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Kishawy AT, Abd El-Wahab RA, Eldemery F, Abdel Rahman MMI, Altuwaijri S, Ezz-Eldin RM, Abd-Allah EM, Zayed S, Mulla ZS, El Sharkawy RB, Badr S, Youssef W, Ibrahim D. Insights of early feeding regime supplemented with glutamine and various levels of omega-3 in broiler chickens: growth performance, muscle building, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barriers health and defense against mixed Eimeria spp infection. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-20. [PMID: 38961536 PMCID: PMC11225632 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2373287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Early nutritional management approach greatly impacts broilers' performance and resistance against coccidiosis. The current study explored the impact of post-hatch feeding with a combination of glutamine (Glut) and different levels of omega-3 on broiler chickens' growth performance, muscle building, intestinal barrier, antioxidant ability and protection against avian coccidiosis. A total of six hundred Cobb 500 was divided into six groups: first group (fed basal diet and unchallenged (control) and challenged (negative control, NC) groups were fed a basal diet without additives, and the other groups were infected with Eimeria spp and supplemented with 1.5% Glut alone or with three different levels of omega-3 (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) during the starter period. Notable improvement in body weight gain was observed in the group which fed basal diet supplemented with glut and 1% omega 3 even after coccidia infection (increased by 25% compared challenged group) while feed conversion ratio was restored to control. Myogeneis was enhanced in the group supplemented with Glut and omega-3 (upregulation of myogenin, MyoD, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase and insulin like growth factor-1 and downregulating of myostatin genes). Groups supplemented with Glut and higher levels of omega-3 highly expressed occluding, mucin-2, junctional Adhesion Molecule 2, b-defensin-1 and cathelicidins-2 genes. Group fed 1% Glut + omega-3 showed an increased total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase enzymes activities with reduced levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species and H2O2. Post-infection, dietary Glut and 1% omega-3 increased intestinal interleukin-10 (IL) and secretory immunoglobulin-A and serum lysozyme, while decreased the elevated inflammatory mediators comprising interleukin IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase. Fecal oocyst excretion and lesions score severity were lowered in the group fed 1% Glut and omega 3. Based on these findings, dietary Glut and omega-3 supplementation augmented restored overall broilers' performance after coccidial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa T.Y Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham A. Abd El-Wahab
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Saleh Altuwaijri
- Department of Pathology and laboratory diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M.M. Ezz-Eldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ehab M. Abd-Allah
- Veterinary Educational Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Zayed
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Zohair S. Mulla
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudia Arabia
| | - Rasha B. El Sharkawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Zagazig Branch, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shereen Badr
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Wessam Youssef
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Satterfield MC, Washburn SE. Metabolism and Nutrition of L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1788. [PMID: 38929408 PMCID: PMC11201166 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although both L-glutamate (Glu) and L-glutamine (Gln) have long been considered nutritionally nonessential in ruminants, these two amino acids have enormous nutritional and physiological importance. Results of recent studies revealed that extracellular Gln is extensively degraded by ruminal microbes, but extracellular Glu undergoes little catabolism by these cells due to the near absence of its uptake. Ruminal bacteria hydrolyze Gln to Glu plus ammonia and, intracellularly, use both amino acids for protein synthesis. Microbial proteins and dietary Glu enter the small intestine in ruminants. Both Glu and Gln are the major metabolic fuels and building blocks of proteins, as well as substrates for the syntheses of glutathione and amino acids (alanine, ornithine, citrulline, arginine, proline, and aspartate) in the intestinal mucosa. In addition, Gln and aspartate are essential for purine and pyrimidine syntheses, whereas arginine and proline are necessary for the production of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator) and collagen (the most abundant protein in the body), respectively. Under normal feeding conditions, all diet- and rumen-derived Glu and Gln are extensively utilized by the small intestine and do not enter the portal circulation. Thus, de novo synthesis (e.g., from branched-chain amino acids and α-ketoglutarate) plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of Glu and Gln in the whole body but may be insufficient for maximal growth performance, production (e.g., lactation and pregnancy), and optimal health (particularly intestinal health) in ruminants. This applies to all types of feeding systems used around the world (e.g., rearing on a milk replacer before weaning, pasture-based production, and total mixed rations). Dietary supplementation with the appropriate doses of Glu or Gln [e.g., 0.5 or 1 g/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively] can safely improve the digestive, endocrine, and reproduction functions of ruminants to enhance their productivity. Both Glu and Gln are truly functional amino acids in the nutrition of ruminants and hold great promise for improving their health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - M. Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (F.W.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Shannon E. Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Matias AC, Viegas AR, Couto A, Lourenço-Marques C, Aragão C, Castanho S, Gamboa M, Candeias-Mendes A, Soares F, Modesto T, Pousão-Ferreira P, Ribeiro L. Effect of dietary l-glutamine supplementation on the intestinal physiology and growth during Solea senegalensis larval development. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 272:110961. [PMID: 38387740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of the intestinal digestive and absorptive functions might limit the amount of absorbed nutrients to fulfil the high requirements of the fast-growing marine fish larva. Glutamine (Gln) has been described to improve intestinal epithelium functions, due to its involvement in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary 0.2% Gln supplementation on aspects of intestinal physiology, protein metabolism and growth-related genes expression in Senegalese sole larvae. Experiment was carried out between 12 and 33 days post hatching (DPH) and fish were divided into two experimental groups, one fed Artemia spp. (CTRL) and the other fed Artemia spp. supplemented with Gln (GLN). GLN diet had two times more Gln than the CTRL diet. Samples were collected at 15, 19, 26 and 33 DPH for biometry, histology, and digestive enzymes activity, and at 33 DPH for gene expression, protein metabolism and AA content determination. Growth was significantly higher for Senegalese sole fed GLN diet, supported by differences on protein metabolism and growth-related gene expression. Slight differences were observed between treatments regarding the intestinal physiology. Overall, GLN diet seems to be directed to enhance protein metabolism leading to higher larval growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Matias
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Viegas
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Couto
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cátia Lourenço-Marques
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Aragão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Castanho
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gamboa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Candeias-Mendes
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Florbela Soares
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Teresa Modesto
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
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Fang YX, Lu EQ, Cheng YJ, Xu E, Zhu M, Chen X. Glutamine Promotes Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation through the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7155-7166. [PMID: 38526961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is a critical nutrient required by neonatal mammals for intestinal growth, especially for newborn piglets. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of Gln in porcine intestinal epithelium development are not fully understood. The objective of the current study was to explore the possible signaling pathway involved in the promotion of porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) proliferation by Gln. The results showed that 1 mM Gln promoted IPEC-J2 cell proliferation, and tandem mass tag proteomics revealed 973 differentially expressed proteins in Gln-treated IPEC-J2 cells, 824 of which were upregulated and 149 of which were downregulated. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway is activated by Gln treatment. Western blotting analysis further confirmed that Gln activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, Gln increased not only cytosolic β-catenin but also nuclear β-catenin protein expression. LF3 (a β-catenin/TCF4 interaction inhibitor) assay and β-catenin knockdown demonstrated that Gln-mediated promotion of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation were blocked. Furthermore, the inhibition of TCF4 expression suppressed Gln-induced cell proliferation. These findings further confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in the promotion of IPEC-J2 cell proliferation by Gln. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Gln positively regulated IPEC-J2 cell proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These data greatly enhance the current understanding of the mechanism by which Gln regulates intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - E Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
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Lee JJ, Kyoung H, Cho JH, Park KI, Kim Y, Ahn J, Choe J, Kim Y, Kim HB, Song M. Change in the Gut Microbiota of Lactating Sows and Their Piglets by Inclusion of Dietary Spray-Dried Plasma in Sow Diets. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:516-524. [PMID: 38111306 PMCID: PMC11016772 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2311.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the gut microbiota of lactating sows and their piglets. A total of 12 sows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a sow diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON), and a CON diet with an added 1% SDP. The sows were fed the dietary treatments from d 30 before farrowing to weaning (d 28). The fecal samples of three sows from each treatment and two of their randomly selected piglets were collected to verify their fecal microbiota. There were no differences in the alpha diversity and distinct clustering of the microbial communities in the sows and their piglets when SDP was added to the sow diets from late gestation to weaning. The fecal microbiota of the lactating sows and their piglets showed a higher relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota and genus Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus and showed a lower relative abundance of the phylum Bacillota and genus Bacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella, and Clostridium in the sows fed the SDP diet than those fed the CON diet. Overall, these results show that the addition of SDP to the sow diet during lactation altered the gut environment with positive microbial composition changes. These results were similar in the nursing piglets, suggesting that the control of the sow diets during lactation may contribute to the intestinal health and growth in piglets after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmu Ahn
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Korea National of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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6
