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Zeng J, Wang D, Sun H, Liu H, Zhao FQ, Liu J. Heat stress affects mammary metabolism by influencing the plasma flow to the glands. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:92. [PMID: 38965570 PMCID: PMC11225325 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental heat stress (HS) can have detrimental effects on milk production by compromising the mammary function. Mammary plasma flow (MPF) plays a crucial role in nutrient supply and uptake in the mammary gland. In this experiment, we investigated the physiological and metabolic changes in high-yielding cows exposed to different degrees of HS: no HS with thermal-humidity index (THI) below 68 (No-HS), mild HS (Mild-HS, 68 ≤ THI ≤ 79), and moderate HS (Mod-HS, 79 < THI ≤ 88) in their natural environment. Our study focused on the changes in blood oxygen supply and mammary glucose uptake and utilization. RESULTS Compared with No-HS, the MPF of dairy cows was greater (P < 0.01) under Mild-HS, but was lower (P < 0.01) in cows under Mod-HS. Oxygen supply and consumption exhibited similar changes to the MPF under different HS, with no difference in ratio of oxygen consumption to supply (P = 0.46). The mammary arterio-vein differences in glucose concentration were lower (P < 0.05) under Mild- and Mod-HS than under no HS. Glucose supply and flow were significantly increased (P < 0.01) under Mild-HS but significantly decreased (P < 0.01) under Mod-HS compared to No-HS. Glucose uptake (P < 0.01) and clearance rates (P < 0.01) were significantly reduced under Mod-HS compared to those under No-HS and Mild-HS. Under Mild-HS, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the ratio of lactose yield to mammary glucose supply compared to that under No-HS and Mod-HS, with no difference (P = 0.53) in the ratio of lactose yield to uptaken glucose among different HS situations. CONCLUSIONS Degrees of HS exert different influences on mammary metabolism, mainly by altering MPF in dairy cows. The output from this study may help us to develop strategies to mitigate the impact of different degrees of HS on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Genetic Improvement and Milk Quality Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Genetic Improvement and Milk Quality Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huizeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Genetic Improvement and Milk Quality Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Hong C, Huang Y, Yang G, Wen X, Wang L, Yang X, Gao K, Jiang Z, Xiao H. Maternal resveratrol improves the intestinal health and weight gain of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures: The involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs and immunoglobin in colostrum. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:36-48. [PMID: 38464951 PMCID: PMC10921242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that maternal resveratrol improved growth performance and altered the microbial composition of suckling piglets under hot summer conditions. However, it remains unclear how maternal resveratrol improves growth performance of suckling piglets during high summer temperatures. A total of 20 sows (Landrace × Large White; three parity) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (with or without 300 mg/kg resveratrol) from d 75 of gestation to d 21 of lactation during high ambient temperatures (from 27 to 30 °C). The results showed that maternal resveratrol supplementation increased total daily weight gain of piglets under hot summer conditions, which is consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we found that maternal resveratrol improved the intestinal morphology and intestinal epithelial proliferation in suckling piglets. Dietary resveratrol supplementation affected the characteristics of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in sow colostrum, as well as the genes targeted by differentially produced miRNAs. MiRNAs are concentrated in the tight junction pathway. As a result, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins was increased in suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Notably, maternal resveratrol increased the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of suckling piglets via colostrum immunoglobin (P < 0.05), which could increase the abundance of beneficial microbiota to further increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in suckling piglets' intestine (P < 0.05). Finally, our correlation analysis further demonstrated the positive associations between significantly differential intestinal microbiota, intestinal sIgA production and SCFA concentrations, as well as the positive relation between total daily weight gain and intestinal health of suckling piglets. Taken together, our findings suggested that maternal resveratrol could promote intestinal health to improve piglet growth during high summer temperatures, which might be associated with the immunoglobin and exosome-derived miRNAs in sows' colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Yang R, Cao J, Speakman JR, Zhao Z. Limits to sustained energy intake. XXXIII. Thyroid hormones play important roles in milk production but do not define the heat dissipation limit in Swiss mice. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245393. [PMID: 37767758 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The limits to sustained energy intake set physiological upper boundaries that affect many aspects of human and animal performance. The mechanisms underlying these limits, however, remain unclear. We exposed Swiss mice to either supplementary thyroid hormones (THs) or the inhibitor methimazole during lactation at 21 or 32.5°C, and measured food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), milk energy output (MEO), serum THs and mammary gland gene expression of females, and litter size and mass of their offspring. Lactating females developed hyperthyroidism following exposure to supplementary THs at 21°C, but they did not significantly change body temperature, asymptotic food intake, RMR or MEO, and litter and mass were unaffected. Hypothyroidism, induced by either methimazole or 32.5°C exposure, significantly decreased asymptotic food intake, RMR and MEO, resulting in significantly decreased litter size and litter mass. Furthermore, gene expression of key genes in the mammary gland was significantly decreased by either methimazole or heat exposure, including gene expression of THs and prolactin receptors, and Stat5a and Stat5b. This suggests that endogenous THs are necessary to maintain sustained energy intake and MEO. Suppression of the thyroid axis seems to be an essential aspect of the mechanism by which mice at 32.5°C reduce their lactation performance to avoid overheating. However, THs do not define the upper limit to sustained energy intake and MEO at peak lactation at 21°C. Another, as yet unknown, factor prevents supplementary thyroxine exerting any stimulatory metabolic impacts on lactating mice at 21°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Theil PK, Krogh U, Bruun TS, Feyera T. Feeding the modern sow to sustain high productivity. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:517-532. [PMID: 35451142 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for hyper-prolific sows has increased the litter size by more than 50% during the last three decades, and proper nutrition of the female pigs has concomitantly changed due to improved prolificacy and productivity of gilts and sows. This review summarizes the physiological characteristics and nutritional challenges associated with feeding modern hyper-prolific sows during the gilt rearing period and during gestation, transition, and lactation periods. The review presents up-to-date knowledge of the energy and lysine requirements of female pigs and focuses on how nutrition may increase fat gain and limit protein and weight gain in the gilt rearing period and in early and mid-gestation. In late gestation, fetal and mammary growth should be considered and during the transition, colostrum yield and farrowing performance need to be optimized. Finally, milk production should be optimized and body mobilization should be minimized in the lactation period to achieve high feed efficiency in hyper-prolific sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Livestock, SEGES Innovation, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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5
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Fernandes RM, Maciel MLDS, Souza AVD, Amaral LGDM, Amaral NDO. Evaluation of an automated temperature control equipment for lactating sows. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.54981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate an automated cooling control system (ATCE) for sows in the farrowing phase. The experiment was conducted at the Swine Production Unit, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Machado, Machado, state of Minas Gerais. Sixteen sows and their offspring were evaluated, eight treated and eight controls, in a randomized block design, with eight replications. Surface temperature, body temperature and respiratory rate of the animals were evaluated, in addition to floor temperature and performance parameters. The use of ATCE decreased the floor temperature (12h) and neck temperature (12 and 16h) (p < 0.10). In addition, there was a reduction in rectal temperature (12h) and respiratory rate (12 and 16h) in ATCE animals (p < 0.10). No significant differences were detected in the coefficient of variation (CV) of birth weight, but at weaning the CV of piglet weight was 26.3% lower in animals subjected to the ATCE (p = 0.079). Furthermore, the difference in CV between birth and weaning was also lower with the use of ATCE (p = 0.015). It can be concluded that the use of ATCE has a positive influence on the thermal comfort of females, in addition to improving litter uniformity.
