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Vancoillie F, Verkempinck SHE, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM, Grauwet T. Farm to Fork Stability of Phytochemicals and Micronutrients in Brassica oleracea and Allium Vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39012491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Brassica oleracea and Allium vegetables are known for their unique, family specific, water-soluble phytochemicals, glucosinolates, and S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides, respectively. However, they are also important delivery systems of several other health-related compounds, such as carotenoids (lipid-soluble phytochemicals), vitamin C (water-soluble micronutrient), and vitamin K1 (lipid-soluble micronutrient). When all-year-round availability or transport over long distances is targeted for these often seasonal, locally grown vegetables, processing becomes indispensable. However, the vegetable processing chain, which consists of multiple steps (e.g., pretreatment, preservation, storage, preparation), can impact the nutritional quality of these vegetables corresponding to the nature of the health-related compounds and their susceptibility to (bio)chemical conversions. Since information about the impact of the vegetable processing chain is scattered per compound or processing step, this review targets an integration of the state of the art and discusses needs for future research. Starting with a discussion on substrate-enzyme location within the vegetable matrix, an overview is provided of the impact and potential of processing, encompassing a wide range of (nonenzymatic) conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Vancoillie
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah H E Verkempinck
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc E Hendrickx
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann M Van Loey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tara Grauwet
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22 Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Wilson RB, Liang Y, Kaushal D, Carr A. Molecular Pharmacology of Vitamin C and Relevance to Health and Obesity-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7523. [PMID: 39062764 PMCID: PMC11276620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of food constituents as pharmacological agents is an important consideration in health and obesity. Vitamin C acts as a small molecule antioxidant but is also a co-factor for numerous transition metal-dependent enzymes involved in healthy weight and energy metabolism. Vitamin C cannot be manufactured by humans and is mainly obtained from the dietary intake of fresh fruit and vegetables. There is great variability between different nutritional guidelines in the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C. Vitamin C deficiency results from an inadequate intake of vitamin C-containing foods and also increased utilization by oxidative and carbonyl stress. Risk factors for vitamin C deficiency include cigarette smoking, malnutrition, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, age, race, sex, social isolation, major surgery, and Western-type diets. Despite the common belief that vitamin C deficiency is rare in affluent countries, surveys of large populations and specific patient groups suggest otherwise. Patients with obesity typically consume highly processed, energy-dense foods which contain inadequate micronutrients. As obesity increases, larger amounts of oral vitamin C are required to achieve adequate plasma and tissue concentrations, as compared to persons with a healthy weight. This is important in the control of oxidative stress and the maintenance of homeostasis and organ function. In this narrative review, the dosage, absorption, distribution, excretion, and catabolism of vitamin C are reviewed, together with the latest findings on vitamin C pharmacology in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Beaumont Wilson
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales (Sydney), Elizabeth St, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Yicong Liang
- Bankstown Hospital, University of New South Wales (Sydney), Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia;
| | - Devesh Kaushal
- Campbelltown Hospital, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Anitra Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
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3
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Paglialunga G, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Mattioni M, Del Bianco M, Proietti S. Continuous Blue Light Treatment Enhances the Nutritional Value of Hydroponically Grown Eruca vesicaria L. by Improving Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis. Foods 2024; 13:2141. [PMID: 38998646 PMCID: PMC11241139 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of continuous blue light (CBL) treatment on quality-related metabolites, focusing on ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation in hydroponically grown Eruca vesicaria (L.). Plants were subjected to CBL treatment, consisting of 24-h exposure to constant-intensity blue light (48 μmol m-2 s-1) and 12-h exposure to the remaining spectrum (192 μmol m-2 s-1). The activities of key enzymes in AsA biosynthesis and recycling were analyzed, including L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDh), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDhAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DhAR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The results showed a significant increase in AsA accumulation of 65.9% during the "day" and 69.1% during the "night" phases under CBL compared to controls. GalLDh activity increased by 20% during the "day phase" in CBL-treated plants. APX activity also rose significantly under CBL conditions, by 101% during the "day" and 75.6% during the "night". However, this did not affect dehydroascorbic acid levels or the activities of MDhAR and DhAR. These findings highlight the potential of tailored light treatments to enhance the nutraceutical content of horticultural species, offering valuable insights for sustainably improving food quality in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) systems and understanding the roles of blue light in ascorbic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Paglialunga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Michele Mattioni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | | | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
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Bird JK, Feskens EJM, Melse-Boonstra A. A Systematized Review of the Relationship Between Obesity and Vitamin C Requirements. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102152. [PMID: 38666038 PMCID: PMC11039309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates have increased globally in recent decades. Body weight is used as a modifiable factor in determining vitamin requirements. Accordingly, vitamin C requirements are volumetrically scaled from data for healthy weight males to other age- and sex-based categories. Likewise, it is possible that increases in body weight due to obesity may affect vitamin C needs. A systematized literature review was performed to summarize evidence on whether obesity affects vitamin C intake or status. The literature was also scanned for potential mechanisms for the relationship. Many observational studies showed that vitamin C status is lower in overweight and obese children and adults; this may be explained by lower vitamin C intakes. Nevertheless, a reanalysis of carefully conducted intervention studies has demonstrated a lower vitamin C status in participants who were overweight or obese when given the same dose of vitamin C as subjects of normal weight. Several mechanisms have been proposed to potentially explain why vitamin C status is lower in people with obesity: changes in vitamin C partitioning between lean and adipose tissue, volumetric dilution, metabolic alterations due to obesity, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Depletion-repletion or pharmacokinetic studies that include individuals of diverse body weights and ages would be helpful to further investigate whether obesity increases requirements for vitamin C. The current evidence base supports a lower vitamin C status in people who are overweight or obese; however, the association may be attenuated by lower vitamin C intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bird
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edith JM Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Piecko J, Mieszczakowska-Frąc M, Celejewska K, Szwejda-Grzybowska J. Impact of Ultrasound Pretreatment on Juice Yield and Bioactive Content in Juice Produced from Selected Berries Fruit. Foods 2024; 13:1231. [PMID: 38672903 PMCID: PMC11049564 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of ultrasound application during juice pressing. The impact on pressing yield and extraction of bioactive compounds during production of juice from strawberry, blackcurrant and raspberry was evaluated. Juice pressing was carried out after four kinds of mash pretreatment. The tested objects were heated to 55 °C, treated by ultrasound, and/or macerated with an enzyme. The obtained juices were analyzed for the content of bioactive compounds and compared to the 'Control' sample, which was the juice pressed without any pretreatment. Although the results presented here do not conclusively show that enzymatic maceration can be completely replaced by the use of ultrasound, in the case of strawberry and raspberry fruit, juice yield after ultrasound treatment increased almost as much as after enzymatic maceration. Additionally, in the case of raspberry fruit, the antioxidant activity of the juice samples was definitely improved when ultrasound was used. The results from this experiment also showed that it is possible to separate the effect of temperature from the effect of mechanical and chemical actions in ultrasound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Piecko
- Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Department, The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; (M.M.-F.); (K.C.); (J.S.-G.)