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He W, Posey EA, Steele CC, Savell JW, Bazer FW, Wu G. Dietary glycine supplementation enhances glutathione availability in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae025. [PMID: 38271555 PMCID: PMC10873787 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with glycine enhances the synthesis and concentrations of glutathione (GSH, a major antioxidant) in tissues of pigs with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). At weaning (21 d of age), IUGR pigs and litter mates with normal birth weights (NBW) were assigned randomly to one of two groups, representing supplementation with 1% glycine or 1.19% l-alanine (isonitrogenous control) to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. Blood and other tissues were obtained from the pigs within 1 wk after the feeding trial ended at 188 d of age to determine GSH, oxidized GSH (GSSG), and activities of GSH-metabolic enzymes. Results indicated that concentrations of GSH + GSSG or GSH in plasma, liver, and jejunum (P < 0.001) and concentrations of GSH in longissimus lumborum and gastrocnemius muscles (P < 0.05) were lower in IUGR pigs than in NBW pigs. In contrast, IUGR increased GSSG/GSH ratios (an indicator of oxidative stress) in plasma (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), both muscles (P < 0.05), and pancreas (P = 0.001), while decreasing activities of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase in liver (P < 0.001) and jejunum (P < 0.01); and GSH reductase in jejunum (P < 0.01), longissimus lumborum muscle (P < 0.01), gastrocnemius muscle (P < 0.05), and pancreas (P < 0.01). In addition, IUGR pigs had greater (P < 0.001) concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an indicator of lipid peroxidation) in plasma, jejunum, muscles, and pancreas than NBW pigs. Compared with isonitrogenous controls, dietary glycine supplementation increased concentrations of GSH plus GSSG and GSH in plasma (P < 0.01), liver (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), longissimus lumborum muscle (P = 0.001), and gastrocnemius muscle (P < 0.05); activities of GSH-synthetic enzymes in liver (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P < 0.05), while reducing GSSG/GSH ratios in plasma (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), longissimus lumborum muscle (P < 0.001), gastrocnemius muscle (P = 0.01), pancreas (P < 0.05), and kidneys (P < 0.01). Concentrations of GSH plus GSSG, GSH, and GSSG/GSH ratios in kidneys were not affected (P > 0.05) by IUGR. Furthermore, glycine supplementation reduced (P < 0.001) TBARS concentrations in plasma, jejunum, muscles, and pancreas. Collectively, IUGR reduced GSH availability and induced oxidative stress in pig tissues, and these abnormalities were prevented by dietary glycine supplementation in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chandler C Steele
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Savell
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Yan L, Fang YX, Lu EQ, Xu E, Zhang YY, Chen X, Zhu M. Extracellular Glutamine Promotes Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Proliferation via Arf1-mTORC1 Pathway Independently of Rag GTPases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14251-14262. [PMID: 37738360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the major energy source of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) and plays a critical role in the nutritional physiological function of the intestine. However, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Here, the Gln-sensing pathway in IPEC-J2 cells was investigated. The results showed that Gln increased the cell proliferation. Subsequently, an analysis of the phosphorylated proteome revealed that Gln markedly upregulated ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) phosphorylation at serine 235/236, suggesting that Gln activated the mTORC1 pathway. mTOR inhibition revealed that Gln promotes cell proliferation through the mTORC1 pathway. Similarly, blocking ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) activity indicated that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promoted cell proliferation in an Arf1-dependent manner. Additionally, the RagA/B pathway did not participate in Gln-induced mTORC1 activation. Collectively, these findings suggest that Gln-induced mTORC1 activation promotes IPEC-J2 cell proliferation via Arf1, not Rag GTPases. These results broaden our understanding of functional-cell-sensing amino acids, particularly Gln, that are regulated by mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong-Xia Fang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - E Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
| | - Min Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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8
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Sui Z, Wang N, Zhang X, Liu C, Wang X, Zhou H, Mai K, He G. Comprehensive study on the effect of dietary leucine supplementation on intestinal physiology, TOR signaling and microbiota in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109060. [PMID: 37678482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal damage and inflammation are major health and welfare issues in aquaculture. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing intestinal health, with a specific emphasis on dietary additives. Branch chain amino acids, particularly leucine, have been reported to enhance growth performance in various studies. However, few studies have focused on the effect of leucine on the intestinal function and its underlying molecular mechanism is far from fully illuminated. In the present study, we comprehensively evaluated the effect of dietary leucine supplementation on intestinal physiology, signaling transduction and microbiota in fish. Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) (10.13 ± 0.01g) were fed with control diet (Con diet) and leucine supplementation diet (Leu diet) for 10 weeks. The findings revealed significant improvements in intestinal morphology and function in the turbot fed with Leu diet. Leucine supplementation also resulted in a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of mucosal barrier genes, indicating enhanced intestinal integrity. The transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory factors il-1β, tnf-α and irf-1 was decreased in response to leucine supplementation. Conversely, the level of anti-inflammatory factors tgf-β, il-10 and nf-κb were up-regulated by leucine supplementation. Dietary leucine supplementation led to an increase in intestinal complement (C3 and C4) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, along with elevated antioxidant activity. Moreover, dietary leucine supplementation significantly enhanced the postprandial phosphorylation level of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in the intestine. Finally, intestinal bacterial richness and diversity were modified and intestinal bacterial composition was re-shaped by leucine supplementation. Overall, these results provide new insights into the beneficial role of leucine supplementation in promoting intestinal health in turbot, offering potential implications for the use of leucine as a nutritional supplement in aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Sui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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9
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Arnaud EA, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1998. [PMID: 37370508 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period in a pig's life. Piglets are confronted with abrupt changes to their physical and social environment, as well as management and nutritional changes. Weaning has always been associated with a growth check and is frequently accompanied by post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, rapid increases in litter size in the last decade have increased within-litter piglet weight variation, with piglets now generally lighter at weaning, making the challenges associated with weaning even greater. Many interventions can be employed during the suckling period to ease the weaning transition for piglets. Pre-weaning strategies such as supervised farrowing (assistance with suckling and oxytocin provision), the provision of pain relief to sows around farrowing, split-suckling, early oral supplementation with glucose, bovine colostrum, faecal microbiota transplantation, feed additives and solid and liquid creep feeding (milk and liquid feed) have all been investigated. The objective of these strategies is to stimulate earlier maturation of the digestive tract, improve immunity, reduce latency to the first feed post-weaning and increase early post-weaning feed intake and growth. This review focuses in particular on: (1) pain relief provision to sows around farrowing, (2)split-suckling of piglets, (3) pre-weaning provision of supplementary milk and/or liquid feed, (4) other strategies to stimulate earlier enzyme production (e.g., enzyme supplementation), (5) other nutritional strategies to promote improved gut structure and function (e.g., L-glutamine supplementation), and (6) other strategies to modulate gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics and prebiotics). Correctly implementing these strategies can, not only increase post-weaning growth and reduce mortality, but also maximise lifetime growth in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Arnaud
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland
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10
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Untargeted and targeted metabolomics identify metabolite biomarkers for Salmonella enteritidis in chicken meat. Food Chem 2023; 409:135294. [PMID: 36592604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis easily contaminate chicken during slaughtering, processing, transportation, and sales, which seriously endangers human health. This study aimed to identify metabolite biomarkers for Salmonella Enteritidis contamination in chicken meat. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 441 and 240 confidently metabolites in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. Thirty metabolites were defined as potential biomarkers for Salmonella enteritidis contamination in chicken meat. UPLC-QQQ-MS based targeted metabolomics was used to quantitatively analyze candidate metabolite biomarkers in Salmonella enteritidis contaminated and fresh chicken samples. A total of 10 candidate metabolite biomarkers were confirmed in the validation set, among which acetylcholine, l-Methionine, l-Proline, l-Valine, and l-Norleucine were identified as biomarkers for Salmonella Enteritidis contamination in chicken. The combined receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the five biomarkers achieved an AUC of 0.956, indicating their high sensitivity and specificity in predicting Salmonella Enteritidis in raw chicken. In conclusion, the present study identified five metabolite biomarkers for Salmonella enteritidis in raw chicken. These results provide a potential theoretical basis for developing Salmonella Enteritidis detection methods in raw chicken.
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11
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Yao R, Cools A, Matthijs A, Deyn PPD, Maes D, Janssens GPJ. Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040298. [PMID: 37104453 PMCID: PMC10141862 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of mother's milk is considered the ideal diet for neonates. This study investigated how conserved or variable the amino acid profile of sow colostrum and milk is throughout lactation, compared with other studies in sows and other species. Twenty-five sows (parity one to seven) from one farm with gestation lengths of 114 to 116 d were sampled on d 0, 3, and 10 after parturition. The total amino acid profile of the samples was analyzed through ion-exchange chromatography, and the results were displayed as the percentage of total amino acid and compared with literature data. Most of the amino acid concentrations in sow milk decreased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the lactation period, while the amino acid profile generally showed a conserved pattern, especially from d 3 to d 10, and was rather similar across different studies. Glutamine + glutamate was the most abundant amino acid in milk at all sampling moments, accounting for 14-17% of total amino acids. The proportions of proline, valine, and glycine in sow milk nearly accounted for 11%, 7%, and 6% respectively, and were higher compared to human, cow, and goat milk, while the methionine proportion was less than the other three. Compared to the large variations often reported in macronutrient concentrations, the amino acid profile of sow milk in the present study, as well as in others, seems well conserved across the lactation period. Similarities with characteristic differences were also observed between sow milk and piglet body composition, which might reflect the nutrition requirements of preweaning piglets. This study warrants further research exploring the link between the whole amino acid profile and the particular amino acids for suckling piglets and could facilitate insight for optimizing creep feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Matthijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Wang L, Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y. Research progress on anti-stress nutrition strategies in swine. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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13
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Identification and Quantification of Proliferating Cells in Skeletal Muscle of Glutamine Supplemented Low- and Normal-Birth-Weight Piglets. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040580. [PMID: 36831247 PMCID: PMC9953894 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One way to improve the growth of low-birth-weight (LBW) piglets can be stimulation of the cellular development of muscle by optimized amino acid supply. In the current study, it was investigated how glutamine (Gln) supplementation affects muscle tissue of LBW and normal-birth-weight (NBW) piglets. Longissimus and semitendinosus muscles of 96 male piglets, which were supplemented with 1 g Gln/kg body weight or alanine, were collected at slaughter on day 5 or 26 post natum (dpn), one hour after injection with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 12 mg/kg). Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect proliferating, BrdU-positive cells in muscle cross-sections. Serial stainings with cell type specific antibodies enabled detection and subsequent quantification of proliferating satellite cells and identification of further proliferating cell types, e.g., preadipocytes and immune cells. The results indicated that satellite cells and macrophages comprise the largest fractions of proliferating cells in skeletal muscle of piglets early after birth. The Gln supplementation somewhat stimulated satellite cells. We observed differences between the two muscles, but no influence of the piglets' birth weight was observed. Thus, Gln supplements may not be considered as effective treatment in piglets with low birth weight for improvement of muscle growth.