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6
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Zhang X, Yang L, Wang M, Zeng J, Long S, He T, Chen Z. Effect of precision air supply cooling system with different cooling air speed on reproductive performance, stress status, immunoglobulin and fecal microbiota of lactating sows. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Moraes DCA, Nagi JG, Fritzen J, Vitagliano LA, Oliveira ER, Oba A, Silva CA. Effect of capsaicin on the feed intake and immunoglobin concentration of sows, and performance of piglets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:241. [PMID: 35896831 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin is a recognized alkaloid that can be used as a flavoring and palatability agent. These effects can increase feed intake in lactating sows during farrowing, especially under thermal stress conditions, and provide antioxidant and immunostimulant activities. The objective of this work was to find out the effects of a capsaicin-based product on the feed intake of sows, immunomodulation, and repercussions on litter performance and the control of piglet diarrhea conditions. A total of 132 pregnant sows and lactating sows and their respective litters were divided into 66 sows each and submitted to one of two possible treatments: a capsaicin-free diet (control group) or capsaicin per meal/day. Capsaicin was mixed with gestation and lactation diets in the proportion of 98.6 g of feed and 1.4 g of capsaicin/kg feed, with the dose administered "on top" of 100 g per treatment day on the first feeding. The sows were treated between 90 days of gestation and 21 days of lactation. Backfat thickness, feed intake during farrowing, colostrum production, IgG colostrum concentration, sow reproductive performance, piglet performance, and diarrhea were evaluated. Compared to the sows in the control group, those that received capsaicin had higher feed intake (+ 0.69 kg/day during lactation, P = 0.008), higher levels of IgG in colostrum (185.75 versus 153.80 mg/mL, P = 0.04), an 11.2% higher litter weight gain, with individual piglet weight gains greater than 5.24% (P = 0.045), and an effective reduction in the frequency of piglet diarrhea on the 10th and 17th days of age (P = 0.013 and P = 0.001, respectively). Capsaicin is an additive with potential effects on the sow's performance, with positive influences on the health and growth of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C A Moraes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - J G Nagi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - J Fritzen
- Animal Virology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - A Oba
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - C A Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
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8
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Tajudeen H, Moturi J, Hosseindoust A, Ha S, Mun J, Choi Y, Sa S, Kim J. Effects of various Cooling Methods and Drinking Water Temperatures on Reproductive Performance and Behavior in Heat Stressed Sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:782-791. [PMID: 35969713 PMCID: PMC9353355 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of multiple cooling systems
and different drinking water temperatures (DWT) on the performance of sows and
their hair cortisol levels during heat stress. In this study, the effect of four
different cooling systems: air conditioner (AC), cooling pad (CP), snout cooling
(SC), and mist spray (MS), and two DWT, namely low water temperature (LWT) and
high water temperature (HWT) on 48 multiparous sows (Landrace ×
Yorkshire; 242.84 ± 2.89 kg) was tested. The experiment is based on the
use of eight replicas during a 21-days test. Different behaviors were recorded
under different cooling treatments in sows. As a result, behaviors such as
drinking, standing, and position change were found to be lower in sows under the
AC and CP treatments than in those under the SC and MS treatments. Lying
behavior increased under the AC and CP systems as compared with that under the
SC and MS, systems. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) in sows and weight at
weaning in piglets was higher under the AC, CP, and LWT treatments than under
the SC, MS and HWT treatments. Sows subjected to SC and MS treatment showed
higher hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate during
lactation than those under AC and CP treatments. Hair cortisol levels, rectal
temperature, and respiratory rate were also higher under the HWT than under the
LWT treatment. As per the results of this study, the LWT has no significant
effect on any of the behavioral factors. Taken together, the use of AC and CP
cooling treatment is highly recommended to improve the behavior and to reduce
the stress levels in lactating sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habeeb Tajudeen
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Joseph Moturi
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JunYoung Mun
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - YoHan Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - SooJin Sa
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
- Corresponding author: SooJin Sa, Swine
Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea. Tel: +82-41-580-3450, E-mail:
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Corresponding author: JinSoo Kim,
Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea. Tel: +82-33-250-8616, E-mail:
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9
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Feed flavour supplementation improves kinetics of intake and feeding behaviour pattern of lactating sows in a tropical climate. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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McConn BR, Gaskill BN, Schinckel AP, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Johnson JS. Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of nonpregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows exposed to incrementally increasing dry bulb temperature. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6292259. [PMID: 34086897 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestating sows may be more susceptible to increasing dry bulb temperatures (TDB) due to greater metabolic heat production and increased body mass, especially as gestation advances. However, there are few studies on the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows at differing gestation stages exposed to gradually increasing temperatures. The study objective was to determine the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of nonpregnant (n = 12; parity 3.27 ± 0.86), mid-gestation (59.7 ± 9.6 d pregnant, n = 12; parity 3.25 ± 0.83), and late-gestation (99.0 ± 4.8 d pregnant, n = 12; parity 3.33 ± 0.75) sows exposed to increasing TDB. Prior to the experiment (5.0 ± 0.7 d), jugular catheters were placed in all sows. During the experiment, the TDB was increased incrementally by 2.45 ± 0.43 °C every 60 min from 19.84 ± 2.15 to 35.54 ± 0.43 °C over 400 min, and relative humidity was recorded at 40.49 ± 18.57%. Respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature, and vaginal temperature were measured, and blood samples were obtained via the jugular catheter every 20 min. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. RR increased at a lower TDB (P < 0.01) in late-gestation sows compared with mid-gestation and nonpregnant sows, but no differences were detected between mid-gestation and nonpregnant sows. Overall, late-gestation sows had greater RR (P < 0.01; 23 ± 2 breaths per min [brpm]) compared with mid-gestation (16 ± 2 brpm) and nonpregnant (15 ± 2 brpm) sows. Late-gestation sows had an overall greater HR (P < 0.01; 84 ± 5 beats per min [bpm]) than mid-gestation (76 ± 5 bpm) and nonpregnant (69 ± 5 bpm) sows. Late-gestation sows had overall reduced bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide levels (P = 0.02; 23.89 ± 1.97 and 25.41 ± 2.07 mmol/L, respectively) compared with mid-gestation (27.03 ± 1.97 and 28.58 ± 2.07 mmol/L, respectively) and nonpregnant (26.08 ± 1.97 and 27.58 ± 2.07 mmol/L, respectively) sows. Moreover, late-gestation sows had overall greater nitric oxide levels (P < 0.01; 248.82 ± 34.54 µM) compared with mid-gestation (110.47 ± 34.54 µM) and nonpregnant (41.55 ± 34.54 µM) sows. In summary, late-gestation sows appear to be more sensitive to increasing TDB as indicated by thermoregulatory and physiological responses when compared with mid-gestation or nonpregnant sows. The results from this study provide valuable information regarding thermoregulatory thresholds of sows at differing gestation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Bao MH, Xu XM, Huo DL, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. The effect of aggression II: Acclimation to a high ambient temperature reduces territorial aggression in male striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis). Horm Behav 2021; 132:104993. [PMID: 33991799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have a profound influence on development, cellular differentiation and metabolism, and are also suspected of playing a role in aggression. We measured territorial aggression, body temperature (Tb) and serum thyroid hormones levels of male striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) acclimated to either cold (5 °C), cool (21 °C) or hot (34 °C) ambient temperatures. The effects of methimazole on territorial aggression, food intake, metabolic rate and serum thyroid hormone levels, were also examined. Territorial aggression was significantly lower in male hamsters acclimated to the hot temperature compared to those acclimated to the cool or cold temperatures. Tb significantly increased during aggressive territorial interactions with intruders but did not significantly differ among the three temperature treatments. Serum T3, T4 and cortisol levels of hamsters acclimated to 34 °C were significantly lower than those acclimated to 21 °C. In addition to significantly reducing territorial aggression, treatment with methimazole also significantly reduced serum T3 and T4 levels, Tb and metabolic rate. These results suggest that exposure to high temperatures reduces the capacity of hamsters to dissipate heat causing them to lower their metabolic rate, which, in turn, causes them to reduce territorial aggression to prevent hyperthermia. The lower metabolic rate mediated by down-regulated thyroid hormones inhibits territorial aggression and could thereby determine the outcome of territorial conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Huan Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Da-Liang Huo
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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12
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Oliveira ES, Nascimento ELL, Lima HKS, Neves JS, Damasceno JG, Silva JC, Oliveira NC, Nascimento PH, Oliveira RA, Araújo VO, Vieira MFA, Monteiro BM, Schinckel AP, Garbossa CAP. Influence of creep feeder position on the behavior and performance of preweaning piglets and sows in a hot climate environment. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200248. [PMID: 33978067 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of creep feeding for preweaning piglets is important to improve the performance of the piglets. The objective of this experiment was evaluate the effect of using or altering the position of piglet's creep feeder during lactation on piglet's performance and on behavior of piglets and sows kept in a hot climate environment. Forty-five sows and their litters at 10 days of lactation were randomly distributed into three treatments: front feeder (FF) - near the side of the sow's head; back feeder (BF) - near the side of the rump of the sow; and no feeder (NF). All piglets were weighed individually to evaluate the average weight, weight gain and coefficient of variation of the weight. Behavior assessments of the piglets and sows were recorded in 3 period. At 15 and 21 d, piglets of the FF treatment were heavier (P ≤ 0.0001) than piglets of the other treatments. At 10-21d piglets of FF treatment had 76.2% less belly nosing behavior than the NF piglets (P=0.015). The treatments had no impact on behavior of the sows. The creep feeders positioned in the front of the farrowing crate increased piglet growth rate and decreased frequency of belly nosing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewerson S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Elaine L L Nascimento