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Lykkesfeldt J, Carr AC. Vitamin C - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10300. [PMID: 38187788 PMCID: PMC10770653 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C has multiple metabolic functions in the body, but the available information on the exact relationship between these functions and the intake necessary to maintain them is very limited. However, most attempts to objectively measure adequacy of vitamin C status, including, for example, replacement of metabolic turnover, chronic disease prevention, urinary excretion, and saturation of immune cells and body compartment, currently point toward 50 µmol/L as a reasonable target plasma concentration. As a strong correlation between body weight and vitamin C status exists, recommended intakes (RIs) for other age groups may be extrapolated from the adult RI based on weight. However, as body weights above 70 kg are becoming increasingly common - also in the Nordic region - an RI of 140 mg/day for individuals weighing 100 kg or more should be considered to compensate for the larger volume of distribution. Finally, smoking continues to be a common contributor to poor vitamin C status; therefore, it is proposed that people who smoke increase their daily vitamin C intake by 40 mg/day to compensate for the increased metabolic turnover induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anitra C. Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Apostolopoulou A, Tranidou A, Chroni V, Tsakiridis I, Magriplis E, Dagklis T, Chourdakis M. Association of Maternal Diet with Infant Birthweight in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2023; 15:4545. [PMID: 37960200 PMCID: PMC10648020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the potential impact of pre-pregnancy and early pregnancy maternal nutrition on the incidence of small-for-gestational-age neonates (SGA) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2020 and 2022 at the 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece). Pregnant women from routine care were surveyed about their dietary habits during two distinct periods: six months prior to pregnancy (period A) and from the onset of pregnancy until the oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 gestational weeks (period B). The intake of various micronutrients and macronutrients was quantified from the questionnaire responses. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders including age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking status, physical activity and parity, were used to evaluate the association between nutrient intake and small-for-gestational-age neonate incidence. RESULTS In total, 850 women were screened and of these, 90 (11%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and were included in the study. There were significant associations between the intake of specific nutrients and the occurrence of small-for-gestational-age neonates; higher fat intake compared to non-small for gestationa age during period B (aOR: 1.1, p = 0.005) was associated with an increased risk for small-for-gestational-age neonates, while lower intake of carbohydrates (g) (aOR: 0.95, p = 0.005), fiber intake (aOR: 0.79, p = 0.045), magnesium (aOR: 0.96, p = 0.019), and copper (aOR:0.01, p = 0.018) intake during period B were significantly associated with a decreased risk for small-for-gestational-age neonates. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlight the potential role of maternal nutrition in modulating the risk of small for gestational age neonatesamong women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The results advocate for further research on the assessment and modification of both pre-pregnancy and early pregnancy nutrition for women, especially those at higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Apostolopoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Antigoni Tranidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Violeta Chroni
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Ioannis Tsakiridis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Emmanuella Magriplis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
| | - Themistoklis Dagklis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.A.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (M.C.)
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Ciudad-Mulero M, Domínguez L, Morales P, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara M. A Review of Foods of Plant Origin as Sources of Vitamins with Proven Activity in Oxidative Stress Prevention according to EFSA Scientific Evidence. Molecules 2023; 28:7269. [PMID: 37959689 PMCID: PMC10650406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their nutritional benefits, vitamins could decrease the risk of chronic diseases due to their potent antioxidant capacity. The present work is aimed at reviewing the state of the art regarding (1) the vitamins involved in oxidative stress prevention in accordance with the requirements established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and (2) the foods of plant origin that are sources of those vitamins and have potential benefits against oxidative stress in humans. According to the European regulations based on EFSA scientific evidence, riboflavin, vitamin C, and vitamin E are those vitamins subjected to the approved health claim "contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative stress". Scientific studies conducted in humans with some natural food sources of riboflavin (almonds, wheat germ, mushrooms, oat bran), vitamin C (guava, kale, black currant, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, orange), and vitamin E (hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts, pistachio nuts, extra virgin olive oil, dates, rye) have been performed and published in the literature. However, no food of plant origin has obtained a favorable EFSA opinion to substantiate the approval of health claims related to its potential properties related to oxidative stress prevention. Further studies (concretely, well-controlled human intervention studies) must be carried out in accordance with EFSA requirements to provide the highest level of scientific evidence that could demonstrate the potential relationship between foods of plant origin and antioxidant capacity. This review could be useful for the scientific community to study the application of health claims referring to the antioxidant capacity potentially exerted by foods of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Virginia Fernández-Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.-M.); (L.D.); (P.M.); (M.C.)
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Carr AC, Lunt H, Wareham NJ, Myint PK. Estimating Vitamin C Intake Requirements in Diabetes Mellitus: Analysis of NHANES 2017-2018 and EPIC-Norfolk Cohorts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1863. [PMID: 37891943 PMCID: PMC10604478 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential enzyme cofactor and antioxidant with pleiotropic roles in human physiology. Circulating vitamin C concentrations are lower in people with diabetes mellitus, suggesting a higher dietary requirement for the vitamin. We interrogated the NHANES 2017-2018 and EPIC-Norfolk datasets to compare vitamin C requirements between those with and without diabetes mellitus using dose-concentration relationships fitted with sigmoidal (four-parameter logistic) curves. The NHANES cohort (n = 2828 non-supplementing adults) comprised 488 (17%) participants with diabetes (self-reported or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). The participants with diabetes had a lower vitamin C status (median [IQR]) than those without (38 [17, 52] µmol/L vs. 44 [25, 61] µmol/L, p < 0.0001), despite comparable dietary intakes between the two groups (51 [26, 93] mg/d vs. 53 [24, 104] mg/d, p = 0.5). Dose-concentration relationships indicated that the group without diabetes reached adequate vitamin C concentrations (50 µmol/L) with an intake of 81 (72, 93) mg/d, whilst those with diabetes required an intake of 166 (126, NA) mg/d. In the EPIC-Norfolk cohort, comprising 20692 non-supplementing adults, 475 (2.3%) had self-reported diabetes at baseline. The EPIC cohort had a lower BMI than the NHANES cohort (26 [24, 28] kg/m2 vs. 29 [25, 34] kg/m2, p < 0.0001). Correspondingly, the EPIC participants without diabetes required a lower vitamin C intake of 64 (63, 65) mg/d while those with diabetes required 129 (104, NA) mg/d to reach adequate circulating vitamin C status. C-reactive protein concentrations were strongly correlated with body weight and BMI and provided a surrogate biomarker for vitamin C requirements. In conclusion, people with diabetes had 1.4 to 1.6 fold higher requirements for vitamin C than those without diabetes. This corresponds to additional daily vitamin C intake requirements of ~30-40 mg for people with diabetes, equating to a total daily intake of at least 125 mg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C. Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Helen Lunt
- Diabetes Outpatients, Health New Zealand Waitaha Canterbury, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | | | - Phyo K. Myint
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
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Ureta-Velasco N, Montealegre-Pomar A, Keller K, Escuder-Vieco D, Fontecha J, Calvo MV, Megino-Tello J, Serrano JCE, García-Lara NR, Pallás-Alonso CR. Associations of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Status with Micronutrient and Lipid Composition in Breast Milk of Donor Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:3486. [PMID: 37571421 PMCID: PMC10421487 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the diet and nutritional status of milk donors on the nutritional composition of donor human milk (DHM) is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the nutritional profile of DHM and the associations between donors' dietary intake and nutritional status and the micronutrient and lipid composition in DHM. For this purpose, 113 donors completed a food frequency questionnaire, provided a five-day weighed dietary record, and collected milk for five consecutive days. Nutrient determinations in donors' erythrocytes, plasma, urine, and milk were performed. Multiple linear regressions were conducted for the evaluation of the associations. We highlight the following results: DHM docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was positively associated with donors' plasma DHA content and donors' DHA intake (R2 0.45, p < 0.001). For every 1 g/day DHA intake, an increase of 0.38% in DHA content and 0.78% in total omega-3 content was observed in DHM (R2 0.29, p < 0.001). DHM saturated fatty acids were positively associated with erythrocyte dimethyl acetals, plasma stearic acid, trans fatty acids intake, and breastfeeding duration and negatively associated with erythrocyte margaroleic acid (R2 0.34, p < 0.01). DHM cholecalciferol was associated with plasma cholecalciferol levels and dairy intake (R2 0.57, p < 0.01). Other weaker associations were found for free thiamin, free riboflavin, pyridoxal, dehydroascorbic acid, and the lipid profile in DHM. In conclusion, the diet and nutritional status of donors influence the fatty acid profile and micronutrient content of DHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ureta-Velasco
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.G.-L.); (C.R.P.-A.)
- Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (K.K.); (D.E.-V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Montealegre-Pomar
- Epidemiología Clínica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Kristin Keller
- Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (K.K.); (D.E.-V.)
- “Aladina-MGU”—Regional Human Milk Bank, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (K.K.); (D.E.-V.)
- “Aladina-MGU”—Regional Human Milk Bank, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.); (M.V.C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - María V. Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.); (M.V.C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Javier Megino-Tello
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.); (M.V.C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - José C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Nadia Raquel García-Lara
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.G.-L.); (C.R.P.-A.)
- Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (K.K.); (D.E.-V.)
- “Aladina-MGU”—Regional Human Milk Bank, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Pallás-Alonso
- Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.G.-L.); (C.R.P.-A.)
- Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (K.K.); (D.E.-V.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Ureta-Velasco N, Keller K, Escuder-Vieco D, Fontecha J, Calvo MV, Megino-Tello J, Serrano JCE, Romero Ferreiro C, García-Lara NR, Pallás-Alonso CR. Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081855. [PMID: 37111074 PMCID: PMC10146700 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs' milk was shown to be different from the Donors' milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ureta-Velasco
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristin Keller
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Escuder-Vieco
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Megino-Tello
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José C E Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero Ferreiro
- Scientific Support Unit, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Raquel García-Lara
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- "Aladina-MGU"-Regional Human Milk Bank, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen R Pallás-Alonso
- Department of Neonatology, Research Institute i+12, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Carr AC, Lykkesfeldt J. Factors Affecting the Vitamin C Dose-Concentration Relationship: Implications for Global Vitamin C Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071657. [PMID: 37049497 PMCID: PMC10096887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C status is known to be associated with several demographic and lifestyle factors. These include gender, age, ethnicity, pregnancy/lactation, body weight, smoking status and dietary habits. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 datasets to assess the impact of these factors on vitamin C dose-concentration relationships to establish if there are higher requirements for vitamin C in certain subpopulations, and the possible extent of these additional requirements. The final cohort comprised 2828 non-supplementing adult males and females (aged 18-80+ years) with both vitamin C serum concentrations and dietary intake data available. The data were subsequently stratified by gender, age tertiles (≤36, 37-58, ≥59 years), ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and total Hispanic), socioeconomic tertiles (poverty income ratios: ≤1.35, 1.36-3.0, >3.0), weight tertiles (<72, 72-91, >91 kg), BMI tertiles (<26, 26-32, >32 kg/m2) and smoking status. Sigmoidal (four parameter logistic) curves with asymmetrical 95% confidence intervals were fitted to the dose-concentration data. We found that males required vitamin C intakes ~1.2-fold higher than females to reach 'adequate' serum vitamin C concentrations of 50 µmol/L. Males had both higher body weight and a higher prevalence of smoking than females. Smokers required vitamin C intakes ~2.0-fold higher than non-smokers to reach adequate vitamin C concentrations. Relative to adults in the lighter weight tertile, adults in the heavier weight tertile required ~2.0-fold higher dietary intakes of vitamin C to reach adequate serum concentrations. We did not observe any impact of ethnicity or socioeconomic status on the vitamin C dose-concentration relationship, and although no significant difference between younger and older adults was observed at vitamin C intakes > 75 mg/day, at intakes < 75 mg/day, older adults had an attenuated serum response to vitamin C intake. In conclusion, certain demographic and lifestyle factors, specifically gender, smoking and body weight, have a significant impact on vitamin C requirements. Overall, the data indicate that the general population should consume ~110 mg/day of vitamin C to attain adequate serum concentrations, smokers require ~165 mg/day relative to non-smokers, and heavier people (100+ kg) require ~155 mg/day to reach comparable vitamin C concentrations. These findings have important implications for global vitamin C dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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13
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Carr AC, Zawari M. Does Aging Have an Impact on Vitamin C Status and Requirements? A Scoping Review of Comparative Studies of Aging and Institutionalisation. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040915. [PMID: 36839273 PMCID: PMC9967583 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The global healthcare burden of an aging population continues to increase, with nearly a quarter of the total global burden of disease attributable to people aged ≥60 years. Older people are at greater risk of micronutrient deficiencies, including immune-supportive vitamin C, which is both a contributor to and a consequence of acute and chronic illnesses. However, whether healthy aging, per se, is associated with depleted vitamin C status and increased requirements for the vitamin is less certain. A systematic scoping review was carried out to assess comparative studies that reported the vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency in older versus younger people and in older people relative to residential status. Furthermore, vitamin C requirements were assessed through comparative studies reporting vitamin C status and pharmacokinetics in older people relative to younger people. Overall, there was limited evidence to suggest that healthy aging, per se, is related to lower vitamin C status or higher requirements for the vitamin. However, institutionalised elderly had lower vitamin C status and enhanced vitamin C requirements, primarily as a result of low intakes and/or chronic illnesses, which were not being met by hospital or residential diets. Because institutionalised elderly are vulnerable to malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, it is imperative that appropriate nutritional interventions are instigated to provide optimal micronutrient intake to support healthy aging.
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14
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Does Aging Affect Vitamin C Status Relative to Intake? Findings from NHANES 2017-2018. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040892. [PMID: 36839250 PMCID: PMC9960598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging population is growing and fueling a global increase in chronic diseases and healthcare expenditure. In this study, we examine vitamin C dose-concentration relationships based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 to identify a possible age-dependent change in intake vs. concentration relationship among non-supplemented individuals (n = 2828). The vitamin C intake was similar between the younger (18-36 years), middle (37-58 years) and older (59-80+ years) age groups; however, circulating vitamin C concentrations were significantly lower in the middle and older age groups (p < 0.001). For intakes above 75 mg/day, no significant difference in the intake vs. serum concentration relationship was identified between younger and older individuals. However, for intakes below 75 mg/day, we found significantly lower serum concentrations relative to intake for the older compared to younger individuals, despite smoking being more prevalent in the younger compared to older adults (p < 0.001). This effect persisted among non-smokers and was further exacerbated by smoking in older people. Collectively, the present study suggests that healthy aging in non-institutionalized individuals does not increase requirements for vitamin C. In contrast, the lower serum concentrations relative to intake observed in older individuals at intakes < 75 mg/day may suggest that older individuals are more sensitive to a low vitamin C intake, perhaps due to the increased impact of long-term smoking and increased chronic disease prevalence in older adults. This finding may have implications for future intake guidelines in countries with low RDAs and for WHO/FAO, but requires further investigation.
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15
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Cow's Milk in Human Nutrition and the Emergence of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010099. [PMID: 36613315 PMCID: PMC9818304 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk is considered a complete food, providing high-quality protein and essential micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals. For medical reasons or as a lifestyle choice, consumers are replacing cow's milk with plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA); some perceive them as healthier alternatives to cow's milk due to their low saturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol content. However, the nutritional composition of PBMA is quite variable between different types and even within, which makes a comparison with cow's milk a complex issue. Furthermore, the consumption of PBMA has been associated with the development of some diseases in infants and children. Meanwhile, the consumption of cow's milk in human health is a controversial issue since it has been associated with a favorable effect in some diseases (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's) and a negative effect in others (such as prostate cancer risk and Parkinson's disease); while in some diseases, there is no consensus in the cow's milk consumption effect. The aim of this review is to make a nutritional comparison of cow's milk with PBMA and to clarify the potential health issues related to their consumption.