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14
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Glutamine supplementation moderately affects growth, plasma metabolite and free amino acid patterns in neonatal low birth weight piglets. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2330-2340. [PMID: 35144703 PMCID: PMC9723486 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) neonates show impaired growth compared with normal birth weight (NBW) neonates. Glutamine (Gln) supplementation benefits growth of weaning piglets, while the effect on neonates is not sufficiently clear. We examined the effect of neonatal Gln supplementation on piglet growth, milk intake and metabolic parameters. Sow-reared pairs of newborn LBW (0·8-1·2 kg) and NBW (1·4-1·8 kg) male piglets received Gln (1 g/kg body mass (BM)/d; Gln-LBW, Gln-NBW; n 24/group) or isonitrogenous alanine (1·22 g/kg BM/d; Ala-LBW; Ala-NBW; n 24/group) supplementation at 1-5 or 1-12 d of age (daily in three equal portions at 07:00, 12:00 and 17:00 by syringe feeding). We measured piglet BM, milk intake (1, 11-12 d), plasma metabolite, insulin, amino acid (AA) and liver TAG concentrations (5, 12 d). The Gln-LBW group had higher BM (+7·5%, 10 d, P = 0·066; 11-12 d, P < 0·05) and milk intake (+14·7%, P = 0·015) than Ala-LBW. At 5 d, Ala-LBW group had higher plasma TAG (+34·7%, P < 0·1) and lower carnosine (-22·5%, P < 0·05) than Ala-NBW and Gln-LBW, and higher liver TAG (+66·9%, P = 0·029) than Ala-NBW. At 12 d, plasma urea was higher (+37·5%, P < 0·05) with Gln than Ala supplementation. Several proteinogenic AA in plasma were lower (P < 0·05) in Ala-NBW v. Gln-NBW. Plasma arginine was higher (P < 0·05) in Gln-NBW v Ala-NBW piglets (5, 12 d). Supplemental Gln moderately improved growth and milk intake and affected lipid metabolism in LBW piglets and AA metabolism in NBW piglets, suggesting effects on intestinal and liver function.
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15
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Wu Q, Wang C, Zhu L, Wang S, Zhao L, Xing Z, Zhang B, Jia W, Ma Y, Wang Y. Effects of glutamine on growth performance and immune function of high-concentrate fattening Hu lambs. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Yuan X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Che D, Ye H, Pi Y, Tao S, Wang J, Han D. Maternal Amino Acid Mixtures Supplementation during Late Gestation and Lactation Improved Growth Performance of Piglets through Improving Colostrum Composition and Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2144. [PMID: 36358516 PMCID: PMC9686675 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During late gestation and lactation, oxidative stress in sows can affect their health and reproductive performance. Supplemental amino acid contributes to the antioxidant capacity of pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different combinations of Gln, Leu and γ-GABA (amino acid mixtures, AAMs) during late gestation and lactation on the performance of the sows and their offspring. Fifty large white × landrace sows were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10), including a control group and four AAMs groups (AAMs1, Gln + Leu; AAMs2 (Gln + GABA; AAMs3, Leu + GABA; AAMs4, Gln + Leu + GABA). AAMs supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity of sows, including significantly enhanced total antioxidant capacity in AAMs2, 3 and 4 groups and reduced malonaldehyde concentration in AAMs1, 3 and 4 groups. Additionally, all AAMs significantly increased lactoprotein, total solid and IgA levels of colostrum in sows during lactation. Average body weight of piglets on day 21 after birth in all AAMs groups were significantly increased. Furthermore, the significantly increased total antioxidant capacity was observed in the piglets of every AAMs group. In conclusion, supplementing AAMs during late gestation and lactation improved the antioxidant capacity of sows and colostrum composition, thereby enhancing antioxidant status and the growth performance of piglets. This study provides the possibility of maternal amino acid mixtures to improve the productivity of the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongkun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongsheng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Hao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Glutamine on the Immunity and Intestinal Barrier Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172168. [PMID: 36077889 PMCID: PMC9454664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of glutamine (Gln) on immunity and intestinal barrier gene expression levels in broilers challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis were evaluated. A total of 400 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to four groups, 10 repetition treatments per group with 10 broiler chickens for a 21-day feeding trial. The groups were the normal control group (CON, no infected group, fed with a basal diet); the S. Enteritidis-infected control group (SCC, infected with 2.0 × 104 CFU/mL of S. Enteritidis, fed a basal diet); and the Gln 1 and 2 groups, who were challenged with S. Enteritidis and fed a basal diet plus Gln at 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively. The results show that S. Enteritidis had adverse effects on the average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and the feed conversion ratio of infected broilers compared with those of CON broilers on d 7 (p < 0.05); decreased serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, and intestinal mucosa Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05); increased the Lysozyme (LZM, only serum), NO, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) (except at 4 d), and total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) (except at 4 d) activities in serum and the intestinal mucosa; and increased intestinal mucosa polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) (except at 21 d), Avian beta-defensin 5 (AvBD5), AvBD14, Bax, and Bak mRNA expression levels during the experimental period (p < 0.05). Supplementation with Gln improved growth performance; increased serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations and intestinal mucosa Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05); decreased the LZM (only serum), NO, iNOS (except at 4 d), and TNOS (except at 4 d) activities in serum and the intestinal mucosa; and decreased intestinal mucosa pIgR (except at 21 d), AvBD5, AvBD14, Bax, and Bak mRNA expression levels during the experimental period (p < 0.05). These results suggest that Gln might lessen the inflammatory reaction of the small intestine and enlarge the small bowel mucosa immune and barrier function in broiler chickens challenged with S. Enteritidis.
