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Yadav R, Schubbert S, Holder PG, Chiang EY, Kiabi N, Bogaert L, Leung I, Rashid R, Avery KN, Bonzon C, Desjarlais JR, Sanjabi S, Sharma A, Lepherd M, Shelton A, Chan P, Liu Y, Joslyn L, Hosseini I, Stefanich EG, Kamath AV, Bernett MJ, Shivva V. Translational PK/PD and the first-in-human dose selection of a PD1/IL15: an engineered recombinant targeted cytokine for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1380000. [PMID: 38887559 PMCID: PMC11181026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1380000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a potential anticancer agent and numerous engineered IL-15 agonists are currently under clinical investigation. Selective targeting of IL-15 to specific lymphocytes may enhance therapeutic effects while helping to minimize toxicities. Methods We designed and built a heterodimeric targeted cytokine (TaCk) that consists of an anti-programmed cell death 1 receptor antibody (anti-PD-1) and an engineered IL-15. This "PD1/IL15" selectively delivers IL-15 signaling to lymphocytes expressing PD-1. We then investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of PD1/IL15 TaCk on immune cell subsets in cynomolgus monkeys after single and repeat intravenous dose administrations. We used these results to determine the first-in-human (FIH) dose and dosing frequency for early clinical trials. Results The PD1/IL15 TaCk exhibited a nonlinear multiphasic PK profile, while the untargeted isotype control TaCk, containing an anti-respiratory syncytial virus antibody (RSV/IL15), showed linear and dose proportional PK. The PD1/IL15 TaCk also displayed a considerably prolonged PK (half-life range ∼1.0-4.1 days) compared to wild-type IL-15 (half-life ∼1.1 h), which led to an enhanced cell expansion PD response. The PD was dose-dependent, durable, and selective for PD-1+ lymphocytes. Notably, the dose- and time-dependent PK was attributed to dynamic TMDD resulting from test article-induced lymphocyte expansion upon repeat administration. The recommended first-in-human (FIH) dose of PD1/IL15 TaCk is 0.003 mg/kg, determined based on a minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL) approach utilizing a combination of in vitro and preclinical in vivo data. Conclusion This work provides insight into the complex PK/PD relationship of PD1/IL15 TaCk in monkeys and informs the recommended starting dose and dosing frequency selection to support clinical evaluation of this novel targeted cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Sharma
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Amy Shelton
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | - Pam Chan
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | - Louis Joslyn
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | - Iraj Hosseini
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Vittal Shivva
- Genentech, Inc., South SanFrancisco, CA, United States
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2
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Lv M, Qiu X, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang X. Regulation of Il-2 on the expression of granzyme B- and perforin-like genes and its functional implication in grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:472-479. [PMID: 35483596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme (Gzm) B and perforin, both as cytotoxic proteins, can collaborate to induce the death of target cells as well as the microbes. They were originally discovered in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells and confer the cytotoxic activities of these cells. In the present study, the coding sequences of a granzyme b-like (gcgzmbl) and a perforin-like (gcprfl) genes were cloned from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and their specific antibodies were subsequently prepared and validated. The mRNA and protein expression of these two cytotoxic proteins in grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils was demonstrated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. In the same cell model, expression of gcGzmbl and gcPrfl was stimulated by grass carp interleukin (Il)-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manners and Erk, NF-κB and Stat5 pathways were found to be involved in the regulation of Il-2 on the genes' expression. Additionally, glycolysis was proved to play a role in the stimulation of Il-2 on gcGzmbl and gcPrfl expression in peripheral blood neutrophils. As combating the invading microorganisms is one of the main functions of neutrophils, the roles of gcGzmbl and gcPrfl in the anti-bacterial activities of grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils were explored. Results showed that immunoneutralization of gcGzmbl or gcPrfl significantly attenuated the antimicrobial abilities of the neutrophils enhanced by Il-2. These findings shed a light on the expression, regulation and functions of granzyme B- and perforin-like proteins in fish peripheral blood neutrophils and enrich the understanding of Il-2 function in fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xingyang Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiankang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China.
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3
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Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in cancer: A focus on inflammatory pathways. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:860-872. [PMID: 35115226 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has become necessary to accept the clinical reality of therapeutic agents targeting the cancer-associated immune system. In recent decades, several investigations have highlighted the role of inflammation in cancer development. It has now been recognized that inflammatory cells secrete mediators, including enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines. These secreted substances produce an inflammatory microenvironment that is critically involved in cancer growth. Inflammation may enhance genomic instability leading to DNA damage, activation of oncogenes, or compromised tumor suppressor activity, all of which may promote various phases of carcinogenesis. Conventional cancer treatment includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, treatment failure occurs because current strategies are unable to achieve complete local control due to metastasis. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a broad spectrum of drug carriers typically below the size of 100 nm, targeting tumor sites while reducing off-target consequences. More importantly, NPs can stimulate innate and adaptive immune systems in the tumor microenvironment (TME); hence, they induce a cancer-fighting immune response. Strikingly, targeting cancer cells with NPs helps eliminate drug resistance and tumor recurrence, as well as prevents inflammation. Throughout this review, we provide recent data on the role of inflammation in cancer and explore nano-therapeutic initiatives to target significant mediators, for example, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins (ILs) associated with cancer-related inflammation, to escort the immunomodulators to cancer cells and associated systemic compartments. We also highlight the necessity of better identifying inflammatory pathways in cancer pathophysiology to develop effective treatment plans.