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16
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van Gorkom GNY, Boerenkamp LS, Gijsbers BLMG, van Ojik HH, Wodzig WKWH, Wieten L, Van Elssen CHMJ, Bos GMJ. No Effect of Vitamin C Administration on Neutrophil Recovery in Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Myeloma or Lymphoma: A Blinded, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224784. [PMID: 36432471 PMCID: PMC9698268 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an important micronutrient for various immune cells. It increases phagocytic cell function and is necessary for T and natural killer (NK) cell development. Patients in need of an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are often vitamin C-depleted. We therefore hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation could improve immune recovery in autologous HSCT patients. This blinded, placebo-controlled trial included 44 patients randomized to receive vitamin C or a placebo. The following outcome measures used were clinical and immunological parameters, among others: time to neutrophil recovery, serum, and intracellular vitamin C values. Twenty-one patients received vitamin C, and 23 received a placebo. The time to neutrophil recovery did not differ between the two groups at 11.2 days (p = 0.96). There were no differences in hospitalization time (19.7 vs. 19.1 days, p = 0.80), the incidence of neutropenic fever (57% vs. 78%, p = 0.20), or 3-month overall survival (90.5% vs. 100%, p = 0.13). Bacteremia seemed to occur less in the vitamin C group (10% vs. 35%, p = 0.07). Our study shows no benefit from vitamin C supplementation on neutrophil recovery and hospitalization, despite possible lower rates of bacteremia in the vitamin C group. Therefore, we do not advise vitamin C supplementation in this treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn N. Y. van Gorkom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (G.N.Y.v.G.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Lara S. Boerenkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (G.N.Y.v.G.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Birgit L. M. G. Gijsbers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi H. van Ojik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K. W. H. Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina H. M. J. Van Elssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard M. J. Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Juneja D, Nasa P, Jain R. Current role of high dose vitamin C in sepsis management: A concise review. World J Crit Care Med 2022; 11:349-363. [PMID: 36439321 PMCID: PMC9693906 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i6.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are common diagnoses for patients requiring intensive care unit admission and associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition to aggressive fluid resuscitation and antibiotic therapy, several other drugs have been tried as adjuvant therapies to reduce the inflammatory response and improve outcomes. Vitamin C has been shown to have several biological actions, including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which may prove beneficial in sepsis management. Initial trials showed improved patient outcomes when high dose vitamin C was used in combination with thiamine and hydrocortisone. These results, along with relative safety of high-dose (supra-physiological) vitamin C, encouraged physicians across the globe to add vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy in the management of sepsis. However, subsequent large-scale randomised control trials could not replicate these results, leaving the world divided regarding the role of vitamin C in sepsis management. Here, we discuss the rationale, safety profile, and the current clinical evidence for the use of high-dose vitamin C in the management of sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven Juneja
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Prashant Nasa
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, NMC Specialty Hospital, Dubai 7832, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ravi Jain
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302022, Rajasthan, India
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18
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Juneja D, Gupta A, Kataria S, Singh O. Role of high dose vitamin C in management of hospitalised COVID-19 patients: A minireview. World J Virol 2022; 11:300-309. [PMID: 36188745 PMCID: PMC9523318 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most dreadful viruses the mankind has witnessed. It has caused world-wide havoc and wrecked human life. In our quest to find therapeutic options to counter this threat, several drugs have been tried, with varying success. Certain agents like corticosteroids, some anti-virals and immunosuppressive drugs have been found useful in improving clinical outcomes. Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin with good safety profile, has been tried to reduce progression and im-prove outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because of its anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties, the role of vitamin C has expanded well beyond the management of scurvy and it is increasingly been employed in the treatment of critically ill patients with sepsis, septic shock, acute pancreatitis and even cancer. However, in spite of many case series, observational studies and even randomised control trials, the role of vitamin C remains ambiguous. In this review, we will be discussing the scientific rationale and the current clinical evidence for using high dose vitamin C in the management of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven Juneja
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Anish Gupta
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sahil Kataria
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Omender Singh
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110017, India
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19
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The Novel Strain of Gluconobacter oxydans H32 Isolated from Kombucha as a Proposition of a Starter Culture for Sour Ale Craft Beer Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) has found applications in food technology, including beverages and vinegar. Generally, AAB shows several beneficial properties and has technological usefulness. Properly selected and tested strains of this group of bacteria may constitute a new and interesting solution among starter cultures for functional food. Therefore, the study aimed to develop a sour beer technology, based on the novel strain Gluconobacter oxydans H32. The microbiological, physical-chemical (HPLC method), and sensory (QDP method) quality were determined during 6 months of storage of dark and light beer samples. The AAB count at the beginning of storage was approximately 8 log CFU mL−1, and 6 log CFU mL−1 after 6 months of storage. As a result of the metabolic activity, acetic acid, gluconic acid, and ascorbic acid were detected in the samples. The light beer had a significantly better sensory quality, especially sample BPGL with the addition of G. oxydans H32 starter culture. It was found that it is possible to develop a functional beer with the novel strain Gluconobacter oxydans H32. These Sour Ale craft beers were not only a good source of H32 strain but also its pro-health metabolites.
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20
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Vitamins as Possible Cancer Biomarkers: Significance and Limitations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113914. [PMID: 34836171 PMCID: PMC8622959 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western-style diet, which is common in developed countries and spreading into developing countries, is unbalanced in many respects. For instance, micronutrients (vitamins A, B complex, C, D, E, and K plus iron, zinc, selenium, and iodine) are generally depleted in Western food (causing what is known as ‘hidden hunger’), whereas some others (such as phosphorus) are added beyond the daily allowance. This imbalance in micronutrients can induce cellular damage that can increase the risk of cancer. Interestingly, there is a large body of evidence suggesting a strong correlation between vitamin intake as well as vitamin blood concentrations with the occurrence of certain types of cancer. The direction of association between the concentration of a given vitamin and cancer risk is tumor specific. The present review summarized the literature regarding vitamins and cancer risk to assess whether these could be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers, thus confirming their potential as biomarkers. Despite many studies that highlight the importance of monitoring vitamin blood or tissue concentrations in cancer patients and demonstrate the link between vitamin intake and cancer risk, there is still an urgent need for more data to assess the effectiveness of vitamins as biomarkers in the context of cancer. Therefore, this review aims to provide a solid basis to support further studies on this promising topic.
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21
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Gana W, De Luca A, Debacq C, Poitau F, Poupin P, Aidoud A, Fougère B. Analysis of the Impact of Selected Vitamins Deficiencies on the Risk of Disability in Older People. Nutrients 2021; 13:3163. [PMID: 34579039 PMCID: PMC8469089 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin deficiencies have a serious impact on healthy aging in older people. Many age-related disorders have a direct or indirect impact on nutrition, both in terms of nutrient assimilation and food access, which may result in vitamin deficiencies and may lead to or worsen disabilities. Frailty is characterized by reduced functional abilities, with a key role of malnutrition in its pathogenesis. Aging is associated with various changes in body composition that lead to sarcopenia. Frailty, aging, and sarcopenia all favor malnutrition, and poor nutritional status is a major cause of geriatric morbidity and mortality. In the present narrative review, we focused on vitamins with a significant risk of deficiency in high-income countries: D, C, and B (B6/B9/B12). We also focused on vitamin E as the main lipophilic antioxidant, synergistic to vitamin C. We first discuss the role and needs of these vitamins, the prevalence of deficiencies, and their causes and consequences. We then look at how these vitamins are involved in the biological pathways associated with sarcopenia and frailty. Lastly, we discuss the critical early diagnosis and management of these deficiencies and summarize potential ways of screening malnutrition. A focused nutritional approach might improve the diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies and the initiation of appropriate clinical interventions for reducing the risk of frailty. Further comprehensive research programs on nutritional interventions are needed, with a view to lowering deficiencies in older people and thus decreasing the risk of frailty and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Gana
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (F.P.); (A.A.); (B.F.)