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Wu D, Fan Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Wang L, Wang L. Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Front Immunol 2022; 13:915657. [PMID: 35720284 PMCID: PMC9200961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation in a low protein (LP) diet on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), 600 carp were randomly divided into five dietary groups: a normal protein (NP) diet containing 32% crude protein, an LP diet formulated with 28% crude protein, and LP with AKG at 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% (dry matter). After an 8-week trial period, the results demonstrated that an LP diet led to a decrease in performance, immune response, and intestinal barrier function. Compared with the LP group, the final body weight and weight gain rate in the LP+0.4% AKG group were significantly higher, the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased with the addition of 0.4% and 0.8% AKG. The supplementation with 0.4% and 0.8% AKG markedly increased the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px, as well as the expression levels of GPX1a and GPX1b relative to the LP group, whereas the MDA content was significantly decreased in the LP+0.4% AKG group. In addition, the expression levels of tight junctions including claudin-3, claudin-7, ZO-1, and MLCK were significantly up-regulated in the LP+0.4% AKG group, and the relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6α were significantly lower with the addition of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% AKG. Moreover, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the LP+0.4% AKG group was lower than that in the LP group, and the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria was higher at the phylum level. The abundance of Citrobacter in the LP+0.4% AKG group was decreased compared to the LP group, while the abundance of Aeromonas was increased at the genus level. In short, the effects of AKG on the intestinal health of the common carp were systematically and comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of intestinal physical barrier, chemical barrier, biological barrier, and immune barrier. We found that an LP diet supplemented with 0.4% AKG was beneficial to the growth performance and intestinal health of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiyou Xu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- AHP Application Research Institute, Weifang Addeasy Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Weifang, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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Rezaei R, Gabriel AS, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:65. [PMID: 35710489 PMCID: PMC9205058 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under current dietary regimens, milk production by lactating sows is insufficient to sustain the maximal growth of their piglets. As precursors of glutamate and glutamine as well as substrates and activators of protein synthesis, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have great potential for enhancing milk production by sows. Methods Thirty multiparous sows were assigned randomly into one of three groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1.535% BCAAs; and the basal diet + 3.07% BCAAs. The ratio (g/g) among the supplemental L-isoleucine, L-leucine and L-valine was 1.00:2.56:1.23. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at d 0 of lactation (the day of parturition). On d 3, 15 and 29 of lactation, body weights and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples were obtained from sows and piglets 2 h and 1 h after feeding and nursing, respectively. Results Feed intake did not differ among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, proline, BCAAs, and many other amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of BCAA-supplemented sows and their piglets than those in the control group. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1.535% and 3.07% BCAAs increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of free and protein-bound BCAAs, glutamate plus glutamine, aspartate plus asparagine, and many other amino acids in milk; milk production by 14% and 21%, respectively; daily weight gains of piglets by 19% and 28%, respectively, while reducing preweaning mortality rates by 50% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary supplementation with up to 3.07% BCAAs enhanced milk production by lactating sows, and the growth and survival of their piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana San Gabriel
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Farmer C, Edwards SA. Review: Improving the performance of neonatal piglets. Animal 2022; 16 Suppl 2:100350. [PMID: 34801424 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets have a high incidence of preweaning mortality that is not only associated with low birth weights but also with the presence of intra-uterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets. Such IUGR piglets are commonly seen in litters from hyperprolific sows as a result of insufficient placental transfer of nutrients. Nutritional strategies can be used prior to and during gestation to enhance foetal development and can also be implemented in the transition period to reduce the duration of farrowing and increase colostrum yield. Recent findings showed that the energy status of sows at the onset of farrowing is crucial to diminish stillbirth rate. Newborn piglets often fail to consume enough colostrum to promote thermostability and subsequent growth, and this is particularly problematic in very large litters when there are fewer available teats than the number of suckling piglets. One injection of 75 IU of oxytocin approximately 14 h after farrowing can prolong the colostral phase, hence increasing the supply of immunoglobulins to piglets. Nevertheless, assistance must be provided to piglets after birth in order to increase their chance of survival. Various approaches can be used, such as: (1) optimising the farrowing environment, (2) supervising farrowing and assisting newborn piglets, (3) using cross-fostering techniques, (4) providing nurse sows, and 5) providing artificial milk. Although research advances have been made in developing feeding and management strategies for sows that increase performance of their newborn piglets, much work still remains to be done to ensure that maximal outcomes are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, 2000 College St., Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - S A Edwards
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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21
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Patience JF, Ramirez A. Invited review: strategic adoption of antibiotic-free pork production: the importance of a holistic approach. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac063. [PMID: 35854972 PMCID: PMC9278845 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the use of antibiotics to enhance growth in the 1950s proved to be one of the most dramatic and influential in the history of animal agriculture. Antibiotics have served animal agriculture, as well as human and animal medicine, well for more than seven decades, but emerging from this tremendous success has been the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, human medicine and animal agriculture are being called upon, through legislation and/or marketplace demands, to reduce or eliminate antibiotics as growth promotants and even as therapeutics. As explained in this review, adoption of antibiotic-free (ABF) pork production would represent a sea change. By identifying key areas requiring attention, the clear message of this review is that success with ABF production, also referred to as "no antibiotics ever," demands a multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. Too frequently, the topic has been approached in a piecemeal fashion by considering only one aspect of production, such as the use of certain feed additives or the adjustment in health management. Based on the literature and on practical experience, a more holistic approach is essential. It will require the modification of diet formulations to not only provide essential nutrients and energy, but to also maximize the effectiveness of normal immunological and physiological capabilities that support good health. It must also include the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives along with functional ingredients that have been shown to improve the utility and architecture of the gastrointestinal tract, to improve the microbiome, and to support the immune system. This holistic approach will require refining animal management strategies, including selection for more robust genetics, greater focus on care during the particularly sensitive perinatal and post-weaning periods, and practices that minimize social and environmental stressors. A clear strategy is needed to reduce pathogen load in the barn, such as greater emphasis on hygiene and biosecurity, adoption of a strategic vaccine program and the universal adoption of all-in-all-out housing. Of course, overall health management of the herd, as well as the details of animal flows, cannot be ignored. These management areas will support the basic biology of the pig in avoiding or, where necessary, overcoming pathogen challenges without the need for antibiotics, or at least with reduced usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA
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22
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Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on jejunal morphology, development, and amino acid profiles in male low birth weight suckling piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267357. [PMID: 35476806 PMCID: PMC9045636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that small intestine development in low birth weight (LBW) piglets is impaired. Glutamine (Gln) has been reported to improve piglet health and intestinal function in weaned piglets, but data is scarce in suckling piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral Gln supplementation compared to Alanine (Ala) on jejunal development and function in 5 and 12 d old male LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) suckling piglets. Results Gln had no effect on the jejunal morphology, development, tissue and digesta amino acid profiles and mRNA abundance of genes involved in amino acid transport, metabolism, glutathione synthesis in LBW piglets when compared to Ala supplementation and birth weight controls at 5 and 12 d. Only the concentration of Gln in jejunal tissue was higher in NBW piglets supplemented with Gln compared to Ala at 5 d (P < 0.05). A comparison of the birth weight groups showed no differences between LBW and NBW piglets at 5 and 12 d in any parameter. Jejunal crypt depth, villus height / width, tunica muscularis thickness, number of goblet and IgA positive cells, the ratio of jejunal RNA to DNA and the concentration of DNA, protein and RNA changed (P < 0.05) from 5 compared to 12 d. The concentrations of several free, and protein bound amino acids as well as amino metabolites differed between age groups in jejunal tissue but the digesta concentrations were affected to a lesser extent. Conclusions Oral Gln supplementation to suckling male piglets over the first 12 d of life was not associated with changes in jejunal parameters measured in this study. The absence of effects may indicate that Gln is absorbed as well as metabolized in the upper intestinal tract and thus could benefit intestinal development at a more proximal location.
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Effect of L-Glutamine on Chylomicron Formation and Fat-Induced Activation of Intestinal Mucosal Mast Cells in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091777. [PMID: 35565745 PMCID: PMC9104139 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is required for intestinal mucosal homeostasis, and it can promote triglyceride absorption. The intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMCs) are activated during fat absorption. This study investigated the potential role of Gln on fat absorption-induced activation of MMCs in rats. Lymph fistula rats (n = 24) were studied after an overnight recovery with the infusion of saline only, saline plus 85 mM L-glutamine (L-Gln) or 85 mM D-glutamine (D-Gln), respectively. On the test day, rats (n = 8/group) were given an intraduodenal bolus of 20% Intralipid contained either saline only (vehicle group), 85 mM L-Gln (L-Gln group), or 85 mM D-Gln (D-Gln group). Lymph was collected hourly for up to 6 h for analyses. The results showed that intestinal lymph from rats given L-Gln had increased levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and A-I (ApoA-I), concomitant with an increased spectrum of smaller chylomicron particles. Unexpectedly, L-Gln also increased levels of rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII), as well as histamine and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in response to dietary lipid. However, these effects were not observed in rats treated with 85 mM of the stereoisomer D-Gln. Our results showed that L-glutamine could specifically activate MMCs to degranulate and release MMC mediators to the lymph during fat absorption. This observation is potentially important clinically since L-glutamine is often used to promote gut health and repair leaky gut.
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Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are required for syntheses of proteins and low-molecular-weight substances with enormous physiological importance. Since 1912, AAs have been classified as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) for animals. EAAs are those AAs that are either not synthesized or insufficiently synthesized de novo in the organisms. It was assumed that all NEAAs (now known as AAs that are synthesizable in animal cells de novo [AASAs]) were formed sufficiently in animals and were not needed in diets. However, studies over the past three decades have shown that sufficient dietary AASAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and proline) are necessary for the maximum growth and optimum health of pigs, chickens, and fish. Thus, the concept of "ideal protein" (protein with an optimal EAA pattern that precisely meets the physiological needs of animals), which was originally proposed in the 1950s but ignored AASAs, is not ideal in animal nutrition. Ideal diets must provide all physiologically and nutritionally essential AAs. Improved patterns of AAs in diets for swine and chickens as well as zoo and companion animals have been proposed in recent years. Animal-sourced feedstuffs supply abundant EAAs and AASAs (including glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and taurine) for diets of swine, poultry, fish, and crustaceans to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and health, while sustaining global animal production. Nutritionists should move beyond the "ideal protein" concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
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Rezaei R, Gabriel AS, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1055-1068. [PMID: 35292855 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing dietary content of glutamate through addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of their offspring. Thirty multiparous sows (Landrace × Large White) were assigned randomly into one of three dietary groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1% MSG, and the basal diet + 2% MSG. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and were fed twice daily their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at day 0 of lactation (the day of farrowing). On days 3, 15, and 29 of lactation, body weight and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples obtained from sows and piglets at 2 h and 1 h after feeding, respectively. Feed intake of sows did not differ (P > 0.05) among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, tryptophan, proline, branched-chain amino acids, and glutamate were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of MSG-supplemented sows and their piglets than for controls. When compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG increased (P < 0.05): concentrations of many free amino acids (including glutamate plus glutamine) and all protein-bound amino acids in milk; the milk intake of piglets by 14-25%; and daily weight gains of piglets by 23-44%. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG to lactating sows enhances milk production to support the growth of sow-reared piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana San Gabriel
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation to Newly Weaned Piglets: Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Microbial Fermentation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030350. [PMID: 35158673 PMCID: PMC8833445 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Early-weaning in piglets has negative effects on growth performance and gut health, which may cause economic losses in the swine production worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of a highly digestible protein ingredient from hydrolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health, and microbial fermentation in early-weaned piglets. Our study found that supplementing hydrolyzed yeast increased growth performance, crude protein digestibility, villus height, villus height-to-crypt ratio, and immunity and decreased inflammation and fecal pathogen count compared with those fed a diet with no addition of hydrolyzed yeast. These research outcomes indicate that supplementation of hydrolyzed yeast has the potential to enhance the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets. Abstract Hydrolyzed yeast (HY)-derived protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a high digestible protein content and nucleotides and is a sweetener immunostimulatory substance. This could be used in nursery diets to minimize diarrhea and improve the growth rate and gut health of early-weaned piglets. This research was conducted with the objective of examining the effect of the inclusion level of HY as a potential protein ingredient for early-weaned piglets. A total of 72 crossbred weaned piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were assigned to three dietary treatments in six replicates with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: (i) control (CON), piglets weaned at 18 days; (ii) CON diet with 5% HY inclusion (HY5); and (iii) CON diet with 10% HY inclusion (HY10) in a corn–soybean meal-based basal diet. Increasing HY levels positively improved body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (linear effect, p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a linear increase in N-retention, albumin, jejunal villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, immunoglobulin A, acetate and propionate production, and Lactobacillus spp. count proportional to the dose of the HY-supplemented diet (p < 0.05). It also observed a decrease in diarrheal rate, jejunal crypt depth, blood urea nitrogen, pro-inflammatory cytokines, branched amino acids, and E. coli corresponding to the HY-supplemented levels (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the apparent total tract digestibility (dry matter, crude ash, and crude fat), blood glucose, butyrate, and Salmonella spp. were unaffected by the dietary HY level. Therefore, the supplementation of HY in the diet for early-weaned pigs not only supported the growth rate and immune function but also activated the beneficial bacterial growth of the early-weaned piglets.
