1
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Krewing M, Mönch E, Bolten A, Niesalla H. Resistance or tolerance? Highlighting the need for precise terminology in the field of disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2024; 150:51-60. [PMID: 38782058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The terms 'resistance' and 'tolerance' are well defined in the context of antibiotic research. However, in the field of disinfection, these terms are often used synonymously, which creates ambiguity and can lead to misunderstandings and misconceptions. In addition, this inconsistency in terminology makes it difficult to assess the risk of a disinfectant resistance. This general review aims to discuss existing definitions of the terms 'adaptation', 'susceptibility', 'tolerance', 'persistence' and 'resistance' in the light of disinfectants. The most ambiguity is found between tolerance and resistance. Whereas the former describes the not necessarily heritable survival of transient exposure to usually lethal concentrations, resistance is the strictly heritable ability to survive otherwise lethal concentrations of an antimicrobial agent, regardless of exposure time. A simple transfer of experience from antibiotic research is not recommended when assessing the risk of resistance to disinfectants, as there are important differences between antibiotics and disinfectants, although both are antimicrobials: (i) disinfectants are usually applied at concentrations that exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration by orders of magnitude, (ii) the exposure times of disinfectants are in the range of seconds, minutes, or a few hours, (iii) the mode of action of disinfectants is less specific, and (iv) disinfectants often contain more than one active agent with additive or synergistic effects. It is important to recognize that disinfectants, like other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, have a dualistic nature and should be used correctly and with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krewing
- Hartmann Science Center, BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - E Mönch
- BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Bolten
- BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Niesalla
- Hartmann Science Center, BODE Chemie GmbH - a Company of the Hartmann Group, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Niu H, Gu J, Zhang Y. Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:174. [PMID: 39013893 PMCID: PMC11252167 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Persisters refer to genetically drug susceptible quiescent (non-growing or slow growing) bacteria that survive in stress environments such as antibiotic exposure, acidic and starvation conditions. These cells can regrow after stress removal and remain susceptible to the same stress. Persisters are underlying the problems of treating chronic and persistent infections and relapse infections after treatment, drug resistance development, and biofilm infections, and pose significant challenges for effective treatments. Understanding the characteristics and the exact mechanisms of persister formation, especially the key molecules that affect the formation and survival of the persisters is critical to more effective treatment of chronic and persistent infections. Currently, genes related to persister formation and survival are being discovered and confirmed, but the mechanisms by which bacteria form persisters are very complex, and there are still many unanswered questions. This article comprehensively summarizes the historical background of bacterial persisters, details their complex characteristics and their relationship with antibiotic tolerant and resistant bacteria, systematically elucidates the interplay between various bacterial biological processes and the formation of persister cells, as well as consolidates the diverse anti-persister compounds and treatments. We hope to provide theoretical background for in-depth research on mechanisms of persisters and suggest new ideas for choosing strategies for more effective treatment of persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Gu
- School of Basic Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China.
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3
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Hernandez-Morfa M, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Zappia VE, Olivero NB, Cortes PR, Stempin CC, Perez DR, Echenique J. Intracellular Streptococcus pneumoniae develops enhanced fluoroquinolone persistence during influenza A coinfection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1423995. [PMID: 39035445 PMCID: PMC11258013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1423995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen responsible for severe complications in patients with prior influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We have previously demonstrated that S. pneumoniae exhibits increased intracellular survival within IAV-infected cells. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used to treat pneumococcal infections. However, our prior work has shown that S. pneumoniae can develop intracellular FQ persistence, a phenomenon triggered by oxidative stress within host cells. This persistence allows the bacteria to withstand high FQ concentrations. In this study, we show that IAV infection enhances pneumococcal FQ persistence during intracellular survival within pneumocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. This enhancement is partly due to increased oxidative stress induced by the viral infection. We find that this phenotype is particularly pronounced in autophagy-proficient host cells, potentially resulting from IAV-induced blockage of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Moreover, we identified several S. pneumoniae genes involved in oxidative stress response that contribute to FQ persistence, including sodA (superoxide dismutase), clpL (chaperone), nrdH (glutaredoxin), and psaB (Mn+2 transporter component). Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of antibiotic persistence promoted by viral infection within host cells. This underscores the importance of considering this phenomenon when using FQs to treat pneumococcal infections, especially in patients with concurrent influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelys Hernandez-Morfa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria E. Zappia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nadia B. Olivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paulo R. Cortes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cinthia C. Stempin
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jose Echenique
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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4
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Morrison JJ, Madden EK, Banas DA, DiBiasio EC, Hansen M, Krogfelt KA, Rowley DC, Cohen PS, Camberg JL. Metabolic flux regulates growth transitions and antibiotic tolerance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0016224. [PMID: 38814092 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00162-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Reducing growth and limiting metabolism are strategies that allow bacteria to survive exposure to environmental stress and antibiotics. During infection, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) may enter a quiescent state that enables them to reemerge after the completion of successful antibiotic treatment. Many clinical isolates, including the well-characterized UPEC strain CFT073, also enter a metabolite-dependent, quiescent state in vitro that is reversible with cues, including peptidoglycan-derived peptides and amino acids. Here, we show that quiescent UPEC is antibiotic tolerant and demonstrate that metabolic flux in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulates the UPEC quiescent state via succinyl-CoA. We also demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator complex integration host factor and the FtsZ-interacting protein ZapE, which is important for E. coli division during stress, are essential for UPEC to enter the quiescent state. Notably, in addition to engaging FtsZ and late-stage cell division proteins, ZapE also interacts directly with TCA cycle enzymes in bacterial two-hybrid assays. We report direct interactions between the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit SdhC, the late-stage cell division protein FtsN, and ZapE. These interactions may enable communication between oxidative metabolism and the cell division machinery in UPEC. Moreover, these interactions are conserved in an E. coli K-12 strain. This work suggests that there is coordination among the two fundamental and essential pathways that regulate overall growth, quiescence, and antibiotic susceptibility. IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Upon invasion into bladder epithelial cells, UPEC establish quiescent intracellular reservoirs that may lead to antibiotic tolerance and recurrent UTIs. Here, we demonstrate using an in vitro system that quiescent UPEC cells are tolerant to ampicillin and have decreased metabolism characterized by succinyl-CoA limitation. We identify the global regulator integration host factor complex and the cell division protein ZapE as critical modifiers of quiescence and antibiotic tolerance. Finally, we show that ZapE interacts with components of both the cell division machinery and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and this interaction is conserved in non-pathogenic E. coli, establishing a novel link between cell division and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah J Morrison