- Geriatrics Mobile Units, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (C.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Arnaud De Luca
- Nutrition Mobile Unit, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France;
- Inserm UMR 1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Camille Debacq
- Geriatrics Mobile Units, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (C.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Fanny Poitau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (F.P.); (A.A.); (B.F.)
| | - Pierre Poupin
- Geriatrics Mobile Units, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (C.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Amal Aidoud
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (F.P.); (A.A.); (B.F.)
- Geriatrics Mobile Units, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (C.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Bertrand Fougère
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Regional University Hospital Centre, 37000 Tours, France; (F.P.); (A.A.); (B.F.)
- Education, Ethics, Health (EA 7505), Tours University, 37000 Tours, France
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22
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Lost-in-Translation of Metabolic Effects of Inorganic Nitrate in Type 2 Diabetes: Is Ascorbic Acid the Answer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4735. [PMID: 33947005 PMCID: PMC8124635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been documented in animal experiments; however, this is not the case for humans. Although it has remained an open question, the redox environment affecting the conversion of NO3- to NO2- and then to NO is suggested as a potential reason for this lost-in-translation. Ascorbic acid (AA) has a critical role in the gastric conversion of NO2- to NO following ingestion of NO3-. In contrast to AA-synthesizing species like rats, the lack of ability to synthesize AA and a lower AA body pool and plasma concentrations may partly explain why humans with T2DM do not benefit from NO3-/NO2- supplementation. Rats also have higher AA concentrations in their stomach tissue and gastric juice that can significantly potentiate gastric NO2--to-NO conversion. Here, we hypothesized that the lack of beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic NO3- in patients with T2DM may be at least in part attributed to species differences in AA metabolism and also abnormal metabolism of AA in patients with T2DM. If this hypothesis is proved to be correct, then patients with T2DM may need supplementation of AA to attain the beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic NO3- therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran; (Z.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran; (Z.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
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Doseděl M, Jirkovský E, Macáková K, Krčmová LK, Javorská L, Pourová J, Mercolini L, Remião F, Nováková L, Mladěnka P. Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination. Nutrients 2021; 13:615. [PMID: 33668681 PMCID: PMC7918462 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence-scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Doseděl
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.J.); (J.P.)
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.K.); (L.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.J.); (J.P.)
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.K.); (L.N.)
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.J.); (J.P.)
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24
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Milani GP, Silano M, Mazzocchi A, Bettocchi S, De Cosmi V, Agostoni C. Personalized nutrition approach in pediatrics: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:384-388. [PMID: 33230198 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits represent the main determinant of health. Although extensive research has been conducted to modify unhealthy dietary behaviors across the lifespan, obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities are increasingly observed worldwide. Individually tailored interventions are nowadays considered a promising frontier for nutritional research. In this narrative review, the technologies of importance in a pediatric clinical setting are discussed. The first determinant of the dietary balance is represented by energy intakes matching individual needs. Most emerging studies highlight the opportunity to reconsider the widely used prediction equations of resting energy expenditure. Artificial Neural Network approaches may help to disentangle the role of single contributors to energy expenditure. Artificial intelligence is also useful in the prediction of the glycemic response, based on the individual microbiome. Other factors further concurring to define individually tailored nutritional needs are metabolomics and nutrigenomic. Since most available data come from studies in adult groups, new efforts should now be addressed to integrate all these aspects to develop comprehensive and-above all-effective interventions for children. IMPACT: Personalized dietary advice, specific to individuals, should be more effective in the prevention of chronic diseases than general recommendations about diet. Artificial Neural Networks algorithms are technologies of importance in a pediatric setting that may help practitioners to provide personalized nutrition. Other approaches to personalized nutrition, while promising in adults and for basic research, are still far from practical application in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio P Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettocchi
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
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25
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Niforou A, Konstantinidou V, Naska A. Genetic Variants Shaping Inter-individual Differences in Response to Dietary Intakes-A Narrative Review of the Case of Vitamins. Front Nutr 2020; 7:558598. [PMID: 33335908 PMCID: PMC7736113 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.558598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of nutrigenetics have provided evidence on how genetic variations can impact the individuals' response to dietary intakes. An objective and reliable assessment of dietary exposures should rely on combinations of methodologies including frequency questionnaires, short-term recalls or records, together with biological samples to evaluate markers of intake or status and to identify genetic susceptibilities. In an attempt to present current knowledge on how genetic fingerprints contribute to an individual's nutritional status, we present a review of current literature describing associations between genetic variants and levels of well-established biomarkers of vitamin status in free-living and generally healthy individuals. Based on the outcomes of candidate gene, genome-wide-association studies and meta-analyses thereof, we have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the vitamins' metabolic pathways. Polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in vitamin metabolism and transport are reported to have an impact on vitamin D status; while genetic variants of vitamin D receptor were most frequently associated with health outcomes. Genetic variations that can influence vitamin E status include SNPs involved in its uptake and transport, such as in SCAR-B1 gene, and in lipoprotein metabolism. Variants of the genes encoding the sodium-dependent vitamin C transport proteins are greatly associated with the body's status on vitamin C. Regarding the vitamins of the B-complex, special reference is made to the widely studied variant in the MTHFR gene. Methodological attributes of genetic studies that may limit the comparability and interpretability of the findings are also discussed. Our understanding of how genes affect our responses to nutritional triggers will enhance our capacity to evaluate dietary exposure and design personalized nutrition programs to sustain health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Niforou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Androniki Naska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Holford P, Carr AC, Jovic TH, Ali SR, Whitaker IS, Marik PE, Smith AD. Vitamin C-An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3760. [PMID: 33297491 PMCID: PMC7762433 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited proven therapies for COVID-19. Vitamin C's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects make it a potential therapeutic candidate, both for the prevention and amelioration of COVID-19 infection, and as an adjunctive therapy in the critical care of COVID-19. This literature review focuses on vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, including COVID-19, and the mechanisms of action in infectious disease, including support of the stress response, its role in preventing and treating colds and pneumonia, and its role in treating sepsis and COVID-19. The evidence to date indicates that oral vitamin C (2-8 g/day) may reduce the incidence and duration of respiratory infections and intravenous vitamin C (6-24 g/day) has been shown to reduce mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and time on mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory infections. Further trials are urgently warranted. Given the favourable safety profile and low cost of vitamin C, and the frequency of vitamin C deficiency in respiratory infections, it may be worthwhile testing patients' vitamin C status and treating them accordingly with intravenous administration within ICUs and oral administration in hospitalised persons with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Holford
- Institute for Optimum Nutrition, Ambassador House, Richmond TW9 1SQ, UK
| | - Anitra C. Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Thomas H. Jovic
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK; (T.H.J.); (S.R.A.); (I.S.W.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Stephen R. Ali
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK; (T.H.J.); (S.R.A.); (I.S.W.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Iain S. Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK; (T.H.J.); (S.R.A.); (I.S.W.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Paul E. Marik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - A. David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
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27