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Hellen K S Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline S Neves
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Jamilly G Damasceno
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Natália C Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Nascimento
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Vitor O Araújo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria F A Vieira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Monteiro
- Universidade Federal Rural do Amazonas, Campus Paragominas, PA-256, s/n, Nova Conquista, 68627-451 Paragominas, PA, Brazil
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Purdue University, Animal Science Department, 270 South Russell street, West Lafayette, 47907-204, Purdue, IN, USA
| | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Jardim Elite, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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13
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Dourmad JY, Matte JJ. Effect of nutritional status on nutrient and gas utilization by the mammary gland of lactating sows. Animal 2020; 15:100116. [PMID: 33500212 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk synthesis being a continuous process in lactating sows, the mammary gland has to adapt its metabolism in response to extreme short-term changes in nutrient availability in the arterial bloodstream, due to the feeding pattern. The objective of the present study was to better quantify and understand these adaptations. The effect of morning refeeding after an overnight 16-h feed withdrawal was measured on the uptake of energy-supplying nutrients, amino acids (AA), and some vitamins and minerals. After farrowing, catheters were fitted in the right anterior mammary vein and in the carotid artery of six sows. Blood samples were drawn on days 7, 14, and 21 of lactation, every 30 from 60 min before the morning meal to 300 min after the morning meal. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, α-amino nitrogen (N), vitamins B12, and folates were determined on all samples. Riboflavin and AA concentrations were only measured 30 min before the meal and 120 min after the meal. Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and α-amino N increased after the meal (P < 0.01), and concentrations of NEFA, glycerol, and TG decreased (P < 0.01). Mammary arteriovenous concentration difference increased after the meal for glucose, lactate, and α-amino N (P < 0.01), remained constant for TG, and decreased for NEFA (P < 0.01) and glycerol (P < 0.05). Arterial concentrations of all AA increased after the meal, but changes of arteriovenous difference with the meal differed among AA. Arteriovenous difference of energy (7.6 kJ/l plasma) concentration was similar in feed-deprived and fed sows, but the contribution of the various nutrients differed, and the respiratory quotient was lower (P < 0.01) before the meal (0.95) than after the meal (1.54). The relative contributions of glucose, lactate, TG, NEFA, and AA to arteriovenous difference in energy concentration were 50.2, 3.8, 25.1, 0, and 20.8% in fed and 24.6, 2.2, 24.9, 32.9, and 15.0% in feed-deprived sows, respectively. The daily mammary extraction of vitamin B12, estimated from arteriovenous differences was higher than the amount of this vitamin bioavailable from the diet, probably contributing to the 50% decrease in plasma concentration between day 7 and day 21 of lactation. For both riboflavin and folates, arteriovenous differences in plasma concentrations were small or not different from zero. These results indicate that the mammary gland has a great capacity to adapt nutrient uptake very rapidly and modify its metabolism according to the nutrients available in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Dourmad
- PEGASE, INRAE Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | - J J Matte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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14
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Krogh U, Quesnel H, Le Floc'h N, Simongiovanni A, van Milgen J. A static model to analyze carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the mammary gland of lactating sows. Animal 2020; 15:100049. [PMID: 33516035 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative estimates of mammary nutrient inputs, outputs and metabolism in sows are scarce, despite being critical elements to identify parameters controlling milk synthesis central for the feeding of lactating sows. The objective of this study was to quantify the mammary gland input and output of nutrients as well as the intramammary partitioning of carbon and nitrogen with the purpose to identify mechanisms controlling mammary nutrient inputs, metabolism and milk production in lactating sows. A data set was assembled by integration of results from four studies. The data set included data on litter performance, mammary arterial-venous concentration differences (AV-difference) of energy metabolites and amino acids, and the contents of lactose, fat and amino acids in milk. Milk yield was estimated based on average litter size and litter gain, and mammary plasma flow (MPF) was estimated using the sum of phenylalanine and tyrosine as internal flow markers. The yield and composition of milk were used to estimate mammary nutrient output in milk, and MPF and AV-difference were used to estimate net mammary input of carbon and nitrogen and output of CO2. Carbon and nitrogen used for the synthesis of lactose, fat and protein in milk and CO2-yielding processes were represented in a static nutrient partitioning model. The origin of mammary CO2 output was calculated using theoretical estimates of carbon released in processes supporting mammary synthesis of de novo fat, protein and lactose in milk, mammary tissue protein turnover and transport of glucose and amino acids. Results indicated that total input of carbon from glucose and lactate was partitioned into lactose (36%), fat (31%) and CO2-yielding processes (34%). Theoretical CO2 estimates indicated that de novo fat synthesis, milk protein synthesis and mammary tissue protein turnover were the main processes related to mammary CO2 production. More than 90% of mammary gland amino acid input was used for milk protein. The quadratic relationship between AV-difference and mammary input of essential amino acids indicated that both changes in AV-difference and MPF contributed to the regulation of mammary input of essential amino acids. The impact of the arterial supply of amino acids on mammary input may be greater for the branched-chain amino acids, arginine and phenylalanine than for other essential amino acids. In conclusion, relationships between input and output parameters indicate that AV-difference and MPF regulate mammary nutrient input to match the supply and demand of nutrients for the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Krogh
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - H Quesnel
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - N Le Floc'h
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - A Simongiovanni
- Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition Europe, 32 rue Guersant, 75017 Cedex 17 Paris, France
| | - J van Milgen
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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15
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Ordaz G, Juárez A, Pérez RE, Martínez HE, Ortiz R. Effects of Opuntia ficus-indica in the diet of primiparous sows on the metabolic profile during late gestation and lactation and feed intake during lactation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1884-1895. [PMID: 32683754 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Opuntia ficus-indica L. (OFI) on the metabolic profile of primiparous sows during late gestation and lactation, and its impact on voluntary feed intake (VFI) during lactation. From day 85 of gestation to weaning, 32 sows were divided into four feeding schemes (n = 8 sows/scheme): Basal diet (BD) without OFI supplementation; Test scheme I, BD during gestation and BD + OFI during lactation; Test scheme II, BD + OFI during both gestation and lactation, and Test scheme III, BD + OFI during gestation and BD during lactation. Blood samples were obtained during gestation (day 85 and 100) and lactation (day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21) to determine plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, leptin, osteocalcin, ghrelin and agouti-related protein (AgRP). VFI was higher (20% higher than that of controls) in sows that received dietary OFI during lactation (p < .05). The concentration of plasma glucose was lower in sows that consumed OFI than sows fed the conventional diet (p < .05). Plasma insulin concentrations were higher in sows that consumed OFI, than in sows that did not (p < .05). Triglyceride concentrations during gestation, farrowing and lactation were also lower in sows that consumed OFI (p < .05). OFI intake caused lower plasma concentrations of leptin during lactation (p < .05). Osteocalcin was higher in sows that consumed OFI versus controls (p < .05): 8.6% and 13.4% during gestation and lactation respectively. From day 3 of lactation, sows that consumed OFI had higher concentrations of ghrelin (p < .05). The concentration of plasma AgRP was higher (p < .05) in sows that consumed OFI versus controls: 3.1% and 14.2% in gestation and lactation respectively. We concluded that OFI intake by primiparous sows during late gestation and lactation favourably modulated the factors that caused insulin resistance and increased sow performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ordaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aureliano Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rosa E Pérez
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Héctor E Martínez
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ruy Ortiz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
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16
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Bjerg B, Brandt P, Pedersen P, Zhang G. Sows' responses to increased heat load - A review. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102758. [PMID: 33292999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a comprehensive body of literature on how increased air temperature affects the physiology, production and behaviour of sows, while very few studies consider the thermal effects of air humidity and air velocity. This review summarises studies that have investigated effects of air temperature by reviewing published literature in which sows were exposed to at least two different levels of air temperature ranging from 15 °C to 39 °C. Increased rectal temperature was investigated in the majority of the studies (26) and on average, the rectal temperature increased by 0.099 °C per °C increased air temperature above 25 °C. The increase was smaller at lower air temperatures, and it was suggested that rectal temperature is practically unaffected by air temperatures in the range of 15 °C-21 °C. This review elucidates how air temperature also affects performance indicators such as respiration rate, vaginal temperature, skin temperature, feed intake, milk yield, body weight loss during lactation, mortality, litter daily weight gain during lactation and sow behaviour. One study reported how respiration rate, rectal temperature, vaginal temperature and skin temperature were affected by both air temperature and air humidity, and the results suggest that the relative significance of air temperature and humidity may be similar for sows and finishing pigs (e.g. an increase of 40% relative humidity at an air temperature of 30 °C has a similar effect as a 1.9 °C increase in temperature). Studies on mitigation methods against the effects of high temperature and humidity such as snout cooling, drip cooling and floor cooling were reviewed to extract knowledge related to the effects of air velocity, temperatures of surrounding surfaces and the opportunity for sows to moisten their skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Bjerg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pia Brandt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Pedersen