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ellen K Madden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel A Banas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eric C DiBiasio
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mads Hansen
- Department of Natural Science and Environment, Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, University of Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Natural Science and Environment, Centre for Mathematical Modeling - Human Health and Disease, University of Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - David C Rowley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Paul S Cohen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jodi L Camberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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5
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Sarangi A, Singh SP, Das BS, Rajput S, Fatima S, Bhattacharya D. Mycobacterial biofilms: A therapeutic target against bacterial persistence and generation of antibiotic resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32003. [PMID: 38882302 PMCID: PMC11176842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of Tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases. According to the WHO Report 2023, in 2022, approximately 10.6 million people got infected with TB, and 1.6 million died. It has multiple antibiotics for treatment, but the major drawback of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) is, its prolonged treatment duration. The major contributors to the lengthy treatment period are mycobacterial persistence and drug tolerance. Persistent M. tb is phenotypically drug tolerant and metabolically slow down which makes it difficult to be eliminated during ATT. These persisting bacteria are a huge reservoir of impending disease, waiting to get reactivated upon the onset of an immune compromising state. Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, although effective against replicating bacteria; fails to eliminate the drug-tolerant persisters making TB still the second-highest killer globally. There are different mechanisms for the development of drug-tolerant mycobacterial populations being investigated. Recently, the role of biofilms in the survival and host-evasion mechanism of persisters has come to light. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of adaptation, survival and attainment of drug tolerance by persisting M. tb-populations, in order to design better immune responses and therapeutics for the effective elimination of these bacteria by reducing the duration of treatment and also circumvent the generation of drug-resistance to achieve the goal of global eradication of TB. This review summarizes the drug-tolerance mechanism and biofilms' role in providing a niche to dormant-M.tb. We also discuss methods of targeting biofilms to achieve sterile eradication of the mycobacteria and prevent its reactivation by achieving adequate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashirbad Sarangi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Singh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI) Oregon National Primate Research Centre (ONPRC) Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Bhabani Shankar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sristi Rajput
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samreen Fatima
- UMass Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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6
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Verma H, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Kumar M, Kanchan K. Synchronization of Mycobacterium life cycle: A possible novel mechanism of antimycobacterial drug resistance evolution and its manipulation. Life Sci 2024; 346:122632. [PMID: 38615748 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) causing Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread disease infecting millions of people worldwide. Additionally, emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis is a major challenge and concern in high TB burden countries. Most of the drug resistance in mycobacteria is attributed to developing acquired resistance due to spontaneous mutations or intrinsic resistance mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of bacterial cell cycle synchronization as one of the intrinsic mechanisms used by the bacteria to cope with stress response and perhaps involved in evolution of its drug resistance. The importance of cell cycle synchronization and its function in drug resistance in cancer cells, malarial and viral pathogens is well understood, but its role in bacterial pathogens has yet to be established. From the extensive literature survey, we could collect information regarding how mycobacteria use synchronization to overcome the stress response. Additionally, it has been observed that most of the microbial pathogens including mycobacteria are responsive to drugs predominantly in their logarithmic phase, while they show resistance to antibiotics when they are in the lag or stationary phase. Therefore, we speculate that Mtb might use this novel strategy wherein they regulate their cell cycle upon antibiotic pressure such that they either enter in their low metabolic phase i.e., either the lag or stationary phase to overcome the antibiotic pressure and function as persister cells. Thus, we propose that manipulating the mycobacterial drug resistance could be possible by fine-tuning its cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hritika Verma
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Aditi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Bio Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Kajal Kanchan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
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7
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Yeo JH, Begam N, Leow WT, Goh JX, Zhong Y, Cai Y, Kwa ALH. Ironing out Persisters? Revisiting the Iron Chelation Strategy to Target Planktonic Bacterial Persisters Harboured in Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2024; 12:972. [PMID: 38792801 PMCID: PMC11123761 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. Notably, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) pose a significant clinical challenge due to the limited effective treatment options. This problem is exacerbated by persisters that develop upon antibiotic exposure. Bacteria persisters can tolerate high antibiotic doses and can cause recalcitrant infections, potentially developing further antibiotic resistance. Iron is a critical micronutrient for survival. We aimed to evaluate the utility of iron chelators, alone and in combination with antibiotics, in managing persisters. We hypothesized that iron chelators eradicate CRE persisters in vitro, when administered in combination with antibiotics. Our screening revealed three clinical isolates with bacteria persisters that resuscitated upon antibiotic removal. These isolates were treated with both meropenem and an iron chelator (deferoxamine mesylate, deferiprone or dexrazoxane) over 24 h. Against our hypothesis, bacteria persisters survived and resuscitated upon withdrawing both the antibiotic and iron chelator. Pursuing our aim, we next hypothesized that iron chelation is feasible as a post-antibiotic treatment in managing and suppressing persisters' resuscitation. We exposed bacteria persisters to an iron chelator without antibiotics. Flow cytometric assessments revealed that iron chelators are inconsistent in suppressing persister resuscitation. Collectively, these results suggest that the iron chelation strategy may not be useful as an antibiotic adjunct to target planktonic bacteria persisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hao Yeo
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
- SingHealth-Duke-NUS Academic Clinical Programme (Pathology), Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Nasren Begam
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
| | - Wan Ting Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
| | - Jia Xuan Goh
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Yiying Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
| | - Andrea Lay-Hoon Kwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore; (J.H.Y.)