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Cerullo G, Negro M, Parimbelli M, Pecoraro M, Perna S, Liguori G, Rondanelli M, Cena H, D’Antona G. The Long History of Vitamin C: From Prevention of the Common Cold to Potential Aid in the Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574029. [PMID: 33193359 PMCID: PMC7655735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From Pauling's theories to the present, considerable understanding has been acquired of both the physiological role of vitamin C and of the impact of vitamin C supplementation on the health. Although it is well known that a balanced diet which satisfies the daily intake of vitamin C positively affects the immune system and reduces susceptibility to infections, available data do not support the theory that oral vitamin C supplements boost immunity. No current clinical recommendations support the possibility of significantly decreasing the risk of respiratory infections by using high-dose supplements of vitamin C in a well-nourished general population. Only in restricted subgroups (e.g., athletes or the military) and in subjects with a low plasma vitamin C concentration a supplementation may be justified. Furthermore, in categories at high risk of infection (i.e., the obese, diabetics, the elderly, etc.), a vitamin C supplementation can modulate inflammation, with potential positive effects on immune response to infections. The impact of an extra oral intake of vitamin C on the duration of a cold and the prevention or treatment of pneumonia is still questioned, while, based on critical illness studies, vitamin C infusion has recently been hypothesized as a treatment for COVID-19 hospitalized patients. In this review, we focused on the effects of vitamin C on immune function, summarizing the most relevant studies from the prevention and treatment of common respiratory diseases to the use of vitamin C in critical illness conditions, with the aim of clarifying its potential application during an acute SARS-CoV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)—Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Mauro Parimbelli
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)—Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | | | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)—Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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28
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Jungert A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Interrelation between Plasma Concentrations of Vitamins C and E along the Trajectory of Ageing in Consideration of Lifestyle and Body Composition: A Longitudinal Study over Two Decades. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2944. [PMID: 32992851 PMCID: PMC7599873 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the interrelation between vitamins C and E has been demonstrated on an experimental level, its impact on biomarkers in community-dwelling subjects along the trajectory of ageing has not yet been shown. The present longitudinal study investigates the determinants and interrelation of vitamins C and E plasma concentrations in 399 subjects aged ≥60 years with a median follow-up time of 12 years. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the influence of age, sex, body composition, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking and supplement/drug use on plasma vitamin C, plasma α-tocopherol and α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio. At baseline, median plasma concentrations of vitamin C and α-tocopherol were 74 and 35 µmol/L. Absolute fat-free mass, physical activity, use of supplements, and plasma α-tocopherol were main determinants of plasma vitamin C in the course of ageing. For the α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio, age, use of supplements, use of lipid-modifying drugs, and plasma vitamin C were main determinants. The results reveal a stable positive interrelation between plasma concentrations of vitamins C and E along the trajectory of ageing independent of the other identified determinants. The possible regulatory mechanisms that could explain this robust positive interrelation remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jungert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Goethestr. 55, D−35390 Giessen, Germany;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26−32, D−35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Neuhäuser-Berthold
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Goethestr. 55, D−35390 Giessen, Germany;
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Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2738. [PMID: 32911778 PMCID: PMC7551697 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has caused shock waves in many countries, producing a global health crisis worldwide. Lack of knowledge of the biological mechanisms of viruses, plus the absence of effective treatments against the disease (COVID-19) and/or vaccines have pulled factors that can compromise the proper functioning of the immune system to fight against infectious diseases into the spotlight. The optimal status of specific nutrients is considered crucial to keeping immune components within their normal activity, helping to avoid and overcome infections. Specifically, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluated and deems six vitamins (D, A, C, Folate, B6, B12) and four minerals (zinc, iron, copper and selenium) to be essential for the normal functioning of the immune system, due to the scientific evidence collected so far. In this report, an update on the evidence of the contribution of nutritional factors as immune-enhancing aspects, factors that could reduce their bioavailability, and the role of the optimal status of these nutrients within the COVID-19 pandemic context was carried out. First, a non-systematic review of the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of an optimal nutritional status of these nutrients on the proper functioning of the immune system as well as their potential role in COVID-19 prevention/treatment was carried out by searching for available scientific evidence in PubMed and LitCovid databases. Second, a compilation from published sources and an analysis of nutritional data from 10 European countries was performed, and the relationship between country nutritional status and epidemiological COVID-19 data (available in the Worldometers database) was evaluated following an ecological study design. Furthermore, the potential effect of genetics was considered through the selection of genetic variants previously identified in Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAs) as influencing the nutritional status of these 10 considered nutrients. Therefore, access to genetic information in accessible databases (1000genomes, by Ensembl) of individuals from European populations enabled an approximation that countries might present a greater risk of suboptimal status of the nutrients studied. Results from the review approach show the importance of maintaining a correct nutritional status of these 10 nutrients analyzed for the health of the immune system, highlighting the importance of Vitamin D and iron in the context of COVID-19. Besides, the ecological study demonstrates that intake levels of relevant micronutrients-especially Vitamins D, C, B12, and iron-are inversely associated with higher COVID-19 incidence and/or mortality, particularly in populations genetically predisposed to show lower micronutrient status. In conclusion, nutrigenetic data provided by joint assessment of 10 essential nutrients for the functioning of the immune system and of the genetic factors that can limit their bioavailability can be a fundamental tool to help strengthen the immune system of individuals and prepare populations to fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Galmés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain; (S.G.); (A.P.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Alimentómica S.L., Spin-off n.1 of the University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Francisca Serra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain; (S.G.); (A.P.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Alimentómica S.L., Spin-off n.1 of the University of the Balearic Islands, 07121 Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain; (S.G.); (A.P.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
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30
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Could Ergothioneine Aid in the Treatment of Coronavirus Patients? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E595. [PMID: 32646061 PMCID: PMC7402156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic that has, at present, infected more than 11 million people globally. Some COVID-19 patients develop a severe and critical illness, spurred on by excessive inflammation that can lead to respiratory or multiorgan failure. Numerous studies have established the unique array of cytoprotective properties of the dietary amino acid ergothioneine. Based on studies in a range of in vitro and in vivo models, ergothioneine has exhibited the ability to modulate inflammation, scavenge free radicals, protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome, prevent endothelial dysfunction, protect against ischemia and reperfusion injury, protect against neuronal damage, counteract iron dysregulation, hinder lung and liver fibrosis, and mitigate damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and testis, amongst many others. When compiled, this evidence suggests that ergothioneine has a potential application in the treatment of the underlying pathology of COVID-19. We propose that ergothioneine could be used as a therapeutic to reduce the severity and mortality of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. This review presents evidence to support that proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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31
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Do Antioxidant Vitamins Prevent Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050372. [PMID: 32365669 PMCID: PMC7278664 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals produced during exercise play a role in modulating cell signaling pathways. High doses of antioxidants may hamper adaptations to exercise training. However, their benefits are unclear. This review aims to examine whether vitamin C (VitC) and/or vitamin E (VitE) supplementation (SUP) prevents exercise-induced muscle damage. The PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched, and 21 articles were included. Four studies examined the effects of acute VitC SUP given pre-exercise: in one study, lower CK levels post-exercise was observed; in three, no difference was recorded. In one study, acute VitE SUP reduced CK activity 1 h post-exercise in conditions of hypoxia. In three studies, chronic VitE SUP did not reduce CK activity after an exercise session. Chronic VitE SUP did not reduce creatine kinase (CK) concentrations after three strength training sessions, but it was effective after 6 days of endurance training in another study. Chronic SUP with VitC + E reduced CK activity post-exercise in two studies, but there was no such effect in four studies. Finally, three studies described the effects of chronic VitC + E SUP and long-term exercise, reporting dissimilar results. To conclude, although there is some evidence of a protective effect of VitC and/or VitE against exercise-induced muscle damage, the available data are not conclusive.