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Święch E, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Barszcz M. Modulation of Mucin Secretion in the Gut of Young Pigs by Dietary Threonine and Non-Essential Amino Acid Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030270. [PMID: 35158594 PMCID: PMC8833754 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mucus layer is an important part of the system protecting the gut against injuries and bacterial infections. The main components of mucus responsible for its properties are mucins. They are large glycoproteins with a protein core rich in threonine (Thr) and many sugar side chains that differ in structure and affect mucin functions. Diet composition affects the amount of secreted mucins and their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of Thr and wheat gluten (WG) protein, added as a source of non-essential amino acids, on the content of tissue and luminal mucins in different parts of the intestine of young pigs. Results showed that tissue and luminal mucin content was only affected by WG levels in the duodenum and middle jejunum, and in the proximal colon, respectively. The effect of WG on luminal mucin content in the proximal colon depended on the analytical method applied. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of threonine (Thr) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) levels on mucin secretion and sugar composition of digesta and crude mucin preparations analyzed in different segments of the gut in young pigs. A two-factorial experiment was conducted on 72 pigs using the following factors: Thr level (5.1, 5.7, 6.3 and 6.9 g standardized ileal digestible(SID) Thr/kg) and wheat gluten (WG) level used as a source of NEAA (20.4, 40.4 and 60.4 g WG protein in WG20, WG40 and WG60 diets, respectively). Mucin content was affected only by WG level. Tissue mucin content in the duodenum was higher in WG60 pigs than in WG20 and WG40 pigs, whereas in the middle jejunum was higher in WG40 and WG60 pigs than in WG20 pigs. In contrast, luminal crude mucin content in the proximal colon was lower in WG60 pigs compared to WG40 pigs. The lowest and highest Thr levels reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The highest WG level reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The lowest WG level increased mannose content in ileal digesta. WG60 level decreased the content of arabinose and galactose compared to lower WG levels in colonic digesta. Arabinose content was higher, while glucose and galactose contents were lower in crude mucin preparations isolated from colonic digesta in pigs fed diets containing the highest Thr level. The content of tissue mucin was higher in the ileum and proximal colon and lower in the duodenum than in the middle jejunum, whereas luminal mucin content was lower in the proximal colon than in the ileum. Ileal digesta contained less arabinose and glucose and more galactose as compared to colonic digesta. In conclusion, no effect of dietary Thr levels on mucin secretion in the gut of young pigs was found. Wheat gluten added to the diet with adequate Thr content positively affected mucin secretion only in the duodenum and middle jejunum.
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Wang L, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Wu D, Li J, Xu Q. Effect of phosphorus on growth performance, intestinal tight junctions, Nrf2 signaling pathway and immune response of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed different α-ketoglutarate levels. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:271-279. [PMID: 34863945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that dietary α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation can promote growth performance, phosphorus metabolism, and skeletal development of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed low phosphorous diets. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that 1% AKG dietary supplementation reduces the dietary phosphorus requirements of juvenile mirror carp. A total of 12 experimental isoproteic and isolipidic diets containing available phosphorus levels of 0.21%, 0.38%, 0.55%, 0.72%, 0.89%, and 1.07% dry matter with either 0 or 1% AKG supplementation were used in the study. A total of 1080 juvenile fish of similar initial weight (0.90 ± 0.03 g) were selected and randomly assigned to 36 tanks. There were three replicates for each experimental group, with a density of 30 fish per tank. Fish were fed to satiation for 8 weeks. The results indicated that fish fed the diet supplemented with 1% AKG showed a significant increase in final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), feed intake (FI) and phosphorus intake (PI) compared to the diet without AKG (P < 0.05). FBW and WGR increased significantly with increasing available phosphorus levels from 0.21% to 0.89% (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of ZO-1, claudin 11, and occludin was significantly increased by dietary AKG and phosphorus (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Nrf2, GPx1a, and CAT in the Nrf2 signaling pathway was significantly increased by dietary AKG and phosphorus (P < 0.05). The expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β2 were significantly increased by dietary AKG and phosphorus, but the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a and NF-κB were significantly decreased with dietary AKG and phosphorus supplementation (P < 0.05). Based on second-order polynomial regression analysis of WGR against dietary phosphorus levels, the optimal dietary phosphorus level was found to be 0.79% of dry feed for juvenile mirror carp fed a diet with 1% AKG supplementation and 0.93% of dry feed without AKG supplementation. This study confirmed that AKG supplementation can reduce the phosphorus requirements of juvenile mirror carp by promoting growth performance, intestinal tight junctions, Nrf2 signaling pathways and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China.
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Qiyou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China; School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, PR China
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Nutritional and Physiological Regulation of Water Transport in the Conceptus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:109-125. [PMID: 34807439 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Water transport during pregnancy is essential for maintaining normal growth and development of conceptuses (embryo/fetus and associated membranes). Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral plasma membrane proteins that primarily transport water across the plasma membrane. At least 11 isoforms of AQPs (AQPs 1-9, 11, and 12) are differentially expressed in the mammalian placenta (amnion, allantois, and chorion), and organs (kidney, lung, brain, heart, and skin) of embryos/fetuses during prenatal development. Available evidence suggests that the presence of AQPs in the conceptus mediates water movement across the placenta to support the placentation, the homeostasis of amniotic and allantoic fluid volumes, as well as embryonic and fetal survival, growth and development. Abundances of AQPs in the conceptus can be modulated by nutritional status and physiological factors affecting the pregnant female. Here, we summarize the effects of maternal dietary factors (such as intakes of protein, arginine, lipids, all-trans retinoic acid, copper, zinc, and mercury) on the expression of AQPs in the conceptus. We also discuss the physiological changes in hormones (e.g., progesterone and estrogen), oxygen supply, nitric oxide, pH, and osmotic pressure associated with the regulation of fluid exchange between mother and fetus. These findings may help to improve the survival, growth, and development of embryo/fetus in livestock species and other mammals (including humans).
