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Yang Y, Tong M, de la Monte SM. Early-Stage Moderate Alcohol Feeding Dysregulates Insulin-Related Metabolic Hormone Expression in the Brain: Potential Links to Neurodegeneration Including Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:1211-1228. [PMID: 39247872 PMCID: PMC11380283 DOI: 10.3233/adr-240026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most prevalent causes of dementia, is mainly sporadic in occurrence but driven by aging and other cofactors. Studies suggest that excessive alcohol consumption may increase AD risk. Objective Our study examined the degree to which short-term moderate ethanol exposure leads to molecular pathological changes of AD-type neurodegeneration. Methods Long Evans male and female rats were fed for 2 weeks with isocaloric liquid diets containing 24% or 0% caloric ethanol (n = 8/group). The frontal lobes were used to measure immunoreactivity to AD biomarkers, insulin-related endocrine metabolic molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by duplex or multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results Ethanol significantly increased frontal lobe levels of phospho-tau, but reduced Aβ, ghrelin, glucagon, leptin, PAI, IL-2, and IFN-γ. Conclusions Short-term effects of chronic ethanol feeding produced neuroendocrine molecular pathologic changes reflective of metabolic dysregulation, together with abnormalities that likely contribute to impairments in neuroplasticity. The findings suggest that chronic alcohol consumption rapidly establishes a platform for impairments in energy metabolism that occur in both the early stages of AD and alcohol-related brain degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Lifespan Academic Institutions, the Providence VA Medical Center, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Thapa R, Ahmad Bhat A, Shahwan M, Ali H, PadmaPriya G, Bansal P, Rajotiya S, Barwal A, Siva Prasad GV, Pramanik A, Khan A, Hing Goh B, Dureja H, Kumar Singh S, Dua K, Gupta G. Proteostasis disruption and senescence in Alzheimer's disease pathways to neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149202. [PMID: 39216694 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease associated with behavioral abnormalities, memory loss, and cognitive impairment that cause major causes of dementia in the elderly. The pathogenetic processes cause complex effects on brain function and AD progression. The proper protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is critical for cell health. AD causes the buildup of misfolded proteins, particularly tau and amyloid-beta, to break down proteostasis, such aggregates are toxic to neurons and play a critical role in AD pathogenesis. The rise of cellular senescence is accompanied by aging, marked by irreversible cell cycle arrest and the release of pro-inflammatory proteins. Senescent cell build-up in the brains of AD patients exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration. These cells senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) also disturbs the brain environment. When proteostasis failure and cellular senescence coalesce, a cycle is generated that compounds each other. While senescent cells contribute to proteostasis breakdown through inflammatory and degradative processes, misfolded proteins induce cellular stress and senescence. The principal aspects of the neurodegenerative processes in AD are the interaction of cellular senescence and proteostasis failure. This review explores the interconnected roles of proteostasis disruption and cellular senescence in the pathways leading to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thapa
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Asif Ahmad Bhat
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - G PadmaPriya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan-303012, India
| | - Sumit Rajotiya
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Amit Barwal
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of College, Jhanjeri, Mohali - 140307, Punjab, India
| | - G V Siva Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh-531162, India
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Abida Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia; Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India.
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Duan M, Zhao X, Li S, Miao G, Bai L, Zhang Q, Yang W, Zhao X. Metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: evidence from NHANES 2001-2018. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:243. [PMID: 38987779 PMCID: PMC11238348 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is increasing along with the increase in obesity rates. In this study, we compared the predictive utility of four alternative indexes of IR [triglyceride glucose index (TyG index), metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the general population based on key variables screened by the Boruta algorithm. The aim was to find the best replacement index of IR. METHODS In this study, 14,653 participants were screened from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2018). And TyG index, METS-IR, TG/HDL-C and HOMA-IR were calculated separately for each participant according to the given formula. The predictive values of IR replacement indexes for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the general population were assessed. RESULTS Over a median follow-up period of 116 months, a total of 2085 (10.23%) all-cause deaths and 549 (2.61%) cardiovascular disease (CVD) related deaths were recorded. Multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic splines analysis showed that among the four indexes, only METS-IR was significantly associated with both all-cause and CVD mortality, and both showed non-linear associations with an approximate "U-shape". Specifically, baseline METS-IR lower than the inflection point (41.33) was negatively associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.972, 95% CI 0.950-0.997 for all-cause mortality]. In contrast, baseline METS-IR higher than the inflection point (41.33) was positively associated with mortality (HR 1.019, 95% CI 1.011-1.026 for all-cause mortality and HR 1.028, 95% CI 1.014-1.043 for CVD mortality). We further stratified the METS-IR and showed that significant associations between METS-IR levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were predominantly present in the nonelderly population aged < 65 years. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with the results of the Boruta algorithm, METS-IR demonstrated a more significant association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. population compared to the other three alternative IR indexes (TyG index, TG/HDL-C and HOMA-IR), particularly evident in individuals under 65 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaolin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangrui Miao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linpeng Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenxuan Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D, Reed TT. Cellular Stress Response (Hormesis) in Response to Bioactive Nutraceuticals with Relevance to Alzheimer Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:643-669. [PMID: 36656673 PMCID: PMC10025851 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia associated with aging. As the large Baby Boomer population ages, risk of developing AD increases significantly, and this portion of the population will increase significantly over the next several decades. Recent Advances: Research suggests that a delay in the age of onset by 5 years can dramatically decrease both the incidence and cost of AD. In this review, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in AD is examined in the context of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) and the beneficial potential of selected bioactive nutraceuticals. Critical Issues: Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to enhancer sequences in antioxidant response elements (ARE) of DNA, is significantly decreased in AD brain. Downstream targets of Nrf2 include, among other proteins, HO-1. BVR-A is activated when biliverdin is produced. Both HO-1 and BVR-A also are oxidatively or nitrosatively modified in AD brain and in its earlier stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), contributing to the oxidative stress, altered insulin signaling, and cellular damage observed in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Bioactive nutraceuticals exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties and are potential topics of future clinical research. Specifically, ferulic acid ethyl ester, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and resveratrol target Nrf2 and have shown potential to delay the progression of AD in animal models and in some studies involving MCI patients. Future Directions: Understanding the regulation of Nrf2 and its downstream targets can potentially elucidate therapeutic options for delaying the progression of AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 643-669.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Debra Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Physics, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio, USA