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32
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Cvetinovic N, Loncar G, Isakovic AM, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Lainscak M, Farkas J. Micronutrient Depletion in Heart Failure: Common, Clinically Relevant and Treatable. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5627. [PMID: 31717934 PMCID: PMC6888526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition with many imbalances, including nutritional issues. Next to sarcopenia and cachexia which are clinically evident, micronutrient deficiency is also present in HF. It is involved in HF pathophysiology and has prognostic implications. In general, most widely known micronutrients are depleted in HF, which is associated with symptoms and adverse outcomes. Nutritional intake is important but is not the only factor reducing the micronutrient availability for bodily processes, because absorption, distribution, and patient comorbidity may play a major role. In this context, interventional studies with parenteral micronutrient supplementation provide evidence that normalization of micronutrients is associated with improvement in physical performance and quality of life. Outcome studies are underway and should be reported in the following years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Cvetinovic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital Center “Dr. Dragisa Misovic—Dedinje”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Goran Loncar
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Goettingen Medical Center, DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Goettingen, DE-37099 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Department of Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DE-13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Farkas
- Research Unit, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia
- National Institute of Public Health, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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33
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Kramer CS, Szmidt MK, Sicinska E, Brzozowska A, Santoro A, Franceschi C, de Groot LCPGM, Berendsen AAM. The Elderly-Nutrient Rich Food Score Is Associated With Biochemical Markers of Nutritional Status in European Older Adults. Front Nutr 2019; 6:150. [PMID: 31572729 PMCID: PMC6749059 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In order to prevent age-related degenerative diseases in the aging population, their diets should be nutrient dense. For this purpose, the Elderly-Nutrient rich food (E-NRF7.3) score has been developed to assess nutrient density of diets by capturing dietary reference values for older adults. To demonstrate its practical importance such score should be validated against markers of nutritional status and health. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between the E-NRF7.3 score and markers of nutritional status and inflammation. Design: This study was carried out in a sample of the NU-AGE study including 242 Dutch and 210 Polish men and women, aged 65-79 years. Dietary intake was assessed by means of 7-day food records and structured questionnaires collected data on supplement use, lifestyle, and socio-economic information. Baseline measurements included anthropometrics, physical and cognitive function tests, and a fasting venipuncture. E-NRF7.3 scores were calculated to estimate nutrient density of foods and the diet. Associations between the E-NRF7.3 scores and micronutrient status of vitamin D, folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and c-reactive protein (CRP) were examined using linear regression analysis while adjusting for confounders. Results: Each one unit increase in E-NRF7.3 score was associated with a 2.2% increase in serum folate in Dutch and 1.6% increase in Polish participants in the fully adjusted models (both p < 0.01). Each one unit increase in E-NRF7.3 was significantly associated with a 1.5% decrease in homocysteine levels in Dutch participants (p < 0.01), whereas, a 0.9% increase in vitamin B12 levels was observed in Polish participants only (p < 0.01). Higher E-NRF7.3 scores were not associated with vitamin D or CRP levels. Adjustment for potential confounders did not substantially alter these results. Discussion: The E-NRF7.3 was developed to reflect dietary intake of relevant nutrients for older adults. Its association with markers of nutritional status could be confirmed for folate (both populations), vitamin B12 (Poland only), and homocysteine (the Netherlands only). There was no association with vitamin D and CRP. To further demonstrate its validity and practical implication, future studies should include a wider range of nutritional status makers, health outcomes, and inflammation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S. Kramer
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria K. Szmidt
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Brzozowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University (UNN), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Agnes A. M. Berendsen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Hill A, Borgs C, Fitzner C, Stoppe C. Perioperative Vitamin C and E levels in Cardiac Surgery Patients and Their Clinical Significance. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2157. [PMID: 31505814 PMCID: PMC6769782 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress contributes to organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery and still represents a major problem. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E might be organ protective. METHODS The primary objective of this prospective observational study was the description to evaluate the perioperative vitamin C and E levels in 56 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The association of vitamin C with inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, organ dysfunctions, and clinical outcomes were evaluated in an explorative approach. RESULTS Vitamin C levels decreased significantly from 6.5 (3.5-11.5) mg/L before surgery to 2.8 (2.0-3.9) mg/L 48 h after surgery (p < 0.0001). Fifty-six percent of patients had a suboptimal vitamin C status even before surgery. In protein-denaturized probes, significantly higher vitamin C concentrations were detected (p = 0.0008). Vitamin E levels decreased significantly from preoperative level 11.6 (9.5-13.2) mg/L to 7.1 (5.5-7.4) mg/L, (p = 0.0002) at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, remained low during the first day on ICU and recovered to 8.2 (7.1-9.3) mg/L 48 h after surgery. No patient was vitamin E deficient before surgery. Analysis showed no statistically significant association of vitamin C with inflammation, oxidative stress or organ dysfunction levels in patients with previously suboptimal vitamin C status or patients with a perioperative decrease of ≥50% vitamin C after surgery. Patients with higher vitamin C levels had a shorter ICU stay than those who were vitamin C depleted, which was not statistically significant (72 versus 135 h, p = 0.1990). CONCLUSION Vitamin C and E levels significantly declined intraoperatively and remained significantly reduced low for 2 days after cardiac surgery. The influence of reduced serum levels on the inflammatory reaction and clinical outcome of the patients remain unclear in this small observational study and need to be investigated further. Given vitamin C´s pleiotropic role in the human defense mechanisms, further trials are encouraged to evaluate the clinical significance of Vitamin C in cardiac surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Hill
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- 3CARE-Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Evaluation and Research, RWTH-Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christina Borgs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christina Fitzner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- 3CARE-Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Evaluation and Research, RWTH-Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
- 3CARE-Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Evaluation and Research, RWTH-Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Berendsen AAM, Kramer CS, de Groot LCPGM. The Newly Developed Elderly Nutrient-Rich Food Score Is a Useful Tool to Assess Nutrient Density in European Older Adults. Front Nutr 2019; 6:119. [PMID: 31457017 PMCID: PMC6688200 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To develop a nutrient-rich food (NRF) score that captures dietary reference values for older adults and to validate this against a diet index that was specifically designed to assess adherence to dietary guidelines for the older population. Design: A cross-sectional study within the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS, n = 735 men and women aged 70-94 years, enrolled between October 2010 and February 2012) and within the NU-AGE study (n = 250 men and women aged 65-79 years, enrolled between April 2012 and March 2013). Dietary intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive dietary record assisted 24-h recalls and 7-day food records, respectively. Structured questionnaires collected data on lifestyle and socio-economic information. Anthropometrics were measured by trained dieticians or research assistants. We evaluated Elderly NRF (E-NRF) scores against the NU-AGE index, a measure of adherence to European dietary guidelines for the aging population. The E-NRF scores were composed of nutrients that: (1) have been shown to be of inadequate intake in the aging population (>20%), (2) were defined as nutrients of public health relevance, and (3) were associated with relevant health outcomes. Results: The E-NRF score that best predicted the NU-AGE index included seven nutrients to encourage (protein, dietary fiber, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, potassium) and three nutrients to limit (saturated fat, sodium and mono- and disaccharides) on a 100-kcal basis, the E-NRF7.3 score (model R2 0.27 in DNFCS and 0.41 in NU-AGE). Food groups contributing the most to the individual E-NRF7.3 scores were vegetables, bread, potatoes and milk and milk products. Conclusion: The E-NRF7.3 score is a useful tool for assessing nutrient density of diets within the older population. No index has previously been developed with the aim of evaluating nutrient density of diets and foods specifically capturing dietary reference values for older adults.