- SingHealth-Duke-NUS Academic Clinical Programme (Medicine), Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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8
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Decollogny M, Rottenberg S. Persisting cancer cells are different from bacterial persisters. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:393-406. [PMID: 38429144 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The persistence of drug-sensitive tumors poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment. The concept of bacterial persisters, which are a subpopulation of bacteria that survive lethal antibiotic doses, is frequently used to compare to residual disease in cancer. Here, we explore drug tolerance of cancer cells and bacteria. We highlight the fact that bacteria, in contrast to cancer cells, have been selected for survival at the population level and may therefore possess contingency mechanisms that cancer cells lack. The precise mechanisms of drug-tolerant cancer cells and bacterial persisters are still being investigated. Undoubtedly, by understanding common features as well as differences, we, in the cancer field, can learn from microbiology to find strategies to eradicate persisting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Decollogny
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine and Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine and Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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McCarlie SJ, du Preez LL, Hernandez JC, Boucher CE, Bragg RR. Transcriptomic signature of bacteria exposed to benzalkonium chloride. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104151. [PMID: 37952705 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted our reliance on biocides, the increasing prevalence of resistance to biocides is a risk to public health. Bacterial exposure to the biocide, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), resulted in a unique transcriptomic profile, characterised by both a short and long-term response. Differential gene expression was observed in four main areas: motility, membrane composition, proteostasis, and the stress response. A metabolism shift to protect the proteome and the stress response were prioritised suggesting these are main resistance mechanisms. Whereas "well-established" mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, were not found to be differentially expressed after exposure to BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McCarlie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Louis L du Preez
- Research & HPC: ICT Services, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | | | - Charlotte E Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Robert R Bragg
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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10
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Araújo D, Silva AR, Fernandes R, Serra P, Barros MM, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Almeida C, Castro J. Emerging Approaches for Mitigating Biofilm-Formation-Associated Infections in Farm, Wild, and Companion Animals. Pathogens 2024; 13:320. [PMID: 38668275 PMCID: PMC11054384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of addressing the problem of biofilms in farm, wild, and companion animals lies in their pervasive impact on animal health and welfare. Biofilms, as resilient communities of microorganisms, pose a persistent challenge in causing infections and complicating treatment strategies. Recognizing and understanding the importance of mitigating biofilm formation is critical to ensuring the welfare of animals in a variety of settings, from farms to the wild and companion animals. Effectively addressing this issue not only improves the overall health of individual animals, but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainable agriculture, wildlife conservation, and responsible pet ownership. This review examines the current understanding of biofilm formation in animal diseases and elucidates the complex processes involved. Recognizing the limitations of traditional antibiotic treatments, mechanisms of resistance associated with biofilms are explored. The focus is on alternative therapeutic strategies to control biofilm, with illuminating case studies providing valuable context and practical insights. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of exploring emerging approaches to mitigate biofilm formation in animals. It consolidates existing knowledge, highlights gaps in understanding, and encourages further research to address this critical facet of animal health. The comprehensive perspective provided by this review serves as a foundation for future investigations and interventions to improve the management of biofilm-associated infections in diverse animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Araújo
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Patrícia Serra
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Maria Margarida Barros
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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11
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Rodríguez-Ochoa JL, Pérez-Palacios P, Merino-Bohórquez V, Ortiz-Padilla M, Velázquez-Escudero A, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Pascual Á, Docobo-Pérez F. Evaluation of temocillin efficacy against KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in a hollow-fibre infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:784-789. [PMID: 38334407 PMCID: PMC10984927 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temocillin is an old antimicrobial that is resistant to hydrolysis by ESBLs but has variable activity against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The current EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints for Enterobacterales are set at ≤16 mg/L (susceptible with increased exposure) based on a dose of 2 g q8h, but there is limited information on the efficacy of this dose against temocillin-susceptible carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of this dose using a hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM) against six KPC-2-producing clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. METHODS The isolates were characterized by WGS and temocillin susceptibility was determined using standard and high inoculum temocillin. Mutant frequencies were estimated and temocillin activity was tested in time-kill assays and in the HFIM. At standard conditions, three of the isolates were classified as susceptible (MIC ≤ 16 mg/L) and three as resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L). The HFIM was performed over 3 days to mimic human-like pharmacokinetics of 2 g q8h. Bacterial counts were performed by plating on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and MHA containing 64 mg/L temocillin to detect resistant subpopulations. RESULTS All isolates showed a reduction in bacterial population of at least 3 log cfu/mL within the first 8 h of simulated treatment in the hollow-fibre assay. Regrowth was observed for the three resistant isolates and one of the susceptible ones. The MIC value for these isolates was higher by at least two dilutions compared with their initial values. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that an optimized pharmacokinetic regimen may be of clinical interest for the treatment of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae susceptible to temocillin. These data showed activity of temocillin against KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae susceptible to temocillin; however, a dose of 2g q8h administered over 30 min may be inadequate to prevent the emergence of resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Ochoa
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Palacios
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vicente Merino-Bohórquez
- Unidad de Gestión de Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miriam Ortiz-Padilla
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Velázquez-Escudero
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán s/n., 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán s/n., 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Docobo-Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán s/n., 41009 Sevilla, Spain
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12