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, USA
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Liu L, Wu Z, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Cui H, Lu F, Peng J, Yang J. Association of triglyceride-glucose index and traditional risk factors with cardiovascular disease among non-diabetic population: a 10-year prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:256. [PMID: 36434636 PMCID: PMC9700958 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is known as a reliable alternative marker of insulin resistance (IR), which has been regarded as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, whether TyG index can predict the risk and occurrence of CVD in non-diabetic population remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to explore the association between the TyG index and cardiovascular risk factors and to clarify the prognostic value of the TyG index for CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in non-diabetic general population in Eastern China. METHODS A total of 6095 cases without diagnosed diabetes and CVD were included. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2) and the participants were divided into 4 groups according to the TyG index quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). The primary outcome was CVD, including CHD and stroke. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the TyG index and the risk of CVD. RESULTS During the 10-year follow-up, 357 (5.9%) participants of CVD, 224 (3.7%) participants of CHD and 151 (2.5%) participants of stroke were observed. The incidence of CVD increased with the TyG index quartiles. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the hazard ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] in Q4 group were respectively 1.484 (1.074-2.051) for CVD, 1.687 (1.105-2.575) for CHD and 1.402 (0.853-2.305) for stroke compared to Q1 group. Moreover, adding the TyG index to models with traditional risk factors yielded a significant improvement in discrimination and reclassification of incident CVD and CHD. CONCLUSIONS The TyG index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and can be used as a useful, low-cost predictive marker for CVD and CHD risk in non-diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yifan Zhuang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yerui Zhang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Huiliang Cui
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Fanghong Lu
- grid.410587.fCardio-Cerebrovascular Control and Research Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Peng
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430Department of Geriatric Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- grid.452402.50000 0004 1808 3430The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong China
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Chen Y, Qiu C, Yu W, Shao X, Zhou M, Wang Y, Shao X. The relationship between brain glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in subjects with normal cognition - a study based on 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:275-283. [PMID: 34816810 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Our purpose is to use 18F-FDG PET imaging to explore the effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism in cognitively normal subjects. METHODS A total of 189 cognitively normal subjects who underwent PET examinations were enrolled. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance. Multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the association between HOMA-IR and glucose metabolism in the whole brain and evaluate the effects of various covariates. The SPM12 software was used to evaluate the regional effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism. RESULTS After being fully adjusted for confounding factors, HOMA-IR showed an approximately linear negative correlation with brain glucose metabolism (β = -0.219, T = -3.331, P = 0.021). Compared with normal subjects, insulin-resistant subjects had reduced glucose metabolism in bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right cuneiform lobe and bilateral cerebellar regions. In cognitively normal subjects, systemic insulin resistance has a significant effect on brain glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS 18F-FDG brain PET imaging could be helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of changes in brain glucose metabolism caused by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Chun Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenji Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingge Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuetao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
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Lewis LA, Urban CM, Hashim SA. A Non-Invasive Determination of Ketosis-Induced Elimination of Chronic Daytime Somnolence in a Patient with Late-Stage Dementia (Assessed with Type 3 Diabetes): A Potential Role of Neurogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 5:827-846. [PMID: 35088033 PMCID: PMC8764628 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study involved a female patient diagnosed with late-stage dementia, with chronic daytime somnolence (CDS) as a prominent symptom. Objective To explore whether her dementia resulted from Type 3 diabetes, and whether it could be reversed through ketosis therapy. Methods A ketogenic diet (KD) generating low-dose 100 μM Blood Ketone Levels (BKL) enhanced by a brief Ketone Mono Ester (KME) regimen with high-dose 2-4 mM BKLs was used. Results Three sets of data describe relief (assessed by % days awake) from CDS: 1) incremental, slow, time-dependent KD plus KME-induced sigmoid curve responses which resulted in partial wakefulness (0-40% in 255 days) and complete wakefulness (40-85% in 50 days); 2) both levels of wakefulness were shown to be permanent; 3) initial permanent relief from CDS with low-dose ketosis from 6.7% to 40% took 87 days. Subsequent low-dose recovery from illness-induced CDS (6.9% to 40%) took 10 days. We deduce that the first restoration involved permanent repair, and the second energized the repaired circuits. Conclusion The results suggest a role for ketosis in the elimination of CDS with the permanent functional restoration of the awake neural circuits of the Sleep-Wake cycle. We discuss whether available evidence supports ketosis-induced bioenergetics alone or whether other mechanisms of functional renewal were the basis for the elimination of CDS. Given evidence for permanent repair, two direct links between ketosis and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain are discussed: Ketosis-induced 1) brain-derived neurotrophic factor, resulting in neural progenitor/stem cell proliferation, and 2) mitochondrial bioenergetics-induced stem cell biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lewis
- York College of the City University of New York, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carl M Urban
- Department of Medicine, The Dr. James J. Rahal, Jr. Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Presbyterian/Queens, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Sami A Hashim
- Division of Endocrinology, Mt. Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, USA
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Hong S, Han K, Park CY. The triglyceride glucose index is a simple and low-cost marker associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. BMC Med 2020; 18:361. [PMID: 33234146 PMCID: PMC7687762 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index is an inexpensive clinical surrogate marker for insulin resistance. However, the relationship between TyG index and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. We evaluated the relationship between TyG index and CVD using a large-scale population dataset from the National Health Information Database (NHID). METHODS We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of 5,593,134 persons older than 40 years from 2009 to 2017 using the NHID. We divided the participants into TyG index quartiles. Outcome variables were stroke, myocardial infarction, and both. The incidence of outcomes was estimated for each TyG quartile over the total follow-up period. All outcomes were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis while controlling for baseline covariates. RESULTS During 8.2 years of mean follow-up, stroke was diagnosed in 89,120 (1.59%), MI in 62,577 (1.12%), and both stroke and MI in 146,744 (2.62%) participants. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients in the highest TyG index quartile demonstrated that these patients were at higher risk for stroke (HR = 1.259; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.233-1.286), for MI (HR = 1.313; 95% CI 1.28-1.346), and for both (HR = 1.282; 95% CI 1.261-1.303) compared with participants in the lowest TyG index quartile. These effects were independent of age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS In our large population study, TyG index, a simple measure reflecting insulin resistance, was potentially useful in the early identification of individuals at high risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guri Hospital, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Pyung-Dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea.