- Skov A/S, Hedelund 4, Glyngøre, 7870, Roslev, Denmark
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Zhang W, Heng J, Kim SW, Chen F, Deng Z, Zhang S, Guan W. Dietary enzymatically-treated Artemisia annua L. supplementation could alleviate oxidative injury and improve reproductive performance of sows reared under high ambient temperature. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102751. [PMID: 33292992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. is well known for its antimalarial compound artemisinin and the antioxidant capacity of its active ingredients. However, low bioavailability of Artemisia annua L. limits its therapeutic potential, fermentation of Artemisia annua L. can improve its bioavailability. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of enzymatically-treated Artemisia annua L. (EA) on reproductive performance, antioxidant status, milk composition of heat-stressed sows and intestinal barrier integrity of their preweaning offspring. 135 multiparous sows of average parity 4.65 (Landrace × large white) at day 85 of pregnancy were randomly distributed into 3 treatments. Sows in the control group were housed at control rooms (temperature: 27.12 ± 0.18 °C, temperature-humidity index (THI): 70.90 ± 0.80) and fed the basal diet. Sows in the HS, HS + EA groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 or 1.0 g/kg EA respectively, and reared at heat stress rooms (temperature: 30.11 ± 0.16 °C, THI: 72.70 ± 0.60). Heat stress increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) of sows and piglets, and seriously compromised the antioxidant capacity of the sows and the intestinal integrity of their offspring. However, dietary supplementation of 1.0 g/kg EA reduced the MDA content, increased the activities of T-SOD and T-AOC in serum, colostrum, and milk of heat-stressed sows, and increased colostrum yield and 14-d milk fat content. EA supplementation also increased piglet weaning weight and the activities of T-SOD and T-AOC in serum. In addition, the abundances of intestinal tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin were up-regulated in piglets in EA-supplemented group. In conclusion, dietary EA supplementation at 1.0 g/kg can alleviate the oxidative stress in heat-stressed sows, improve the antioxidant capacity in both sows and their offspring, and promote the intestinal barrier integrity in their offspring. EA may be a potent dietary supplement that ameliorates oxidative stress in livestock production by improving the antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Deng GM, Yu JX, Xu JQ, Bao YF, Chen Q, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. Exposure to artificial wind increases energy intake and reproductive performance of female Swiss mice ( Mus musculus) in hot temperatures. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb231415. [PMID: 32665446 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High temperatures and heatwaves are rapidly emerging as an important threat to many aspects of physiology and behavior in females during lactation. The body's capacity to dissipate heat is reduced by high ambient temperatures, increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Exposure to wind, a pervasive environmental factor for most terrestrial animals, is known to increase heat loss, but its effects on the reproductive performance of small mammals remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of wind on the energy budgets, resting metabolic rate and milk energy output (MEO) were measured in lactating Swiss mice at 21 and 32.5°C. Females kept at 32.5°C had a significantly lower resting metabolic rate, food intake and MEO, and lighter offspring, than those kept at 21°C. However, exposure to wind increased the asymptotic food intake of females kept at 32.5°C by 22.5% (P<0.01), their MEO by 20.7% (P<0.05) and their litter mass by 17.6% (P<0.05). The body temperature of females kept at 32.5°C was significantly higher during lactation than that of females kept at 21°C, but this difference was reduced by exposure to wind. These findings suggest that exposure to wind considerably improves reproductive performance, increasing the fitness of small mammals while undergoing hot temperatures during heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Min Deng
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing-Xin Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu-Fan Bao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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19
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Nuntapaitoon M, Juthamanee P, Theil PK, Tummaruk P. Impact of sow parity on yield and composition of colostrum and milk in Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105085. [PMID: 32653489 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to characterize the colostrum, milk yield and composition and to determine whether sow parity would influence yield and composition of colostrum and milk in Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows. The data were collected from sow parity numbers 1 (n = 27), 2-4 (n = 48) and 5-6 (n = 30) from Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows reared in a commercial swine herd in Thailand. The piglets were weighed on day 0 (<1 h), 1 (24 h), 3, 10 and 17 after birth to determine the colostrum and milk yields of the sows using a prediction equation. Milk samples were collected manually within 1 h of the onset of parturition and on days 3, 10 and 17 after farrowing to evaluate milk composition. A general linear model procedure was used to analyze the effects of sow parity numbers on colostrum yield and composition and a general linear mixed model procedure was used to analyze the effects of sow parity numbers on yield and composition of milk. The model included the fixed effects of sow parity number and time (day after parturition). The sow parity numbers 2-4 (7.0 kg) had a higher colostrum yield than 1st parity sows (5.4 kg, P = 0.002) and parity 5-6 sows (5.9 kg, P = 0.025). No evidence of parity differences was observed on milk yield (P = 0.306). No effect of sow parity numbers on fat, protein and lactose in milk was observed. The dry matter in sow parity numbers 2-4 (19.8 g/100 g) had a tendency to be higher than sow parity number 1 (18.6 g/100 g, P = 0.107) and 5-6 (18.4 g/ 100 g, P = 0.053). In conclusion, sow parity number had an impact on colostrum yield in Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows in a tropical climate but did not influence colostrum, milk composition and milk yield. Colostrum yield in Danish Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows was the highest in sow parity numbers 2-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nuntapaitoon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - P Juthamanee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - P K Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - P Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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20
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Long noncoding RNA and mRNA profiling of hypothalamic-pituitary-mammary gland axis in lactating sows under heat stress. Genomics 2020; 112:3668-3676. [PMID: 32360888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) seriously affects sow lactation performance and Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in the regulation of transcription and post transcription. However, the mechanism of lncRNAs expression affecting lactation performance on the hypothalamus-pituitary-mammary axis of sows is still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and mammary gland tissues of lactating sows under HS and thermal comfort. In total, the analysis identified 658, 6021, and 6745 differently expressed (DE) mRNAs, 26, 126, and 169 DE lncRNAs between comparison groups in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and mammary glands, respectively. The hormone genes and most DE mRNAs encoding heat shock protein were differently expressed in the HS group. In addition, 2, 60, and 86 pairs of DE lncRNAs and mRNAs correlation were observed in those tissues, respectively. Some lncRNAs may be involved in the regulation of lactation performance in the HS sows.
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21
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Bao MH, Chen LB, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Zhao ZJ. Exposure to hot temperatures during lactation stunted offspring growth and decreased the future reproductive performance of female offspring. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.223560. [PMID: 34005557 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the important aspects of climate change, exposure to high temperatures (heat waves) is rapidly emerging as an important issue, in particular for female mammals during lactation. High temperatures adversely impact ability to dissipate heat, which has negative effects on reproductive output. The cumulative effects on growth of F1 offspring after weaning and future reproductive performance of offspring remain uncertain. In this study, the F1 mice that weaned from mothers lactating at 21°C and 32.5°C were housed at 21°C from day 19 till 56 of age; during which food intake and body mass were measured. The F1 adult females that had been weaned at the two temperatures were bred and then both exposed to 32.5°C during lactation. Energy intake, milk output and litter size and mass were determined. The F1 adults weaned at 32.5°C consumed less food and had lower body mass than their counterparts weaned at 21°C. Several visceral organs or reproductive tissues were significantly lower in mass in F1 weaned at 32.5°C than at 21°C. The exposure to 32.5°C significantly decreased energy intake, milk output and litter mass in F1 adult females during lactation. The F1 adult females weaned at 32.5°C produced less milk and raised lighter pups than those previously weaned at 21°C. The data suggest that transient exposure to hot temperature during lactation has long-lasting impacts on the offspring, including stunted growth and decreases in future reproductive performance when adult. This indicates that the offspring of females previously experiencing hot temperatures have a significant fitness disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Huan Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li-Bing Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Chen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Gao ST, Ma L, Zhou Z, Zhou ZK, Baumgard LH, Jiang D, Bionaz M, Bu DP. Heat stress negatively affects the transcriptome related to overall metabolism and milk protein synthesis in mammary tissue of midlactating dairy cows. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:400-409. [PMID: 31298615 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00039.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate dry matter intake only partially accounts for the decrease in milk protein synthesis during heat stress (HS) in dairy cows. Our hypothesis is that reduced milk protein synthesis during HS in dairy cows is also caused by biological changes within the mammary gland. The objective of this study was to assess the hypothesis via RNA-Seq analysis of mammary tissue. Herein, four dairy cows were used in a crossover design where HS was induced for 9 days in environmental chambers. There was a 30-day washout between periods. Mammary tissue was collected via biopsy at the end of each environmental period (HS or pair-fed and thermal neutral) for transcriptomic analysis. RNA-Seq analysis revealed HS affected >2,777 genes (false discovery rate-adjusted P value < 0.05) in mammary tissue. Expression of main milk protein-encoding genes and several key genes related to regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid and glucose transport were downregulated by HS. Bioinformatics analysis revealed an overall decrease of mammary tissue metabolic activity by HS (especially carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) and an increase in immune activation and inflammation. Network analysis revealed a major role of TNF, IFNG, S100A8, S100A9, and IGF-1 in inducing/controlling the inflammatory response, with a central role of NF-κB in the process of immunoactivation. The same analysis indicated an overall inhibition of PPARγ. Collectively, these data suggest HS directly controls milk protein synthesis via reducing the transcription of metabolic-related genes and increasing inflammation-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Z K Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - D Jiang
- Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - M Bionaz
- Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - D P Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kim KS, Seibert JT, Edea Z, Graves KL, Kim ES, Keating AF, Baumgard LH, Ross JW, Rothschild MF. Characterization of the acute heat stress response in gilts: III. Genome-wide association studies of thermotolerance traits in pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2074-2085. [PMID: 29669012 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the limiting factors negatively affecting pig production, health, and fertility. Characterizing genomic regions responsible for variation in HS tolerance would be useful in identifying important genetic factor(s) regulating physiological responses to HS. In the present study, we performed genome-wide association analyses for respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (TR), and skin temperature (TS) during HS in 214 crossbred gilts genotyped for 68,549 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using the Porcine SNP 70K BeadChip. Considering the top 0.1% smoothed phenotypic variances explained by SNP windows, we detected 26, 26, 21, and 14 genes that reside within SNPs explaining the largest proportion of variance (top 25 SNP windows) and associated with change in RR (ΔRR) from thermoneutral (TN) conditions to HS environment, as well as the change in prepubertal TR (ΔTR), change in postpubertal ΔTR, and change in TS (ΔTS), respectively. The region between 28.85 Mb and 29.10 Mb on chromosome 16 explained about 0.05% of the observed variation for ΔRR. The growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene resides in this region and is associated with the HS response. The other important candidate genes associated with ΔRR (PAIP1, NNT, and TEAD4), ΔTR (LIMS2, TTR, and TEAD4), and ΔTS (ERBB4, FKBP1B, NFATC2, and ATP9A) have reported roles in the cellular stress response. The SNP explaining the largest proportion of variance and located within and in the vicinity of genes were related to apoptosis or cellular stress and are potential candidates that underlie the physiological response to HS in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Suk Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Zewde Edea
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kody L Graves
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eui-Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Recombinetics, St. Paul, MN
| | | | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Parois SP, Cabezón FA, Schinckel AP, Johnson JS, Stwalley RM, Marchant-Forde JN. Effect of Floor Cooling on Behavior and Heart Rate of Late Lactation Sows Under Acute Heat Stress. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:223. [PMID: 30298134 PMCID: PMC6160566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much U.S. swine production is in Köppen climate types classified as "hot-summer humid continental" and "humid subtropical." As a result, farrowing sows are often exposed to temperatures above their upper critical temperature. This heat stress (HS) can affect sow welfare and productivity and have a negative economic impact. The study objective was to evaluate the impact of a cooling pad on sows' behavioral and heart rate responses to acute HS. Treatments were randomly allotted to ten multiparous sows to receive a constant cool water flow of 0.00 (CONTROL, n = 4), 0.25 (LOW, n = 2), 0.55 (MEDIUM, n = 2), or 0.85 (HIGH, n = 2) L/min for 100 min and replicated eight times, switching treatments so that each sow was exposed to each treatment. The cooling was initiated 1 h after the room reached 35°C for 100 min. Eating, drinking and nursing behaviors, postures, and heart rate were recorded before heating (Period 1), prior to cooling (Period 2), and during cooling (Period 3). There were no differences between LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH flow rates for any periods on all behavioral and heart rate traits, so data were pooled (COOLED). There were no differences in any of the measures during Periods 1 and 2, except for the ratio of short term to long term heart rate variability (SD1:SD2) with higher values for CONTROL than COOLED sows in Period 2. During Period 3, CONTROL sows changed postures more frequently (11.5 ±1.6 vs. 5.1 ±1.6 changes per hour), spent more time drinker-pressing/drinking (4.4 ± 0.5 vs. 1.4 ± 0.4% of time), standing (6.6 ± 1.7 vs. 3.8 ± 1.6% of time), sitting (10.0 ± 1.2 vs. 4.0 ± 1.1), less time lying (83.0 ±1.8 vs. 92.0 ±1.7% of time), especially lying laterally (62.0 ± 5.6 vs. 75.0 ± 5.3% of time), than sows in all three cooling treatments (all P < 0.001). Heart rate during Period 3 was lower for COOLED sows compared to the CONTROL sows (100.2 ± 3.4 vs. 119.0 ± 4.0 beat per min, P < 0.001). Sows response to increased thermal load can be effectively reduced using water-cooled cooling pads, thereby improving sow comfort and welfare. The beneficial effects on behavior are noticeable from the lowest flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine P. Parois
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Allan P. Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Robert M. Stwalley
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Tao S, Orellana R, Weng X, Marins T, Dahl G, Bernard J. Symposium review: The influences of heat stress on bovine mammary gland function. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5642-5654. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Vilas Boas Ribeiro BP, Lanferdini E, Palencia JYP, Lemes MAG, Teixeira de Abreu ML, de Souza Cantarelli V, Ferreira RA. Heat negatively affects lactating swine: A meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:325-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Silva B, Tolentino R, Eskinazi S, Jacob D, Raidan F, Albuquerque T, Oliveira N, Araujo G, Silva K, Alcici P. Evaluation of feed flavor supplementation on the performance of lactating high-prolific sows in a tropical humid climate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Krogh U, Oksbjerg N, Storm AC, Feyera T, Theil PK. Mammary nutrient uptake in multiparous sows fed supplementary arginine during gestation and lactation. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2517-2532. [PMID: 28727031 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide and may increase mammary plasma flow (MPF), which may in turn increase mammary nutrient uptake. Quantifying mammary nutrient uptake improves our understanding of mammary nutrient metabolism and may potentially allow identification of limiting nutrients for colostrum and milk production. Thus, the objectives of the present study were 1) to study the impact of 25 g/d of crystalline Arg (ARG) on MPF and uptake of nutrients by the mammary glands compared with an isonitrogenous supply of Ala (51 g/d; control [CON]) fed to a total of 8 sows from d 30 of gestation until weaning on d 28 of lactation and 2) to quantify mammary nutrient uptake in late gestation and in early and at peak lactation. Sows were surgically fitted with indwelling catheters on d 76 ± 2 SEM of gestation. -amino hippuric acid (AH) was infused (3.0 mmol/h) in the infusion catheter inserted in the mammary vein, initiated 1 h before the first blood sample at -10, -3, 3, and 17 d in milk (DIM). Blood samples were simultaneously drawn from catheters inserted in the femoral artery and the mammary vein, and the samples were collected in hourly intervals from 0.5 h before to 6.5 h after feeding. Sow milk production was assessed at 3 and 17 DIM. Arterial plasma concentrations of Arg and Ala were increased in ARG and CON sows, respectively ( < 0.01), whereas we did not succeed in detecting a greater MPF in ARG sows ( = 0.30). Arterial-venous differences ( = 0.03) and net mammary flux ( = 0.01) of Ala were increased in CON sows, while the net flux of most other metabolites ( > 0.05) was unaffected by treatment. The mammary extraction of all essential AA was below 13% in late gestation. The average mammary extraction of essential AA at peak lactation was greatest for Leu (51%), while the preprandial extraction was greatest for Lys (57%). The mammary carbon balance (input-output) was negative (-39 ± 12 mol C/d) in early lactation but almost balanced at peak lactation (-13 ± 14 mol C/d), suggesting that mammary fat depots contributed to milk synthesis. In conclusion, we failed to observe an increased MPF and mammary uptake of AA and energy metabolites in ARG-supplemented sows. The mammary extraction rate of essential AA indicated that AA were not limiting for the mammary glands in late gestation, while Lys and Leu appeared to be the 2 most limiting essential AA for milk production at peak lactation.
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29
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Krogh U, Storm AC, Theil PK. Technical note: Measurement of mammary plasma flow in sows by downstream dilution of mammary vein infused -aminohippuric acid. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:5122-5128. [PMID: 28046185 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to design a method to estimate mammary plasma flow (MPF) in lactating sows using downstream dilution of -aminohippuric acid (AH) and to compare these estimates with MPF estimates based on specific AA as internal markers (MPF-AA). A permanent indwelling catheter was surgically implanted in the femoral artery, and another 2 were inserted in the right cranial mammary vein of 8 second- and third-parity sows on d 76 ± 2 SEM of gestation. On the 3rd and 17th days in milk, arterial and venous blood samples were drawn in hourly intervals from 0.5 h before until 6.5 h after feeding. The MPF in the right cranial mammary vein was measured by downstream dilution of infused AH (3.0 mmol/h). Total MPF-AH was calculated assuming that the measured flow constituted the flow from 5 out of 14 suckled glands on the basis of the anatomical structure of the mammary vascular system. Total MPF-AA was estimated on the basis of the output of the specific AA marker in milk and the arteriovenous differences of the marker as free AA in plasma, assuming a direct transfer of AA from plasma to milk protein. Total MPF-AH was 6,860 L/d in early lactation and increased to 8,953 L/d at peak lactation ( = 0.003). In early lactation, MPF-AA estimates were greater or tended to be greater (132% to 175%; < 0.10) than MPF-AH estimates for all internal markers, except Met (119%). Moreover, MPF-AH was correlated with MPF-AA only for MET as an internal marker ( = 0.74; = 0.03) in early lactation. In contrast, MPF-AH and MPF-AA estimates did not differ and were well correlated at peak lactation with the strongest correlation observed when Met ( = 0.84; = 0.009) and Phe + Tyr ( = 0.82; = 0.01) were used as the internal AA markers. Litter gain increased from d 3 to 17 of lactation (2.13 vs. 3.46 g/d; = 0.001) and was correlated with MPF-AH during lactation ( = 0.74; < 0.001), whereas no correlation between litter gain and MPF-AA was observed ( > 0.10). These results suggest that downstream dilution of infused AH and the AA methods are applicable methods to estimate MPF at peak lactation. The reason for the observed discrepancy in early lactation between MPF- AH and MPF-AA is not obvious but might be related to the rapid metabolic changes observed in early lactation. In conclusion, MPF measured by downstream dilution of mammary infused AH was higher at peak compared to early lactation, which the internal AA marker approach failed to show.