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4
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Mu P, Huo J, Sun M, Chen X, Ao J. Identification and expression analysis of IL-2 receptors in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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5
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Solé P, Santamaria P. Re-Programming Autoreactive T Cells Into T-Regulatory Type 1 Cells for the Treatment of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684240. [PMID: 34335585 PMCID: PMC8320845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II-based nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into disease-suppressing T-regulatory type 1 (TR1)-like cells. In turn, these TR1-like cells trigger the formation of complex regulatory cell networks that can effectively suppress organ-specific autoimmunity without impairing normal immunity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the transcriptional, phenotypic and functional make up of TR1-like cells as described in the literature. The true identity and direct precursors of these cells remain unclear, in particular whether TR1-like cells comprise a single terminally-differentiated lymphocyte population with distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features, or a collection of phenotypically different subsets sharing key regulatory properties. We propose that detailed transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of homogeneous pools of TR1-like cells will unravel this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Lu T, Chen L, Mansour AG, Yu MJ, Brooks N, Teng KY, Li Z, Zhang J, Barr T, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Cbl-b Is Upregulated and Plays a Negative Role in Activated Human NK Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:677-685. [PMID: 33419766 PMCID: PMC8184061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b has been characterized as an intracellular checkpoint in T cells; however, the function of Cbl-b in primary human NK cells, an innate immune anti-tumor effector cell, is not well defined. In this study, we show that the expression of Cbl-b is significantly upregulated in primary human NK cells activated by IL-15, IL-2, and the human NK cell-sensitive tumor cell line K562 that lacks MHC class I expression. Pretreatment with JAK or AKT inhibitors prior to IL-15 stimulation reversed Cbl-b upregulation. Downregulation of Cbl-b resulted in significant increases in granzyme B and perforin expression, IFN-γ production, and cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Collectively, we demonstrate upregulation of Cbl-b and its inhibitory effects in IL-15/IL-2/K562-activated human NK cells, suggesting that Cbl-b plays a negative feedback role in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Melissa J Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Noah Brooks
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kun-Yu Teng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010;
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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7
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Moghbeli M, Khedmatgozar H, Yadegari M, Avan A, Ferns GA, Ghayour Mobarhan M. Cytokines and the immune response in obesity-related disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 101:135-168. [PMID: 33706888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and the associated morbidity and mortality are important public health problems globally. There is an important relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle and increased serum inflammatory cytokines. Adipocytes secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Increased cytokines in obese individual are related to the progression of several disorders including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance. In present review we have summarized the crucial roles of cytokines and their inflammatory functions in obesity-related immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Khedmatgozar
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Yadegari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhang G, Guo J, Zhu X, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Yang J, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wu X, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang C, He Y. Schizophrenia Patient Shows a Rare Interleukin 15 Receptor alpha Variant Disrupting Signal Transduction. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:560-569. [PMID: 31244423 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190617172054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating mental disorder with strong heritability. Its pathogenesis involves immune dysregulation. Interleukin 15 and interleukin 15 receptor alpha(IL-15Rα) are classical immune molecules. They also help maintain normal brain function, leading to our hypothesis that IL-15Rα gene(IL- 15RA) variants contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE We determine whether the genetic variants of IL-15RA are associated with the development and progression of schizophrenia and whether IL-15RA single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) plays a key role in downstream signaling transduction. METHODS AND RESULTS We sequenced IL-15RA exon from 132 Chinese schizophrenic patients and identified a rare variant(rs528238821) in a patient diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia and ankylosing spondylitis(AS). We overexpressed this missense variant in cells driven by pBI-CMV vector. The cells showed attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation in response to interleukin15. CONCLUSION IL-15RA mutation is rare in schizophrenic patients but interfered with IL- 15Rα intracellular signal transduction. Given the similarity of symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia and the known phenotype of IL-15Rα knockout mice, gene variation might offer diagnostic value for sub-types of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Pan
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guangping Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Junhua Guo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuequan Zhu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA70808, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consulting, Sedona, AZ 86351, United States
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Material Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.,Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathologic Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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10
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Hennessy RJ, Pham K, Delconte R, Rautela J, Hodgkin PD, Huntington ND. Quantifying NK cell growth and survival changes in response to cytokines and regulatory checkpoint blockade helps identify optimal culture and expansion conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1341-1354. [PMID: 31079418 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0718-296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes critical for immune surveillance, particularly in eradication of metastatic cancer cells and acute antiviral responses. In contrast to T cells, NK cell-mediated immunity is rapid, with spontaneous cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine production upon pathogen detection. The renaissance in cancer immunology has cast NK cell biology back into the spotlight with an urgent need for deeper understanding of the regulatory networks that govern NK cell antitumor activity. To this end, we have adapted and refined a series of quantitative cellular calculus methods, previously applied to T and B lymphocytes, to dissect the biologic outcomes of NK cells following stimulation with cytokines (IL-15, IL-12, IL-18) or deletion of genes that regulate NK cell proliferation (Cish), survival (Bcl2l11), and activation-induced-cell-death (AICD; Fas). Our methodology is well suited to delineate effects on division rate, intrinsic apoptosis, and AICD, permitting variables such as population half-life, rate of cell division, and their combined influence on population numbers in response to stimuli to be accurately measured and modelled. Changes in these variables that result from gene deletion, concentration of stimuli, time, and cell density give insight into the dynamics of NK cell responses and serve as a platform to dissect the mechanism of action of putative checkpoints in NK cell activation and novel NK cell immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hennessy
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Pham
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Delconte
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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11
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Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that prevents formation of high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R). Because activated T cells up-regulate high-affinity IL-2R and IL-2 is used to grow activated T cells in vitro, daclizumab was envisioned to selectively inhibit activated T cells. However, the mechanism of action (MOA) of daclizumab is surprisingly broad and it includes many unanticipated effects on innate immunity. Specifically, daclizumab modulates the development of innate lymphoid cells, leading to expansion of immunoregulatory CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells. Activated CD56bright NK cells migrate to the intrathecal compartment in multiple sclerosis (MS) and regulate autoreactive T cells via cytotoxicity. Finally, daclizumab also restricts initial steps of T-cell activation by blocking trans-presentation of IL-2 by dendritic cells to antigen-specific T cells. In conclusion, daclizumab has complex immunomodulatory effects with resultant inhibition of central nervous system inflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit (NDU), Neuroimmunology Branch (NIB), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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12
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have evolved to complement T and B cells in host defense against pathogens and cancer. They recognize infected cells and tumors using a sophisticated array of activating, costimulatory, and inhibitory receptors that are expressed on NK cell subsets to create extensive functional diversity. NK cells can be targeted to kill with exquisite antigen specificity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. NK and T cells share many of the costimulatory and inhibitory receptors that are currently under evaluation in the clinic for cancer immunotherapy. As with T cells, genetic engineering is being employed to modify NK cells to specifically target them to tumors and to enhance their effector functions. As the selective pressures exerted by immunotherapies to augment CD8+T cell responses may result in loss of MHC class I, NK cells may provide an important fail-safe to eliminate these tumors by their capacity to eliminate tumors that are “missing self.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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13