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Bullivant A, Lozano-Huntelman N, Tabibian K, Leung V, Armstrong D, Dudley H, Savage VM, Rodríguez-Verdugo A, Yeh PJ. Evolution Under Thermal Stress Affects Escherichia coli's Resistance to Antibiotics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582334. [PMID: 38464198 PMCID: PMC10925296 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to both antibiotics and temperature changes can induce similar physiological responses in bacteria. Thus, changes in growth temperature may affect antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have found that evolution under antibiotic stress causes shifts in the optimal growth temperature of bacteria. However, little is known about how evolution under thermal stress affects antibiotic resistance. We examined 100+ heat-evolved strains of Escherichia coli that evolved under thermal stress. We asked whether evolution under thermal stress affects optimal growth temperature, if there are any correlations between evolving in high temperatures and antibiotic resistance, and if these strains' antibiotic efficacy changes depending on the local environment's temperature. We found that: (1) surprisingly, most of the heat-evolved strains displayed a decrease in optimal growth temperature and overall growth relative to the ancestor strain, (2) there were complex patterns of changes in antibiotic resistance when comparing the heat-evolved strains to the ancestor strain, and (3) there were few significant correlations among changes in antibiotic resistance, optimal growth temperature, and overall growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Bullivant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Kevin Tabibian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vivien Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dylan Armstrong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Henry Dudley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Van M. Savage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Pamela J Yeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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13
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Chatterjee P, Chauhan N, Jain U. Confronting antibiotic-resistant pathogens: Distinctive drug delivery potentials of progressive nanoparticles. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106499. [PMID: 38097117 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance arises over time, usually due to genetic modifications. Global observations of high resistance rates to popular antibiotics used to treat common bacterial diseases, such as diarrhea, STIs, sepsis, and urinary tract infections, indicate that our supply of effective antibiotics is running low. The mechanisms of action of several antibiotic groups are covered in this review. Antimicrobials disrupt the development and metabolism of bacteria, leading to their eventual death. However, in recent years, microorganisms become resistant to the drugs. Bacteria encode resistant genes against antibiotics and inhibit the function of antibiotics by reducing the uptake of drugs, modifying the enzyme's active site, synthesizing enzymes to degrade antibiotics, and changing the structure of ribosomal subunits. Additionally, the methods of action of resistant bacteria against different kinds of antibiotics as well as their modes of action are discussed. Besides, the resistant pathogenic bacteria which get the most priority by World Health Organisation (WHO) for synthesizing new drugs, have also been incorporated. To overcome antimicrobial resistance, nanomaterials are used to increase the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs. Metallic, inorganic, and polymer-based nanoparticles once conjugated with antibacterial drugs, exhibit synergistic effects by increasing the efficacy of the drugs by inhibiting bacterial growth. Nanomaterial's toxic properties are proportional to their concentrations. Higher concentration nanomaterials are more toxic to the cells. In this review, the toxic properties of nanomaterials on lung cells, lymph nodes, and neuronal cells are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Chatterjee
- School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, 248007, Dehradun, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, 248007, Dehradun, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, 248007, Dehradun, India.
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14
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Halawa EM, Fadel M, Al-Rabia MW, Behairy A, Nouh NA, Abdo M, Olga R, Fericean L, Atwa AM, El-Nablaway M, Abdeen A. Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1305294. [PMID: 38283841 PMCID: PMC10820715 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics represent a frequently employed therapeutic modality for the management of bacterial infections across diverse domains, including human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming. The efficacy of antibiotics relies on four distinct mechanisms of action, which are discussed in detail in this review, along with accompanying diagrammatic illustrations. Despite their effectiveness, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant challenge to treating bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. This review delves into the specific mechanisms that bacteria have developed to resist antibiotics, with the help of diagrammatic illustrations. Antibiotic resistance can spread among bacteria through various routes, resulting in previously susceptible bacteria becoming antibiotic-resistant. Multiple factors contribute to the worsening crisis of antibiotic resistance, including human misuse of antibiotics. This review also emphasizes alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M. Halawa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fadel
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed W. Al-Rabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories-Diagnostic Immunology Division, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Behairy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Nehal A. Nouh
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Inpatient Pharmacy, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rada Olga
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ahmed M. Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
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15
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Sukmarini L, Atikana A, Hertiani T. Antibiofilm activity of marine microbial natural products: potential peptide- and polyketide-derived molecules from marine microbes toward targeting biofilm-forming pathogens. J Nat Med 2024; 78:1-20. [PMID: 37930514 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and treating biofilm-related infections is challenging because of the widespread presence of multidrug-resistant microbes. Biofilm, a naturally occurring matrix of microbial aggregates, has developed intricate and diverse resistance mechanisms against many currently used antibiotics. This poses a significant problem, especially for human health, including clinically chronic infectious diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to search for and develop new and more effective antibiotics. As the marine environment is recognized as a promising reservoir of new biologically active molecules with potential pharmacological properties, marine natural products, particularly those of microbial origin, have emerged as a promising source of antibiofilm agents. Marine microbes represent an untapped source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, marine natural products, owing to their self-defense mechanisms and adaptation to harsh conditions, encompass a wide range of chemical compounds, including peptides and polyketides, which are primarily found in microbes. These molecules can be exploited to provide novel and unique structures for developing alternative antibiotics as effective antibiofilm agents. This review focuses on the possible antibiofilm mechanism of these marine microbial molecules against biofilm-forming pathogens. It provides an overview of biofilm development, its recalcitrant mode of action, strategies for the development of antibiofilm agents, and their assessments. The review also revisits some selected peptides and polyketides from marine microbes reported between 2016 and 2023, highlighting their moderate and considerable antibiofilm activities. Moreover, their antibiofilm mechanisms, such as adhesion modulation/inhibition targeting biofilm-forming pathogens, quorum sensing intervention and inhibition, and extracellular polymeric substance disruption, are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sukmarini
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, 16911, Indonesia.
