Red blood cell distribution width: A simple parameter with multiple clinical applications

Deformability of Heterogeneous Red Blood Cells in Aging and Related Pathologies

Aging is interrelated with changes in red blood cell parameters and functionality. In this article, we focus on red blood cells (RBCs) and provide a review of the known changes associated with the characterization of RBC deformability in aging and related pathologies. The biophysical parameters complement the commonly used biochemical parameters and may contribute to a better understanding of the aging process. The power of the deformability measurement approach is well established in clinical settings. Measuring RBCs' deformability has the advantage of relative simplicity, and it reflects the complex effects developing in erythrocytes during aging. However, aging and related pathological conditions also promote heterogeneity of RBC features and have a certain impact on the variance in erythrocyte cell properties. The possible applications of deformability as an early biophysical biomarker of pathological states are discussed, and modulating PIEZO1 as a therapeutic target is suggested. The changes in RBCs' shape can serve as a proxy for deformability evaluation, leveraging single-cell analysis with imaging flow cytometry and artificial intelligence algorithms. The characterization of biophysical parameters of RBCs is in progress in humans and will provide a better understanding of the complex dynamics of aging.

The role of interleukin-20 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A biomarkers in the detection of renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant incurable disease characterized by monoclonal plasma cell increase associated with renal impairment. Evaluation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), hemoglobin/red cell distribution width (HB/RDW), interleukin-20 (IL-20), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) in patients with MM (with or without renal impairment) as prognostic and severity indicators.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on sixty MM patients with renal impairment, sixty MM patients without renal impairment, and sixty subjects (control group). Complete blood count, IL-20 immunoassay, and gene expression of IL-20, and VEGFA were evaluated.

RESULTS

Higher levels of NLR, MLR, and IL-20, and moreover lower levels of PLR, HB/RDW, as well as upregulation of IL-20, and VEGFA gene expression were detected in MM patients, especially those with renal impairment. Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis of NLR, MLR, PLR, and IL-20 showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of MM and disease stages.

CONCLUSIONS

NLR, MLR, PLR, HB/RDW, IL-20, and VEGFA may be implicated in the inflammatory process of MM and renal impairment pathogenesis. NLR, MLR, and IL-20 can be used as prognostic markers in MM stages.

Association of dietary inflammatory index and dietary oxidative balance score with gastrointestinal cancers in NHANES 2005-2018

BACKGROUND&AIMS

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including gastric, liver, esophageal, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, represent significant global health burdens. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary patterns, particularly their inflammatory and oxidative properties, may influence cancer risk. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Dietary Oxidative Balance Score (DOBS) assess the inflammatory and oxidative effects of diets, respectively. This study aims to explore the association between DII, DOBS, and the combined risk of GI cancers, and investigates the potential mediating roles of serum albumin and red cell distribution width (RDW).

METHODS

Data from 26,320 participants in the NHANES 2005-2018 cycles were analyzed. DII was calculated based on 28 dietary components, and DOBS included 17 nutrients (3 pro-oxidants and 14 antioxidants). Logistic regression models assessed the associations between DII, DOBS, and GI cancers. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models examined dose-response relationships. Mediation analysis evaluated the roles of serum albumin and RDW. Subgroup analyses explored interactions with demographic and health-related factors.

RESULTS

Higher DII was associated with increased GI cancer risk (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07-1.49 per unit increase), while higher DOBS was associated with reduced risk (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99 per unit increase). RCS analysis indicated a significant nonlinear relationship between DII and GI cancer risk. Serum albumin and RDW partially mediated the associations between DII, DOBS, and GI cancers. Subgroup analyses showed stronger associations for DII among certain demographics, and significant interactions were found between DII and BMI. For DOBS, significant interactions were observed with age and BMI.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals significant associations between dietary inflammatory and oxidative balance scores and GI cancer risk. Higher DII is linked to increased risk, while higher DOBS is protective. The mediating roles of serum albumin and RDW provide insights into underlying mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of dietary modifications in GI cancer prevention and management, emphasizing the importance of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich diets.

Association of preoperative red blood cell width and postoperative 30-day mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study using propensity-score matching

BACKGROUND

In terms of predicting surgery mortality, it is controversial whether red blood cell width works independently. In non-cardiac surgery patients older than 18 years, we intend to examine the relationship between red blood cell width and postoperative 30-day mortality.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, 90,785 Singapore General Hospital patients were matched by propensity score between January 1, 2012 and October 31, 2016. It was determined that red blood cell width at baseline and mortality within 30 days after surgery were the independent and dependent variables. We used a non-parametric multivariate logistic regression to balance the confounders among 7807 patients with high RDW and 7807 patients with non-high RDW in the propensity score matching. We investigated the association between RDW and 30-day mortality after surgery using the doubly robust estimation method.

RESULTS

Cohorts matched according to propensity score, the risk of 30-day mortality after surgery increased by 114.6.0% among the high RDW group (OR = 2.146, 95% CI 1.645-2.799, P < 0.00001). In the crude model, there was a significant association between RDW and 30-day mortality after surgery (OR = 1.877, 95% CI 1.476-2.388, P < 0.00001). In the propensity-score adjusted model, the risk of 30-day mortality after surgery in the high RDW group compared to the control group was not as high as in the non-adjusted model (OR = 1.867, 95% CI 1.467-2.376, P < 0.00001). Compared to non-high RDW group, the risk of 30-day mortality after surgery increased by 117.0% and 127.7% among high RDW group in the original cohort (OR 2.170, 95% CI 1.754-2.683, P < 0.00001) and the weighted cohort (OR 2.272, 95% CI 2.009-2.580, P < 0.00001), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results of this observational, propensity score-matched cohort study, uncontrolled high RDW before surgery is associated with an increased risk of death within 30 days after surgery, that is to say, patients over the age of 18 with high preoperative RDW who undergo non-cardiac surgery have a worse postoperative prognosis than those with normal RDW.

Research progress of biomarkers in evaluating the severity and prognostic value of severe pneumonia in children

Pneumonia is a serious and common infectious disease in children. If not treated in time, it may develop into severe pneumonia. Severe pneumonia in children is mainly characterized by hypoxia and acidosis, often accompanied by various complications such as sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction. Severe pneumonia has a rapid onset and progression, and a high mortality rate. Biomarkers assist clinicians in the early diagnosis and treatment of patients by quickly and accurately identifying their conditions and prognostic risks. In this study, common clinical and novel biomarkers of severe pneumonia in children were reviewed, and the application value of biomarkers related to the severity and prognosis of severe pneumonia in children was evaluated to provide help for early identification and precise intervention by clinicians.

Red cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio is a simple promising prognostic marker in acute cholangitis requiring biliary drainage

BACKGROUND

It is crucial to assess the severity of acute cholangitis (AC). There are currently several prognostic markers. However, the accuracies of these markers are not satisfied. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the red cell distribution width (RDW)-to-albumin ratio (RAR) for the prognosis of AC.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients diagnosed with AC between May 2019 and March 2022. RAR was calculated, and its predictive ability for in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, bacteremia, and the length of hospitalization were analyzed.

RESULTS

Out of 438 patients, 34 (7.8%) died. Multivariate analysis showed that malignant etiology [odds ratio (OR) = 4.816, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.936-11.980], creatinine (OR = 1.649, 95% CI: 1.095-2.484), and RAR (OR = 2.064, 95% CI: 1.494-2.851) were independent risk factors for mortality. When adjusted for relevant covariates, including age, sex, malignant etiology, Tokyo severity grading (TSG), Charlson comorbidity index, and creatinine, RAR significantly predicted mortality (adjusted OR = 1.833, 95% CI: 1.280-2.624). When the cut-off of RAR was set to 3.8, its sensitivity and specificity for mortality were 94.1% and 56.7%, respectively. Patients with an RAR of > 3.8 had a 20.9-fold (OR = 20.9, 95% CI: 4.9-88.6) greater risk of mortality than the remaining patients. The area under the curve value of RAR for mortality was 0.835 (95% CI: 0.770-0.901), which was significantly higher than that of TSG and the other prognostic markers, such as C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio, and procalcitonin-to-albumin ratio. Lastly, RAR was not inferior to TSG in predicting ICU admission, bacteremia, and the length of hospitalization.