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Von Schulze AT, Deng F, Morris JK, Geiger PC. Heat therapy: possible benefits for cognitive function and the aging brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1468-1476. [PMID: 32969779 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00168.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, yet there are no disease-modifying treatments available and there is no cure. It is becoming apparent that metabolic and vascular conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension promote the development and accumulation of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia pathologies. To this end, aerobic exercise, which is a common lifestyle intervention for both metabolic disease and hypertension, is shown to improve brain health during both healthy aging and dementia. However, noncompliance or other barriers to exercise response are common in exercise treatment paradigms. In addition, reduced intracellular proteostasis and mitochondrial function could contribute to the etiology of AD. Specifically, compromised chaperone systems [i.e., heat shock protein (HSP) systems] can contribute to protein aggregates (i.e., β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and reduced mitochondrial quality control (i.e., mitophagy). Therefore, novel therapies that target whole body metabolism, the vasculature, and chaperone systems (like HSPs) are needed to effectively treat AD. This review focuses on the role of heat therapy in the treatment and prevention of AD. Heat therapy has been independently shown to reduce whole body insulin resistance, improve vascular function, activate interorgan cross talk via endocytic vesicles, and activate HSPs to improve mitochondrial function and proteostasis in a variety of tissues. Thus, heat therapy could offer immense clinical benefit to patients suffering from AD. Importantly, future studies in patients are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of heat therapy in preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Von Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fengyan Deng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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He Z, Wang M, Zhao Q, Li X, Liu P, Ren B, Wu C, Du X, Li N, Liu Q. Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) mitigates neuronal apoptosis resulted from amyloid-beta induced endoplasmic reticulum stress through activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111073. [PMID: 32466853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis caused by amyloid-beta (Aβ) overproduction is one of the most important pathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by Aβ overload plays a critical role in this process. Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) (BEOV), a vanadium compound which had been regarded as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, was reported to exert an antagonistic effect on ER stress. In this study, we tested whether BEOV could ameliorate the Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting ER stress. It was observed that BEOV treatment ameliorated both tunicamycin-induced and/or Aβ-induced ER stress and neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner through downgrading ER stress-associated and apoptosis-associated proteins in primary hippocampal neurons. Consistent with in vitro results, BEOV also reduced ER stress and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in hippocampi and cortexes of transgenic AD model mice. Moreover, by adopting GW9662 and salubrinal, the inhibitor of PPARγ and hyperphosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, respectively, we further confirmed that BEOV alleviated Aβ-induced ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons by activating PPARγ. Taken together, these results provided scientific evidences to support the concept that BEOV ameliorates Aβ-induced ER stress and neuronal apoptosis through activating PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun He
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; College of optoelectronic engineering, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Menghuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qionghui Zhao
- Shenzhen Food Inspection Center of CIQ, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Pengan Liu
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bingyu Ren
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chong Wu
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiubo Du
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen university, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, China.
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11
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Chatterjee S, Ambegaokar SS, Jackson GR, Mudher A. Insulin-Mediated Changes in Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Autophagy in a Drosophila Model of Tauopathy and Neuroblastoma Cells. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:801. [PMID: 31427921 PMCID: PMC6688711 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 50 million people in the world are affected by dementia; the most prevalent form of which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although aging is considered to be the main risk factor for AD, growing evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of dementia including AD. Defective brain insulin signaling has been suggested as an early event in AD and other tauopathies but the mechanisms that link these diseases are largely unknown. Tau hyperphosphorylation is a hallmark of neurofibrillary pathology and insulin resistance increases the number of neuritic plaques particularly in AD. Utilizing a combination of our Drosophila models of tauopathy (expressing the 2N4R-Tau) and neuroblastoma cells, we have attempted to decipher the pathways downstream of the insulin signaling cascade that lead to tau hyperphosphorylation, aggregation and autophagic defects. Using cell-based, genetic, and biochemical approaches we have demonstrated that tau phosphorylation at AT8 and PHF1 residues is enhanced in an insulin-resistant environment. We also show that insulin-induced changes in total and phospho-tau are mediated by the crosstalk of AKT, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and extracellular regulating kinase located downstream of the insulin receptor pathway. Finally, we demonstrate a significant change in the levels of the key proteins in the mammalian target of rapamycin/autophagy pathway, implying an increased impairment of aggregated protein clearance in our transgenic Drosophila models and cultured neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suren S Ambegaokar
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, United States
| | - George R Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Neurology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Ettcheto M, Cano A, Busquets O, Manzine PR, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Torres RD, Beas-Zarate C, Verdaguer E, García ML, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. A metabolic perspective of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104255. [PMID: 31075308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After decades of research, the molecular neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still one of the hot topics in biomedical sciences. Some studies suggest that soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers act as causative agents in the development of AD and could be initiators of its complex neurodegenerative cascade. On the other hand, there is also evidence pointing to Aβ oligomers as mere aggravators, with an arguable role in the origin of the disease. In this line of research, the relative contribution of soluble Aβ oligomers to neuronal damage associated with metabolic disorders such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is being actively investigated. Some authors have proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as important mechanisms leading to an increase in Aβ production and the activation of neuroinflammatory processes. Following this line of thought, these mechanisms could also cause cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the current understanding on the neuropathological role of Aβ associated with metabolic alterations induced by an obesogenic high fat diet (HFD) intake. It is believed that the combination of these two elements has a synergic effect, leading to the impairement of ER and mitochondrial functions, glial reactivity status alteration and inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) signalling. All these metabolic alterations would favour neuronal malfunction and, eventually, neuronal death by apoptosis, hence causing cognitive impairment and laying the foundations for late-onset AD (LOAD). Moreover, since drugs enhancing the activation of cerebral insulin pathway can constitute a suitable strategy for the prevention of AD, we also discuss the scope of therapeutic approaches such as intranasal administration of insulin in clinical trials with AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Regina Manzine
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Carme Auladell