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Akhirta Atikana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Triana Hertiani
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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16
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Thurner F, Alatraktchi FA. Need for standardization in sub-lethal antibiotics research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1299321. [PMID: 38188578 PMCID: PMC10768063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1299321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While monitoring and managing resistant and persistent microbes is of utmost importance and should not be glossed over, one must also focus on mitigating the microbe's ability to cause harm. Exploring the concept of lowering or even suppressing the microbe's virulence with sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) antibiotics holds promise and warrants further investigation. At present, such antibiotic concentrations have mostly been studied to cover the side-effects of gradient exposure, overlooking the possibility of utilizing them to influence not only bacterial virulence, but also colonization, fitness and collateral sensitivities. This review focuses on conflicting findings of studies demonstrating both increased and decreased virulence in microbes under sub-MIC antibiotic exposure. It identifies lack of standardization in this field of research as one of the main culprits for discordant results across numerous studies on virulence. It critically discusses important terminology related to bacterial traits and existing methods to determine MIC and sub-MIC ranges. Lastly, possible directions toward standardized sub-MIC profiling and thereby tailored treatment options in the future are explored.
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17
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Myckatyn TM, Duran Ramirez JM, Walker JN, Hanson BM. Management of Biofilm with Breast Implant Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:919e-942e. [PMID: 37871028 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand how bacteria negatively impact aesthetic and reconstructive breast implants. 2. Understand how bacteria infect breast implants. 3. Understand the evidence associated with common implant infection-prevention strategies, and their limitations. 4. Understand why implementation of bacteria-mitigation strategies such as antibiotic administration or "no-touch" techniques may not indefinitely prevent breast implant infection. SUMMARY Bacterial infection of aesthetic and reconstructive breast implants is a common and expensive problem. Subacute infections or chronic capsular contractures leading to device explantation are the most commonly documented sequelae. Although bench and translational research underscores the complexities of implant-associated infection, high-quality studies with adequate power, control groups, and duration of follow-up are lacking. Common strategies to minimize infections use antibiotics-administered systemically, in the breast implant pocket, or by directly bathing the implant before insertion-to limit bacterial contamination. Limiting contact between the implant and skin or breast parenchyma represents an additional common strategy. The clinical prevention of breast implant infection is challenged by the clean-contaminated nature of breast parenchyma, and the variable behavior of not only specific bacterial species but also their strains. These factors impact bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence M Myckatyn
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | | | - Jennifer N Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Blake M Hanson
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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18
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Chukwu KB, Abafe OA, Amoako DG, Ismail A, Essack SY, Abia ALK. Impact of Environmental Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Biocides on the Emergence of Tolerance and Effects on the Mutant Selection Window in E. coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2265. [PMID: 37764108 PMCID: PMC10535725 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria's ability to withstand the detrimental effects of antimicrobials could occur as resistance or tolerance with the minimum inhibitory concentration, the mutant prevention concentration, and the mutant selection window as salient concepts. Thus, this study assessed the impact of exposure to extremely high doses of ampicillin on the level of persistence and tolerance development in isolates previously exposed to different concentrations of selected antibiotics, biocides, and heavy metals. These isolates were previously exposed to oxytetracycline (OXYTET), amoxicillin (AMX), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) 10, dimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) 12 and a combination of all the individual pollutants (ALL). The isolates were exposed to very high concentrations (25 × MIC) of ampicillin, and their tolerance was calculated as the time required to kill 99.9% of the bacterial population (MDK99.9). The MDK99.9 increased by 30 to 50% in test isolates (DADMAC, OXYTET, Zinc = 28 h; BAC, Copper = 30 h; amoxycillin, ALL = 26 h) compared to the untreated control. BAC-exposed isolates decreased from 2.5 × 108 CFU/mL to 2.5 × 104 CFU/mL on the second day, displaying the highest tolerance increase. The tolerance appeared to originate from two sources, i.e., stochastic persistence and genetic-induced persistence, involving multiple genes with diverse mechanisms. The mutant selection window of the isolates to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline also slightly increased compared to the control, indicating the selective survival of persister cells during the 30-day exposure. These findings indicate that bacterial exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of environmental chemical stressors may not always result in the development of antimicrobial resistance but could initiate this process by selecting persisters that could evolve into resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi B. Chukwu
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (K.B.C.); (O.A.A.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Ovokeroye A. Abafe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (K.B.C.); (O.A.A.); (D.G.A.)
- Residue Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Campus, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (K.B.C.); (O.A.A.); (D.G.A.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y. Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (K.B.C.); (O.A.A.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Akebe L. K. Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (K.B.C.); (O.A.A.); (D.G.A.)
- Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa
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19
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Morrison JJ, Banas DA, Madden EK, DiBiasio EC, Rowley DC, Cohen PS, Camberg JL. Metabolic flux regulates growth transitions and antibiotic tolerance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.540013. [PMID: 37215002 PMCID: PMC10197701 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reducing growth and limiting metabolism are strategies that allow bacteria to survive exposure to environmental stress and antibiotics. During infection, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) may enter a quiescent state that enables them to reemerge after completion of successful antibiotic treatment. Many clinical isolates, including the well characterized UPEC strain CFT073, also enter a metabolite-dependent, quiescent state in vitro that is reversible with cues, including peptidoglycan-derived peptides and amino acids. Here, we show that quiescent UPEC is antibiotic tolerant and demonstrate that metabolic flux in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulates the UPEC quiescent state via succinyl-CoA. We also demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator complex IHF and the FtsZ-interacting protein ZapE, which is important for E. coli division during stress, are essential for UPEC to enter the quiescent state. Notably, in addition to engaging FtsZ and late-stage cell division proteins, ZapE also interacts directly with TCA cycle enzymes in bacterial two hybrid assays. We report direct interactions between succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit SdhC, the late-stage cell division protein FtsN, and ZapE. These interactions likely enable communication between oxidative metabolism and the cell division machinery in UPEC. Moreover, these interactions are conserved in an E. coli K-12 strain. This work suggests that there is coordination among the two fundamental and essential pathways that regulate overall growth, quiescence, and antibiotic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah J. Morrison
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Daniel A. Banas
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Ellen K. Madden
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Eric C. DiBiasio
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - David C. Rowley
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Paul S. Cohen
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
| | - Jodi L. Camberg
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881
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Gramberg MCTT, Van Hattem JM, Dijkstra JA, Dros E, Nieuwdorp M, Sabelis LWE, Peters EJG. Effect of Prior Antibiotic Use on Culture Results in People with Diabetes and Foot Osteomyelitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040684. [PMID: 37107046 PMCID: PMC10135220 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic use prior to biopsy acquisition in people with diabetes and osteomyelitis of the foot (DFO) might influence bacterial yield in cultures or induce bacterial resistance. Obtaining reliable culture results is pivotal to guide antibiotics for conservative treatment of DFO. Methods: We prospectively analysed cultures of ulcer bed and percutaneous bone biopsies of people with DFO and investigated if antibiotics administered prior to (<2 months up to 7 days) biopsy acquisition led to more negative cultures or increased resistance in virulent bacteria. We calculated relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We stratified analyses according to biopsy type (ulcer bed or bone). Results: We analysed bone and ulcer bed biopsies of 64 people, of whom 29 received prior antibiotics, and found that prior antibiotics did not lead to a higher risk of at least one negative culture (RR 1.3, (CI 0.8–2.0), nor did prior treatment increase the risk of a specific type of negative culture (RR for bone cultures 1.15, (CI 0.75–1.7), RR for ulcer bed cultures 0.92 (CI 0.33–2.6)) or both cultures (RR 1.3 (CI 0.35–4.7), and neither did it increase the risk of antibiotic resistance in the combined bacterial results of ulcer bed and bone cultures (RR 0.64, (CI 0.23–1.8)). Conclusions: Antibiotics administered up to 7 days before obtaining biopsies in people with DFO do not influence culture yield regardless of biopsy type, nor are they associated with more antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl Cinzía Tila Tamara Gramberg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, De Boelelaan 1117, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Center for Diabetic Foot Complications (ACDC), P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarne Marijn Van Hattem
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Albert Dijkstra
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Dros
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam UMC Center for Diabetic Foot Complications (ACDC), P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Willy Elizabeth Sabelis
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Center for Diabetic Foot Complications (ACDC), P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar Josephus Gerardus Peters
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, De Boelelaan 1117, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity and Amsterdam Movement Sciences, P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Center for Diabetic Foot Complications (ACDC), P.O. Box 22660, NL-1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Ospino K, Spira B. Glyphosate affects persistence and tolerance but not antibiotic resistance. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:61. [PMID: 36882692 PMCID: PMC9990207 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a herbicide widely used in food production that blocks the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and in microorganisms and also induces the accumulation of the alarmone (p)ppGpp. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether glyphosate affects the resistance, tolerance or persistence of bacteria towards three different classes of antibiotics and the possible role of (p)ppGpp in this activity. Glyphosate did not affect the minimum inhibitory concentration of the tested antibiotics, but enhanced bacterial tolerance and/or persistence towards them. The upshift in ciprofloxacin and kanamycin tolerance was partially dependent on the presence of relA that promotes (p)ppGpp accumulation in response to glyphosate. Conversely, the strong increase in ampicillin tolerance caused by glyphosate was independent of relA. We conclude that by inducing aromatic amino acid starvation glyphosate contributes to the temporary increase in E. coli tolerance or persistence, but does not affect antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ospino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Capper-Parkin KL, Nichol T, Smith TJ, Lacey MM, Forbes S. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic synergism of biocides and quorum-sensing inhibitors against uropathogenic Escherichiacoli. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:138-146. [PMID: 36801429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are a primary cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), often forming mature recalcitrant biofilms on the catheter surface. Anti-infective catheter coatings containing single biocides have been developed but display limited antimicrobial activity due to the selection of biocide-resistant bacterial populations. Furthermore, biocides often display cytotoxicity at concentrations required to eradicate biofilms, limiting their antiseptic potential. Quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) provide a novel anti-infective approach to disrupt biofilm formation on the catheter surface and help prevent CAUTIs. AIM To evaluate the combinatorial impact of biocides and QSIs at bacteriostatic, bactericidal and biofilm eradication concentrations in parallel to assessing cytotoxicity in a bladder smooth muscle (BSM) cell line. METHODS Checkerboard assays were performed to determine fractional inhibitory, bactericidal, and biofilm eradication concentrations of test combinations in UPEC and combined cytotoxic effects in BSM cells. FINDINGS Synergistic antimicrobial activity was observed between polyhexamethylene biguanide, benzalkonium chloride or silver nitrate in combination with either cinnamaldehyde or furanone-C30 against UPEC biofilms. However, furanone-C30 was cytotoxic at concentrations below those required even for bacteriostatic activity. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity profile was observed for cinnamaldehyde when in combination with BAC, PHMB or silver nitrate. Both PHMB and silver nitrate displayed combined bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity below the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). Triclosan in combination with both QSIs displayed antagonistic activity in both UPEC and BSM cells. CONCLUSION PHMB and silver in combination with cinnamaldehyde display synergistic antimicrobial activity in UPEC at non-cytotoxic concentrations, suggesting potential as anti-infective catheter-coating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Capper-Parkin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Nichol