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Dai Z, Wu Z, Zhu W, Wu G. Amino Acids in Microbial Metabolism and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:127-143. [PMID: 34807440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) not only serve as building blocks for protein synthesis in microorganisms but also play important roles in their metabolism, survival, inter-species crosstalk, and virulence. Different AAs have their distinct functions in microbes of the digestive tract and this in turn has important impacts on host nutrition and physiology. Deconjugation and re-conjugation of glycine- or taurine- conjugated bile acids in the process of their enterohepatic recycling is a good example of the bacterial adaptation to harsh gut niches, inter-kingdom cross-talk with AA metabolism, and cell signaling as the critical control point. It is also a big challenge for scientists to modulate the homeostasis of the pools of AAs and their metabolites in the digestive tract with the aim to improve nutrition and regulate AA metabolism related to anti-virulence reactions. Diversity of the metabolic pathways of AAs and their multi-functions in modulating bacterial growth and survival in the digestive tract should be taken into consideration in recommending nutrient requirements for animals. Thus, the concept of functional amino acids can guide not only microbiological studies but also nutritional and physiological investigations. Cutting edge discoveries in this research area will help to better understand the mechanisms responsible for host-microbe interactions and develop new strategies for improving the nutrition, health, and well-being of both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA
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Suh JK, Ghassemi Nejad J, Lee YS, Kong HS, Lee JS, Lee HG. Effects of L-glutamine supplementation on degradation rate and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:422-433. [PMID: 34530502 PMCID: PMC8902227 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two follow-up studies (exp. 1 and 2) were conducted to determine the effects of L-glutamine (L-Gln) supplementation on degradation and rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Methods First, rumen liquor from three cannulated cows was used to test L-Gln (50 mM) degradation rate and ammonia-N production at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation (exp. 1). Second, rumen liquor from two cannulated steers was used to assess the effects of five levels of L-Gln including 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation on fermentation characteristics, gas production, and degradability of nutrients (exp. 2). Results In exp. 1, L-Gln degradation rate and ammonia-N concentrations increased over time (p<0.001). In exp. 2, pH was reduced significantly as incubation time elapsed (p<0.001). Total gas production tended to increase in all groups as incubation time increased. Acetate and propionate tended to increase by increasing glutamine (Gln) levels, whereas levels of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the highest in 0.5% and 3% Gln groups (p<0.001). The branched-chain VFA showed both linear and quadratic effects showing the lowest values in the 1% Gln group particularly after 6 h incubation (p<0.001). L-Gln increased crude protein degradability (p<0.001), showing the highest degradability in the 0.5% Gln group regardless of incubation time (p<0.05). Degradability of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber showed a similar pattern showing the highest values in 0.5% Gln group (p<0.10). Conclusion Although L-Gln showed no toxicity when it was supplemented at high dosages (2% to 3% of DM), 0.5% L-Gln demonstrated the positive effects on main factors including VFAs production in-vitro. The results of this study need to be verified in further in-vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Keun Suh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Sik Kong
- Gyeonggi Regional Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Stange K, Li Z, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Metges CC, Maak S. Glutamine supplementation stimulates cell proliferation in skeletal muscle and cultivated myogenic cells of low birth weight piglets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13432. [PMID: 34183762 PMCID: PMC8239033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets may be improved with adapted nutrition. This study elucidated effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the cellular muscle development of LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets. Male piglets (n = 144) were either supplemented with 1 g Gln/kg body weight or an isonitrogeneous amount of alanine (Ala) between postnatal day 1 and 12 (dpn). Twelve piglets per group were slaughtered at 5, 12 and 26 dpn, one hour after injection with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 12 mg/kg). Muscle samples were collected and myogenic cells were isolated and cultivated. Expression of muscle growth related genes was quantified with qPCR. Proliferating, BrdU-positive cells in muscle sections were detected with immunohistochemistry indicating different cell types and decreasing proliferation with age. More proliferation was observed in muscle tissue of LBW-GLN than LBW-ALA piglets at 5 dpn, but there was no clear effect of supplementation on related gene expression. Cell culture experiments indicated that Gln could promote cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, but expression of myogenesis regulatory genes was not altered. Overall, Gln supplementation stimulated cell proliferation in muscle tissue and in vitro in myogenic cell culture, whereas muscle growth regulatory genes were barely altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L Sciascia
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Li Z, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Metges CC, Maak S. Distinct Roles of Perilipins in the Intramuscular Deposition of Lipids in Glutamine-Supplemented, Low-, and Normal-Birth-Weight Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:633898. [PMID: 34235195 PMCID: PMC8257002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.633898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets with low birth weight (LBW) usually have reduced muscle mass and increased lipid deposition compared with their normal-birth-weight (NBW) littermates. Supplementation of piglets with amino acids during the first days of life may improve muscle growth and simultaneously alter the intramuscular lipid deposition. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of glutamine (Gln) supplementation during the early suckling period on lipid deposition in the longissimus muscle (MLD) and the role of different perilipin (PLIN) family members in this process. Four groups were generated consisting of 72 male LBW piglets and 72 NBW littermates. Piglets were supplemented with either 1 g Gln/kg body weight or an isonitrogenous amount of alanine (Ala) between days post natum (dpn) 1 and 12. Twelve piglets per group were slaughtered at 5, 12, and 26 dpn, and muscle tissue was collected. Perilipins were localized by immunohistochemistry in muscle sections. The mRNA and protein abundances of PLIN family members and related lipases were quantified by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) and western blots, respectively. While PLIN1 was localized around lipid droplets in mature and developing adipocytes, PLIN2 was localized at intramyocellular lipid droplets, PLIN3 and 4 at cell membranes of muscle fibers and adipocytes, and PLIN5 in the cytoplasm of undefined cells. The western blot results indicated higher protein abundances of PLIN2, 3, 4, and 5 in LBW piglets (p < 0.05) at 5 dpn compared with their NBW littermates independent of supplementation, while not directly reflecting the mRNA expression levels. The mRNA abundance of PLIN2 was lower while PLIN4 was higher in piglets at 26 dpn in comparison with piglets at 5 dpn (p < 0.01). Relative mRNA expression of LPL and CGI-58 was lowest in piglets at 5 dpn (p < 0.001). However, ATGL mRNA was not influenced by birth weight or supplementation, but the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis revealed close correlations with PLIN2, 4, and 5 mRNA at 5 and 26 dpn (r > 0.5, p < 0.001). The results indicated the importance of birth weight and age for intramuscular lipid deposition and different roles of PLIN family members in this process, but no clear modulating effect of Gln supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L Sciascia
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Almeida JMDS, Pascoal LAF, de Almeida JLS, Guerra RR, da Silva JHV, da Silva DRP, Silva Neto MR, Martins TDD. Effects of dietary L-glutamine and glutamic acid combination, and whey powder on the performance and nutrient digestion in weaned piglets that received grain-based diets. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1963-1973. [PMID: 33902169 PMCID: PMC8563238 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets’ diets with and without whey powder. Methods Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]× Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Luiz Santos de Almeida
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Areia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Areia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Manoel Rosa Silva Neto
- Post-graduation Program in Aquaculture, Paulista State University, Unesp Aquaculture Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Seo H, Johnson GA, Bazer FW, Wu G, McLendon BA, Kramer AC. Cell-Specific Expression of Enzymes for Serine Biosynthesis and Glutaminolysis in Farm Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:17-28. [PMID: 33770400 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the peri-implantation period, conceptuses [embryo and placental membranes, particularly the trophectoderm (Tr)] of farm animals (e.g., sheep and pigs) rapidly elongate from spherical to tubular to filamentous forms. In concert with Tr outgrowth during conceptus elongation, the Tr of sheep and pig conceptuses attaches to the endometrial luminal epithelium (LE) to initiate placentation. In sheep, binucleate cells (BNCs) begin to differentiate from the mononuclear trophectoderm cells and migrate to the endometrial LE to form syncytial plaques. These events require Tr cells to expend significant amounts of energy to undergo timely and extensive proliferation, migration and fusion. It is likely essential that conceptuses optimally utilize multiple biosynthetic pathways to convert molecules such as glucose, fructose, and glutamine (components of histotroph transport by sheep and pig endometria into the uterine lumen), into ATP, amino acids, ribose, hexosamines and nucleotides required to support early conceptus development and survival. Elongating and proliferating conceptus Tr cells potentially act, in a manner similar to cancer cells, to direct carbon generated from glucose and fructose away from the TCA cycle for utilization in branching pathways of glycolysis, including the pentose phosphate pathway, one-carbon metabolism, and hexosamine biosynthesis. The result is a limited availability of pyruvate for maintaining the TCA cycle within mitochondria, and Tr cells replenish TCA cycle metabolites via a process known as anaplerosis, primarily through glutaminolysis to convert glutamine into TCA cycle intermediates. Here we describe the cell-specific expression of enzymes required for serine biosynthesis, one-carbon metabolism and glutaminolysis at the uterine-placental interface of sheep and pigs, and propose that these biosynthetic pathways are essential to support early placental development including Tr elongation, cell migration, cell fusion and implantation by ovine and porcine conceptuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bryan A McLendon
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Avery C Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Zhang Q, Hou Y, Bazer FW, He W, Posey EA, Wu G. Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition and Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:81-107. [PMID: 33770404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in animals, including swine. With the development of new analytical methods and biochemical research, there is a growing interest in fundamental and applied studies to reexamine the roles and usage of amino acids (AAs) in swine production. In animal nutrition, AAs have been traditionally classified as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nutritionally nonessential (NEAAs). AAs that are not synthesized de novo must be provided in diets. However, NEAAs synthesized by cells of animals are more abundant than EAAs in the body, but are not synthesized de novo in sufficient amounts for the maximal productivity or optimal health (including resistance to infectious diseases) of swine. This underscores the conceptual limitations of NEAAs in swine protein nutrition. Notably, the National Research Council (NRC 2012) has recognized both arginine and glutamine as conditionally essential AAs for pigs to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and lactation. Results of recent work have also provided compelling evidence for the nutritional essentiality of glutamate, glycine, and proline for young pigs. The inclusion of so-called NEAAs in diets can help balance AAs in diets, reduce the dietary levels of EAAs, and protect the small intestine from oxidative stress, while enhancing the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of pigs. Thus, both EAAs and NEAAs are needed in diets to meet the requirements of pigs. This notion represents a new paradigm shift in our understanding of swine protein nutrition and is transforming pork production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Vázquez-Gómez M, García-Contreras C, Astiz S, Torres-Rovira L, Pesantez-Pacheco JL, Heras-Molina A, Castro Madrigal T, López-Bote C, Óvilo C, González-Bulnes A, Isabel B. Effects of L-Glutamine Supplementation during the Gestation of Gilts and Sows on the Offspring Development in a Traditional Swine Breed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030903. [PMID: 33809899 PMCID: PMC8004119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nutritional strategies during pregnancy in swine production are considered essential to increase the number of piglets born alive and improve their survival and development. Amino acids, such as glutamine, are among the best compound to introduce in commercial farms after obtaining positive results in trials carried out in selected swine breeds. However, several critical productive factors have to be assessed before translating these strategies to the farm level to ensure the best balance between benefits and investments. The current study focused on the effects of prenatal L-glutamine supplementation on the offspring of Iberian gilts and sows under farm conditions. It is the first trial of amino acid supplementation during pregnancy carried out in traditional swine breeds. These non-selected swine breeds show productive or physiological differences that could affect the supplementation effect. Indeed, although there were changes at the molecular and tissue level, these effects did not turn into advantageous effects for the offspring of traditional breeds. The present study shows the importance of pre-testing nutritional strategies under the final conditions and breeds of implementation and the need to deepen at the molecular level to improve the biological interpretation of findings. Abstract The use of amino acids during pregnancy, such as glutamine (Gln), seems to be a promising strategy in selected swine breeds to improve the offspring prenatal development. The main goal of the current study was to assess the development of the offspring from parity 1–3 sows of a traditional breed, which were supplemented with 1% glutamine after Day 35 of gestation, under farm conditions. A total of 486 (288 treated) piglets from 78 (46 treated) Iberian sows were used. At birth and slaughterhouse, fatty acid composition, metabolism, and mTOR pathway gene expression were analyzed. At birth, treated newborns showed greater amounts of specific amino acids in plasma, such as glutamine, asparagine, or alanine, and Σn-3 fatty acids in cellular membranes than control newborns. The expression of genes belonging to mTOR Complex 1 was also higher in treated piglets with normal birth-weight. However, these findings did not improve productive traits at birth or following periods in litters from supplemented gilts (parity 1) or sows (parities 2–3). Thus, further research is needed to properly understand the effects of prenatal glutamine supplementation, particularly in traditional swine breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.C.M.); (C.L.-B.)