CONCLUSIONS

RAR successfully predicted the in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, bacteremia, and the length of hospitalization of patients with AC, especially in-hospital mortality. RAR is a promising marker that is more convenient than TSG and other prognostic markers for predicting the prognosis of patients with AC.

Sex-specific association of peripheral blood cell indices and inflammatory markers with depressive symptoms in early adolescence

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported the correlation of dysregulated blood cell indices and peripheral inflammatory markers with depression in adults but limited studies have examined this correlation in early adolescents.

METHODS

This study used data from the Chinese Early Adolescents Cohort Study, which was conducted in Anhui, China. Students' depression symptoms were repeatedly measured using the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children. Students' blood samples were collected in September 2019 and September 2021. The peripheral blood cell counts and inflammatory marker levels were determined using routine blood tests. Multivariable regression models were used to explore the associations between blood cell indices and adolescent depressive symptoms in both the whole sample and the sex-stratified samples.

RESULTS

The white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count (NC), platelet (PLT) count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune inflammation index (SII) were positively correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms during follow-up. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean hemoglobin (HGB) volume (MCH), and mean corpuscular HGB concentration (MCHC) exhibited negative temporal correlations with depressive symptoms. Additionally, several sex-specific blood cell markers were correlated with depression. Male adolescents with increased red blood cell (RBC) and female adolescents with decreased HGB levels and upregulated WBC, NC, NLR, and SII levels exhibited severe depressive symptoms at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggested the potential usefulness of peripheral blood cell indices in the assessment of depression in early adolescents.

The Radio of RDW/ALB: A Cost-Effective Biomarker for Early-Stage Risk Stratification in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Aims

The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin (ALB) ratio (RAR) has been identified as a prognostic indicator for mortality in critically ill patients across various diseases. Nevertheless, the impact of RAR on clinical functional prognosis in Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of RAR in AIS patients.

Methods

A secondary analysis was performed on a cohort study, involving 1906 AIS patients recruited from a South Korean academic hospital. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the connections between RAR and negative functional results in AIS. To explore potential non-linear relationships in this association, a generalized additive model (GAM) and smooth curve fitting were utilized. Further, a mediation analysis was performed to identify possible mediators.

Results

Out of the 1906 eligible patients, 546 (28.65%) were found to have an unfavorable prognosis. Patients with elevated RAR had a higher likelihood of facing a negative prognosis in AIS (all P<0.001). RAR demonstrated a dose-response relationship with the probability of poor functional prognosis. When analysis of RAR as a continuous variable, an increase in RAR was correlated with a higher risk of adverse prognosis.When RAR was analyzed as quartile variables, the highest RAR remained an independent contributing factor for both 3-month unfavorable outcomes (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-2.1, P=0.046) and 3-month mortality (adjusted OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.0-13.9; p<0.001). More interestingly, the presence of a pro-inflammatory state may serve as a mediator in the connections between RAR and adverse functional outcomes.

Conclusion

Given its cost-effectiveness and ease of measurement, baseline RAR holds promise as a valuable biomarker for early risk assessment in AIS patients.

Prognostic value of red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio in ICU patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus

Background

The red blood cell distribution width (RDW)-to-albumin ratio (RAR) has emerged as a potentially valuable prognostic indicator in diverse medical conditions. However, the prognostic significance of RAR in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) remains uncertain and requires further investigation.

Methods

This study aims to investigate the prognostic significance of RAR in ICU patients with coexisting CHD and DM through a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database (version 2.2). The study population included patients aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with both CHD and DM. The primary endpoint was 1-year mortality, and the secondary endpoints included 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU LOS.

Results

A total of 3416 patients, of whom 64.64% were male, were included in the study. The 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, and 1-year mortality were 7.08%, 7.44%, and 7.49%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate Cox proportional risk analysis demonstrated that high RAR levels were associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality (HR, 1.53 [95% CI 1.17-2.07], P = 0.006), 90-day mortality (HR, 1.58 [95% CI 1.17-2.13], P = 0.003), and 1-year mortality (HR, 1.58 [95% CI 1.17-2.13], P = 0.003). Furthermore, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model indicated a linear relationship between RAR and 1-year mortality.

Conclusion

The results suggest that RAR holds potential as a valuable prognostic biomarker in ICU patients with both CHD and DM. Elevated RAR levels were found to be significantly associated with increased mortality during hospitalization, facilitating the identification of individuals at higher risk of adverse outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating RAR into risk stratification and overall management strategies for ICU patients with coexisting CHD and DM.

The value of shear wave elastography combined with red blood cell distribution width in evaluating arterial erectile dysfunction

PURPOSE

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the value of shear wave elastography (SWE) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in the diagnosis of various forms of erectile dysfunction (ED).

METHODS

With the method of Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Rigidity (NPTR) and the screening method of Color Duplex Doppler Ultrasound (CDDU), hematological data were collected from 131 individuals, among whom 24 are with psychogenic ED, 48 are with non-arterial ED(NAED) and 59 are with arterial ED(AED) with erectile dysfunction. SWE value of penile corpus cavernosum(CCP) and cavernous arterial flow velocity were measured before (flaccid state) and after (erect state) intracavernous injection (ICI) in all patients.

RESULTS

Among the AED patients and other types of ED patients, there were statistically significant differences in the abridged five-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation (RDW-CV), red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD), and SWE values (all P < 0.01). In the AED patients, the IIEF-5 scores had a significant negative relationship with RDW-CV, RDW-SD, and SWE values, with SWE values having the strongest correlation. (p < 0.001, r=-0.638).

CONCLUSION

The combination of RDW level and SWE value demonstrated the greatest performance in diagnosing AED, according to the receiver-operator characteristic(ROC) curve analysis (AUC = 0.870, p < 0.0001, cut-off value of 0.75, sensitivity of 74.6%, specificity of 91.7%).RDW and SWE value may develop into an incredibly simple, practical tool for predicting and diagnosing AED.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

retrospectively registered.

Integration of clinical and blood parameters in risk prognostication for patients receiving immunochemotherapy for extensive stage small cell lung cancer: real-world data from two centers

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) had modest advances in the treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) in clinical trials, but there is a lack of biomarkers for prognosis in clinical practice.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected data from ES-SCLC patients who received ICIs combined chemotherapy from two centers in China, integrated clinical and blood parameters, and constructed risk prognostication for immunochemotherapy. The population was divided into high- and low-risk groups, and the performance of the model was assessed separately in the training and validation cohorts.

RESULTS

Two hundred and twenty and 43 patients were included in the training and validation groups, respectively. The important predictors were screened including body mass index, liver metastases, coefficient variation of red blood cell distribution width, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and C-reactive protein. Predicting 1-year overall survival (OS), the AUC values under ROC for the model under training, internal validation, and external validation were 0.760, 0.732, and 0.722, respectively, and the calibration curve and clinical decision curve performed well. Applied the model to divide patients into low-risk and high-risk groups, and the median OS was 23.7 months and 9.1 months, and the median progression-free survival was 8.2 months and 4.8 months, respectively; furthermore, this ability to discriminate survival was also observed in the validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

We constructed a novel prognostic model for ES-SCLC to predict survival employing baseline tumor burden, nutritional and inflammatory parameters, it is easily measured to screen high-risk patient populations.

A stacked machine learning-based classification model for endometriosis and adenomyosis: a retrospective cohort study utilizing peripheral blood and coagulation markers

Introduction

Endometriosis (EMs) and adenomyosis (AD) are common gynecological diseases that impact women's health, and they share symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, chronic pain, and infertility, which adversely affect women's quality of life. Current diagnostic approaches for EMs and AD involve invasive surgical procedures, and thus, methods of noninvasive differentiation between EMs and AD are needed. This retrospective cohort study introduces a novel, noninvasive classification methodology employing a stacked ensemble machine learning (ML) model that utilizes peripheral blood and coagulation markers to distinguish between EMs and AD.