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Kim HK, Chung H, Kwon J, Castro E, Johns C, Hawk NV, Hwang S, Park JH, Gress RE. Differential Cytokine Utilization and Tissue Tropism Results in Distinct Repopulation Kinetics of Naïve vs. Memory T Cells in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:355. [PMID: 30886618 PMCID: PMC6409349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve and memory T cells co-exist in the peripheral T cell pool, but the cellular mechanisms that maintain the balance and homeostasis of these two populations remain mostly unclear. To address this question, here, we assessed homeostatic proliferation and repopulation kinetics of adoptively transferred naïve and memory T cells in lymphopenic host mice. We identified distinct kinetics of proliferation and tissue-distribution between naïve and memory donor T cells, which resulted in the occupancy of the peripheral T cell pool by mostly naïve-origin T cells in short term (<1 week), but, in a dramatic reversal, by mostly memory-origin T cells in long term (>4 weeks). To explain this finding, we assessed utilization of the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 by naïve and memory T cells. We found different efficiencies of IL-7 signaling between naïve and memory T cells, where memory T cells expressed larger amounts of IL-7Rα but were significantly less potent in activation of STAT5 that is downstream of IL-7 signaling. Nonetheless, memory T cells were superior in long-term repopulation of the peripheral T cell pool, presumably, because they preferentially migrated into non-lymphoid tissues upon adoptive transfer and additionally utilized tissue IL-15 for rapid expansion. Consequently, co-utilization of IL-7 and IL-15 provides memory T cells a long-term survival advantage. We consider this mechanism important, as it permits the memory T cell population to be maintained in face of constant influx of naïve T cells to the peripheral T cell pool and under competing conditions for survival cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Johns
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nga V Hawk
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - SuJin Hwang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Waters RS, Perry JSA, Han S, Bielekova B, Gedeon T. The effects of interleukin-2 on immune response regulation. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2018; 35:79-119. [PMID: 28339682 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has many adaptive and dynamic components that are regulated to ensure appropriate, precise and rapid response to a foreign pathogen. A delayed or inadequate immune response can lead to prolonged disease, while an excessive or under-regulated response can lead to autoimmunity. The cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor IL-2R play an important role in maintaining this balance.The IL-2 receptor transduces pSTAT5 signal through both the intermediate and high affinity receptors, which differ from each other by the presence of CD25 chain in IL-2 receptor. We present experimental data on the kinetics of pSTAT5 signalling through both of the receptors and develop a model that captures this kinetics. We then use this model to parameterize key aspects of two additional models in which we propose and study two different mechanisms by which IL-2 receptor can transduce distinct signals leading to either an activated or a non-activated cell state. We speculate that this initial state differentiation, perhaps enhanced by downstream feedbacks, may eventually lead to differential cell fates.Our result shows that non-linear dynamical models can suggest resolution of a puzzling array of seemingly contradictory experimental results on IL-2 effect on proliferation and differentiation of T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Waters
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, MT
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA
| | - SunPil Han
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Tomas Gedeon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, MT
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15
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Kippner LE, Kemp ML. Oscillatory IL-2 stimulus reveals pertinent signaling timescales of T cell responsiveness. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203759. [PMID: 30226854 PMCID: PMC6143248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell response to extracellular ligand is affected not only by ligand availability, but also by pre-existing cell-to-cell variability that enables a range of responses within a cell population. We developed a computational model that incorporates cell heterogeneity in order to investigate Jurkat T cell response to time dependent extracellular IL-2 stimulation. Our model predicted preferred timing of IL-2 oscillatory input for maximizing downstream intracellular STAT5 nuclear translocation. The modeled cytokine exposure was replicated experimentally through the use of a microfluidic platform that enabled the parallelized capture of dynamic single cell response to precisely delivered pulses of IL-2 stimulus. The in vitro results demonstrate that single cell response profiles vary with pulsatile IL-2 input at pre-equilibrium levels. These observations confirmed our model predictions that Jurkat cells have a preferred range of extracellular IL-2 fluctuations, in which downstream response is rapidly initiated. Further investigation into this filtering behavior could increase our understanding of how pre-existing cellular states within immune cell populations enable a systems response within a preferred range of ligand fluctuations, and whether the observed cytokine range corresponds to in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E. Kippner
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Salmons B, Gunzburg WH. Release characteristics of cellulose sulphate capsules and production of cytokines from encapsulated cells. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:15-22. [PMID: 29933063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size and speed of release of proteins of different sizes from standard cellulose sulphate capsules (Cell-in-a-Box®) was investigated. Proteins with molecular weights of up to around 70kD can be released. The conformation, charge and concentration of the protein being released play a role in the release kinetics. Small proteins such as cytokines can be easily released. The ability to produce cytokines at a sustained and predefined level from encapsulated cells genetically engineered to overexpress such cytokines and implanted into patients may aid immunotherapies of cancer as well as infectious and other diseases. It will also allow allogeneic rather than autologous cells to be used. We show that cells encapsulated in polymers of cellulose sulphate are able to release cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) in a stimulated fashion e.g. using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin. Given the excellent documented safety record of cellulose sulphate in patients, these data suggest that clinical usage of the technology may be warranted for cancer treatment and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Salmons
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd, Synapse, 3 Biopolis Drive, Singapore
| | - Walter H Gunzburg
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd, Synapse, 3 Biopolis Drive, Singapore; Institute of Virology, Dept. of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A1210 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Choudhry H, Helmi N, Abdulaal WH, Zeyadi M, Zamzami MA, Wu W, Mahmoud MM, Warsi MK, Rasool M, Jamal MS. Prospects of IL-2 in Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9056173. [PMID: 29854806 PMCID: PMC5960517 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9056173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a powerful immune growth factor and it plays important role in sustaining T cell response. The potential of IL-2 in expanding T cells without loss of functionality has led to its early use in cancer immunotherapy. IL-2 has been reported to induce complete and durable regressions in cancer patients but immune related adverse effects have been reported (irAE). The present review discusses the prospects of IL-2 in immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Helmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Zeyadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A. Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maged Mostafa Mahmoud
- King Fahd Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Enzymology, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. Jamal
- King Fahd Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Islam SMS, Choi B, Choi J, Lee ES, Sohn S. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells in patients with Behçet's disease and the effects of overexpressing IL-15Rα+ on disease symptoms in mice. Cytokine 2018; 110:257-266. [PMID: 29396044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested higher serum levels of IL-15 and lower expression levels of IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) are correlated with pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD). However, whether overexpressing IL-15Rα could be used as a therapeutic candidate for BD is currently unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether overexpressing IL-15Rα could affect BD symptoms in a mouse model. IL-15/IL-15Rα complex expressing vector or protein complex of IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc was used to treat BD mice. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and lymph node cells were determined using a flow cytometer. BD symptoms in mice improved after treatment with IL-15/15Rα expression vector or IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc protein complex. In addition, treatment with pIL-15/15Rα significantly (p = .016) decreased disease severity score of BD mice compared to treatment with control vector. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ cells were also significantly (p = .01) higher in peritoneal macrophages of pIL-15/15Rα treated BD mice than those of mice treated with control vector. Frequencies of IL-15Rα+ PBL were also significantly higher in BD mice treated with IL-15/IL-15Rα-Fc protein complex than those in the control group. These results suggest up-regulating IL-15Rα+ cells could be used as novel therapeutic strategies to control BD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shamsul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-So Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Akieda-Asai S, Ida T, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Date Y. Interleukin-15 derived from Guanylin-GC-C-expressing macrophages inhibits fatty acid synthase in adipocytes. Peptides 2018; 99:14-19. [PMID: 29097254 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently we found that guanylin (Gn) and its receptor, guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), are uniquely expressed in the mesenteric macrophages of some diet-resistant rats and that double-transgenic (dTg) rats overexpressing Gn and GC-C in macrophages demonstrate reduced fatty acid synthase and fat accumulation in fat tissue even when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels in cocultured dTg rat adipocytes and macrophages were reduced compared with those in adipocytes cultured with WT rat macrophages. Here, we investigated whether Interleukin-15 (IL-15) derived from Gn-GC-C-expressing macrophages regulates lipid accumulation in adipocytes. IL-15 inhibited fatty acid synthase and lipid accumulation via STAT5 in cultured adipocytes. IL-15 mRNA and protein levels in the mesenteric fat of HFD-fed dTg rats were significantly higher than those of HFD-fed WT rats. Phosphorylated STAT5 levels in the mesenteric fat of HFD-fed dTg rats were increased compared with those of HFD-fed WT rats. In addition, the mRNA level of fatty acid synthase in the mesenteric fat was lower in HFD-fed dTg rats than in HFD-fed WT rats. These results support the hypothesis that IL-15 secreted from Gn-GC-C-expressing macrophages contributes to the inhibition of fatty acid synthase and lipid accumulation in adipocytes, leading to obesity resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Akieda-Asai