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30
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Muns R, Malmkvist J, Larsen MLV, Sørensen D, Pedersen LJ. High environmental temperature around farrowing induced heat stress in crated sows. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:377-84. [PMID: 26812342 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to study the impact of high ambient temperature (25°C) around farrowing on crated sows unable to perform thermoregulatory behavior. Twenty sows were housed in 2 farrowing rooms in conventional farrowing crates. In 1 room (CONTROL) temperature was kept at 20°C. In the other room (HEAT) temperature was initially kept at 20°C and gradually raised until it reached 25°C from d 112 to 115 of gestation. Then the temperature was gradually lowered to 20°C. Sows were continuously video recorded for behavior recording. Sows' respiration rates were recorded from d 3 before farrowing to d 5 after farrowing. Sows' rectal temperatures were recorded from d 1 before farrowing to d 8 after farrowing, and sows' udder surface temperatures were recorded from the day of farrowing to d 3 after farrowing. All measures were recorded daily. Sows' BW were recorded at d 108 of gestation and at weaning. Sows' back fat was recorded on farrowing day, when room temperature was set again at 20°C, and at weaning. Piglets were weighed at d 1, 14, and 21. The HEAT sows spent a higher proportion of time lying in the lateral position than CONTROL sows, both during the 16 h before farrowing and the 24 h after the start of farrowing ( < 0.05), but with no difference in the amount of time spent lying down between groups ( > 0.10). The HEAT sows had higher rectal temperature on d 1 after farrowing ( < 0.05) and had udder surface temperature 0.9°C higher than that of CONTROL sows during the recording period ( < 0.05). The HEAT sows also tended to have longer farrowing duration ( < 0.10). Respiration rate was higher in HEAT sows on d 1 before farrowing and on the day of farrowing. On d 7, 8, and 9, CONTROL sows had higher feed intake ( < 0.05), and piglets from CONTROL sows were heavier at d 21 after farrowing ( < 0.05). High ambient temperature around farrowing altered sows' postural behavior. Sows reacted to the thermal challenge with higher respiration rate around farrowing, but both their rectal and udder temperatures were elevated, indicating that they were not able to compensate for the higher ambient temperature. High ambient temperature negatively influenced sows' feed intake, with negative impact on piglets' weaning weight. High temperatures around farrowing (25°C) compromise crated sows' welfare, with a potential negative impact on offspring performance.
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Getty CM, Almeida FN, Baratta AA, Dilger RN. Plasma metabolomics indicates metabolic perturbations in low birth weight piglets supplemented with arginine. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5754-63. [PMID: 26641185 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large profit losses in the swine industry can be attributed to morbidity and mortality of piglets before weaning, especially in the low birth weight (LBW) piglet. Recent evidence suggests sow's milk contains insufficient concentrations of Arg to support optimal growth and health of piglets. Therefore, our objective was to assess global metabolomic profiles and the potential for Arg supplementation to promote growth of LBW (≤0.9 kg BW) and average birth weight (ABW; 1.3 to 1.5 kg BW) piglets. Piglets were selected in littermate pairs at processing to receive either Arg or an isonitrogenous control (Ala) and weighed daily to assess growth rate, and blood was collected at approximately 16 d of age for metabolomics analysis. In terms of growth, LBW and ABW piglets supplemented with Arg weighed 22.3 and 12.7% less, respectively, at d 16 compared with Ala-supplemented piglets of the same birth weight group. Overall, differences ( < 0.05) were observed among treatments for metabolic pathways involving energy (i.e., tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates), AA, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Increased nucleotide turnover, indicative of an increase in DNA damage and cell death, was particularly noted in the LBW piglet. However, Arg supplementation reduced these effects to levels comparable to those observed in ABW piglets. Moreover, changes in glucose metabolism suggested a compromised ability to extract energy from dietary sources may have occurred in the LBW piglet, but these effects were partially recovered by Arg supplementation. We conclude that a reduction in the growth potential of LBW piglets may be associated with alterations in multiple metabolic pathways, and further reduction due to Arg supplementation may have resulted from perturbations in multiple metabolic pathways.
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Gamo Y, Bernard A, Troup C, Munro F, Derrer K, Jeannesson N, Campbell A, Gray H, Miller J, Dixon J, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Vaanholt LM, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake XXIV: impact of suckling behaviour on the body temperatures of lactating female mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25665. [PMID: 27157478 PMCID: PMC4860708 DOI: 10.1038/srep25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential causes of high body temperature (Tb) during lactation in mice as a putative limit on energy intake. In particular we explored whether or not offspring contributed to heat retention in mothers while suckling. Tb and physical activity were monitored in 26 female MF1 mice using intraperitoneally implanted transmitters. In addition, maternal behaviour was scored each minute for 8 h d(-1) throughout lactation. Mothers that raised larger litters tended to have higher Tb while nursing inside nests (P < 0.05), suggesting that nursing offspring may have influenced heat retention. However, Tb during nursing was not higher than that recorded during other behaviours. In addition, the highest Tb during the observation period was not measured during nursing behaviour. Finally, there was no indication that mothers discontinued suckling because of a progressive rise in their Tb while suckling. Tb throughout lactation was correlated with daily increases in energy intake. Chronic hyperthermia during lactation was not caused by increased heat retention due to surrounding offspring. Other factors, like metabolic heat produced as a by-product of milk production or energy intake may be more important factors. Heat dissipation limits are probably not a phenomenon restricted to lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Gamo
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - A. Bernard
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Troup
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - F. Munro
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - K. Derrer
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - N. Jeannesson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - A. Campbell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - H. Gray
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Miller
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Dixon
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - S. E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - L. M. Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - J. R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Coefficients of repeatability for colostrum and milk composition of PLW and PL sows over three consecutive lactations. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Gessner DK, Gröne B, Rosenbaum S, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Effect of a negative energy balance induced by feed restriction in lactating sows on hepatic lipid metabolism, milk production and development of litters. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:399-410. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1075669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rezende EL, Bacigalupe LD. Thermoregulation in endotherms: physiological principles and ecological consequences. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:709-27. [PMID: 26025431 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a seminal study published nearly 70 years ago, Scholander et al. (Biol Bull 99:259-271, 1950) employed Newton's law of cooling to describe how metabolic rates (MR) in birds and mammals vary predictably with ambient temperature (T a). Here, we explore the theoretical consequences of Newton's law of cooling and show that a thermoregulatory polygon provides an intuitively simple and yet useful description of thermoregulatory responses in endothermic organisms. This polygon encapsulates the region in which heat production and dissipation are in equilibrium and, therefore, the range of conditions in which thermoregulation is possible. Whereas the typical U-shaped curve describes the relationship between T a and MR at rest, thermoregulatory polygons expand this framework to incorporate the impact of activity, other behaviors and environmental conditions on thermoregulation and energy balance. We discuss how this framework can be employed to study the limits to effective thermoregulation and their ecological repercussions, allometric effects and residual variation in MR and thermal insulation, and how thermoregulatory requirements might constrain locomotor or reproductive performance (as proposed, for instance, by the heat dissipation limit theory). In many systems the limited empirical knowledge on how organismal traits may respond to environmental changes prevents physiological ecology from becoming a fully developed predictive science. In endotherms, however, we contend that the lack of theoretical developments that translate current physiological understanding into formal mechanistic models remains the main impediment to study the ecological and evolutionary repercussions of thermoregulation. In spite of the inherent limitations of Newton's law of cooling as an oversimplified description of the mechanics of heat transfer, we argue that understanding how systems that obey this approximation work can be enlightening on conceptual grounds and relevant as an analytical and predictive tool to study ecological phenomena. As such, the proposed approach may constitute a powerful tool to study the impact of thermoregulatory constraints on variables related to fitness, such as survival and reproductive output, and help elucidating how species will be affected by ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L Rezende
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Gessner DK, Gröne B, Rosenbaum S, Most E, Hillen S, Becker S, Erhardt G, Reiner G, Eder K. Effect of dietary fish oil on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle of lactating sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:337-47. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - B. Gröne
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - S. Rosenbaum
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - E. Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - S. Hillen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Swine Diseases; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - S. Becker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Swine Diseases; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - G. Erhardt
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen; Germany
| | - G. Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Swine Diseases; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - K. Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