Methods

The study included a total of 558 patients (329 with EMs and 229 with AD), in whom key hematological and coagulation markers were analyzed to identify distinctive profiles. Feature selection was conducted through ML (logistic regression, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbors) to determine significant hematological markers.

Results

Red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, and antithrombin III were proved to be the key distinguishing indexes for disease differentiation. Among all the ML classification models developed, the stacked ensemble model demonstrated superior performance (area under the curve = 0.803, 95% credibility interval = 0.701-0.904). Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the stacked ensemble ML model for classifying EMs and AD.

Discussion

Integrating biomarkers into this multi-algorithm framework offers a novel approach to noninvasive diagnosis. These results advocate for the application of stacked ensemble ML utilizing cost-effective and readily available peripheral blood and coagulation indicators for the early, rapid, and noninvasive differential diagnosis of EMs and AD, offering a potentially transformative approach for clinical decision-making and personalized treatment strategies.

Association Between Red Cell Distribution Width and Liver Injury after Cardiac and Aortic Aneurysm Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the association between preoperative red blood cell distribution width (RDW) levels and liver injury (LI) after cardiac surgery, to highlight RDW's usefulness in the early identification and intervention for patients at high risk of LI.

DESIGN

A retrospective observational study.

SETTING

A university-affiliated teaching hospital and tertiary referral center.

PARTICIPANTS

Adult patients who underwent cardiac and aortic aneurysm surgery at Changhai Hospital in 2021.

INTERVENTIONS

Postoperative LI was defined by increased liver enzyme levels and/or hyperbilirubinemia, noted from the time of surgery to discharge. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the RDW-LI relationship, with stratified analyses based on age, gender, and anemia. Survival within 30 days was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with survival curve differences analyzed via the log-rank test. The study included 3 sets of sensitivity analyses.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Postoperative LI was observed in 75 patients (10%). Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant association between high RDW levels and postoperative LI (adjusted odds ratio, 3.25; p = 0.033; 95% confidence intefal, 1.10-9.63), even after adjusting for all covariates. This association remained consistent across 3 sets of sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analysis showed men had a higher correlation with LI (p for interaction = 0.041). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significantly lower survival rate in the LI group (76%) compared with the non-LI group (99.6%; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative RDW levels are significantly associated with postoperative LI. RDW could serve as a significant useful marker for early detection and intervention in patients at high risk of LI, thereby potentially improving patient outcomes.

Association between red blood cell distribution width and the all-cause mortality of patients with aortic stenosis: A retrospective study

BACKGROUND

It is essential to assess the risk stratification of patients with aortic stenosis (AS).

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the predictive value of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in AS patients using a large cohort from the MIMIC-IV database.

METHODS

Restricted cubic spline, the Kaplan-Meier method, and logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to explore the association between RDW and all-cause mortality in AS patients. Multivariate adjustments, propensity score matching and weighting, and subgroup analysis were conducted to exclude confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA) curves were drawn to evaluate the predictive performance of RDW.

RESULTS

1,148 patients with AS were included. Their death risks gradually increased with the elevation of RDW. Multivariate-adjusted 90-day (OR: 2.12; HR: 1.90; p = 0.001) and 1-year (OR: 2.07; HR: 1.97; p < 0.001) all-cause mortalities were significantly higher in patients with RDW≥14.7 %, which remained robust after propensity score matching and subgroup analysis. For AS patients with high RDW, those < 75 years old had higher death risks than those ≥ 75 years old. The area under the ROC curve of RDW were 0.741 and 0.75 at 90-day and 1-year follow-ups, respectively, exhibiting comparable performance to acute physiology score III and outperforming other critical illness scores in predicting the prognosis of AS patients. DCA curves also illustrated that RDW had a wide range of net benefits.

CONCLUSIONS

High RDW was independently associated with increased 90-day and 1-year all-cause mortalities of AS patients, with strong predictive capability of prognosis.

Unlocking the potential of HB/RDW ratio as a simple marker for predicting mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients after thrombolysis

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation impairs outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). There is limited knowledge regarding the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers derived from complete blood count in predicting in-hospital mortality (IHM) in AIS patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Our study aims to compare the predictive performance of various inflammatory biomarkers for predicting IHM in AIS patients.

METHODS

This retrospective study included AIS patients treated with rt-PA between January 2015 and July 2022. We identified the following inflammatory biomarkers: white blood cell counts (WBCs), absolute neutrophil count, absolute lymphocyte count, neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio, platelet to neutrophil ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, red cell distribution width (RDW), RDW to platelet ratio (RPR), and hemoglobin to RDW (HB/RDW) at admission before rt-PA administration. We assessed the predictive value of these biomarkers for IHM by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The associations between inflammatory biomarkers and IHM were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression (MVLR) analyses.

RESULTS

Of 345 AIS patients, IHM occurred in 65 patients (18.84%). HB/RDW and RDW showed better predictive performance compared to other inflammatory biomarkers. In ROC curve analysis, HB/RDW and RDW had an area under ROC of 0.668. HB/RDW outperformed RDW in terms of the positive likelihood ratio (2.733 vs 1.575), accuracy (0.757 vs 0.585), specificity (0.814 vs 0.560), and positive predictive values (0.388 vs 0.267). In MVLR analysis, RDW, RPR, and HB/RDW remained significantly associated with IHM (per 1-unit increases: odds ratios (ORs) = 1.450, 95% CI: [1.178-1.784]; per 1-unit increases: ORs = 1.329, 95% CI [1.103-1.602]; and per 0.1-unit decreases: ORs = 1.412, 95% CI [1.089-1.831], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The association between HB/RDW and IHM in AIS patients treated with rt-PA was significant. HB/RDW exhibited superior predictive performance compared to other inflammatory biomarkers in predicting IHM.

A unified metric of human immune health

Immunological health has been challenging to characterize but could be defined as the absence of immune pathology. While shared features of some immune diseases and the concept of immunologic resilience based on age-independent adaptation to antigenic stimulation have been developed, general metrics of immune health and its utility for assessing clinically healthy individuals remain ill defined. Here we integrated transcriptomics, serum protein, peripheral immune cell frequency and clinical data from 228 patients with 22 monogenic conditions impacting key immunological pathways together with 42 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Despite the high penetrance of monogenic lesions, differences between individuals in diverse immune parameters tended to dominate over those attributable to disease conditions or medication use. Unsupervised or supervised machine learning independently identified a score that distinguished healthy participants from patients with monogenic diseases, thus suggesting a quantitative immune health metric (IHM). In ten independent datasets, the IHM discriminated healthy from polygenic autoimmune and inflammatory disease states, marked aging in clinically healthy individuals, tracked disease activities and treatment responses in both immunological and nonimmunological diseases, and predicted age-dependent antibody responses to immunizations with different vaccines. This discriminatory power goes beyond that of the classical inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Thus, deviations from health in diverse conditions, including aging, have shared systemic immune consequences, and we provide a web platform for calculating the IHM for other datasets, which could empower precision medicine.

Analyzing the Prevalence of Depression and Its Influencing Factors in Elderly Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Machine Learning Approach

Objective: Depressive symptoms are prevalent and detrimental in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Understanding the factors influencing these symptoms is crucial. This study aims to use machine learning algorithms to identify the contributing factors in this population. Method: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database provided the data for this study. The study includes elderly patients who are eligible for diagnostic evaluation for OSA. Logistic regression was used to screen their influencing factors, and random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) were utilized to 4 algorithms were used to construct depressive symptoms classification models, and the best model performance was selected for feature importance ranking. Influential factors included demographics (age, gender, education, etc.), chronic disease status (diabetes, hypertension, etc.), and laboratory findings (white blood cells, C-reactive protein, cholesterol, etc.). Result: Ultimately, we chose 1538 elderly OSA patients for the study, out of which 528 (34.4%) suffered from depressive symptoms. Logistic regression initially identified 17 influencing factors and then constructed classification models based on those 17 using RF, XGB, ANN, and SVM. We selected the best-performing SVM model [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.746] based on the AUC values of 0.73, 0.735, 0.742, and 0.746 for the 4 models. We ranked the variables in order of importance: General health status, sleep disorders, gender, frequency of urinary incontinence, liver disease, physical activity limitations, education, moisture, eosinophils, erythrocyte distribution width, and hearing loss. Conclusion: Elderly OSA patients experience a high incidence of depressive symptoms, influenced by various objective and subjective factors. The situation is troubling, and healthcare institutions and policymakers must prioritize their mental health. We should implement targeted initiatives to improve the mental health of high-risk groups in multiple dimensions.