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Wan W, Cao L, Kalionis B, Murthi P, Xia S, Guan Y. Iron Deposition Leads to Hyperphosphorylation of Tau and Disruption of Insulin Signaling. Front Neurol 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 31275224 PMCID: PMC6593079 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition in the brain is an early issue in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the pathogenesis of iron-induced pathological changes in AD remains elusive. Insulin resistance in brains is an essential feature of AD. Previous studies determined that insulin resistance is involved in the development of pathologies in AD. Tau pathology is one of most important hallmarks in AD and is associated with the impairment of cognition and clinical grades of the disease. In the present study, we observed that ferrous (Fe2+) chloride led to aberrant phosphorylation of tau, and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor β (IRβ), insulin signal substrate 1 (IRS-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85α (PI3K p85α), in primary cultured neurons. In the in vivo studies using mice with supplemented dietary iron, learning and memory was impaired. As well, hyperphosphorylation of tau and disrupted insulin signaling in the brain was induced in iron-overloaded mice. Furthermore, in our in vitro work we identified the activation of insulin signaling following exogenous supplementation of insulin. This was further attenuated by iron-induced hyperphosphorylation of tau in primary neurons. Together, these data suggest that dysfunctional insulin signaling participates in iron-induced abnormal phosphorylation of tau in AD. Our study highlights the promising role of insulin signaling in pathological lesions induced by iron overloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Delikkaya B, Moriel N, Tong M, Gallucci G, de la Monte SM. Altered expression of insulin-degrading enzyme and regulator of calcineurin in the rat intracerebral streptozotocin model and human apolipoprotein E-ε4-associated Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 11:392-404. [PMID: 31193223 PMCID: PMC6522644 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) as potential mediators of brain insulin deficiency and neurodegeneration in experimental and human Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Temporal lobes from Long Evans rats treated with intracerebral streptozotocin or vehicle and postmortem frontal lobes from humans with normal aging AD (Braak 0-2), moderate (Braak 3-4) AD, or advanced (Braak 5-6) AD were used to measure IDE and RCAN mRNA and protein. RESULTS Intracerebral streptozotocin significantly increased IDE and RCAN mRNA and protein. In humans with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 and AD, IDE was elevated at Braak 3-4, but at Braak 5-6, IDE expression was significantly reduced. RCAN1 mRNA was similarly reduced in ApoE ε4+ patients with moderate or severe AD, whereas RCAN1 protein declined with the severity of AD and ApoE ε4 dose. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that IDE and RCAN1 differentially modulate brain insulin signaling in relation to AD severity and ApoE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Delikkaya
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Natalia Moriel
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gina Gallucci
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +401-444-7364; Fax: +401-444-2939.
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15
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Silva AR, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C, Rocha JM. Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:87-115. [PMID: 31029947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given their therapeutic activity, natural products have been used in traditional medicines throughout the centuries. The growing interest of the scientific community in phytopharmaceuticals, and more recently in marine products, has resulted in a significant number of research efforts towards understanding their effect in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson (PD) and Huntington (HD). Several studies have shown that many of the primary and secondary metabolites of plants, marine organisms and others, have high affinities for various brain receptors and may play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in mammalians. Actually, such compounds may act on the brain receptors either by agonism, antagonism, allosteric modulation or other type of activity aimed at enhancing a certain effect. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the state of the art on the interactions between natural compounds and brain receptors. This information is of foremost importance when it is intended to investigate and develop cutting-edge drugs, more effective and with alternative mechanisms of action to the conventional drugs presently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we reviewed the effect of 173 natural products on neurotransmitter receptors, diabetes related receptors, neurotrophic factor related receptors, immune system related receptors, oxidative stress related receptors, transcription factors regulating gene expression related receptors and blood-brain barrier receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Rocha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Grupo de investigação de Química Orgânica Aplicada (QUINOA), Laboratório de polifenóis alimentares, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica (DQB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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16
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de la Monte SM, Tong M, Schiano I, Didsbury J. Improved Brain Insulin/IGF Signaling and Reduced Neuroinflammation with T3D-959 in an Experimental Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:849-864. [PMID: 27802237 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairments in brain insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through Akt pathways that regulate neuronal growth, survival, metabolism, and plasticity. The intracerebral streptozotocin (i.c. STZ) model replicates the full range of abnormalities in sporadic AD. T3D-959, an orally active PPAR-delta/gamma agonist remediates neurocognitive deficits and AD neuropathology in the i.c. STZ model. OBJECTIVE This study characterizes the effects of T3D-959 on AD biomarkers, insulin/IGF/IRS signaling through Akt pathways, and neuroinflammation in an i.c. STZ model. METHODS Long Evans rats were treated with i.c. STZ or saline, followed by daily oral doses of T3D-959 (1 mg/kg) or saline initiated 1 day (T3D-959-E) or 7 days (T3D-959-L) later through Experimental Day 28. Protein and phospho-protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation were measured in temporal lobe homogenates by duplex or multiplex bead-based ELISAs. RESULTS i.c. STZ treatments caused neurodegeneration with increased pTau, AβPP, Aβ42, ubiquitin, and SNAP-25, and reduced levels of synaptophysin, IGF-1 receptor (R), IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, mTOR, and S9-GSK-3β. i.c. STZ also broadly increased neuroinflammation. T3D-959 abrogated or reduced most of the AD neuropathological and biomarker abnormalities, increased/normalized IGF-1R, IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, and S9-GSK-3β, and decreased expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. T3D-959-E or -L effectively restored insulin/IGF signaling, whereas T3D-959-L more broadly resolved neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION AD remediating effects of T3D-959 are potentially due to enhanced expression of key insulin/IGF signaling proteins and inhibition of GSK-3β and neuroinflammation. These effects lead to reduced neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and AD biomarker levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Irio Schiano
- Quinnipiac University, Biomedical Sciences Department in Hamden, CT, USA
| | - John Didsbury
- T3D Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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17
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Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:168-181. [PMID: 29377010 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Considerable overlap has been identified in the risk factors, comorbidities and putative pathophysiological mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two of the most pressing epidemics of our time. Much is known about the biology of each condition, but whether T2DM and ADRDs are parallel phenomena arising from coincidental roots in ageing or synergistic diseases linked by vicious pathophysiological cycles remains unclear. Insulin resistance is a core feature of T2DM and is emerging as a potentially important feature of ADRDs. Here, we review key observations and experimental data on insulin signalling in the brain, highlighting its actions in neurons and glia. In addition, we define the concept of 'brain insulin resistance' and review the growing, although still inconsistent, literature concerning cognitive impairment and neuropathological abnormalities in T2DM, obesity and insulin resistance. Lastly, we review evidence of intrinsic brain insulin resistance in ADRDs. By expanding our understanding of the overlapping mechanisms of these conditions, we hope to accelerate the rational development of preventive, disease-modifying and symptomatic treatments for cognitive dysfunction in T2DM and ADRDs alike.