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Renaudeau D, Gourdine JL, Fleury J, Ferchaud S, Billon Y, Noblet J, Gilbert H. Selection for residual feed intake in growing pigs: effects on sow performance in a tropical climate. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3568-79. [PMID: 24987064 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the consequences of a divergent selection for residual feed intake (RFI) during growth in a temperate environment (TEMP) on sow performance in a tropical environment (TROP). Sows came from a selection experiment conducted at INRA in which 2 lines were selected for larger (RFI(+)) or smaller (RFI(─)) feed intake than predicted from performance. In the first analysis, a subsample of data obtained in TROP conditions (49 lactations) was compared to those obtained in TEMP on their sibs mated with the same boars (54 lactations). In the second analysis, data obtained in the TROP environment (82 lactations) were analyzed for testing the effect of season (warm vs. hot) and line on sow performance. Except for the lactation length, the interaction between line and climatic environment was not significant for the others traits (P > 0.05). The ADFI expressed per kilogram of litter BW gain tended to be higher in the RFI(+) line bred in the TROP environment (P = 0.080), together with piglet BW at weaning, which tended to be lower (P = 0.080). The ADFI was lower in TROP than in TEMP (4.56 vs. 5.86 kg/d; P = 0.003), with negative consequence on litter BW gain and maternal BW loss. The RFI(-) sows tended to eat less feed than RFI(+) sows during lactation (4.55 vs. 5.86 kg/d; P = 0.099). Litter BW at weaning was higher in the RFI(─) line. The RFI(─) sows ate significantly less feed to produce 1 kg of litter than the RFI(+) sows and tended to lose a larger amount of BW during lactation than the RFI(+) sows (2.40 vs. 3.02 kg/kg and -0.66 vs. -0.39 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.10). Whatever the line, ADFI was reduced by about 21% in the hot season (P < 0.05). Litter BW gain was depressed (P < 0.05) in the hot season (1.72 vs. 2.08 kg/d in the warm season; P = 0.023). Lactation maternal BW loss tended to increase in the hot season (1.10 vs. 0.71 kg/d in the warm season; P = 0.016), but back fat loss remained constant (P = 0.295). In the TROP environment, the amount of feed required to produce 1 kg of litter was not influenced by the line in the warm season (2.53 kg/kg on average; P = 0.99), but it tended to be lower in the RFI(─) line when compared to the RFI(+) line in the hot season (2.06 vs. 3.45 kg/kg; P = 0.050). This higher apparent efficiency in RFI(─) sows was mainly related to greater maternal body reserve mobilization (i.e., BW and back fat losses). In conclusion, selection for low RFI during growth in a TEMP environment did not impair sow and litter performance in tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Renaudeau
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (URZ), F-97170 Petit Bourg, France INRA, UMR1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage (PEGASE), F-35590 Rennes, France
| | - J L Gourdine
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (URZ), F-97170 Petit Bourg, France
| | - J Fleury
- INRA, UE1294, Plateforme Tropicale Expérimentale Animale (PTEA) F-97170 Petit Bourg, France
| | - S Ferchaud
- INRA, UE1372, Génétique, Expérimentation et Systèmes Innovants (GenESI), F-17700 Surgères, France
| | - Y Billon
- INRA, UE1372, Génétique, Expérimentation et Systèmes Innovants (GenESI), F-17700 Surgères, France
| | - J Noblet
- INRA, UMR1348, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage (PEGASE), F-35590 Rennes, France
| | - H Gilbert
- INRA, UMR1388, Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE), F-31326 Toulouse, France INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Perkins SD, Key CN, Marvin MN, Garrett CF, Foradori CD, Bratcher CL, Kriese-Anderson LA, Brandebourg TD. Effect of residual feed intake on hypothalamic gene expression and meat quality in Angus-sired cattle grown during the hot season. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1451-61. [PMID: 24663166 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between heat stress, meat quality, and residual feed intake (RFI) is unknown in growing steers. To address this issue, high RFI (HRFI) and low RFI (LRFI) individuals were compared by assessing RFI in 48 Angus-sired steers during a 70-d feeding trial conducted during July through September to identify steers with calculated RFI at least 2 SD apart. The association of RFI with indices of meat quality and expression of genes within hypothalamic and adipose tissue was then determined in LRFI and HRFI steers. While on test, feed intake was recorded daily with BW and hip heights recorded every 14 d. Ultrasound measurements of rib eye area (REA) and backfat (BF) were recorded initially and before harvest. Carcass and growth data were analyzed using a mixed model with RFI level (LRFI and HRFI) as the independent variable. The least square means for RFI were -1.2 and 0.99 kg DMI/d, respectively, for the LRFI and HRFI cohorts (P < 0.0001). Dry matter intake was higher for the HRFI individuals versus the LRFI steers (P < 0.0001) while on-test gain was not different (P < 0.95). Marbling score was greater in LRFI than HRFI steers (P < 0.05). However, there were no differences in REA (P < 0.53), BF (P < 0.65), yield grade (P < 0.24), or objective Hunter color measures between LRFI and HRFI steers indicating there was no consistent relationship between RFI and indices of meat quality. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti related protein (AGRP), relaxin-3 (RLN3), melanocortin 3 receptor, and relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) mRNA were expressed 280, 185, 202, 183, and 163% greater, respectively (P < 0.01), while proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA was expressed 42% lower in LRFI than HRFI animals (P < 0.05). Hypothalamic GnRH mRNA expression was 67% lower while gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) mRNA was 209% higher in LRFI than HRFI animals (P < 0.01). Pituitary expression of FSHβ and LHβ correlated to hypothalamic GnRH levels (P < 0.05) indicating changes in gene expression within the hypothalamus had functional consequences. Leptin mRNA expression levels were not different between adipose tissue of LRFI or HRFI steers (P < 0.84). These data indicate that animals with superior RFI evaluated during warm conditions have higher expression of orexigenic neuropeptide genes independent of the expression of adipose-derived leptin. Furthermore, the gonadotropin axis may also influence feed efficiency under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Perkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Spiers DE, Wax LE, Eichen PA, Rottinghaus GE, Evans TJ, Keisler DH, Ellersieck MR. Use of different levels of ground endophyte-infected tall fescue seed during heat stress to separate characteristics of fescue toxicosis. J Anim Sci 2013; 90:3457-67. [PMID: 23038746 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of fescue toxicosis using whole seed diets show reduced feed intake and thermoregulatory ability, but much of the seed passes undigested through the animal. Cattle were fed ground tall fescue seed at different levels to potentially facilitate digestion and absorption of toxins and identify toxin sensitivity for major characteristics of the condition [i.e., hyperthermia, reduced feed intake (FI), reduced blood prolactin]. Steers (n = 18; 350 kg BW) were housed in the Brody Climatology Laboratory at thermoneutrality (TN; 19°C) and randomly assigned to daily diet treatments with either ground endophyte-infected [E+; low and high doses at 20 and 40 μg ergovaline/(kg BW/d), respectively] or endophyte-free [E-; control at 0 μg ergovaline/(kg BW/d)] tall fescue seed. After 12 d at TN, animals received 2 d of transition to heat stress (HS; 36°C daytime, 25°C nighttime) and maintained for 14 more days. Cattle were fed twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h, with water ad libitum. Feed intake was measured at 0700 h, with skin and rectal temperatures, and respiration rate at 0600, 1100, 1600, and 2100 h. Blood was sampled on selected days for prolactin and leptin determinations. Steers fed ground E+ diet decreased (P ≤ 0.0001) FI below controls at TN, with no dose effect. Maximum FI reduction with E+ treatment was 25% at TN, with an additional 46% decrease during HS (P ≤ 0.05). By the end of HS, E+ FI increased (P > 0.05) to that of E-, suggesting recovery. Prolactin was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in high E+ cattle below controls at study end. Leptin blood concentrations were unaffected by E+ treatment (P > 0.05) but was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) by the end of HS. Pattern of rectal temperature response to HS showed a more rapid initial increase and decline for both E+ groups compared with controls (P ≤ 0.05). Skin temperature was the only variable that identified E+ dose differences. Although there were no treatment differences at TN, skin temperature was lower (P ≤ 0.05) for high E+ steers compared with controls during HS when air temperature was reduced each day. In general, FI was more responsive to E+ toxins than body temperature or blood prolactin, declining even at TN and exhibiting dynamic activity during HS. Although body temperature response to E+ toxins appears to stabilize during HS, this is misleading as rapid change in air temperature exposes effects on skin temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Spiers
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia 65211, USA.
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Abstract
Despite many challenges faced by animal producers, including environmental problems, diseases, economic pressure, and feed availability, it is still predicted that animal production in developing countries will continue to sustain the future growth of the world's meat production. In these areas, livestock performance is generally lower than those obtained in Western Europe and North America. Although many factors can be involved, climatic factors are among the first and crucial limiting factors of the development of animal production in warm regions. In addition, global warming will further accentuate heat stress-related problems. The objective of this paper was to review the effective strategies to alleviate heat stress in the context of tropical livestock production systems. These strategies can be classified into three groups: those increasing feed intake or decreasing metabolic heat production, those enhancing heat-loss capacities, and those involving genetic selection for heat tolerance. Under heat stress, improved production should be possible through modifications of diet composition that either promotes a higher intake or compensates the low feed consumption. In addition, altering feeding management such as a change in feeding time and/or frequency, are efficient tools to avoid excessive heat load and improve survival rate, especially in poultry. Methods to enhance heat exchange between the environment and the animal and those changing the environment to prevent or limit heat stress can be used to improve performance under hot climatic conditions. Although differences in thermal tolerance exist between livestock species (ruminants > monogastrics), there are also large differences between breeds of a species and within each breed. Consequently, the opportunity may exist to improve thermal tolerance of the animals using genetic tools. However, further research is required to quantify the genetic antagonism between adaptation and production traits to evaluate the potential selection response. With the development of molecular biotechnologies, new opportunities are available to characterize gene expression and identify key cellular responses to heat stress. These new tools will enable scientists to improve the accuracy and the efficiency of selection for heat tolerance. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and thermal imprinting of the genome could also be an efficient method to improve thermal tolerance. Such techniques (e.g. perinatal heat acclimation) are currently being experimented in chicken.
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Geddes DT, Aljazaf KM, Kent JC, Prime DK, Spatz DL, Garbin CP, Lai CT, Hartmann PE. Blood flow characteristics of the human lactating breast. J Hum Lact 2012; 28:145-52. [PMID: 22526342 DOI: 10.1177/0890334411435414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increased metabolic activity of the lactating breast, no studies have been carried out to determine mammary blood flow (MBF) parameters or the relationship between MBF and milk production in women. The aim of this study was to measure the MBF in the internal mammary artery (IMA) and lateral thoracic artery (LTA) of lactating women and determine if these were related to milk production. METHODS Blood flow in the IMA and LTA was measured with color Doppler ultrasound in 55 lactating women. Twenty-four-hour milk production was determined with the test-weigh method. RESULTS IMA contributed the greater proportion of blood flow to the lactating breast (70%). MBF was highly variable between women but consistent between the left (126 L/24 h; interquartile range, 76-169) and right (110 L/24 h) breasts. No relationship between MBF and milk production was demonstrated. For 3 women, MBF was markedly reduced in 1 breast that was synthesizing almost no milk compared to the other that was producing a normal volume of milk. DISCUSSION Although no relationship between MBF and milk production was found, the substantial reduction in blood flow in the breasts of lactating women producing almost no milk suggests a threshold below which milk production is compromised. CONCLUSION Doppler ultrasound did not demonstrate a relationship between MBF and milk production in lactating women. Further investigation is required to fully understand the role of blood flow in milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna T Geddes
- Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.