Predictive role of red blood cell distribution width and hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio for mortality in patients with COPD: evidence from NHANES 1999-2018

BACKGROUND

Higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) levels are associated with mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, more convincing evidence is still lacking, and the relationship between hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio (HRR) and mortality in patients with COPD remains unclear.

METHODS

This study is a prospective cohort study that includes 3,745 adult patients with COPD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database spanning from 1999 to 2018 in the United States. COX proportional hazards regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and restricted cubic spline models were employed to investigate the association of RDW and HRR levels with mortality. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of RDW and HRR in predicting mortality in patients with COPD.

RESULTS

Higher RDW level was positively associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.11-1.21, P < 0.001), cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06-1.21, P < 0.001), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) related mortality (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05-1.25, P = 0.003) after adjusting for various potential confounders. HRR was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08-0.25, P < 0.001), CVD mortality (HR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.05-0.31, P < 0.001). HRR has no significant correlation with CLRD-related mortality. The time-dependent ROC curve showed that RDW exhibited area under the curves (AUCs) of the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 0.707 and 0.714 for all-cause mortality and 0.686 and 0.698, respectively, for CVD mortality. HRR yielded AUCs of the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 0.661 and 0.653 for all-cause mortality and 0.654 and 0.66, respectively, for CVD mortality.

CONCLUSION

Higher RDW levels were positively associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with COPD. HRR levels were negatively correlated with the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. The predictive value of HRR for mortality in these patients is lower than that of RDW.

The association of manganese levels with red cell distribution width: A population-based study

OBJECTIVES

Experimental and acute exposure studies imply that manganese affects red blood cell production. Nevertheless, the association between environmental exposure and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has yet to be explored. This research sought to assess the correlation between blood manganese levels and RDW within the general population of the United States.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Employing weighted multiple linear regression models, data from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were utilized to assess the correlation between manganese levels in the blood and RDW. Restricted cubic spline plots and two-piecewise linear regression models were also employed.

RESULT

The analysis included a total of 15882 participants in which we determined an independent positive relationship between blood manganese levels and RDW among participants(β = 0.079, P<0.001). Moreover, we identified a J-shaped association between blood manganese levels and RDW in total participants (inflection point for blood manganese: 7.32 ug/L) and distinct subgroups following adjusted covariates. Women exhibited a more pronounced association, even after controlling for adjusted covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

We determined a J-shaped relationship between blood manganese levels and RDW with an inflection point at 7.32 ug/L for blood manganese. Nevertheless, fundamental research and large sample prospective studies are needed to determine the extent to which blood manganese levels correlate with RDW.

Long-Term Oral Administration of Hyperimmune Egg-Based IgY-Rich Formulations Induces Mucosal Immune Response and Systemic Increases of Cytokines Involved in Th2- and Th17-Type Immune Responses in C57BL/6 Mice

Three hyperimmune egg-based formulations rich in immunoglobulin Y (IgY) were orally administered (daily, for up to 90 days) to C57BL/6 mice that were not microbially challenged. The serum levels of 32 cytokines were quantified every 30 days. Histopathology, hematology, and serum biochemistry investigations were also performed. As a sign of increased immune activity, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were detected in the digestive tract and the liver after 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment. These infiltrates were also present in the lungs after 30 and 60 days, but not at 90 days. Blood analysis indicated systemic inflammation after 30 days of treatment: increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, glycemia, total serum proteins, ALT, and ALP. After 60 and 90 days of treatment, the analyzed blood parameters showed mixed signs of both increased and decreased inflammation. The increased cytokines, which varied with formulation and time of exposure, indicated a combination of mostly Th17- and Th2-type immune responses. As the mice were healthy and housed in standardized sanitary conditions, and were not microbially challenged, the data were consistent with an interaction of IgY with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue as the main mechanism of action. This interaction generated a local immune response, which subsequently induced a systemic response.

Lycopene possess an antimalarial effect on chloroquine-resistant malaria and its hematological aberrations in murine model

Malaria remains a major public health issue worldwide, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The resistance of Plasmodium parasites to commonly used antimalarial drugs has necessitated the development of novel drugs and targets for malaria treatment. Lycopene is a natural compound present in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of lycopene and its co-administration with chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant malaria, as well as to assess its impact on hematological abnormalities associated with malaria infection. The experimental animals for this study were infected with 10 7 NK65 Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells via intraperitoneal injection. The animals were then treated with artemether-lumefantrine, chloroquine, and varying doses of lycopene. The study evaluated percentage parasitemia, mean survival time, and various hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width - coefficient of variation, red blood cell distribution width - standard deviation, white blood cell count, granulocyte count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, and procalcitonin level. The study revealed that lycopene demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) antimalarial activity and the ability to ameliorate hematological abnormalities associated with acute malaria infection. The findings of this study highlight the potential of lycopene as a novel antimalarial agent. The results of this study may contribute to the development of new drugs for malaria treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Associations between co-exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and organophosphate esters and erythrogram in Chinese adults

Erythrogram, despite its prevalent use in assessing red blood cell (RBC) disorders and can be utilized to evaluate various diseases, still lacks evidence supporting the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) on it. A cross-sectional study involving 467 adults from Shijiazhuang, China was conducted to assess the associations between 12 PFASs and 11 OPEs and the erythrogram (8 indicators related to RBC). Three models, including multiple linear regression (MLR), sparse partial least squares regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed to evaluate both the individual and joint effects of PFASs and OPEs on the erythrogram. Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) showed the strongest association with HGB (3.68%, 95% CI: 2.29%, 5.10%) when doubling among PFASs in MLR models. BKMR indicated that PFASs were more strongly associated with the erythrogram than OPEs, as evidenced by higher group posterior inclusion probabilities (PIPs) for PFASs. Within hemoglobin and hematocrit, PFHxS emerged as the most significant component (conditional PIP = 1.0 for both). Collectively, our study emphasizes the joint effect of PFASs and OPEs on the erythrogram and identified PFASs, particularly PFHxS, as the pivotal contributors to the erythrogram. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms

Colorimetric sensing offers instant reporting via visible signals. Versus labor-intensive and instrument-dependent detection methods, colorimetric sensors present advantages including short acquisition time, high throughput screening, low cost, portability, and a user-friendly approach. These advantages have driven substantial growth in colorimetric sensors, particularly in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Rapid progress in nanotechnology, materials science, microfluidics technology, biomarker discovery, digital technology, and signal pattern analysis has led to a variety of colorimetric reagents and detection mechanisms, which are fundamental to advance colorimetric sensing applications. This review first summarizes the basic components (e.g., color reagents, recognition interactions, and sampling procedures) in the design of a colorimetric sensing system. It then presents the rationale design and typical examples of POC devices, e.g., lateral flow devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, and wearable sensing devices. Two highlighted colorimetric formats are discussed: combinational and activatable systems based on the sensor-array and lock-and-key mechanisms, respectively. Case discussions in colorimetric assays are organized by the analyte identities. Finally, the review presents challenges and perspectives for the design and development of colorimetric detection schemes as well as applications. The goal of this review is to provide a foundational resource for developing colorimetric systems and underscoring the colorants and mechanisms that facilitate the continuing evolution of POC sensors.

Association between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and In-Hospital Mortality among Congestive Heart Failure Patients with Diabetes among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background

Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) levels are strongly associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Additionally, heart failure has been closely linked to diabetes. Nevertheless, the relationship between RDW and in-hospital mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) among patients with both congestive heart failure (CHF) and diabetes mellitus (DM) remains uncertain.

Methods

This retrospective study utilized data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, a comprehensive critical care repository. RDW was assessed as both continuous and categorical variables. The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality at the time of hospital discharge. We examined the association between RDW on ICU admission and in-hospital mortality using multivariable logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analysis.

