher the singular properties of DPSCs that make them resistant to transformation, and to unravel new therapeutic targets to treat deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crende Olatz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - García-Gallastegui Patricia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Luzuriaga Jon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Badiola Iker
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - de la Hoz Carmen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Unda Fernando
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Ibarretxe Gaskon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
| | - Pineda Jose Ramon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Fundazioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
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Doherty L, Sanjay A. LGRs in Skeletal Tissues: An Emerging Role for Wnt-Associated Adult Stem Cell Markers in Bone. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10380. [PMID: 32666024 PMCID: PMC7340442 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) are adult stem cell markers that have been described across various stem cell niches, and expression of LGRs and their corresponding ligands (R-spondins) has now been reported in multiple bone-specific cell types. The skeleton harbors elusive somatic stem cell populations that are exceedingly compartment-specific and under tight regulation from various signaling pathways. Skeletal progenitors give rise to multiple tissues during development and during regenerative processes of bone, requiring postnatal endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The relevance of LGRs and the LGR/R-spondin ligand interaction in bone and tooth biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. LGRs may define specific stem cell and progenitor populations and their behavior during both development and regeneration, and their role as Wnt-associated receptors with specific ligands poses these proteins as unique therapeutic targets via potential R-spondin agonism. This review seeks to outline the current literature on LGRs in the context of bone and its associated tissues, and points to key future directions for studying the functional role of LGRs and ligands in skeletal biology. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
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Hsueh AJW, Feng Y. Discovery of polypeptide ligand-receptor pairs based on their co-evolution. FASEB J 2020; 34:8824-8832. [PMID: 32501617 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000779r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing diverse genomes allowed the tracing of orthologous and paralogous genes to understand the co-evolution of polypeptide ligands and receptors. This review documents the discovery of several polypeptide ligands and their cognate receptors mainly expressed in the reproductive tissue using evolutionary genomics. We discussed the sub-functionization of paralogs and co-evolution of ligand-receptor families. Based on the conserved signaling among paralogous receptors and common knock-out phenotypes of ligand-receptor pairs, relationships between relaxin family peptides and leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptors (LGR) were revealed. We also described the identification of a novel paralogous glycoprotein hormone thyrostimulin and design of a long-acting FSH. Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide, paralogous to CRH, were also identified based on the conserved signaling pathways. Recently, a novel ligand placensin expressed in human placenta was found based on the paralogous relationship with a metabolic hormone asprosin. Placensin likely contributes to stage-dependent increases in insulin resistance during human pregnancy and its elevated secretion was associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Although many ligands were predicted based on sequence signatures, ligands of shorter sequences have not been identified, together with many "orphan" receptors without known ligands. Future development of tools for predicting ligands and high throughput assays to identify ligand-receptor pairs based on ligand binding and/or signal transduction could advance hormone-based physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J W Hsueh
- Division of Reproductive and Stem Cell Biology, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Feng
- Division of Reproductive and Stem Cell Biology, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Institute of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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48
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Ganesan K, Jayachandran M, Xu B. Diet-Derived Phytochemicals Targeting Colon Cancer Stem Cells and Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3976. [PMID: 32492917 PMCID: PMC7312951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fatal disease caused by the uncontrolled propagation and endurance of atypical colon cells. A person's lifestyle and eating pattern have significant impacts on the CRC in a positive and/or negative way. Diet-derived phytochemicals modulate the microbiome as well as targeting colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are found to offer significant protective effects against CRC, which were organized in an appropriate spot on the paper. All information on dietary phytochemicals, gut microbiome, CSCs, and their influence on CRC were accessed from the various databases and electronic search engines. The effectiveness of CRC can be reduced using various dietary phytochemicals or modulating microbiome that reduces or inverses the progression of a tumor as well as CSCs, which could be a promising and efficient way to reduce the burden of CRC. Phytochemicals with modulation of gut microbiome continue to be auspicious investigations in CRC through noticeable anti-tumorigenic effects and goals to CSCs, which provides new openings for cancer inhibition and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muthukumaran Jayachandran
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China; (K.G.); (M.J.)
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49
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LGR5 marks targetable tumor-initiating cells in mouse liver cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32327656 PMCID: PMC7181628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are thought to be the main drivers for disease progression and treatment resistance across various cancer types. Identifying and targeting these rare cancer cells, however, remains challenging with respect to therapeutic benefit. Here, we report the enrichment of LGR5 expressing cells, a well-recognized stem cell marker, in mouse liver tumors, and the upregulation of LGR5 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Isolated LGR5 expressing cells from mouse liver tumors are superior in initiating organoids and forming tumors upon engraftment, featuring candidate TICs. These cells are resistant to conventional treatment including sorafenib and 5-FU. Importantly, LGR5 lineage ablation significantly inhibits organoid initiation and tumor growth. The combination of LGR5 ablation with 5-FU, but not sorafenib, further augments the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Thus, we have identified the LGR5+ compartment as an important TIC population, representing a viable therapeutic target for combating liver cancer.
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50
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Abstract
The tooth provides an excellent system for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis, and has thus been of longstanding interest to developmental and stem cell biologists studying embryonic morphogenesis and adult tissue renewal. In recent years, analyses of molecular signaling networks, together with new insights into cellular heterogeneity, have greatly improved our knowledge of the dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that take place during tooth development and homeostasis. Here, we review recent progress in the field of mammalian tooth morphogenesis and also discuss the mechanisms regulating stem cell-based dental tissue homeostasis, regeneration and repair. These exciting findings help to lay a foundation that will ultimately enable the application of fundamental research discoveries toward therapies to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingsheng Yu
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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