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M M Lacey
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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23
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Zhu Y, Xie Q, Ye J, Wang R, Yin X, Xie W, Li D. Metabolic Mechanism of Bacillus sp. LM24 under Abamectin Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3068. [PMID: 36833759 PMCID: PMC9965259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Abamectin (ABM) has been recently widely used in aquaculture. However, few studies have examined its metabolic mechanism and ecotoxicity in microorganisms. This study investigated the molecular metabolic mechanism and ecotoxicity of Bacillus sp. LM24 (B. sp LM24) under ABM stress using intracellular metabolomics. The differential metabolites most affected by the bacteria were lipids and lipid metabolites. The main significant metabolic pathways of B. sp LM24 in response to ABM stress were glycerolipid; glycine, serine, and threonine; and glycerophospholipid, and sphingolipid. The bacteria improved cell membrane fluidity and maintained cellular activity by enhancing the interconversion pathway of certain phospholipids and sn-3-phosphoglycerol. It obtained more extracellular oxygen and nutrients to adjust the lipid metabolism pathway, mitigate the impact of sugar metabolism, produce acetyl coenzyme A to enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintain sufficient anabolic energy, and use some amino acid precursors produced during the TCA cycle to express ABM efflux protein and degradative enzymes. It produced antioxidants, including hydroxyanigorufone, D-erythroascorbic acid 1'-a-D-xylopyranoside, and 3-methylcyclopentadecanone, to alleviate ABM-induced cellular and oxidative damage. However, prolonged stress can cause metabolic disturbances in the metabolic pathways of glycine, serine, threonine, and sphingolipid; reduce acetylcholine production; and increase quinolinic acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Qilai Xie
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Pural Pullution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ruzhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xudong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Wenyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Dehao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
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24
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Khan M, Ma K, Wan I, Willcox MD. Ciprofloxacin resistance and tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular isolates. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101819. [PMID: 36732125 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tolerance to antibiotics may occur due to changes in bacterial growth patterns and can be a precursor to development of resistance. However, there is a lack of information on the ability of ocular bacteria isolates to develop tolerance. This paper explores the tolerance to 8 different antibiotics of 61 microbial keratitis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australia and India using the MBC/MIC ratio, with tolerance defined by a ratio ≥ 32, and tolerance to ciprofloxacin by an agar diffusion assay. METHODS Antibiotics used were ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, piperacillin, imipenem, ceftazidime and polymyxin B. Isolates were sourced from microbial keratitis infections in Australia and India. Minimum bactericidal and minimum inhibitory concentration (MBC and MIC) were obtained using broth microdilution and compared to breakpoints from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) to determine bacterial susceptibility. Tolerance was assessed as MBC/MIC ≥ 32. An alternative method for tolerance detection (TD) was assessed with 13P. aeruginosa sensitive isolates by agar disk diffusion assay of ciprofloxacin followed by application of glucose to the agar and observation of re-growth of colonies. RESULTS Thirty-three isolates were resistant to imipenem, 20 to ciprofloxacin, 14 to tobramycin and piperacillin, 12 to levofloxacin and ceftazidime, 8 to gentamicin, and 5 to polymyxin B. The percentage of strains resistant to levofloxacin (7 vs 30 %; p = 0.023), gentamicin (0 vs 24 %; p = 0.005) and tobramycin (4 vs 33 %; p = 0.004) was significantly greater in isolates from India.On average, strains from India exhibited notably greater MIC and MBC values compared to strains obtained from Australia. Out of 61 isolates, none displayed an MBC/MIC ratio ≥ 32. However, three sensitive isolates had low tolerance, nine had medium tolerance and one had high tolerance to ciprofloxacin with the TDtest. CONCLUSIONS This study used two methods to determine whether P. aeruginosa strains could show tolerance to antibiotics. Using the MBC/MIC criteria no strain was considered tolerant to any of the eight antibiotics used. When 13 strains were tested for tolerance against ciprofloxacin, the most commonly used monotherapy for keratitis, one had high tolerance and nine had medium tolerance. This demonstrates the capacity of P. aeruginosa to develop tolerance which may result in therapeutic failures if inappropriate dosing regimens are used to treat keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Khan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Karen Ma
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ingrid Wan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mark Dp Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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25
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Hernandez-Morfa M, Reinoso-Vizcaíno NM, Olivero NB, Zappia VE, Cortes PR, Jaime A, Echenique J. Host Cell Oxidative Stress Promotes Intracellular Fluoroquinolone Persisters of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0436422. [PMID: 36445159 PMCID: PMC9769771 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04364-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persisters represent a small subpopulation that tolerates high antibiotic concentrations without acquiring heritable resistance, and it may be generated by environmental factors. Here, we report the first antibiotic persistence mechanism in Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is induced by oxidative stress conditions and allows the pneumococcus to survive in the presence of fluoroquinolones. We demonstrated that fluoroquinolone persistence is prompted by both the impact of growth arrest and the oxidative stress response induced by H2O2 in bacterial cells. This process protected pneumococci against the deleterious effects of high ROS levels induced by fluoroquinolones. Importantly, S. pneumoniae develops persistence during infection, and is dependent on the oxidative stress status of the host cells, indicating that its transient intracellular life contributes to this mechanism. Furthermore, our findings suggest persistence may influence the outcome of antibiotic therapy and be part of a multistep mechanism in the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance. IMPORTANCE In S. pneumoniae, different mechanisms that counteract antibiotic effects have been described, such as vancomycin tolerance, heteroresistance to penicillin and fluoroquinolone resistance, which critically affect the therapeutic efficacy. Antibiotic persistence is a type of antibiotic tolerance that allows a bacterial subpopulation to survive lethal antimicrobial concentrations. In this work, we used a host-cell infection model to reveal fluoroquinolone persistence in S. pneumoniae. This mechanism is induced by oxidative stress that the pneumococcus must overcome to survive in host cells. Many fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, have a broad spectrum of activity against bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia, and they are used to treat pneumococcal diseases. However, the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains complicates antibiotic treatment of invasive infections. Consequently, antibiotic persistence in S. pneumoniae is clinically relevant due to prolonged exposure to fluoroquinolones likely favors the acquisition of mutations that generate antibiotic resistance in persisters. In addition, this work contributes to the knowledge of antibiotic persistence mechanisms in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelys Hernandez-Morfa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaíno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nadia B. Olivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria E. Zappia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paulo R. Cortes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Jaime