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18
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Sripetchwandee J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Links Between Obesity-Induced Brain Insulin Resistance, Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:496. [PMID: 30233495 PMCID: PMC6127253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that obesity and associated metabolic changes are considered a risk factor to age-associated cognitive decline. Inflammation and increased oxidative stress in peripheral areas, following obesity, are patently the major contributory factors to the degree of the severity of brain insulin resistance as well as the progression of cognitive impairment in the obese condition. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the alterations in brain mitochondria, including both functional and morphological changes, occurred following obesity. Several studies also suggested that brain mitochondrial dysfunction may be one of underlying mechanism contributing to brain insulin resistance and cognitive impairment in the obese condition. Thus, this review aimed to comprehensively summarize and discuss the current evidence from various in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that are associated with obesity, brain insulin resistance, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and cognition. Contradictory findings and the mechanistic insights about the roles of obesity, brain insulin resistance, and brain mitochondrial dysfunction on cognition are also presented and discussed. In addition, the potential therapies for obese-insulin resistance are reported as the therapeutic strategies which exert the neuroprotective effects in the obese-insulin resistant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapas Sripetchwandee
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Siriporn C. Chattipakorn ;
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19
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Song J, Whitcomb DJ, Kim BC. The role of melatonin in the onset and progression of type 3 diabetes. Mol Brain 2017; 10:35. [PMID: 28764741 PMCID: PMC5539639 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined by the excessive accumulation of toxic peptides, such as beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The risk factors associated with AD include genetic mutations, aging, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. To date, several studies that have demonstrated an association between AD and diabetes have revealed that the common risk factors include insulin resistance, sleep disturbances, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and altered glucose homeostasis. Many researchers have discovered that there are mechanisms common to both diabetes and AD. AD that results from insulin resistance in the brain is termed “type 3 diabetes”. Melatonin synthesized by the pineal gland is known to contribute to circadian rhythms, insulin resistance, protection of the BBB, and cell survival mechanisms. Here, we review the relationship between melatonin and type 3 diabetes, and suggest that melatonin might regulate the risk factors for type 3 diabetes. We suggest that melatonin is crucial for attenuating the onset of type 3 diabetes by intervening in Aβ accumulation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, and BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea
| | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, University of Bristol, Whitson street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea.
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20
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Apolipoprotein E4 and Insulin Resistance Interact to Impair Cognition and Alter the Epigenome and Metabolome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43701. [PMID: 28272510 PMCID: PMC5341123 DOI: 10.1038/srep43701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (E4) and type 2 diabetes are major risk factors for cognitive decline and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). E4-associated phenotypes and insulin resistance (IR) share several features and appear to interact in driving cognitive dysfunction. However, shared mechanisms that could explain their overlapping pathophysiology have yet to be found. We hypothesized that, compared to E3 mice, E4 mice would be more susceptible to the harmful cognitive effects of high fat diet (HFD)-induced IR due to apoE isoform-specific differences in brain metabolism. While both E3 and E4 mice fed HFD displayed impairments in peripheral metabolism and cognition, deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory were exaggerated in E4 mice. Combining genome-wide measures of DNA hydroxymethylation with comprehensive untargeted metabolomics, we identified novel alterations in purine metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Finally, in E4 mice, the metabolic and cognitive deficiencies caused by HFD were rescued by switching to a low fat diet for one month, suggesting a functional role was associated with reversal of the same metabolic pathways described above. These results suggest a susceptibility of E4 carriers to metabolic impairments brought on by IR, and may guide development of novel therapies for cognitive decline and dementia.
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21
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Mullins RJ, Mustapic M, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D. Exosomal biomarkers of brain insulin resistance associated with regional atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:1933-1940. [PMID: 28105773 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain insulin resistance (IR), which depends on insulin-receptor-substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we demonstrated higher pSer312-IRS-1 (ineffective insulin signaling) and lower p-panTyr-IRS-1 (effective insulin signaling) in neural origin-enriched plasma exosomes of AD patients vs. CONTROLS Here, we hypothesized that these exosomal biomarkers associate with brain atrophy in AD. We studied 24 subjects with biomarker-supported probable AD (low CSF Aβ42 ). Exosomes were isolated from plasma, enriched for neural origin using immunoprecipitation for L1CAM, and measured for pSer312 - and p-panTyr-IRS-1 phosphotypes. MPRAGE images were segmented by brain tissue type and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis for gray matter against pSer312 - and p-panTyr-IRS-1 was conducted. Given the regionally variable brain expression of IRS-1, we used the Allen Brain Atlas to make spatial comparisons between VBM results and IRS-1 expression. Brain volume was positively associated with P-panTyr-IRS-1 and negatively associated with pSer312 -IRS-1 in a strikingly similar regional pattern (bilateral parietal-occipital junction, R middle temporal gyrus). This volumetric association pattern was spatially correlated with Allen Human Brain atlas normal brain IRS-1 expression. Exosomal biomarkers of brain IR are thus associated with atrophy in AD as could be expected by their pathophysiological roles and do so in a pattern that reflects regional IRS-1 expression. Furthermore, neural-origin plasma exosomes may recover molecular signals from specific brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1933-1940, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)
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22
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Cardoso S, Seiça R, Moreira PI. Diabesity and Brain Energy Metabolism: The Case of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 19:117-150. [PMID: 28933063 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63260-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that high calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle sturdily influence the incidence and outcome of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which can occur simultaneously, a situation called diabesity. Tightly linked with metabolic and energy regulation, a close association between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been proposed. Among the common pathogenic mechanisms that underpin both conditions, insulin resistance, brain glucose hypometabolism, and metabolic dyshomeostasis appear to have a pivotal role. This century is an unprecedented diabetogenic period in human history, so therapeutic strategies and/or approaches to control and/or revert this evolving epidemic is of utmost importance. This chapter will make a brief contextualization about the impact that diabetes and obesity can exert in brain structure and function alongside with a brief survey about the role of insulin in normal brain function, exploring its roles in cognition and brain glucose metabolism. Later, attention will be given to the intricate relation of diabesity, insulin resistance, and AD. Finally, both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions will also be reviewed as strategies aimed at fighting diabesity and/or AD-related metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences-IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Tong M, Deochand C, Didsbury J, de la Monte SM. T3D-959: A Multi-Faceted Disease Remedial Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:123-38. [PMID: 26836193 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T3D-959, a dual PPAR-δ/PPAR γ nuclear receptor agonist and former diabetes drug candidate, has been repositioned as an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-modifying therapy. OBJECTIVE This study examines the effectiveness and mechanisms of T3D-959's therapeutic effects using in vivo and ex vivo rat models of sporadic AD. METHODS A sporadic AD model was generated by intracerebral (i.c.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ). Control and i.c. STZ treated rats were gavaged with saline or T3D-959 (0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Frontal lobe slice cultures generated 24 hours after i.c. STZ or vehicle were used to study early effects of T3D-959 (0.5-1.0 μM) on viability and molecular markers of AD. RESULTS T3D-959 significantly improved spatial learning and memory in i.c STZ-treated rats. Mechanistically, T3D-959 significantly improved culture viability and brain morphology, reduced levels of oxidative stress and Aβ, and normalized expression of phospho-tau, choline acetyltransferase, and myelin-associated glycoprotein. Protective effects occurred even at the lowest tested dose of T3D-959. CONCLUSIONS Pre-clinical proof of concept has been demonstrated that T3D-959 can improve multiple pathologies of AD resulting in significant improvements in cognitive function and molecular and biochemical indices of neurodegeneration. These results support the theses that (1) effective disease modification in AD can be achieved by targeting relevant nuclear receptors, and (2) treating AD as a metabolic disease has the potential to be disease remedial. A Phase 2a trial of T3D-959 in mild-to-moderate AD patients has been initiated (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02560753).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chetram Deochand