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yukari Date
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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20
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Daclizumab High-Yield Process in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of Phase I-III Clinical Trials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 55:943-55. [PMID: 26873229 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Daclizumab high-yield process (HYP) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to the α-subunit (CD25) of the interleukin-2 receptor. The present work characterized the population pharmacokinetics of daclizumab HYP in healthy volunteers (HVs) and subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and evaluated the effects of covariates on daclizumab HYP exposure. METHODS Measurable serum concentrations (n = 17,139) from 1670 subjects in seven clinical studies (three phase I, one immunogenicity, one phase II with extension, and one phase III) were included in this pharmacokinetic analysis using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. The three phase I studies evaluated single or multiple doses that ranged from 50 to 400 mg with either intravenous or subcutaneous (SC) administration in HVs (n = 71). The phase II with extension studies evaluated doses of 150 or 300 mg SC every 4 weeks (n = 567), and the immunogenicity (n = 113) and the phase III (n = 919) studies evaluated 150 mg SC every 4 weeks, all in RRMS patients. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination adequately described daclizumab HYP pharmacokinetics. Clearance (CL) was 0.212 L/day and the central volume of distribution was 3.92 L, scaled by [body weight (kg)/68] with exponents of 0.87 and 1.12, respectively. The peripheral volume of distribution was 2.42 L. Absorption lag time, mean absorption time, and absolute bioavailability (100-300 mg SC) were 1.61 h, 7.2 days, and 88 %, respectively. The daclizumab HYP terminal half-life was 21 days. Baseline CD25, age, and sex did not influence daclizumab HYP pharmacokinetics. Body weight explained 37 and 27 % of the inter-individual variability for CL and central volume of distribution, respectively. Neutralizing antibody (NAb)-positive status (included as a time-varying covariate) increased daclizumab HYP CL by 19 %. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous findings in HVs, this analysis including extensive data from RRMS patients demonstrates that daclizumab HYP is characterized by slow CL, linear pharmacokinetics at doses above 100 mg, and high SC bioavailability. The pharmacokinetics of daclizumab HYP were not influenced by age (range 18-66 years), the sex of adult subjects, or the baseline CD4+CD25+ T cells (target level). The impact of covariates (body weight, NAb) on daclizumab HYP pharmacokinetics is unlikely to be clinically relevant.
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21
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Diao L, Hang Y, Othman AA, Mehta D, Amaravadi L, Nestorov I, Tran JQ. Population PK-PD analyses of CD25 occupancy, CD56 bright NK cell expansion, and regulatory T cell reduction by daclizumab HYP in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1333-1342. [PMID: 27333593 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Daclizumab high yield process (HYP) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to the α-subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor and is being developed for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This manuscript characterized the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships of daclizumab HYP in subjects with MS. METHODS Approximately 1400 subjects and 7000 PD measurements for each of three biomarkers [CD25 occupancy, CD56bright natural killer (NK) cell count, regulatory T cell (Treg) count] from four clinical trials were analyzed using non-linear mixed effects modelling. Evaluated regimens included 150 or 300 mg subcutaneous (s.c.) every 4 weeks. RESULTS CD25 occupancy was characterized using a sigmoidal maximum response (Emax ) model. Upon daclizumab HYP treatment, CD25 saturation was rapid with complete saturation occurring after approximately 7 h and maintained when daclizumab HYP serum concentration was ≥5 mg l-1 . After the last 150 mg s.c. dose, unoccupied CD25 returned to baseline levels in approximately 24 weeks, with daclizumab HYP serum concentration approximately ≤1 mgl-1 1L. CD56bright NK cell expansion was characterized using an indirect response model. Following daclizumab HYP 150 mg s.c. every 4 weeks, expansion plateaus approximately at week 36, at which the average maximum expansion ratio is 5.2. After the last dose, CD56bright NK cells gradually declined to baseline levels within 24 weeks. Treg reduction was characterized by a sigmoidal Emax model. Average maximum reduction of 60% occurred approximately 4 days post 150 mg s.c. dose. After the last dose, Tregs were projected to return to baseline levels in approximately 20 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Robust PK-PD models of CD25 occupancy, CD56bright NK cell expansion and Treg reduction by daclizumab HYP were developed to characterize its key pharmacodynamic effects in the target patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- Janssen China R&D, Clinical Pharmacology, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Ahmed A Othman
- AbbVie Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Q Tran
- Receptos, a wholly owned subsidiary of Celgene, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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22
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Jiang T, Zhou C, Ren S. Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1163462. [PMID: 27471638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1163462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the key cytokines with pleiotropic effects on immune system. It has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Recent progress has been made in our understanding of IL-2 in regulating lymphocytes that has led to exciting new directions for cancer immunotherapy. While improved IL-2 formulations might be used as monotherapies, their combination with other anticancer immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer regimens, antigen-specific vaccination, and blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, for example cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) mono-antibodies, would held the promise of treating metastatic cancer. Despite the comprehensive studies of IL-2 on immune system have established the application of IL-2 for cancer immunotherapy, a number of poignant obstacles remain for future research. In the present review, we will focus on the key biological features of IL-2, current applications, limitations, and future directions of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
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23
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Rhode PR, Egan JO, Xu W, Hong H, Webb GM, Chen X, Liu B, Zhu X, Wen J, You L, Kong L, Edwards AC, Han K, Shi S, Alter S, Sacha JB, Jeng EK, Cai W, Wong HC. Comparison of the Superagonist Complex, ALT-803, to IL15 as Cancer Immunotherapeutics in Animal Models. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 4:49-60. [PMID: 26511282 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0093-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IL15, a potent stimulant of CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, is a promising cancer immunotherapeutic. ALT-803 is a complex of an IL15 superagonist mutant and a dimeric IL15 receptor αSu/Fc fusion protein that was found to exhibit enhanced biologic activity in vivo, with a substantially longer serum half-life than recombinant IL15. A single intravenous dose of ALT-803, but not IL15, eliminated well-established tumors and prolonged survival of mice bearing multiple myeloma. In this study, we extended these findings to demonstrate the superior antitumor activity of ALT-803 over IL15 in mice bearing subcutaneous B16F10 melanoma tumors and CT26 colon carcinoma metastases. Tissue biodistribution studies in mice also showed much greater retention of ALT-803 in the lymphoid organs compared with IL15, consistent with its highly potent immunostimulatory and antitumor activities in vivo. Weekly dosing with 1 mg/kg ALT-803 in C57BL/6 mice was well tolerated, yet capable of increasing peripheral blood lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts by >8-fold. ALT-803 dose-dependent stimulation of immune cell infiltration into the lymphoid organs was also observed. Similarly, cynomolgus monkeys treated weekly with ALT-803 showed dose-dependent increases of peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, including NK, CD4(+), and CD8(+) memory T-cell subsets. In vitro studies demonstrated ALT-803-mediated stimulation of mouse and human immune cell proliferation and IFNγ production without inducing a broad-based release of other proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., cytokine storm). Based on these results, a weekly dosing regimen of ALT-803 has been implemented in multiple clinical studies to evaluate the dose required for effective immune cell stimulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack O Egan
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Jinghai Wen
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lijing You
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | | | - Kaiping Han
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah Alter
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
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24
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Therapeutic potential of IL-15 in rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:812-8. [PMID: 26429323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease. Cytokine-mediated immunity has been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including RA. Recently, much attention has been paid on the role of IL-15, which is a member of the 4 α-helix bundle cytokine family. IL-15 was detected in serum and synovial fluid from RA patients and arthritis mice models. Moreover, administration of IL-15 leads to the development of severe inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that IL-15 may be therapeutically relevant in RA. Therefore, targeting IL-15 may be significantly important and valuable. In this article, we discuss the biological features and effects of IL-15 and summarize recent advances on the pathological roles of IL-15 in RA and treatment for RA.