Results

The cohort consisted of 7,063 patients with both DM and CHF (3,135 females and 3,928 males). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found an association between a 9% increase in mortality rate and a 1 g/L increase in RDW level (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05∼1.13), which was associated with 11 and 58% increases in mortality rates in Q2 (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.87∼1.43) and Q3 (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.22∼2.04), respectively, compared with that in Q1. Moreover, we observed a significant linear association between RDW and in-hospital mortality, along with strong stratified analyses to support the findings.

Conclusions

Our findings establish a positive association between RDW and in-hospital mortality in patients with DM and CHF.

Better prognosis in surgical aortic valve replacement patients with lower red cell distribution width: A MIMIC-IV database study

BACKGROUND

Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) currently stands as a primary surgical intervention for addressing aortic valve disease in patients. This retrospective study focused on the role of the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in predicting adverse outcomes among SAVR patients.

METHODS

The subjects for this study were exclusively derived from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database (MIMIC IV 2.0). Kaplan‒Meier (K-M) curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess the correlation between RDW, one-year mortality, and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). The smooth-fitting curves were used to observe the relative risk (RR) of RDW in one-year mortality and POAF. Furthermore, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the continuous-net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were employed for comprehensive assessment of the prognostic value of RDW.

RESULTS

Analysis of RDW revealed a distinctive inverted U-shaped relationship with one-year mortality, while its association with POAF appeared nearly linear. Cox multiple regression models showed that RDW > 14.35%, along with preoperative potassium concentration and perioperative red blood cell transfusion, were significantly linked to one-year mortality (K-M curves, log-rank P < 0.01). Additionally, RDW was associated with both POAF and prolonged hospital stays (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in length of stay in ICU. Notably, the inclusion of RDW in the predictive models substantially enhanced its performance. This was evidenced by the time-dependent ROC curve (AUC = 0.829), NRI (P< 0.05), IDI (P< 0.05), and K-M curves (log-rank P< 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

RDW serves as a robust prognostic indicator for SAVR patients, offering a novel means of anticipating adverse postoperative events.

Assessing red blood cell distribution width in Vietnamese heart failure patients: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is becoming a growing public health concern. Diagnostic tests for determining the severity of HF often come with high costs and require specialized expertise, which makes it difficult to assess HF severity, especially in low-income countries or at primary healthcare facilities. Recently, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has emerged as a promising, easily accessible marker associated with HF severity. The study aimed to assess changes in RDW levels in HF patients and the diagnostic value of RDW in detecting acute heart failure (AHF) among HF patients.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional examination involving 351 participants divided into HF and non-HF cohorts. HF was defined and categorized according to the diagnostic and treatment guidelines for AHF and chronic heart failure (CHF) set forth by the European Society of Cardiology (2021). Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with AHF was performed.

RESULTS

The study revealed that HF patients displayed higher median RDW levels (14.90% [13.70-17.00]) compared to non-HF individuals (13.00% [12.23-13.78]). RDW was notably elevated in HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% compared to those with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 50%. ROC curve analysis of RDW for AHF detection identified a cutoff value of 13.85%, with a sensitivity of 86.05% and specificity of 47.18%, statistically significant at p < 0.001. RDW > 13.85% was identified as an independent risk factor for AHF in patients with HF, with odds ratios of 2.644 (95% CI, 1.190-5.875; p = 0.017).

CONCLUSION

The study revealed significant RDW variations in patients with CHF and AHF compared to the control group. These findings suggest that RDW could be a biomarker for detecting HF severity.

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome

Background

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging epidemic infectious disease with high mortality rate. This study aimed to investigate the association of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mortality risk in hospitalized SFTS patients.

Methods

Clinical data of SFTS patients was retrospectively collected from three hospitals between October 2010 and August 2022. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identity the risk factors for fatal outcome. The predictive value of RDW for fatal outcome was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Kaplan-Meier methods.

Results

Of 292 patients, the median age was 61.5 years. Non-survivors showed higher RDW value than survivors (13.6% vs.13.0%, P < 0.001). The mortality rate was 44.8% in patients with elevated RDW compared to 18.4% of patients with normal RDW, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.439. Elevated RDW was an independent risk factor of mortality (hazards ratio: 1.167, P = 0.019). Patients with elevated RDW had a higher cumulative mortality than patients with normal RDW. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of RDW for the prediction of mortality was 0.690 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Elevated RDW was associated with higher mortality risk for patients hospitalized for SFTS. RDW may be helpful for risk stratification in SFTS patients.

Prediction of in-hospital Mortality of Intensive Care Unit Patients with Acute Pancreatitis Based on an Explainable Machine Learning Algorithm

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is potentially fatal. Therefore, early identification of patients at a high mortality risk and timely intervention are essential. This study aimed to establish an explainable machine-learning model for predicting in-hospital mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with AP.

METHODS

Data on patients with AP, including demographics, vital signs, laboratory tests, comorbidities, treatment, complication, and severity scores, were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) and the eICU collaborative research database (eICU-CRD). Based on the data from MIMIC-IV, we used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm to select variables and then established 9 machine-learning models and screened the optimal model. Data from the eICU-CRD were used for external validation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, decision curve, and calibration plots were used to assess the models' efficacy. Shapley's additive explanation values were used to explain the model.

RESULTS

Gaussian naive Bayes (GNB) model had the best performance on the data from MIMIC-IV, with an AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.840, 0.787, 0.839, and 0.792, respectively. The GNB model also performed well on the data from the eICU-CRD, with an AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.862, 0.833, 0.848, and 0.763, respectively. According to Shapley's additive explanation values, the top 4 predictive factors were maximum red cell distribution width, minimum saturation of blood oxygen, maximum blood urea nitrogen, and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.

CONCLUSION

The GNB model demonstrated excellent performance and generalizability in predicting mortality in ICU patients with AP. Therefore, it can identify patients at a high mortality risk.

Is Red Cell Distribution Width a Reliable Marker for Cardiovascular Diseases? A Narrative Review

Red cell distribution width (RDW) is an easy-to-access marker which is routinely measured in complete blood count (CBC) test. Besides the classic use of RDW as a marker for discriminating different types of anemia, recent studies had indicated the relationship between high RDW and cardiovascular diseases. High RDW is not only useful in the diagnosis and prognostication of various cardiovascular conditions but also could be used as a valuable tool for predicting the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. population-based studies have indicated that higher RDW could effectively predict the incidence of heart failure (HF), atherosclerotic diseases, and atrial fibrillation (AF). It has been also demonstrated that higher RDW is associated with worse outcomes in these diseases. Recent studies have shown that high RDW is also associated with other cardiovascular conditions including cardiomyopathies, and pulmonary hypertension. The predictive role of RDW in endovascular interventions has also been demonstrated by many recent studies. Here in this review, we attempt to compile the most recent findings with older reports regarding the relation between high RDW and HF, cardiomyopathies, pulmonary hypertension, AF, atherosclerotic disorders, primary hypertension, and the outcomes of endovascular interventions. we also discussed the role of RDW in the prognostication of different cardiovascular conditions when combined with classic classification criteria.