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John Didsbury
- T3D Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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24
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Garcia-Huerta P, Troncoso-Escudero P, Jerez C, Hetz C, Vidal RL. The intersection between growth factors, autophagy and ER stress: A new target to treat neurodegenerative diseases? Brain Res 2016; 1649:173-180. [PMID: 26993573 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the salient features of most neurodegenerative diseases is the aggregation of specific proteins in the brain. This proteostasis imbalance is proposed as a key event triggering the neurodegenerative cascade. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy pathways are emerging as critical processes implicated in handling disease-related misfolded proteins. However, in some conditions, perturbations in the buffering capacity of the proteostasis network may be part of the etiology of the disease. Thus, pharmacological or gene therapy strategies to enhance autophagy or UPR responses are becoming an attractive target for disease intervention. Here, we discuss current evidence depicting the complex involvement of autophagy and ER stress in brain diseases. Novel pathways to modulate protein misfolding are discussed including the relation between aging and growth factor signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Huerta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Chile; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile.
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25
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Giuffrida ML, Tomasello MF, Pandini G, Caraci F, Battaglia G, Busceti C, Di Pietro P, Pappalardo G, Attanasio F, Chiechio S, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Vigneri R, Rizzarelli E, Nicoletti F, Copani A. Monomeric ß-amyloid interacts with type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptors to provide energy supply to neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:297. [PMID: 26300732 PMCID: PMC4528168 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ß-amyloid (Aß1−42) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane type-1 protein, amyloid precursor protein. Under pathological conditions, Aß1−42self-aggregates into oligomers, which cause synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss, and are considered the culprit of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, Aß1−42 is mainly monomeric at physiological concentrations, and the precise role of monomeric Aß1−42 in neuronal function is largely unknown. We report that the monomer of Aß1−42 activates type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptors and enhances glucose uptake in neurons and peripheral cells by promoting the translocation of the Glut3 glucose transporter from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. In neurons, activity-dependent glucose uptake was blunted after blocking endogenous Aß production, and re-established in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid Aß. APP-null neurons failed to enhance depolarization-stimulated glucose uptake unless exogenous monomeric Aß1−42 was added. These data suggest that Aß1−42 monomers were critical for maintaining neuronal glucose homeostasis. Accordingly, exogenous Aß1−42 monomers were able to rescue the low levels of glucose consumption observed in brain slices from AD mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Giuffrida
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Marianna F Tomasello
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; PhD Program in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy ; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging Troina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla Busceti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Attanasio
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Santina Chiechio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro Sorbi
- NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy ; Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
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26
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Cai Z, Xiao M, Chang L, Yan LJ. Role of insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:839-51. [PMID: 25399337 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A critical role of insulin resistance (IR) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes beta-amyloid (Aβ) production and accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), failure of synaptic transmission and neuronal degeneration. Aβ is sequentially cleavaged from APP by two proteolytic enzymes: β-secretase and γ-secretase. IR could regulate Aβ production via enhancing β- and γ-secretase activity. Meanwhile, IR induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain which contributes to Aβ and tau pathology. Aβ accumulation can enhance IR through Aβ-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress. IR is a possible linking between amyloid plaques and NFTs pathology via oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, IR could disrupt acetylcholine activity, and accelerate axon degeneration and failures in axonal transport, and lead to cognitive impairment in AD. Preclinical and clinical studies have supported that insulin could be useful in the treatment of AD. Thus, an effective measure to inhibit IR may be a novel drug target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, No. 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China,
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27
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Wang SP, Yang H, Wu JW, Gauthier N, Fukao T, Mitchell GA. Metabolism as a tool for understanding human brain evolution: lipid energy metabolism as an example. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:41-9. [PMID: 25488255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genes and the environment both influence the metabolic processes that determine fitness. To illustrate the importance of metabolism for human brain evolution and health, we use the example of lipid energy metabolism, i.e. the use of fat (lipid) to produce energy and the advantages that this metabolic pathway provides for the brain during environmental energy shortage. We briefly describe some features of metabolism in ancestral organisms, which provided a molecular toolkit for later development. In modern humans, lipid energy metabolism is a regulated multi-organ pathway that links triglycerides in fat tissue to the mitochondria of many tissues including the brain. Three important control points are each suppressed by insulin. (1) Lipid reserves in adipose tissue are released by lipolysis during fasting and stress, producing fatty acids (FAs) which circulate in the blood and are taken up by cells. (2) FA oxidation. Mitochondrial entry is controlled by carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1). Inside the mitochondria, FAs undergo beta oxidation and energy production in the Krebs cycle and respiratory chain. (3) In liver mitochondria, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) pathway produces ketone bodies for the brain and other organs. Unlike most tissues, the brain does not capture and metabolize circulating FAs for energy production. However, the brain can use ketone bodies for energy. We discuss two examples of genetic metabolic traits that may be advantageous under most conditions but deleterious in others. (1) A CPT1A variant prevalent in Inuit people may allow increased FA oxidation under nonfasting conditions but also predispose to hypoglycemic episodes. (2) The thrifty genotype theory, which holds that energy expenditure is efficient so as to maximize energy stores, predicts that these adaptations may enhance survival in periods of famine but predispose to obesity in modern dietary environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Pei Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, QC, Canada
| | - Hao Yang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, QC, Canada; Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gauthier
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, QC, Canada
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, QC, Canada.