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Agomelatine or ramelteon as treatment adjuncts in glioblastoma and other M1- or M2-expressing cancers. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:157-62. [PMID: 26034396 PMCID: PMC4444449 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2015.51421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The impressive but sad list of over forty clinical studies using various cytotoxic chemotherapies published in the last few years has failed to increase median survival of glioblastoma beyond two years after diagnosis. In view of this apparent brick wall, adjunctive non-cytotoxic growth factor blocking drugs are being tried, as in the CUSP9* protocol. A related theme is searching for agonists at growth inhibiting receptors. One such dataset is that of melatonin agonism at M1 or M2 receptors found on glioblastoma cells, being a negative regulator of these cells’ growth. Melatonin itself is an endogenous hormone, but when used as an exogenously administered drug it has many disadvantages. Agomelatine, marketed as an antidepressant, and ramelteon, marketed as a treatment for insomnia, are currently-available melatonin receptor agonists. These melatonin receptor agonists have significant advantages over the natural ligand: longer half-life, better oral absorption, and higher affinity to melatonin receptors. They have an eminently benign side effect profile. As full agonists they should function to inhibit glioblastoma growth, as demonstrated for melatonin. A potentially helpful ancillary attribute of melatonergic agonists in glioblastoma treatment is an increase in interleukin-2 synthesis, expected, at least partially, to reverse some of the immunosuppression associated with glioblastoma.
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Mishra A, Sullivan L, Caligiuri MA. Molecular pathways: interleukin-15 signaling in health and in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2044-50. [PMID: 24737791 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the development, survival, proliferation, and activation of multiple lymphocyte lineages utilizing a variety of signaling pathways. IL-15 utilizes three distinct receptor chains in at least two different combinations to signal and exert its effects on the immune system. The binding of IL-15 to its receptor complex activates an "immune-enhancing" signaling cascade in natural killer cells and subsets of T cells, as well as the induction of a number of proto-oncogenes. Additional studies have explored the role of IL-15 in the development and progression of cancer, notably leukemia of large granular lymphocytes, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. This review provides an overview of the molecular events in the IL-15 signaling pathway and the aberrancies in its regulation that are associated with chronic inflammation and cancer. We briefly explore the potential therapeutic opportunities that have arisen as a result of these studies to further the treatment of cancer. These involve both targeting the disruption of IL-15 signaling as well as IL-15-mediated enhancement of innate and antigen-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mishra
- Authors' Affiliation: The Divisions of Dermatology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Jeong J, Kim WH, Yeo J, Fernandez CP, Kim S, Lee YJ, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Identification of alternatively spliced isoforms of interleukin-2/15 receptor β chain in ducks. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van den Bergh JMJ, Van Tendeloo VFI, Smits ELJM. Interleukin-15: new kid on the block for antitumor combination therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:15-24. [PMID: 25306466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is one of the most promising molecules to be used in antitumor immune therapy, as it is able to stimulate the main killer cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Although this cytokine can be used as a stand-alone immunotherapeutic agent, IL-15 will probably be most efficient in combination with other strategies to overcome high tumor burden, immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment and/or the short half-life of IL-15. In this review, we will discuss the combination strategies with IL-15 that have been tested to date in different animal tumor models, which include chemotherapy, other immunostimulatory cytokines, targeted therapy, adoptive cell transfer and gene therapy. In addition, we give an overview of IL-15 combination therapies that are currently tested in clinical studies to treat patients with hematological or advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F I Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J M Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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The role of suppressors of cytokine signalling in human neoplasms. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:630797. [PMID: 24757565 PMCID: PMC3976820 DOI: 10.1155/2014/630797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling 1-7 (SOCS1-7) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) are a group of intracellular proteins that are well known as JAK-STAT and several other signalling pathways negative feedback regulators. More recently several members have been identified as tumour suppressors and dysregulation of their biological roles in controlling cytokine and growth factor signalling may contribute to the development of many solid organ and haematological malignancies. This review explores their biological functions and their possible tumour suppressing role in human neoplasms.
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Choi J, Lee ES, Choi B, Sohn S. Therapeutic potency of Poly I:C in HSV-induced inflammation through up-regulation of IL-15 receptor alpha. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1119-30. [PMID: 23618691 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) forms stable complex with IL-15 on the cell surface of activated monocytes and mediates the proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells. Recent studies informed that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) is an immunostimulant which boosts the generation of memory T cells through induction of IL-15Rα. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relevance of IL-15Rα in Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced Behçet's disease (BD) mouse model and BD patients. The frequencies of IL-15Rα expression in PBMCs of BD patients and BD-like symptomatic mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, Poly I:C supplementation could reduce inflammation through the up-regulation of memory T cells and IL-15Rα+ cells accompany with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-17A in BD mice. In BD patients, the frequencies of IL-15Rα expression in PBMCs were also significantly different between the inactive and active disease states. These results suggest that IL-15Rα is a relevant factor in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody of IgG1 subtype that binds to the Tac epitope on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α-chain (CD25), thus, effectively blocking the formation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. Because the high-affinity IL-2 receptor signaling promotes expansion of activated T cells in vitro, daclizumab was designed as a therapy that selectively inhibits T-cell activation. Assuming the previous statement, daclizumab received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to standard immunosuppressive regimen for the prevention of acute allograft rejection in renal transplantation. Based on its putative mechanism of action (MOA), daclizumab represented an ideal therapy for T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and was subsequently tested in inflammatory uveitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). In both of these diseases, daclizumab therapy significantly inhibited target organ inflammation. Mechanistic studies in MS demonstrated that the MOA of daclizumab is surprisingly broad and that the drug exerts unexpected effects on multiple components of the innate immune system. Specifically, daclizumab dramatically expands and activates immunoregulatory CD56(bright) NK cells, which gain access to the intrathecal compartment in MS and can kill autologous activated T cells. Daclizumab also blocks trans-presentation of IL-2 by mature dendritic cells to primed T cells, resulting in profound inhibition of antigen-specific T cells. Finally, daclizumab modulates the development of innate lymphoid cells. In conclusion, daclizumab therapy, which is currently in phase III testing for inflammatory MS, has a unique MOA that does not limit migration of immune cells into the intrathecal compartment, but rather provides multifactorial immunomodulatory effects with resultant inhibition of MS-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit (NDU), Neuroimmunology Branch (NIB), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bai XT, Nicot C. Overview on HTLV-1 p12, p8, p30, p13: accomplices in persistent infection and viral pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:400. [PMID: 23248621 PMCID: PMC3518833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. While the role of Tax and Rex in viral replication and pathogenesis has been extensively studied, recent evidence suggests that additional viral proteins are essential for the virus life cycle in vivo. In this review, we will summarize possible molecular mechanisms evoked in the literature to explain how p12, p8, p30, and p13 facilitate persistent viral infection of the host. We will explore several stratagems used by HTLV-1 accessory genes to escape immune surveillance, to establish latency, and to deregulate cell cycle and apoptosis to participate in virus-mediated cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tao Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a ubiquitously expressed cytokine existing in both intracellular and secretory forms. Here we review the expression, regulation, and functions of IL15 and its receptors in the brain. IL15 receptors show robust upregulation after neuroinflammation, suggesting a major role of IL15 signaling in cerebral function. Involvement of the IL15 system in neuropsychiatric behavior is reflected by the effects of IL15, IL15Rα, and IL2Rγ deletions on neurobehavior and neurotransmitters, the effects of IL15 treatment on neuronal activity, and the potential role of IL15 in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis. The results show that IL15 modulates GABA and serotonin transmission. This may underlie deficits in mood (depressive-like behavior and decreased normal anxiety) and memory, as well as activity level, sleep, and thermoregulation. Although IL15 has only a low level of permeation across the blood-brain barrier, peripheral IL15 is able to activate multiple signaling pathways in neurons widely distributed in CNS regions. The effects of IL15 in "preventing" neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal mice implicate a potential therapeutic role of this polypeptide cytokine.