Genetic background of hematological parameters in Holstein cattle based on genome-wide association and RNA sequencing analyses

Hematological parameters refer to the assessment of changes in the number and distribution of blood cells, including leukocytes (LES), erythrocytes (ERS), and platelets (PLS), which are essential for the early diagnosis of hematological system disorders and other systemic diseases in livestock. In this context, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the genomic background of 19 hematological parameters in Holstein cattle, focusing on LES, ERS, and PLS blood components. Genetic and phenotypic (co)variances of hematological parameters were calculated based on the average information restricted maximum likelihood method and 1,610 genotyped individuals and 5,499 hematological parameter records from 4,543 cows. Furthermore, we assessed the genetic relationship between these hematological parameters and other economically important traits in dairy cattle breeding programs. We also carried out genome-wide association studies and candidate gene analyses. Blood samples from 21 primiparous cows were used to identify candidate genes further through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. Hematological parameters generally exhibited low-to-moderate heritabilities ranging from 0.01 to 0.29, with genetic correlations between them ranging from -0.88 ± 0.09 (between mononuclear cell ratio and lymphocyte cell ratio) to 0.99 ± 0.01 (between white blood cell count and granulocyte cell count). Furthermore, low-to-moderate approximate genetic correlations between hematological parameters with one longevity, 4 fertility, and 5 health traits were observed. One hundred ninety-nine significant SNP located primarily on the Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) BTA4, BTA6, and BTA8 were associated with 16 hematological parameters. Based on the RNA-seq analyses, 6,687 genes were significantly downregulated and 4,119 genes were upregulated when comparing 2 groups of cows with high and low phenotypic values. By integrating genome-wide association studies (GWAS), RNA-seq, and previously published results, the main candidate genes associated with hematological parameters in Holstein cattle were ACRBP, ADAMTS3, CANT1, CCM2L, CNN3, CPLANE1, GPAT3, GRIP2, PLAGL2, RTL6, SOX4, WDFY3, and ZNF614. Hematological parameters are heritable and moderately to highly genetically correlated among themselves. The large number of candidate genes identified based on GWAS and RNA-seq indicate the polygenic nature and complex genetic determinism of hematological parameters in Holstein cattle.

Association between the red cell distribution width and mortality in elderly patients with non-traumatic coma: An observational cohort study

Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) can be associated with disease severity. However, studies on RDW for the prognosis of elderly patients with non-traumatic coma (NTC) are lacking. This study aims to examine the relationship between RDW and outcomes in elderly patients with NTC. This observational cohort study included elderly patients (aged ≥ 65 years) with NTC between January 2022 and December 2022. We measured RDW upon patient arrival at the emergency department (ED). We conducted a multivariable analysis using logistic regression of relevant covariates to predict in-hospital mortality. Survival curves based on 30-day mortality were designed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was 30-day mortality. A total of 689 patients were included in the study, and in-hospital mortality was 29.6% (n = 204). Our results found that the RDWs of non-survivors were significantly greater than those of survivors (14.6% vs 13.6%). Multivariable analysis showed that RDWs at ED arrival were independently associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.126; 95% confidence interval, 1.047-1.212; P < .001). The Kaplan-Meier curve indicated that the survival probability of patients with a low RDW was greater than those with a high RDW. Having a high RDW at ED arrival was associated with in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with NTC.

New insights into red blood cells in tumor precision diagnosis and treatment

Red blood cells (RBCs), which function as material transporters in organisms, are rich in materials that are exchanged with metabolically active tumor cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor cells can regulate biological changes in RBCs, including influencing differentiation, maturation, and morphology. RBCs play an important role in tumor development and immune regulation. Notably, the novel scientific finding that RBCs absorb fragments of tumor-carrying DNA overturns the conventional wisdom that RBCs do not contain nucleic acids. RBC membranes are excellent biomimetic materials with significant advantages in terms of their biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-specific adsorption resistance, and biodegradability. Therefore, RBCs provide a new research perspective for the development of tumor liquid biopsies, molecular imaging, drug delivery, and other tumor precision diagnosis and treatment technologies.

Impact of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) on postoperative outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients

This study examines the relationship between red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and the prognosis of patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Additionally, it explores the potential effect of RDW for the early identification of high-risk patients after surgery, advocating for timely interventions to improve outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on May 16, 2022, across PubMed (23 studies), Embase (45 studies), the Cochrane Library (1 study), and CNKI (17 studies), resulting in 6 relevant articles after screening. This analysis primarily focused on the postoperative outcomes of patients. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to assess prognosis, with survival indicators including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). All 6 studies reported on OS, and 2 addressed DFS. A total of 1645 patients from 6 studies were included. The pooled analysis revealed that RDW is an independent prognostic factor for both OS (HR = 1.50, I² = 84%, 95% CI = 1.23-1.77, P < .01) and DFS (HR = 2.06, I² = 15%, 95% CI = 1.51-2.82, P < .01). Patients in the high RDW group exhibited significantly poorer OS and DFS compared to those in the low RDW group. RDW is a prognostic factor for HCC patients after surgery. Elevated RDW levels are associated with a poorer prognosis, adversely affecting both OS and DFS. RDW may serve as a valuable marker for stratifying risk and guiding intervention strategies in the postoperative management of HCC patients.

Relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width and respiratory failure in COPD patients

The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) have been repeatedly demonstrated to be associated with risk of severity, progression, and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but data on respiratory failure (RF) in patients with COPD are very limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between NLR and RDW and the incident RF in patients with COPD. This is a retrospective study that reviewed data by examining the hospitalization medical records to identify those who were admitted with a diagnosis of COPD. Based on whether RF occurred during index hospitalization, patients were classified as COPD group and COPD combined with RF group. Also, healthy controls of the same age and sex were enrolled in a 1:1 ratio as the COPD group. Univariate comparisons were performed between three groups to examine differences. With the COPD group as reference, multivariable logistic regression was formed to identify the relationship between NLR and RDW and RF, with adjustment for multiple covariates. There were 136 healthy controls, 136 COPD patients and 62 patients with COPD combined with RF included for analysis. There was a significant difference for eight variables, including age, WBC, neutrophil, NLR, RDW, platelet, PLR, and CRP. The Spearman test showed the significant correlation between NLR and WBC (correlation coefficient, 0.38; P = .008), NLR and RDW (correlation coefficient, 0.32; P = .013), and NLR and CRP level (correlation coefficient, 0.54; P < .001). The multivariable logistic regression showed that age (every additional 10 years) (OR, 1.785), NLR (OR, 1.716), RDW (OR, 2.266), and CRP (OR, 1.163) were independently associated with an increased risk of RF. This study demonstrated the independent associative effect of NLR and RDW with RF in patients with COPD, exhibiting the potential clinical role in evaluating the progress of COPD to RF.

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width to Albumin Ratio for Predicting Type I Cardiorenal Syndrome in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose

Red blood cell distribution width to albumin ratio (RAR) is a novel inflammatory biomarker that independently predicts adverse cardiovascular events and acute kidney injury. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of RAR for cardio-renal syndrome type I (CRS-I) risk in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.

Patients and methods

This study retrospectively enrolled 551 patients who were definitively diagnosed as AMI between October 2021 and October 2022 at the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University. Participants were divided into two and four groups based on the occurrence of CRS-I and the quartiles of RAR, respectively. Demographic data, laboratory findings, coronary angiography data, and drug utilization were compared among the groups. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed to identify independent risk factors for CRS-I and evaluated the predictive value of RAR for CRS-I.

Results

Among the cohort of 551 patients, 103 (18.7%) developed CRS-I. Patients with CRS-I exhibited significantly elevated RAR levels compared to those without the condition, and the incidence of CRS-I correlated with escalating RAR. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified RAR as an independent risk factor for CRS-I. ROC curves analysis demonstrated that RAR alone predicted CRS-I with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.683 (95% CI=0.642-0.741), which was superior to the traditional inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). Adding the variable RAR to the model for predicting the risk of CRS-I further improved the predictive value of the model from 0.808 (95% CI=0.781-0.834) to 0.825 (95% CI=0.799-0.850).

Conclusion

RAR is an independent risk factor for CRS-I, and high levels of RAR are associated with an increased incidence of CRS-I in patients with AMI. RAR emerges as a valuable and readily accessible inflammatory biomarker that may play a pivotal role in risk stratification in clinical practice.

Hematological parameters as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Systemic inflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Many studies have reported hematological parameters as biomarkers for diseases with inflammatory processes. However, the diagnostic value of hematological parameters in rosacea remains a puzzle. This study involved 462 patients with rosacea, including erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR, n = 179), papulopustular rosacea (PPR, n = 250), and phymatous rosacea (PhR, n = 33), and 924 healthy control subjects. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory information was collected and compared between rosacea subtypes. The hematological parameters of the patients and the healthy controls were compared retrospectively. The platelet volume (MPV) and platelet crit (PCT) were significantly upregulated, and the lower red cell distribution width (RDW) was significantly downregulated in rosacea compared to healthy controls, and they were identified as the diagnostic biomarkers for rosacea with area under the curve values of 0.828, 0.742, and 0.787, respectively. Comparing the hematological parameters among the three rosacea subtypes, we found that platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-neutrophil ratio values in the ETR group were significantly higher than those in the PPR and PhR groups. The correlation between hematological parameters and clinical scores showed that RDW was negatively correlated with the Clinician Erythema Assessment score. However, there was no significant correlation between the Investigator Global Assessment score and hematological parameters. In conclusion, PCT, MPV, and RDW have diagnostic value for rosacea, and RDW is correlated with the severity of rosacea erythema, implying the potential applications of PCT, MPV, and RDW in the diagnosis and monitoring of rosacea.