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28
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McGill AT. Causes of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities Part 1: A composite unifying theory review of human-specific co-adaptations to brain energy consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 72:30. [PMID: 25708524 PMCID: PMC4335398 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One line summary Metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities are largely explained by co-adaptations to the energy use of the large human brain in the cortico-limbic-striatal and NRF2 systems. The medical, research and general community is unable to effect significantly decreased rates of central obesity and related type II diabetes mellitus (TIIDM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. All conditions seem to be linked by the concept of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the underlying causes are not known. MetS markers may have been mistaken for causes, thus many treatments are destined to be suboptimal. The current paper aims to critique current paradigms, give explanations for their persistence, and to return to first principles in an attempt to determine and clarify likely causes of MetS and obesity related comorbidities. A wide literature has been mined, study concepts analysed and the basics of human evolution and new biochemistry reviewed. A plausible, multifaceted composite unifying theory is formulated. The basis of the theory is that the proportionately large, energy-demanding human brain may have driven co-adaptive mechanisms to provide, or conserve, energy for the brain. A ‘dual system’ is proposed. 1) The enlarged, complex cortico-limbic-striatal system increases dietary energy by developing strong neural self-reward/motivation pathways for the acquisition of energy dense food, and (2) the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) cellular protection system amplifies antioxidant, antitoxicant and repair activity by employing plant chemicals, becoming highly energy efficient in humans. The still-evolving, complex human cortico-limbic-striatal system generates strong behavioural drives for energy dense food procurement, including motivating agricultural technologies and social system development. Addiction to such foods, leading to neglect of nutritious but less appetizing ‘common or garden’ food, appears to have occurred. Insufficient consumption of food micronutrients prevents optimal human NRF2 function. Inefficient oxidation of excess energy forces central and non-adipose cells to store excess toxic lipid. Oxidative stress and metabolic inflammation, or metaflammation, allow susceptibility to infectious, degenerative atherosclerotic cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and dysplastic diseases. Other relevant human-specific co-adaptations are examined, and encompass the unusual ability to store fat, certain vitamin pathways, the generalised but flexible intestine and microbiota, and slow development and longevity. This theory has significant past and future corollaries, which are explored in a separate article by McGill, A-T, in Archives of Public Health, 72: 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Thea McGill
- School of Population Health and Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand ; B-Med Weight Control Consultancy, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Abstract
Epidemics of obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognitive impairment/Alzheimer disease have emerged over the past 3 to 4 decades. These diseases share in common target-organ insulin resistance with a constellation of molecular and biochemical abnormalities that lead to organ/tissue degeneration over time. This article discusses the fundamental links among these diseases and how peripheral organ insulin resistance diseases contribute to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. A future role of endocrinologists and diabetologists could be to provide integrative diagnostic and treatment approaches for this collection of diseases that seem to share pathophysiological and pathogenetic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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30
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Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Molina-Gil S, Ortiz-Barajas O, Jimenez-Palomares M, Perdomo G, Cozar-Castellano I, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Garcia-Alloza M. Central proliferation and neurogenesis is impaired in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes animal models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89229. [PMID: 24586614 PMCID: PMC3930705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an important risk factor to suffer dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and some neuropathological features observed in dementia could be mediated by T2D metabolic alterations. Since brain atrophy and impaired neurogenesis have been observed both T2D and AD we analyzed central nervous system (CNS) morphological alterations in the db/db mice (leptin receptor KO mice), as a model of long-term insulin resistance and T2D, and in C57Bl6 mice fed with high fat diet (HFD), as a model of diet induced insulin resistance and prediabetes. Db/db mice showed an age-dependent cortical and hippocampal atrophy, whereas in HFD mice cortex and hippocampus were preserved. We also detected increased neurogenesis and cell proliferation rates in young db/db mice when compared with control littermates. Our study shows that metabolic parameters serve as predictors of both atrophy and altered proliferation and neurogenesis in the CNS. Moreover in the cortex, atrophy, cell proliferation and neurogenesis were significantly correlated. Our data suggest that T2D may underline some of the pathological features observed in the dementia process. They also support that blood glucose control in elderly patients could help to slow down dementia evolution and maybe, improve its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Ramos-Rodriguez
- Division of Physiology, Dpt. Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sara Molina-Gil
- Division of Physiology, Dpt. Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Oscar Ortiz-Barajas
- Division of Physiology, Dpt. Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - German Perdomo
- Dpt. of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Irene Cozar-Castellano
- Institute de Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, Dpt. Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
- * E-mail:
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de la Monte SM, Tong M. Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:548-59. [PMID: 24380887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the concept that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fundamentally a metabolic disease with molecular and biochemical features that correspond with diabetes mellitus and other peripheral insulin resistance disorders. Brain insulin/IGF resistance and its consequences can readily account for most of the structural and functional abnormalities in AD. However, disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that AD can occur as a separate disease process, or arise in association with systemic insulin resistance diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Whether primary or secondary in origin, brain insulin/IGF resistance initiates a cascade of neurodegeneration that is propagated by metabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative and ER stress, neuro-inflammation, impaired cell survival, and dysregulated lipid metabolism. These injurious processes compromise neuronal and glial functions, reduce neurotransmitter homeostasis, and cause toxic oligomeric pTau and (amyloid beta peptide of amyloid beta precursor protein) AβPP-Aβ fibrils and insoluble aggregates (neurofibrillary tangles and plaques) to accumulate in brain. AD progresses due to: (1) activation of a harmful positive feedback loop that progressively worsens the effects of insulin resistance; and (2) the formation of ROS- and RNS-related lipid, protein, and DNA adducts that permanently damage basic cellular and molecular functions. Epidemiologic data suggest that insulin resistance diseases, including AD, are exposure-related in etiology. Furthermore, experimental and lifestyle trend data suggest chronic low-level nitrosamine exposures are responsible. These concepts offer opportunities to discover and implement new treatments and devise preventive measures to conquer the AD and other insulin resistance disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Ming Tong