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Trav. dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Consolación García-Contreras
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Susana Astiz
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Laura Torres-Rovira
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, 010220 Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Ana Heras-Molina
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Teresa Castro Madrigal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.C.M.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Clemente López-Bote
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.C.M.); (C.L.-B.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (S.A.); (L.T.-R.); (J.L.P.-P.); (A.H.-M.); (C.Ó.); (A.G.-B.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.C.M.); (C.L.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang Y, Sadri H, Prehn C, Adamski J, Rehage J, Dänicke S, Ghaffari MH, Sauerwein H. Targeted assessment of the metabolome in skeletal muscle and in serum of dairy cows supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5095-5109. [PMID: 33663821 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the dairy cow, late gestation and early lactation are characterized by a complexity of metabolic processes required for the homeorhetic adaptation to the needs of fetal growth and milk production. Skeletal muscle plays an important role in this adaptation. The objective of this study was to characterize the metabolome in skeletal muscle (semitendinosus muscle) and in serum of dairy cows in the context of the physiological changes occurring in early lactation and to test the effects of dietary supplementation (from d 1 in milk onwards) with conjugated linoleic acids (sCLA; 100 g/d; supplying 7.6 g of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and 7.6 g of trans-10,cis-12 CLA per cow/d; n = 11) compared with control fat-supplemented cows (CTR; n = 10). The metabolome was characterized in skeletal muscle samples collected on d 21 and 70 after calving in conjunction with their serum counterpart using a targeted metabolomics approach (AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit; Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria). Thereby 188 metabolites from 6 different compound classes (acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and hexoses) were quantified in both sample types. In both groups, dry matter intake increased after calving. It was lower in sCLA than in CTR on d 21, which resulted in reduced calculated net energy and metabolizable protein balances. On d 21, the concentrations of dopamine, Ala, and hexoses in the skeletal muscle were higher in sCLA than in CTR. On d 21, the changed metabolites in serum were mainly long-chain (>C24) diacyl phosphatidylcholine PC (PC-aa) and acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-ae), along with lysophosphatidylcholine acyl (lysoPC-a) C26:1 that were all lower in sCLA than in CTR. Supplementation with CLA affected the muscle concentrations of 22 metabolites on d 70 including 10 long-chain (>C22) sphingomyelin (SM), hydroxysphingomyelin [SM(OH)], PC-aa, and PC-ae along with 9 long-chain (>C16) lysoPC-a and 3 metabolites related to amino acids (spermine, citrulline, and Asp). On d 70, the concentrations of lysoPC-a C18:2 and C26:0 in serum were higher in the sCLA cows than in the CTR cows. Regardless of treatment, the concentrations of Ile, Leu, Phe, Lys, His, Met, Trp, and hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C4-OH) decreased, whereas those of ornithine, Gln, and trans-4-hydroxyproline (t4-OH-Pro) increased from d 21 to 70 in muscle. The significantly changed metabolites in serum with time of lactation were 28 long-chain (>C30) PC-ae and PC-aa, 7 long-chain (>C16) SM and SM(OH), along with lysoPC-a C20:3 that were all increased. In conclusion, in addition to other significantly changed metabolites, CLA supplementation mainly led to changes in muscle and serum concentrations of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids that might reflect the phospholipid compositional changes in muscle. The metabolome changes observed in sCLA on d 21 seem to be, at least in part, due to the lower DMI in these cows. The changes in the muscle concentrations of AA from d 21 to 70, which coincided with the steady energy and MP balances, might reflect a shift of protein synthesis/degradation balance toward synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - C Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - J Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - J Rehage
- University for Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Clinic for Cattle, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Wensley MR, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Gebhardt JT, DeRouchey JM, McKilligan D. Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. I. Review of pre-weaning strategies. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab021. [PMID: 33750992 PMCID: PMC7963027 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a crucial phase of swine production marked by a multitude of biological and environmental stressors, which have a significant impact on immediate postweaning behavior and feed intake (FI). During this time, the piglet's gastrointestinal (GI) system is also undergoing extensive epithelial, immune, and nervous system development. In this review, our objective is to describe the different preweaning strategies that can be used to minimize nutrient intake disruption and improve FI in the immediate postweaning period. Reducing nutrient disruption postweaning can be accomplished through the implementation of management and nutritional strategies. Research consistently demonstrates that weaning older, more developmentally mature pigs helps prevent many of the adverse GI effects associated with weaning stress. Providing creep feed to pigs during lactation is another reliable strategy that has been shown to increase immediate postweaning FI by acclimating pigs to solid feed prior to weaning. Likewise, socialization by allowing pigs to mix before weaning improves social skills, minimizing mixing stress, and aggression-related injury immediately postweaning. Supplemental milk replacer has also been shown to elicit a positive response in preweaning growth performance, which may help to reduce preweaning mortality. While socialization and milk replacer are acknowledged to ease the weaning transition, these strategies have not been widely adopted due to labor and application challenges. Additionally, the cost of milk replacer and logistics of retrofitting farrowing houses to accommodate litter socialization have limited adaptation. Further exploration of maternal nutrition strategies, particularly fetal imprinting, is needed to better understand the implications of perinatal learning. Other areas for future research include, combining environmental enrichment with feeding strategies, such as large destructible pellets or play feeders, as well as determining at what time point producers should start socializing pigs before weaning. While more research is needed to develop strategic preweaning management programs, many of the strategies presented in this review provide opportunities for producers to minimize nutrient intake disruption by preventing feed neophobia, reducing stress, and easing the wean pig transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madie R Wensley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Blavi L, Solà-Oriol D, Llonch P, López-Vergé S, Martín-Orúe SM, Pérez JF. Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:302. [PMID: 33503942 PMCID: PMC7911825 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig's life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and welfare of pigs at weaning. A complex set of early management and dietary strategies have been explored in sows and suckling piglets for achieving optimum and efficient growth of piglets after weaning. The management strategies studied to improve development and animal welfare include: (1) improving sow housing during gestation, (2) reducing pain during farrowing, (3) facilitating an early and sufficient colostrum intake, (4) promoting an early social interaction between litters, and (5) providing complementary feed during lactation. Dietary strategies for sows and suckling piglets aim to: (1) enhance fetal growth (arginine, folate, betaine, vitamin B12, carnitine, chromium, and zinc), (2) increase colostrum and milk production (DL-methionine, DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, arginine, L-carnitine, tryptophan, valine, vitamin E, and phytogenic actives), (3) modulate sows' oxidative and inflammation status (polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, selenium, phytogenic actives, and spray dried plasma), (4) allow early microbial colonization (probiotics), or (5) supply conditionally essential nutrients (nucleotides, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and tryptophan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Blavi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (P.L.); (S.L.-V.); (S.M.M.-O.); (J.F.P.)
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Cao Y, Yao J, Sun X, Liu S, Martin GB. Amino Acids in the Nutrition and Production of Sheep and Goats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:63-79. [PMID: 33770403 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In sheep and goats, amino acid nutrition is essential for the maintenance of health and productivity. In this review, we analysed literature, mostly from the past two decades, focusing on assessment of amino acid requirements, especially on the balance of amino acid profiles between ruminal microbial protein and animal production protein (foetal growth, body weight gain, milk and wool). Our aim was to identify amino acids that might limit genetic potential for production. We propose that much attention should be paid to amino acid nutrition of individuals with greater abilities to produce meat, milk or wool, or to nourish large litters. Moreover, research is warranted to identify interactions among amino acids, particularly these amino acids that can send positive and negative signals at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Amino Acids in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:35-49. [PMID: 34251637 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the chains of amino acids linked via peptide bonds. In cells, newly synthesized proteins are modified and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and matured to be functional proteins before they are transported to other tissues or organs. In addition to protein synthesis, the ER is also a stress-sensing organelle for diverse biological functions, such as calcium storage, lipid synthesis, and cellular metabolism. Nutrient deprivation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and other intracellular insults can activate ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. Dysfunction of the ER influences cellular physiology and metabolism, and contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins of eukaryotic organisms. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have found that amino acids can function as signaling molecules to regulate gene expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis, immune response, and antioxidant capacity in numerous biological processes. Importantly, several lines of studies have indicated that amino acids regulate the abundances of proteins implicated in UPR and the redox state, therefore restoring the intracellular homeostasis. Amino acids play an important role in regulating ER stress and redox homeostasis in animal cells for their survival, growth, and development.