Red cell distribution width to albumin ratio predicts treatment failure in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate the potential correlation between baseline red cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin ratio (RAR) levels and treatment failure in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) patients.

METHODS

A retrospective single-center study was conducted on 286 PDAP patients. Logistic regression and generalized estimation equation (GEE) analyses were employed to assess the relationship between RAR and treatment failure.

RESULTS

RAR emerged as a robust predictor of treatment failure in PDAP patients. Elevated RAR levels were associated with an increased risk of treatment failure, exhibiting a linear relationship. Even after adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, this association remained statistically significant. ROC analysis revealed that RAR outperformed RDW and albumin individually in predicting PDAP prognosis.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights RAR as a superior prognostic marker for treatment failure in PDAP patients, offering new insights into risk assessment and management strategies for this challenging condition.

Red blood cell distribution width is a useful biomarker to predict bleeding and thrombosis risks in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Bleeding and thrombosis are common complications during immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) treatment. There is a strong need to predict bleeding and thrombosis risks before ITP treatment to optimize therapy and appropriately manage these complications. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 120 patients with primary ITP to identify a biomarker to predict bleeding and thrombosis. We compared blood test results at diagnosis between patients with and without bleeding or thrombosis episodes. The standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD) differed significantly between those with and without bleeding and between those with and without thrombosis, leading us to identify it as a variable representative of risk. RDW-SD was significantly associated with patient age and with histories of several vascular diseases. Multivariate regression analyses showed that RDW integrated several variables associated with vascular risks. RDW-SD was significantly associated with difficulty with corticosteroid discontinuation (hazard ratio [HR], 2.22, p = 0.01), incidence of bleeding (HR, 2.75, p< 0.01), incidence of thrombosis (HR, 2.67, p< 0.01) and incidence of infection (HR, 1.78, p = 0.04). The RDW-SD value at the time of ITP diagnosis is a useful biomarker to predict the risks of bleeding, thrombosis, and other complications.

Associations of depression and perceived physical fatigability with white matter integrity in older adults

BACKGROUNDS

Fatigability is prevalent in older adults. However, it is often associated with depressed mood. We aim to investigate these two psychobehavioral constructs by examining their underpinning of white matter structures in the brain and their associations with different medical conditions.

METHODS

Twenty-seven older adults with late-life depression (LLD) and 34 cognitively normal controls (CN) underwent multi-shell diffusion MRI. Fatigability was measured with the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. We examined white matter integrity by measuring the quantitative anisotropy (QA), a fiber tracking parameter with better accuracy than the traditional imaging technique.

RESULTS

We found those with LLD had lower QA in the 2nd branch of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF-II), and those with more physical fatigability had lower QA in more widespread brain regions. In tracts associated with more physical fatigability, the lower QA in left acoustic radiation and left superior thalamic radiation correlated with higher blood glucose (r = - 0.46 and - 0.49). In tracts associated with depression, lower QA in left SLF-II correlated with higher bilirubin level (r = - 0.58).

DISCUSSION

Depression and fatigability were associated with various white matter integrity changes, which correlated with biochemistry biomarkers all related to inflammation.

Blood cell indices and inflammation-related markers with kidney cancer risk: a large-population prospective analysis in UK Biobank

Background

Kidney cancer is a prevalent malignancy with an increasing incidence worldwide. Blood cell indices and inflammation-related markers have shown huge potential as biomarkers for predicting cancer incidences, but that is not clear in kidney cancer. Our study aims to investigate the correlations of blood cell indices and inflammation-related markers with kidney cancer risk.

Methods

We performed a population-based cohort prospective analysis using data from the UK Biobank. A total of 466,994 participants, free of kidney cancer at baseline, were included in the analysis. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for kidney cancer risk were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Restricted cubic spline models were used to investigate nonlinear longitudinal associations. Stratified analyses were used to identify high-risk populations. The results were validated through sensitivity analyses.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 12.4 years, 1,710 of 466,994 participants developed kidney cancer. The Cox regression models showed that 13 blood cell indices and four inflammation-related markers were associated with kidney cancer incidence. The restricted cubic spline models showed non-linear relationships with kidney cancer. Finally, combined with stratified and sensitivity analyses, we found that the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet distribution width (PDW), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and product of platelet count and neutrophil count (PPN) were related to enhanced kidney cancer risk with stable results.

Conclusion

Our findings identified that three blood cell indices (MCHC, RDW, and PDW) and two inflammation-related markers (SII and PPN) were independent risk factors for the incidence of kidney cancer. These indexes may serve as potential predictors for kidney cancer and aid in the development of targeted screening strategies for at-risk individuals.

Utilizing red blood cell distribution width (RDW) as a reliable biomarker to predict treatment effects after chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is an effective treatment for B cell malignancies. A certain fraction of patients, however, experience post-CAR-T relapse, and due to the difficulty of precise relapse prediction, biomarkers that can predict the strength and duration of CAR-T efficacy are needed before CAR-T infusion. Therefore, we performed a single-center cohort study including 91 diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with CAR-T in order to identify such a new prognostic biomarker. After confirming that each of the already reported prognostic parameters (disease status at leukapheresis, primary refractoriness, number of treatment lines, CD3+ cell counts at leukapheresis) has only limited predictive performance, we established a new composite parameter by integrating these four variables, and found that it predicts progression-free survival (PFS) after CAR-T infusion with statistical significance. Moreover, after comprehensive correlation analyses of this new composite parameter with all individual laboratory variables, we determined that the standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD) at leukapheresis shows significant correlation with the composite parameter and may be a prognostic biomarker (R2 = 0.76, p = 0.02). Validation analysis indicated that a higher RDW-SD is significantly associated with poorer PFS after CAR-T cell therapy (HR, 3.46, P = 0.03). Thus, this study suggests that a single parameter, RDW-SD at leukapheresis, is a novel, useful biomarker that can be obtained early to predict therapeutic effects of CAR-T cell therapy. Post-CAR-T maintenance or re-induction therapies should be adopted for higher risk patients, who may relapse after CAR-T therapy.

Construction of a mortality risk prediction model for patients with acute diquat poisoning based on clinically accessible data

BACKGROUND

To examine the risk factors associated with mortality in individuals suffering from acute diquat poisoning and to develop an effective prediction model using clinical data.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted on the clinical records of 107 individuals who were hospitalized for acute diquat poisoning at a tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province between January 2017 and September 30, 2023, and further categorized into survivor and nonsurvivor groups based on their mortality status within 30 days of poisoning. The patient's demographic information, symptoms within 24 h of admission, and details of the initial clinical ancillary examination, as well as the APACHE II score, were documented. The model was developed using backward stepwise logistic regression, and its performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, Brier scores, decision curve analysis curves, and bootstrap replicates for internal validation.

RESULTS

Multifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that blood pressure (hypertension, OR 19.73, 95% CI 5.71-68.16; hypotension, OR 61.38, 95% CI 7.40-509.51), white blood count (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.20-1.52), red cell distribution width-standard deviation (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.38), and glomerular filtration rate (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.97) were identified as independent risk factors for mortality in patients with diquat. Subsequently, a nomogram with an area under the curve of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93-1) was developed. Internal bootstrap resampling (1000 repetitions) confirmed the model's adequate discriminatory power, with an area under the curve of 0.97. Decision curve analysis demonstrated greater net gains for the nomogram, while the clinical impact curves indicated greater predictive validity.

CONCLUSION

The nomogram model developed in this study using available clinical data enhances the prediction of risk for DQ patients and has the potential to provide valuable clinical insights to guide patient treatment decisions.