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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de la Monte SM. Intranasal insulin therapy for cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration: current state of the art. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1699-709. [PMID: 24215447 PMCID: PMC4551402 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.856877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence supports the concept that insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The metabolic hypothesis has led to the development and utilization of insulin- and insulin agonist-based treatments. Therapeutic challenges faced include the ability to provide effective treatments that do not require repeated injections and also the ability to minimize the potentially hazardous off-target effects. AREAS COVERED This review covers the role of intranasal insulin therapy for cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, particularly AD. The literature reviewed focuses on data published within the past 5 years as this field is evolving rapidly. The review provides evidence that brain insulin resistance is an important and early abnormality in AD, and that increasing brain supply and utilization of insulin improves cognition and memory. Emphasis was placed on discussing outcomes of clinical trials and interpreting discordant results to clarify the benefits and limitations of intranasal insulin therapy. EXPERT OPINION Intranasal insulin therapy can efficiently and directly target the brain to support energy metabolism, myelin maintenance, cell survival and neuronal plasticity, which begin to fail in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Efforts must continue toward increasing the safety, efficacy and specificity of intranasal insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, and Neurosurgery , Pierre Galletti Research Building, Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI 02903 , USA +1 401 444 7364 ; +1 401 444 2939 ;
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Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Ortiz O, Jimenez-Palomares M, Kay KR, Berrocoso E, Murillo-Carretero MI, Perdomo G, Spires-Jones T, Cozar-Castellano I, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Garcia-Alloza M. Differential central pathology and cognitive impairment in pre-diabetic and diabetic mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2462-75. [PMID: 23790682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although age remains the main risk factor to suffer Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) has turned up as a relevant risk factor for dementia. However, the ultimate underlying mechanisms for this association remain unclear. In the present study we analyzed central nervous system (CNS) morphological and functional consequences of long-term insulin resistance and T2D in db/db mice (leptin receptor KO mice). We also included C57Bl6 mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) and a third group of C57Bl6 streptozotocin (STZ) treated mice. Db/db mice exhibited pathological characteristics that mimic both AD and VD, including age dependent cognitive deterioration, brain atrophy, increased spontaneous hemorrhages and tau phosphorylation, affecting the cortex preferentially. A similar profile was observed in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Moreover metabolic parameters, such as body weight, glucose and insulin levels are good predictors of many of these alterations in db/db mice. In addition, in HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia in C57Bl6 mice, we only observed mild CNS alterations, suggesting that central nervous system dysfunction is associated with well established T2D. Altogether our results suggest that T2D may promote many of the pathological and behavioral alterations observed in dementia, supporting that interventions devoted to control glucose homeostasis could improve dementia progress and prognosis.
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Fadel JR, Jolivalt CG, Reagan LP. Food for thought: the role of appetitive peptides in age-related cognitive decline. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:764-76. [PMID: 23416469 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Through their well described actions in the hypothalamus, appetitive peptides such as insulin, orexin and leptin are recognized as important regulators of food intake, body weight and body composition. Beyond these metabolic activities, these peptides also are critically involved in a wide variety of activities ranging from modulation of immune and neuroendocrine function to addictive behaviors and reproduction. The neurological activities of insulin, orexin and leptin also include facilitation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and enhancement of cognitive performance. While patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes have greater risk of developing cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for, or contribute to, age-related cognitive decline are poorly understood. In view of the importance of these peptides in metabolic disorders, it is not surprising that there is a greater focus on their potential role in cognitive deficits associated with aging. The goal of this review is to describe the evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies implicating insulin, orexin and leptin in the etiology and progression of age-related cognitive decline. Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that leptin and insulin resistance, concepts normally associated with the hypothalamus, are also applicable to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Giuffrida ML, Tomasello F, Caraci F, Chiechio S, Nicoletti F, Copani A. Beta-amyloid monomer and insulin/IGF-1 signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:605-13. [PMID: 22886436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people and is still untreatable. While β-amyloid protein is recognized as the disease determinant with a pivotal role in inducing neuronal loss and dementia, an impaired brain insulin signaling seems to account in part for the cognitive deficit associated with the disease. The origin of this defective signaling is uncertain. Accumulating toxic species of β-amyloid, the so-called oligomers, has been proposed to be responsible for downregulation of neuronal insulin receptors. We have found that the nontoxic form of β-amyloid, the monomer, is able to activate insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling and thus behaves as a neuroprotectant agent. Our suggestion is that depletion of β-amyloid monomers, occurring in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease, might be the cause of early insulin/IGF-1 signaling disturbances that anticipate cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Giuffrida
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Viale Andrea Doria, Catania 95125, Italy
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de la Monte SM. Early intranasal insulin therapy halts progression of neurodegeneration: progress in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:61-64. [PMID: 26855666 DOI: 10.2217/ahe.11.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Minoshima S, Watson GS, Claxton A, et al. Intranasal Insulin Therapy for Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Arch Neurol. 2011 Sep 12. Alzheimer's disease is associated with brain insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, similar to the problems in diabetes. If insulin could be supplied to the brain in the early stages of Alzheimer's, subsequent neurodegeneration might be prevented. Administering systemic insulin to elderly non-diabetics poses unacceptable risks of inadvertant hypoglycemia. However, intranasal delivery directs the insulin into the brain, avoiding systemic side-effects. This pilot study demonstrates both efficacy and safety of using intranasal insulin to treat early Alzheimer's and mild cognitive impairment, i.e. the precursor to Alzheimer's. Significant improvements in learning, memory, and cognition occured within a few months, but without intranasal insulin, brain function continued to deteriorate in measurable degrees. Intranasal insulin therapy holds promise for halting progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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