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Multicytokine detection improves latent tuberculosis diagnosis in health care workers. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1711-7. [PMID: 22403417 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00117-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In a low-incidence setting, health care workers (HCW) are at a higher risk of tuberculosis than the general population. The suboptimal sensitivity of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) test remains a critical issue when identifying occupational latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in HCW. The aim of this study was to identify additional biomarkers in order to overcome the limits of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) and improve the performance of LTBI diagnosis within this population. Seventy Bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated HCW regularly exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis were grouped according to QFT results into an LTBI-positive group (positive QFT, n = 8), an LTBI-negative group (normal QFT and negative tuberculin skin test [TST], n = 21), and an undetermined group (subpositive QFT and/or positive TST, n = 41). The secretion of 22 cytokines in response to QFT-specific stimulation was quantified using a multiparameter-based immunoassay. As a result, thresholds discriminating LTBI-positive from LTBI-negative HCW were established by comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-15, IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and the monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), which are biomarkers differentially secreted by the two groups. The combination of IL-15 and MIG provided a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94.1% in distinguishing LTBI-positive from LTBI-negative HCW. When using IL-15 and MIG among the undetermined group, 6/45 HCW could be classified in the LTBI-positive group. The use of additional biomarkers after IGRA screening could improve the diagnosis of LTBI. The performance of these biomarkers and their use in combination with TST and/or QFT, as well as the cost-effectiveness of such a diagnostic strategy, should be evaluated in further larger clinical trials.
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Katz Sand IB, Krieger S. Emerging strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extraordinary advances in the field of neuroimmunology, ideal treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis remains an unmet need. Existing treatments are only partially effective in preventing multiple sclerosis relapses, have a limited impact on the accrual of disability, have not been effective in progressive forms of the disease, and treatment remains preventive rather than restorative. This review provides an overview of emerging therapies and targets, and incorporates strategies for two different approaches to multiple sclerosis: prevention, through immune modulation; and repair, through neuroprotection and remyelination. Agents at all stages of development, from late-stage clinical trials of BG-12, teriflunomide, alemtuzumab, daclizumab and anti-CD20 agents, to novel approaches in preclinical testing, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Katz Sand
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1138, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stephen Krieger
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1138, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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van der Windt GJW, Everts B, Chang CH, Curtis JD, Freitas TC, Amiel E, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity is a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell memory development. Immunity 2011; 36:68-78. [PMID: 22206904 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1128] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells undergo major metabolic changes upon activation, but how metabolism influences the establishment of long-lived memory T cells after infection remains a key question. We have shown here that CD8(+) memory T cells, but not CD8(+) T effector (Teff) cells, possessed substantial mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity (SRC). SRC is the extra capacity available in cells to produce energy in response to increased stress or work and as such is associated with cellular survival. We found that interleukin-15 (IL-15), a cytokine critical for CD8(+) memory T cells, regulated SRC and oxidative metabolism by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT1a), a metabolic enzyme that controls the rate-limiting step to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). These results show how cytokines control the bioenergetic stability of memory T cells after infection by regulating mitochondrial metabolism.
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Lee DU, Jessen B. Off-target immune cell toxicity caused by AG-012986, a pan-CDK inhibitor, is associated with inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 26:101-8. [PMID: 22095879 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AG-012986 is a pan-CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor that has in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties but was stopped in development due in part to rapid bone-marrow-independent white blood cell toxicity in preclinical studies and the potential for acute and delayed immunosuppression in humans. Because peripheral lymphocytes are largely nonproliferating, it was hypothesized the toxicity of AG-012986 was due to an off-target mechanism and not driven by the intended pharmacology. We show the toxicity mechanism in primary human immune cells is caspase driven. T-cells treated with AG-012986 and acutely stimulated through the T-cell receptor exhibited decreased toxicity while still maintaining cell division inhibition. This indicated that the pharmacology of AG-012986 functioned as expected but the toxicity had now been decoupled through activation. Induced phosphorylation of p38 and IL-2 production was impaired with AG-012986. Thus, AG-012986 could cause apoptosis of T-cells by targeting upstream kinases in the p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and impairing cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong U Lee
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Department, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 receptor expression predicts CD56bright natural killer cell expansion after daclizumab treatment in the CHOICE study of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:1441-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511414755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression on CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells predicted CD56bright NK cell expansion and therapeutic response to daclizumab (DAC) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: DAC exposure, CD56bright NK cell counts, IL-2 receptor alpha (CD25) and beta (CD122) subunits, and new or enlarged lesions on brain MRI were measured in 64 subjects in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic substudy of the phase 2 CHOICE trial at multiple time points. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were obtained from healthy subjects to assess the relationship among DAC treatment, intermediate affinity IL-2 signaling, and CD56bright NK cell expansion. Results: Increased CD56bright NK cell counts in DAC/interferon beta (IFNβ)-treated subjects were observed by day 14, the first post-dosing time point (mean [SD] ln{CD56bright NK cell count}: DAC high/IFNβ, 2.01 [1.25]; DAC low/IFNβ, 2.29 [1.06]; placebo/IFNβ, 1.01 [1.03]; adjusted p = 0.003), and persisted throughout the treatment period. Higher DAC dose predicted a faster rate of CD56bright NK cell expansion ( p < 0.001), but individual subjects’ increases in CD56bright NK cells from baseline levels were only weakly correlated with DAC exposure ( r2 = 0.167). Higher expression of the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor subunit (CD122) on CD56bright NK cells at baseline predicted fewer new gadolinium-enhanced (Gd+) lesions during the treatment period (1.77 vs. 0.62 adjusted mean new Gd+ lesions during weeks 8–24, lowest vs. highest quartile of percentage CD122+ CD56bright NK cells; p = 0.033) and a greater increase in CD56bright NK cell counts at the end of DAC dosing ( p = 0.029). Conclusion: CD56bright NK cell expansion after DAC treatment appears to reflect individual differences in the capacity for intermediate-affinity IL-2 signaling and could provide a basis for predicting clinical response to DAC in MS.