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He W, Li P, Wu G. Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:109-131. [PMID: 33770405 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old "ideal protein" concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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He W, Furukawa K, Toyomizu M, Nochi T, Bailey CA, Wu G. Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:107-128. [PMID: 34251641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and L-glutamate (Glu) is among the most abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues. During the first-pass through the small intestine into the portal circulation, dietary Glu is extensively oxidized to CO2, but dietary Gln undergoes limited catabolism in birds. Their extra-intestinal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, kidneys, and lymphoid organs) have a high capacity to degrade Gln. To maintain Glu and Gln homeostasis in the body, they are actively synthesized from branched-chain AAs (abundant AAs in both plant and animal proteins) and glucose via interorgan metabolism involving primarily the skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition, ammonia (produced from the general catabolism of AAs) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG, derived primarily from glucose) serve as substrates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and diseases. Increasing evidence shows that the adequate supply of dietary Glu and Gln is crucial for the optimum growth, anti-oxidative responses, productivity, and health of chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and laying fowl, particularly under stress conditions. Like mammals, poultry have dietary requirements for both Glu and Gln. Based on feed intake, tissue integrity, growth performance, and health status, birds can tolerate up to 12% Glu and 3.5% Gln in diets (on the dry matter basis). Glu and Gln are quantitatively major nutrients for chickens and other avian species to support their maximum growth, production, and feed efficiency, as well as their optimum health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kyohei Furukawa
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher A Bailey
- Departments of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Amino Acids in Cell Signaling: Regulation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:17-33. [PMID: 34251636 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the main building blocks for life. Aside from their roles in composing proteins, functional amino acids and their metabolites play regulatory roles in key metabolic cascades, gene expressions, and cell-to-cell communication via a variety of cell signaling pathways. These metabolic networks are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity in humans and animals. These amino acids include, but are not limited to, arginine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan. We will discuss these functional amino acids in cell signaling pathways in mammals with a particular emphasis on mTORC1, AMPK, and MAPK pathways for protein synthesis, nutrient sensing, and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as cell survival, growth, and development.
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Herring CM, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:233-253. [PMID: 33770410 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are large polymers of amino acids (AAs) linked via peptide bonds, and major components for the growth and development of tissues in zoo animals (including mammals, birds, and fish). The proteinogenic AAs are alanine, arginine, aspartate, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. Except for glycine, they are all present in the L-isoform. Some carnivores may also need taurine (a nonproteinogenic AA) in their diet. Adequate dietary intakes of AAs are necessary for the growth, development, reproduction, health and longevity of zoo animals. Extensive research has established dietary nutrient requirements for humans, domestic livestock and companion animals. However, this is not true for many exotic or endangered species found in zoos due to the obstacles that accompany working with these species. Information on diets and nutrient profiles of free-ranging animals is needed. Even with adequate dietary intake of crude protein, dietary AAs may still be unbalanced, which can lead to nutrition-related diseases and disorders commonly observed in captive zoo species, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, urolithiasis, gut dysbiosis, and hormonal imbalances. There are differences in AA metabolism among carnivores, herbivores and omnivores. It is imperative to consider these idiosyncrasies when formulating diets based on established nutritional requirements of domestic species. With optimal health, populations of zoo animals will have a vastly greater chance of thriving in captivity. For endangered species especially, maintaining stable captive populations is crucial for conservation. Thus, adequate provision of AAs in diets plays a crucial role in the management, sustainability and expansion of healthy zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Wang J, Xu Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Xue J, Zhao Y, Yang S. Meat differentiation between pasture-fed and concentrate-fed sheep/goats by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with metabolomic and lipidomic profiling. Meat Sci 2020; 173:108374. [PMID: 33229106 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal feeding method is a crucial factor in influencing meat quality. Consumers would preferentially select meat obtained from pasture-fed animals. In this study, an untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with chemometric analysis was utilized to investigate the differences between meat from free-range and intensively-fed sheep/goats. Distinct separation between these two kinds of sheep/goats meat obtained were identified by principal component analysis. Analysis of variance, fold change and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis were then conducted to determine specific potential markers. A total of 46 potential markers were selected according to online chemical databases. The support vector machine (SVM) method was used to process the responses of the selected potential markers, and the results of metabolomics and lipidomics from an additional 59 samples revealed the discrimination rate of 89.3% and 98.3%. These findings provided a basis for differentiation of meat from sheep/goats fed in the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Food Safety and Inspection Testing Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010090, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiali Xue
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Gootwine E, Rosov A, Alon T, Stenhouse C, Halloran KM, Wu G, Bazer FW. Effect of supplementation of unprotected or protected arginine to prolific ewes on maternal amino acids profile, lamb survival at birth, and pre- and post-weaning lamb growth. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa284. [PMID: 32860700 PMCID: PMC7694597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This research determined the effects of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected arginine (Pro-Arg) on metabolites and amino acids in maternal plasma and lamb survival rate at birth (LSRAB) in prolific Afec-Assaf ewes. The hypothesis was that Pro-Arg, the precursor for nitric oxide and polyamines, would increase placental development and vascularity, uteroplacental blood flow, and nutrient transport and reduce oxidative stress to increase LSRAB. Ewes were fed either their basal diet, basal diet with Pro-Arg, or basal diet with unprotected arginine (Unp-Arg; 18 g/head/d). The supplemental arginine was about 1% of the dry matter intake from day 40 or 60 of gestation until parturition. Ninety-two of 98 ewes produced live lambs. Ewes fed Pro-Arg had greater (P = 0.002) concentrations of arginine and other amino acids in plasma, whereas Unp-Arg did not affect concentrations of arginine, but decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of some amino acids. There was no effect of treatments on gestation length (144 ± 2 d), prolificacy (2.65 lambs born per ewe), LSRAB (0.80), body weight (88.8 ± 10.8 kg), and body condition score (2.8 ± 0.6) of ewes, or birth weight and crown-rump length of lambs. The GI (BW/CRL1.5) was affected by sex of lamb (P = 0.008), parity of ewe (P = 0.002), litter size (P = 0.0001), and lamb status (P = 0.003). Of 229 lambs born, 32 were dead and 16 died before 5 mo of age, leaving 181 lambs with records on weights at birth and 5 mo of age. Interestingly, lambs born to ewes fed the Unp-Arg and Pro-Arg weighed 3.6 kg less at postnatal day 150 than lambs from control ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Gootwine
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center for Research and Development, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center for Research and Development, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Tamir Alon
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center for Research and Development, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Claire Stenhouse
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Sciascia QL, Li Z, Görs S, Schregel J, Metges CC, Maak S. Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation on Early Postnatal Muscle Morphology in Low and Normal Birth Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1976. [PMID: 33126436 PMCID: PMC7692811 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapted nutrition can improve the growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets. Since maternal milk is thought to provide insufficient glutamine (Gln) for LBW piglets, the current study investigated the influence of Gln supplementation during the early suckling period on development and lipid deposition in skeletal muscle. The weight differences between LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) littermates persisted from birth to slaughter (p < 0.001). However, intramuscular Gln and Ala concentrations were altered in piglets according to the supplementation (p < 0.01). There were larger muscle fibers (p = 0.048) in Gln-supplemented piglets. Capillarization or nuclei number per muscle fiber was not influenced by birth weight (BiW) or Gln supplementation. Abundance of myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoforms was slightly altered by Gln supplementation. LBW piglets had more lipid droplets than NBW piglets at day 5 of life in both muscles (p < 0.01). The differences decreased with age. Adipocyte development increased with age, but was not influenced by BiW or supplementation. The results indicate that BiW differences were accompanied by differences in lipid deposition and muscle fiber structure, suggesting a delayed development in LBW piglets. Supplementation with Gln may support piglets to overcome those disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Zeyang Li
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
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Dietary Addition of Antioxidant Complex Packs and Functional Amino Acids Can Improve the Digestion, Absorption, and Immunity of Huanjiang Minipigs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1475831. [PMID: 33062668 PMCID: PMC7542500 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1475831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of functional amino acids and the antioxidant function compound package on Huanjiang minipigs and to lay a foundation for the formulation of green and efficient feed for Huanjiang minipigs, we added functional amino acids and the antioxidant function compound package to piglet feed for 28 days. After feeding, we detected the growth performance, biochemical indexes, inflammatory indexes, and intestinal disaccharidase of piglets. It was found that functional amino acids and the antioxidant compound package had certain effects on the growth performance and biochemical indexes of piglets and could reduce the level of IL-6 and increase the level of LZM and SIgA of piglets, and the levels of lactase and maltase in the intestine also increased significantly. The results showed that the compound package of functional amino acids and antioxidation could improve the growth performance and immunity of piglets and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients in piglets.
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