Association between red cell distribution width and all-cause mortality in patients with breast cancer: A retrospective analysis using MIMIC-IV 2.0

PURPOSE

Investigating the association between red cell distribution width (RDW) and all-cause mortality in patients with breast cancer, to evaluate the potential clinical prognostic value of RDW.

METHODS

Based on the RDW index, patients with breast cancer in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database were categorized into quartiles. The primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality from all causes during the first six months, the first year, and the first three years. Cox hazards regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were developed to investigate the effects of RDW on primary outcomes.

RESULTS

The study included 939 patients (female). The 6-month, 1-year, and 3-year mortality rates were 14.0%, 21.4%, and 28.4%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses demonstrated that RDW exhibited an autonomous association with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. After adjusting for confounders, higher RDW quartiles were significantly associated with 6-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 3.197; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.745-5.762; P < 0.001), 1-year mortality (adjusted HR, 2.978; 95% CI, 1.867-4.748; P < 0.001), and 3-year mortality (adjusted HR, 2.526; 95% CI, 1.701-3.750; P < 0.001). The RCS curves demonstrated that high RDW (> 14.6) was associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses revealed no statistically significant differences in the interactions between the subgroups.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed a highly pronounced relationship between RDW and overall mortality, indicating its potential as an autonomous prognostic factor for increased mortality among patients with breast cancer.

Red cell distribution width to lymphocyte ratio could serve as a new inflammatory biomarker for predicting hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Hematoma expansion is a critical factor associated with increased mortality and adverse outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Identifying and preventing hematoma expansion early on is crucial for effective therapeutic intervention. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between the Red cell distribution width to lymphocyte ratio (RDWLR) and hematoma expansion in ICH patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 303 ICH patients treated at our department between May 2018 and May 2023. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data, including RDWLR upon admission, were assessed. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine independent associations between various variables and hematoma expansion.

RESULTS

The study included 303 ICH patients, comprising 167 (55.1%) males and 136 (44.9%) females, with a mean age of 65.25 ± 7.32 years at admission. Hematoma expansion occurred in 73 (24.1%) cases. Multivariate analysis revealed correlations between hematoma volume at baseline (OR, 2.73; 95% CI: 1.45 -4,78; P < 0.001), admission systolic blood pressure (OR, 2.98 ; 95% CI: 1.54-4.98; P < 0.001), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (OR, 1.58; 95% CI: 1.25-2.46; P = 0.017), and RDWLR (OR, 1.58; 95% CI: 1.13-2.85; P = 0.022) and hematoma expansion in these patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that RDWLR could serve as a new inflammatory biomarker for hematoma expansion in ICH patients. This cost-effective and readily available biomarker has the potential for early prediction of hematoma expansion in these patients.

Preoperatively-determined Red Distribution Width (RDW) predicts prolonged length of stay after single-level spinal fusion in elderly patients

Introduction

Elderly patients receiving lumbar fusion surgeries present with a higher risk profile, which necessitates a robust predictor of postoperative outcomes. The Red Distribution Width (RDW) is a preoperative routinely determined parameter that reflects the degree of heterogeneity of red blood cells. Thereby, RDW is associated with frailty in hospital-admitted patients.

Research question

This study aims to elucidate the potential of RDW as a frailty biomarker predictive of prolonged hospital stays following elective mono-segmental fusion surgery in elderly patients.

Material and methods

In this retrospective study, we included all patients with age over 75 years that were treated via lumbar single-level spinal fusion from 2015 to 2022 at our tertiary medical center. Prolonged length of stay (pLOS) was defined as a length ≥ the 3rd quartile of LOS of all included patients. Classical correlation analysis, Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) and new machine learning algorithms) were used.

Results

A total of 208 patients were included in the present study. The median age was 77 (IQR 75-80) years. The median LOS of the patients was 6 (IQR 5-8) days. The data shows a significant positive correlation between RDW and LOS. RDW is significantly enhanced in the pLOS group. New machine learning approaches with the imputation of multiple variables can enhance the performance to an AUC of 71%.

Discussion and conclusion

RDW may serve as a predictor for a pLOS in elderly. These results are compelling because the determination of this frailty biomarker is routinely performed at hospital admission. An improved prognostication of LOS could enable healthcare systems to distribute constrained hospital resources efficiently, fostering evidence-based decision-making processes.

Comment on, "Systematic literature review and critical analysis of RDW in patients with aortic pathologies"

Recent medical research has explored Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) as a potential biomarker for predicting adverse clinical outcomes in patients with aortic pathologies. The study "Systematic literature review and critical analysis of RDW in patients with aortic pathologies" conducted a pooled analysis of 704 patients, revealing a consistent association between elevated RDW levels and adverse clinical progression. While the study provides valuable insights into RDW's diagnostic and prognostic potential, limitations include the inclusion of a limited number of articles and the lack of direct comparison with established biomarkers or imaging techniques. Further research is needed to validate RDW's clinical utility and elucidate underlying biological mechanisms. RDW shows promise as a cost-effective marker for risk stratification and monitoring in clinical practice, but further validation and refinement are necessary for its full clinical impact in aortic diseases.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Mean Corpuscular Volume Alterations: Detecting Inflammation Early in Occupational Cement Dust Exposure

Introduction Cement dust emitted during cement manufacture consists of toxic components. Occupational cement dust exposure may cause inflammation in the human body, which may be detected early by observing changes in blood parameters such as red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Objectives The study aims to observe the effect of occupational cement dust exposure on RDW and MCV. Methods This study was performed in the Department of Physiology of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and a factory in Munshiganj, Bangladesh, from September 2017 to August 2018. Ninety-two participants between 20 and 50 years were included (46 subjects were occupationally exposed to cement dust, and 46 were not exposed to cement dust). A pre-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. An independent sample t-test was used to analyze basic information, such as blood pressure and BMI. The multivariate regression model was used to analyze the effect of cement dust exposure on the study group. The impact of cement dust exposure duration was analyzed using the multivariate regression model. The level of significance was p < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA-15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX), and the graphical presentation used GraphPad Prism v8.3.2. Results The cement dust-exposed participants had a significantly higher value of MCV by 1.19 fi (95% CI = 0.02, 4.84; p = 0.049) and a 5.92% increase in RDW (95% CI = 5.29, 6.55; p < 0.001) than that of the control group. Conclusion The study reveals that exposure to cement dust causes significant changes in RDW and MCV. These changes may indicate hemolysis due to inflammation.

Platelet Indices: Universally Available Clinical Adjunct for Diagnosing Necrotizing Enterocolitis

OBJECTIVE

Platelet function parameters can be predictive of several adult diseases and their severity. However, few studies report on the association between platelet indices and neonatal diseases, specifically necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The objective of this study is to investigate whether platelet indices are associated with NEC diagnosis and NEC-related mortality.

STUDY DESIGN

We retrospectively examined records from infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a diagnosis of NEC, verified by the presence of pneumatosis on X-ray or pathology at surgery. We compared them with an age-matched group of prematures without NEC. We investigated platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width and red cell distribution width to platelet ratio (RPR) and delta platelets from birth to the time of NEC diagnosis or day of life 14 in the control group.

RESULTS

Sixty-nine infants with NEC and 78 control infants were studied. Basic sociodemographic data were similar in both groups. All platelet parameters measured-except for MPV-were significantly associated with NEC diagnosis. Although MPV was not associated with the diagnosis of NEC (p = 0.800), it was significantly associated with NEC-related mortality (p < 0.001). Only total platelet count and RPR were significantly associated with both NEC diagnosis (p < 0.0001) and mortality (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). On multivariable analysis only the change in platelet count from birth to time of diagnosis remained significant.

CONCLUSION

While not definitive, this study demonstrates that these routinely available, inexpensive, and easily calculated platelet indices can provide a clinical adjunct in the often-elusive attempts to definitively diagnose NEC in preterm neonates.

KEY POINTS

· Platelet indices were associated with NEC diagnosis.. · MPV was predictive of NEC-related mortality.. · Delta platelet count from birth was significantly related to NEC diagnosis..