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Fenech M, Amaya I, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Vitamin C Content in Fruits: Biosynthesis and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:2006. [PMID: 30733729 PMCID: PMC6353827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, a number of animals including humans have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C), an essential molecule in the physiology of animals and plants. In addition to its main role as an antioxidant and cofactor in redox reactions, recent reports have shown an important role of ascorbate in the activation of epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell differentiation, dysregulation of which can lead to the development of certain types of cancer. Although fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of ascorbate in the human diet, rising its content has not been a major breeding goal, despite the large inter- and intraspecific variation in ascorbate content in fruit crops. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest to boost ascorbate content, not only to improve fruit quality but also to generate crops with elevated stress tolerance. Several attempts to increase ascorbate in fruits have achieved fairly good results but, in some cases, detrimental effects in fruit development also occur, likely due to the interaction between the biosynthesis of ascorbate and components of the cell wall. Plants synthesize ascorbate de novo mainly through the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the dominant pathway in photosynthetic tissues. Two intermediates of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, GDP-D-mannose and GDP-L-galactose, are also precursors of the non-cellulosic components of the plant cell wall. Therefore, a better understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and regulation is essential for generation of improved fruits without developmental side effects. This is likely to involve a yet unknown tight regulation enabling plant growth and development, without impairing the cell redox state modulated by ascorbate pool. In certain fruits and developmental conditions, an alternative pathway from D-galacturonate might be also relevant. We here review the regulation of ascorbate synthesis, its close connection with the cell wall, as well as different strategies to increase its content in plants, with a special focus on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fenech
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Area de Genómica y Biotecnología, Centro de Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Licciardello F, Arena E, Rizzo V, Fallico B. Contribution of Blood Orange-Based Beverages to Bioactive Compounds Intake. Front Chem 2018; 6:374. [PMID: 30211154 PMCID: PMC6123350 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at screening the levels of ascorbic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) and total anthocyanins in commercial beverages containing blood orange juice (BOJ), estimating the contribution of these products to the intake of health-promoting compounds and at discussing the actual value of the products on a price/bioactive level basis. Results demonstrate that the reference to BOJ in many beverages is misleading, as inferred from the very low bioactive levels observed. These beverages, in label should refer as “water-based” instead of “fruit-based beverage.” Accordingly, the intake of bioactives from BOJ-based beverages, with the exception of ascorbic acid used in the most cases as preservative, is often very low. The intake of bioactive components from blood orange consumption is much higher compared to the consumption of BOJ-based beverages, hence the consumption of blood oranges and 100% BOJs should be preferred in order to guarantee the intake of a rich pool of bioactive compounds. Finally, the market value of BOJ-based beverages is not correlated with their real nutritional value: the relative unitary cost of the three classes of bioactive compounds considered increased in the order: fresh blood oranges < 100% BOJ < BOJ-based beverages. Hence, the consumption of fresh blood oranges represents the cheapest way to ensure the intake of health-promoting bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins and HCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Arena
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Biagio Fallico
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Elste V, Troesch B, Eggersdorfer M, Weber P. Emerging Evidence on Neutrophil Motility Supporting Its Usefulness to Define Vitamin C Intake Requirements. Nutrients 2017; 9:E503. [PMID: 28509882 PMCID: PMC5452233 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing intake recommendations for vitamin C remains a challenge, as no suitable functional parameter has yet been agreed upon. In this report, we review the emerging evidence on neutrophil motility as a possible marker of vitamin C requirements and put the results in perspective with other approaches. A recent in vitro study showed that adequate levels of vitamin C were needed for this function to work optimally when measured as chemotaxis and chemokinesis. In a human study, neutrophil motility was optimal at intakes ≥250 mg/day. Interestingly, a Cochrane review showed a significant reduction in the duration of episodes of common cold with regular vitamin C intakes in a similar range. Additionally, it was shown that at a plasma level of 75 µmol/L, which is reached with vitamin C intakes ≥200 mg/day, incidences of cardiovascular disease were lowest. This evidence would suggest that daily intakes of 200 mg vitamin C might be advisable for the general adult population, which can be achieved by means of a diverse diet. However, additional studies are warranted to investigate the usefulness of neutrophil motility as a marker of vitamin C requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Elste
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. 3255, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Troesch
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. 3255, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. 3255, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Human Nutrition and Health, P.O. 3255, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Martin A, Strain JJ, Ciok J, Siani A. Vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04685. [PMID: 32625273 PMCID: PMC7010190 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an application from Specialised Nutrition Europe (formerly IDACE), submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of France, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage. The Panel considers that vitamin C is sufficiently characterised and that protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage is a beneficial physiological effect. The target population proposed by the applicant is infants (from birth) and young children up to 3 years of age. The Panel has previously assessed a claim on vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage with a favourable outcome. The target population was the general population. The Panel considers that the role of vitamin C in protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage applies to all ages, including infants and young children up to 3 years of age. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage.
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Çakmakçı S, Topdaş EF, Çakır Y, Kalın P. Functionality of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) in the production of fruity ice cream. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1451-1458. [PMID: 25920464 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kumquat (Fortunella margarita) on the quality characteristics of ice cream. Kumquat paste (KP) was added to an ice cream mix at four concentrations, 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15% (w/w), for ice cream production. RESULTS The increment of KP level caused an increase in acidity, vitamin C content, b* value and overrun value compared with the control ice cream. The apparent viscosity of samples decreased with the addition of KP at concentrations of 5 and 10% compared with the control. Results indicated that lyophilized water extract of KP (LKE) contained remarkable phenolic compounds. It was observed that LKE exhibited moderate in vitro antioxidant capacity. KP enhanced the color, flavor, vitamin C content and Mg and K contents of the ice cream. The addition of KP positively affected the sensory properties. CONCLUSION KP may be used as a suitable source of natural color and flavor agent in ice cream production. KP enhanced the vitamin C content and Mg and K contents of ice cream and improved its sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Çakmakçı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Feyza Topdaş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Çakır
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kalın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Stepaniak U, Micek A, Grosso G, Stefler D, Topor-Madry R, Kubinova R, Malyutina S, Peasey A, Pikhart H, Nikitin Y, Bobak M, Pająk A. Antioxidant vitamin intake and mortality in three Central and Eastern European urban populations: the HAPIEE study. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:547-560. [PMID: 25762013 PMCID: PMC4767874 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between individual-level dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins C, E and beta-carotene with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in three Central and Eastern European (CEE) populations. METHODS Data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe cohort study were used. At the baseline survey, between 2002 and 2005, 28,945 men and women aged 45-69 years were examined in Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland) and seven Czech towns. Deaths in the cohorts were identified through mortality registers. Cox regression was used to estimate the association between vitamin consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular (CVD) disease and cancer mortality. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted analyses, there were no clear inverse associations between antioxidant vitamin intakes and mortality, although in some groups, several hazard ratios (HRs) were significant. For example, in men, compared with the lowest quintile of vitamin C intake, all-cause mortality in the third and fourth quintiles was lower by 28 % (HR 0.72; 95 % CI 0.61-0.85) and by 20 % (HR 0.80; 95 % CI 0.68-0.95), respectively. CVD mortality was lower by 35 % (HR 0.65; 95 % CI 0.50-0.84) and by 23 % (HR 0.77; 95 % CI 0.59-0.99) in third and fourth quintile of vitamin C intake, respectively. In women, the third and fourth quintiles of dietary intake of vitamin E were associated with reduced risk of all-cause death by 33 % (HR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.53-0.84) and by 23 % (HR 0.77; 95 % CI 0.61-0.97), respectively. Consumption of vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene was not related to CVD mortality in women and to cancer mortality in either gender. CONCLUSION This large prospective cohort study in CEE populations with low prevalence of vitamin supplementation did not find a strong, dose-response evidence for protective effects of antioxidant vitamin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Stepaniak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka Street 20, Krakow, 31-531, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Micek
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka Street 20, Krakow, 31-531, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Denes Stefler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka Street 20, Krakow, 31-531, Poland
| | | | - Sofia Malyutina
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine Siberian Branch Under the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuri Nikitin
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine Siberian Branch Under the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrzej Pająk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka Street 20, Krakow, 31-531, Poland
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