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Ishii H, Takahara M, Nagato T, Kis LL, Nagy N, Kishibe K, Harabuchi Y, Klein E. Monocytes enhance cell proliferation and LMP1 expression of nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma cells by cell contact-dependent interaction through membrane-bound IL-15. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:48-58. [PMID: 21618217 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NNKTL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancy with poor prognosis and has distinct histological features characterized by angiocentric and polymorphous lymphoreticular infiltrates including inflammatory cells such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. Here, we show that the monocytes enhance proliferation as well as LMP1 expression of NNKTL cells by cell contact-dependent interaction through membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-15. We used two EBV-positive NK-cell lines, SNK6 and KAI3, which originated from two patients-SNK6 from a patient with NNKTL and KAI3 from a patient with a severe mosquito allergy. We cocultured the cell lines with granulocytes or monocytes and examined whether proliferation, survival and LMP1 expression of the cells changed. Although cocultured granulocytes did not affect proliferation, survival or LMP1 expression of the cells, cocultured monocytes enhanced both proliferation and LMP1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. These phenomena were not seen when monocytes were placed in a separate chamber. Moreover, the monocyte-inducible proliferation and LMP1 expression were inhibited by treatment with an antibody against IL-15. Furthermore, production of interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10 were enhanced by coculture with monocytes and were inhibited by the antibody. Immunohistological studies confirmed that a number of infiltrating CD14-positive monocytes contacted CD56-positive lymphoma cells in all of 20 NNKTL tissues tested. These results suggest that monocytes enhance cell growth as well as LMP1 expression of NNKTL cells by cell contact-dependent interaction through membrane-bound IL-15. In the microenvironment of NNKTL tissue, a positive feedback loop of interaction between lymphoma cells and monocytes may be present and contribute to lymphoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Wu X, He Y, Hsuchou H, Kastin AJ, Rood JC, Pan W. Essential role of interleukin-15 receptor in normal anxiety behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1340-6. [PMID: 20600810 PMCID: PMC2949491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 and the classical neurotransmitter GABA have been shown in IL15Rα receptor knockout mice by observations of memory deficits and reduction of GABA. To test the hypothesis that IL15 affects anxiety-like behavior, knockout mice without IL15, IL15Rα, or the co-receptor IL2Rγ were subjected to open-field and elevated plus maze tests. All three strains showed reduction of anxiety, with greater changes in the IL15Rα knockout mice than in the IL15 or IL2Rγ knockout mice. This unexpected observation is opposite to the reported increase of anxiety in mice lacking other proinflammatory cytokines or their receptors. The reduced anxiety was not associated with changes in associated serum cytokines. However, Western blotting, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry all showed that IL15Rα knockout mice had mild microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus. To determine whether this gliosis plays a role in decreasing anxiety, IL15Rα knockout mice were treated with minocycline, but this did not cause a change in open field performance. To determine whether IL15 plays a direct role in anxiety, wildtype mice were treated with IL15 by intraperitoneal injection. This also failed to cause a change in open field behavior under the experimental conditions tested. Thus, IL15Rα is essential for normal anxiety-like behavior, but inhibition of gliosis in the fearless IL15Rα knockout mice or IL15 treatment of normal mice did not acutely modulate behavioral performance as tested.
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IL-15 receptor deletion results in circadian changes of locomotor and metabolic activity. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:315-21. [PMID: 20012227 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine produced in the normal brain that acts on its specific receptor IL-15Ralpha and co-receptors IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma in neuronal cells. The functions of the cerebral IL-15 system, however, are not yet clear. To test the hypothesis that IL-15Ralpha regulates metabolic activity and body temperature, we quantified the specific metabolic phenotype of IL-15Ralpha knockout mice. These normal-appearing mice were leaner with lower fat composition. During the entire circadian cycle, the knockout mice had a significantly higher acrophase in locomotor activity and heat dissipation. During the light phase, there was significantly greater food intake, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production. The difference in the dark and light phases suggests that IL-15Ralpha participates in circadian rhythm regulation. The higher oxygen consumption in the light phase indicates adaptive thermogenesis in the knockout mice. The body temperature of the receptor knockout mice was significantly higher than the control in the light phase, and this was mainly caused by a large difference occurring between 0600 and 0900 h. In addition to the metabolic chamber studies and circadian rhythm analyses, qPCR of hypothalamic homogenates indicated higher mRNA expression of orexin and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 cation channels. Consistent with a direct role of IL-15Ralpha in the hypothalamus, IL-15 treatment of the wild-type mice induced c-Fos expression in the preoptic area. We conclude that activation of hypothalamic neurons by IL-15 in mice contributes to thermoregulation and modifies the metabolic phenotype.
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Tang C, Yamada H, Shibata K, Yoshida SI, Wajjwalku W, Yoshikai Y. IL-15 protects antigen-specific CD8+ T cell contraction after Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:187-94. [PMID: 19389797 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0608363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that IL-15 plays a critical role in protecting effector CD8(+) T cells from apoptosis during the contraction phase following acute infection with Listeria monocytogenes by inducing antiapoptotic molecules. In the present study, we examined the effects of in vivo administration of rIL-15 on contraction of CD8(+) T cells after chronic infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and on the efficacy of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells reached an expansion peak at approximately Day 21, followed by a contraction after inoculation with rBCG expressing OVA. In vivo administration of rIL-15 from Days 22 to 42 after BCG inoculation inhibited apoptosis of effector CD8(+) T cells by up-regulating their Bcl-2 expression, resulting in a significant increase of antigen-specific memory CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma. However, the IL-15 treatment did not elicit improved efficacy of BCG vaccination against M. tuberculosis. These results suggest that IL-15 plays a critical role in protecting activated CD8(+) T cells from apoptosis during the contraction phase following BCG inoculation, although IL-15 administration alone at the contraction phase might not be sufficient to protect the efficient memory T cell responses against subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Tang
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Halwani R, Boyer JD, Yassine-Diab B, Haddad EK, Robinson TM, Kumar S, Parkinson R, Wu L, Sidhu MK, Phillipson-Weiner R, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Lewis MG, Shen A, Siliciano RF, Weiner DB, Sekaly RP. Therapeutic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-DNA + IL-12 or IL-15 induces distinct CD8 memory subsets in SIV-infected macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7969-79. [PMID: 18523260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an invaluable approach for immune therapy in that it lacks vector interference and thus permits repeated vaccination boosts. However, by themselves, DNA-based vaccines are typically poor inducers of Ag-specific immunity in humans and non-human primates. Cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-15, have been shown to be potent adjuvants for the induction and maintenance of cellular immune responses, in particular during HIV infection. In this study, we examined the ability of therapeutic vaccination with SIV-DNA+IL-12 or IL-15 as molecular adjuvants to improve DNA vaccine potency and to enhance memory immune responses in SIV-infected macaques. Our results demonstrate that incorporating IL-12 into the vaccine induces SIV-specific CD8 effector memory T cell (T(EM)) functional responses and enhances the capacity of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T(EM) cells to produce TNF. Lower levels of PD-1 were