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Morera P, Basiricò L, Hosoda K, Bernabucci U. Chronic heat stress up-regulates leptin and adiponectin secretion and expression and improves leptin, adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 48:129-38. [PMID: 22279186 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) induces adaptive responses that are responsible for alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic heat treatment on the expression and secretion of leptin and adiponectin, important regulators of energy homeostasis, food intake and insulin action. C57BL/6 mice were subdivided into three groups (24 mice each). The first group was kept under control conditions (C: 22±2 °C). The second group was exposed to HS (35±1 °C). The third group was kept under control conditions and was food restricted (FR). The HS group had higher rectal temperature than the C and FR groups and lower food intake than the C group. Hspa1 (Hspa1a) gene expression in adipose tissue, muscle and liver was higher under HS than FR and C. Heat treatment resulted in decreased blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids; increased leptin, adiponectin and insulin secretion; and greater glucose disposal. Leptin, adiponectin, leptin and adiponectin receptors, insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter mRNAs were up-regulated in HS mice. This study provides evidence that HS improves leptin and adiponectin signalling in adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Heat stress was responsible for improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, probably mediated by adipokines. Changes in the adipokine levels and sensitivity to them may be considered as an adaptive response to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Morera
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, via San Camillo De Lellis, SNC 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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de Oliveira Júnior G, Ferreira A, Oliveira R, Silva B, de Figueiredo E, Santos M. Behaviour and performance of lactating sows housed in different types of farrowing rooms during summer. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Speakman JR, Król E. Limits to sustained energy intake. XIII. Recent progress and future perspectives. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:230-41. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.048603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Several theories have been proposed to explain limits on the maximum rate at which animals can ingest and expend energy. These limits are likely to be intrinsic to the animal, and potentially include the capacity of the alimentary tract to assimilate energy – the ‘central limitation’ hypothesis. Experimental evidence from lactating mice exposed to different ambient temperatures allows us to reject this and similar ideas. Two alternative ideas have been proposed. The ‘peripheral limitation’ hypothesis suggests that the maximal sustained energy intake reflects the summed demands of individual tissues, which have their own intrinsic limitations on capacity. In contrast, the ‘heat dissipation limit’ (HDL) theory suggests that animals are constrained by the maximal capacity to dissipate body heat. Abundant evidence in domesticated livestock supports the HDL theory, but data from smaller mammals are less conclusive. Here, we develop a novel framework showing how the HDL and peripheral limitations are likely to be important in all animals, but to different extents. The HDL theory makes a number of predictions – in particular that there is no fixed limit on sustained energy expenditure as a multiple of basal metabolic rate, but rather that the maximum sustained scope is positively correlated with the capacity to dissipate heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Mammal Research Institute PAS, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
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Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet. Animal 2011; 5:1390-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Speakman JR, Król E. The heat dissipation limit theory and evolution of life histories in endotherms--time to dispose of the disposable soma theory? Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:793-807. [PMID: 21558242 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A major factor influencing life-history strategies of endotherms is body size. Larger endotherms live longer, develop more slowly, breed later and less frequently, and have fewer offspring per attempt at breeding. The classical evolutionary explanation for this pattern is that smaller animals experience greater extrinsic mortality, which favors early reproduction at high intensity. This leads to a short lifespan and early senescence by three suggested mechanisms. First, detrimental late-acting mutations cannot be removed because of the low force of selection upon older animals (mutation accumulation). Second, genes that promote early reproduction will be favored in small animals, even if they have later detrimental effects (antagonistic pleiotropy). Third, small animals may be forced to reduce their investment in longevity assurance mechanisms (LAMs) in favor of investment in reproduction (the disposable soma theory, DST). The DST hinges on three premises: that LAMs exist, that such LAMs are energetically expensive and that the supply of energy is limited. By contrast, the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory provides a different conceptual perspective on the evolution of life histories in relation to body size. We suggest that rather than being limited, energy supplies in the environment are often unlimited, particularly when animals are breeding, and that animals are instead constrained by their maximum capacity to dissipate body heat, generated as a by-product of their metabolism. Because heat loss is fundamentally a surface-based phenomenon, the low surface-to-volume ratio of larger animals generates significant problems for dissipating the body heat associated with reproductive effort, which then limits their current reproductive investment. We suggest that this is the primary reason why fecundity declines as animal size increases. Because large animals are constrained by their capacity for heat dissipation, they have low reproductive rates. Consequently, only those large animals living in habitats with low extrinsic mortality could survive leading to the familiar patterns of life-history trade-offs and their links to extrinsic mortality rates. The HDL theory provides a novel mechanism underpinning the evolution of life history and ageing in endotherms, and makes a number of testable predictions that directly contrast with the predictions arising from the DST.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue 2, Aberdeen AB242TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Speakman JR, Król E. Maximal heat dissipation capacity and hyperthermia risk: neglected key factors in the ecology of endotherms. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:726-46. [PMID: 20443992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The role of energy in ecological processes has hitherto been considered primarily from the standpoint that energy supply is limited. That is, traditional resource-based ecological and evolutionary theories and the recent 'metabolic theory of ecology' (MTE) all assume that energetic constraints operate on the supply side of the energy balance equation. 2. For endothermic animals, we provide evidence suggesting that an upper boundary on total energy expenditure is imposed by the maximal capacity to dissipate body heat and therefore avoid the detrimental consequences of hyperthermia--the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory. We contend that the HDL is a major constraint operating on the expenditure side of the energy balance equation, and that processes that generate heat compete and trade-off within a total boundary defined by heat dissipation capacity, rather than competing for limited energy supply. 3. The HDL theory predicts that daily energy expenditure should scale in relation to body mass (M(b)) with an exponent of about 0.63. This contrasts the prediction of the MTE of an exponent of 0.75. 4. We compiled empirical data on field metabolic rate (FMR) measured by the doubly-labelled water method, and found that they scale to M(b) with exponents of 0.647 in mammals and 0.658 in birds, not significantly different from the HDL prediction (P > 0.05) but lower than predicted by the MTE (P < 0.001). The same statistical result was obtained using phylogenetically independent contrasts analysis. Quantitative predictions of the model matched the empirical data for both mammals and birds. There was no indication of curvature in the relationship between Log(e) FMR and Log(e)M(b). 5. Together, these data provide strong support for the HDL theory and allow us to reject the MTE, at least when applied to endothermic animals. 6. The HDL theory provides a novel conceptual framework that demands a reframing of our views of the interplay between energy and the environment in endothermic animals, and provides many new interpretations of ecological and evolutionary phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue 2, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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The metabolic status during the peri partum period affects the voluntary feed intake and the metabolism of the lactating multiparous sow. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu SH, Zhang LN, Speakman JR, Wang DH. Limits to sustained energy intake. XI. A test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in lactating Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 212:3455-65. [PMID: 19837887 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The maximum rate of sustained energy intake (SusEI) may limit reproductive effort, thermoregulatory capability and other aspects of an animal's energy expenditure. Consequently, factors that limit SusEI are of interest. The ;heat dissipation limitation hypothesis' suggests that maximum SusEI during lactation is limited by the capacity to dissipate body heat generated as a by-product of processing food and producing milk. In the present study, we tested the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in lactating Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Female voles were mated and pregnant at 21(+/-1) degrees C. A random sample of animals was transferred into a hot room 30(+/-1) degrees C on the day of parturition. The energy intake of lactating voles at 30 degrees C was always lower than that at 21 degrees C. At peak lactation food intake was 3.3 g day(-1) lower at 30 degrees C than at 21 degrees C. There was no significant difference in digestibility. With similar mean litter sizes (7.26+/-0.46 pups at 21 degrees C and 7.78+/-0.39 pups at 30 degrees C at the beginning of parturition, 6.83+/-0.51 pups at 21 degrees C and 7.73+/-0.50 pups at 30 degrees C at weaning), the milk energy output of mothers, evaluated from the difference between metabolizable energy intake and daily energy expenditure measured by doubly labelled water, at 30 degrees C was 23.3 kJ day(-1) lower than that at 21 degrees C on days 14-16 of lactation. As for reproductive performance, there was a difference in the response to the higher temperature between mothers raising large and those raising small litters. For small litters (<7) there was no significant change in litter mass, but for large litters (<or=7) there was a significant decrease at the higher temperature. On average, in larger litters the pups were 15.5 g heavier on day 12 of lactation when raised at 21 degrees C. Our data from Brandt's voles support the suggestion that SusEI at peak lactation is limited by heat dissipation capacity, particularly for those voles raising large litters. In smaller litters the peripheral limitation hypothesis may be more relevant. The importance of heat dissipation limits in species raising exclusively small litters needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
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Silva B, Oliveira R, Donzele J, Fernandes H, Lima A, Renaudeau D, Noblet J. Effect of floor cooling and dietary amino acids content on performance and behaviour of lactating primiparous sows during summer. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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