expressed on T cells acquiring dual function upon vaccination as compared with mono-functional CD8 T(EM) cells. Finally, a boost with SIV-DNA+IL-15 triggered most T cell memory subsets in macaques primed with either DNA-SIV or placebo but only CD8 T(EM) in macaques primed with SIV-DNA+IL-12. These results indicate that plasmid IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines represent a significant addition to enhance the ability of therapeutic DNA vaccines to induce better immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Prinz M, Rossum DV, Hanisch UK. Interleukin-2 as a Neuroregulatory Cytokine. CYTOKINES AND THE BRAIN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(07)10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Kirk AD, Elster EA. Immunology of Transplantation. Surgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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IL-2 activation of STAT5 enhances production of IL-10 from human cytotoxic regulatory T cells, HOZOT. Exp Hematol 2007; 36:181-92. [PMID: 18023521 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin (IL)-10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by many cell types, including T cells. We previously reported that a novel type of regulatory T (Treg) cells, termed HOZOT, which possesses a FOXP3+CD4+CD8+CD25+ phenotype and dual suppressor/cytotoxic activities, produced high levels of IL-10. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of high IL-10 production by HOZOT, focusing on Janus activating kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared five different types of T cells, including HOZOT from human umbilical cord blood. Cytokine productions of IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were compared among these T cells after anti-CD3/CD28 antibody stimulation in the presence or absence of IL-2. Specific inhibitors for JAK/STAT, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and nuclear factor for activated T cell (NFAT) were used to analyze signal transduction mechanisms. RESULTS IL-10 production by HOZOTs was greatly enhanced by the addition of IL-2. Little or no enhancement of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production was observed under the same conditions. The enhancing effect of IL-2 was specific for both HOZOT and IL-10-secreting Treg cells. T helper type 2 cells, whose IL-10 production mechanisms involve GATA-3, failed to show IL-2-mediated enhancement of IL-10. Similar enhancing effects of IL-15 and IFN-alpha suggested a major role of JAK/STAT activation pathway for high IL-10 production. Further inhibitor experiments demonstrated that STAT5 rather than STAT3 was critically involved in this mechanism. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that IL-2 selectively enhanced production of IL-10 in HOZOT primarily through activation of STAT5, which synergistically acts with NF-kappaB/NFAT activation, implying a novel regulatory mechanism of IL-10 production in Treg cells.
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Protection against simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) 89.6P in macaques after coimmunization with SHIV antigen and IL-15 plasmid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18648-53. [PMID: 18000037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709198104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune profile induced by a recombinant DNA vaccine was assessed in the simian/HIV (SHIV) and macaque model. The vaccine strategy included coimmunization of a DNA-based vaccine alone or in combination with an optimized plasmid encoding macaque IL-15 (pmacIL-15). We observed strong induction of vaccine-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) and CD4(+) effector T cells in the vaccination groups. Animals were subsequently challenged with 89.6p. The vaccine groups were protected from ongoing infection, and the IL-15 covaccinated group showed a more rapidly controlled infection than the group treated with DNA vaccine alone. Lymphocytes isolated from the group covaccinated with pmacIL-15 had higher cellular proliferative responses than lymphocytes isolated from the macaques that received SHIV DNA alone. Vaccine antigen activation of lymphocytes was also studied for a series of immunological molecules. Although mRNA for IFN-gamma was up-regulated after antigen stimulation, the inflammatory molecules IL-8 and MMP-9 were down-regulated. These observed immune profiles are potentially reflective of the ability of the different groups to control SHIV replication. This study demonstrates that an optimized IL-15 immune adjuvant delivered with a DNA vaccine can impact the cellular immune profile in nonhuman primates and lead to enhanced suppression of viral replication.
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48
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Yu J, Wei M, Boyd Z, Lehmann EB, Trotta R, Mao H, Liu S, Becknell B, Jaung MS, Jarjoura D, Marcucci G, Wu LC, Caligiuri MA. Transcriptional control of human T-BET expression: the role of Sp1. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2549-61. [PMID: 17705132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Murine T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells) is a master regulator of IFN-gamma gene expression in NK and T cells. T-bet also plays a critical role in autoimmunity, asthma and other diseases. However, cis elements or trans factors responsible for regulating T-bet expression remain largely unknown. Here, we report on our discovery of six Sp1-binding sites within the proximal human T-BET promoter that are highly conserved among mammalian species. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate a physical association between Sp1 and the proximal T-BET promoter with a direct dose response between Sp1 expression and T-BET promoter activity. Ectopic overexpression of Sp1 also enhanced T-BET expression and cytokine-induced IFN-gamma secretion in NK cells and T cells. Mithramycin A, which blocks the binding of Sp1 to the T-BET promoter, diminished both T-BET expression and IFN-gamma protein production in monokine-stimulated primary human NK cells. Collectively, our results suggest that Sp1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of T-BET. As T-BET and IFN-gamma are critically important in inflammation, infection, and cancer, targeting Sp1, possibly with mithramycin A, may be useful for preventing and/or treating diseases associated with aberrant T-BET or IFN-gamma expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
This review examines the mode of action, safety profile and clinical efficacy of some of the most promising new therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can regenerate a new and tolerant immune system and is a potentially effective rescue therapy in a subset of patients with aggressive forms of MS refractory to approved immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents. High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell support is suggested to induce prolonged remissions through similar immunological mechanisms with less toxicity. Fingolimod (FTY720) is a novel oral immunomodulating agent that acts through preventing lymphocyte recirculation from lymphoid organs. Monoclonal antibody therapy has provided scientists and clinicians the opportunity to rationally direct the therapeutic intervention against specific molecules. Targeting molecules of the immune system such as CD52 (alemtuzumab), CD25 (daclizumab), VLA-4 (natalizumab) and CD20 (rituximab) have resulted in potent immunomodulatory effects through sometimes unpredicted mechanisms. The potential of immunoglobulins to induce remyelination in the CNS is being investigated in an attempt to develop therapies promoting tissue repair and functional recovery. The evidence supporting the potential of these emerging immunotherapies suggests that strong progress is being made in the development of effective cures for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Muraro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Waddell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati and The Neuroscience Institute, 45267-0538 Cincinnati, OH
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Liu X, Xiong C, Li C, Yang D. Modulation of interleukin-15-induced suppression of human neutrophil apoptosis by TNFalpha. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 27:354-7. [PMID: 17828485 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine to suppress neutrophil apoptosis, which is a potential therapeutic agent. The modulatory effect of TNFalpha was investigated in IL-15-induced suppression of human neutrophil apoptosis. TNFalpha was shown to reverse the ability of IL-15 to delay neutrophil apoptosis within certain time course. Moreover, this reverse effect by TNFalpha might be associated with a reduction of the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-Xl protein detected by Western blotting. It is concluded that TNFalpha can be used to modulate IL-15-induced suppression of neutrophil apoptosis within certain time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Universty of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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