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Echenique
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Behbahani SB, Kiridena SD, Wijayaratna UN, Taylor C, Anker JN, Tzeng TRJ. pH variation in medical implant biofilms: Causes, measurements, and its implications for antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1028560. [PMID: 36386694 PMCID: PMC9659913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1028560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of implanted medical devices has greatly improved the quality of life and increased longevity. However, infection remains a significant risk because bacteria can colonize device surfaces and form biofilms that are resistant to antibiotics and the host's immune system. Several factors contribute to this resistance, including heterogeneous biochemical and pH microenvironments that can affect bacterial growth and interfere with antibiotic biochemistry; dormant regions in the biofilm with low oxygen, pH, and metabolites; slow bacterial growth and division; and poor antibody penetration through the biofilm, which may also be regions with poor acid product clearance. Measuring pH in biofilms is thus key to understanding their biochemistry and offers potential routes to detect and treat latent infections. This review covers the causes of biofilm pH changes and simulations, general findings of metabolite-dependent pH gradients, methods for measuring pH in biofilms, effects of pH on biofilms, and pH-targeted antimicrobial-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cedric Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Anker
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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27
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Takahashi H, Sovadinova I, Yasuhara K, Vemparala S, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers—Design, characterization, antimicrobial, and novel applications. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1866. [PMID: 36300561 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers have been an area of great interest as the need for novel antimicrobial compounds grows due to the development of resistance. These polymers were designed and developed to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides in both physicochemical composition and mechanism of action. These antimicrobial peptide mimetic polymers have been extensively investigated using chemical, biophysical, microbiological, and computational approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions that drive function. These studies have helped inform SARs, mechanism of action, and general physicochemical factors that influence the activity and properties of antimicrobial polymers. However, there are still lingering questions in this field regarding 3D structural patterning, bioavailability, and applicability to alternative targets. In this review, we present a perspective on the development and characterization of several antimicrobial polymers and discuss novel applications of these molecules emerging in the field. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
- Center for Digital Green‐Innovation Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Japan
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences CIT Campus Chennai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Mumbai India
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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28
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Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility through an experimental evolutionary lens. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:82. [PMID: 36257971 PMCID: PMC9579162 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evolution experiments in which bacterial populations are repeatedly exposed to an antimicrobial treatment, and examination of the genotype and phenotype of the resulting evolved bacteria, can help shed light on mechanisms behind reduced susceptibility. In this review we present an overview of why it is important to include biofilms in experimental evolution, which approaches are available to study experimental evolution in biofilms and what experimental evolution has taught us about tolerance and resistance in biofilms. Finally, we present an emerging consensus view on biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility supported by data obtained during experimental evolution studies.
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29
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Promising Antimycobacterial Activities of Flavonoids against Mycobacterium sp. Drug Targets: A Comprehensive Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165335. [PMID: 36014572 PMCID: PMC9415813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a threat to mankind, with over a billion of deaths in the last two centuries. Recent advancements in science have contributed to an understanding of Mtb pathogenesis and developed effective control tools, including effective drugs to control the global pandemic. However, the emergence of drug resistant Mtb strains has seriously affected the TB eradication program around the world. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop new drugs for TB treatment, which has grown researchers’ interest in small molecule-based drug designing and development. The small molecules-based treatments hold significant potential to overcome drug resistance and even provide opportunities for multimodal therapy. In this context, various natural and synthetic flavonoids were reported for the effective treatment of TB. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancement in the understanding of Mtb pathogenesis and the importance of both natural and synthetic flavonoids against Mtb infection studied using in vitro and in silico methods. We have also included flavonoids that are able to inhibit the growth of non-tubercular mycobacterial organisms. Hence, understanding the therapeutic properties of flavonoids can be useful for the future treatment of TB.
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Alonso VPP, Furtado MM, Iwase CHT, Brondi-Mendes JZ, Nascimento MDS. Microbial resistance to sanitizers in the food industry: review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:654-669. [PMID: 35950465 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hygiene programs which comprise the cleaning and sanitization steps are part of the Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and are considered essential to ensure food safety and quality. Inadequate hygiene practices may contribute to the occurrence of foodborne diseases, development of microbial resistance to sanitizers, and economic losses. In general, the sanitizer resistance is classified as intrinsic or acquired. The former is an inherent characteristic, naturally present in some microorganisms, whereas the latter is linked to genetic modifications that can occur at random or after continuous exposure to a nonnormal condition. The resistance mechanisms can involve changes in membrane permeability or in the efflux pump, and enzymatic activity. The efflux pump mechanism is the most elucidated in relation to the resistance caused by the use of different types of sanitizers. In addition, microbial resistance to sanitizers can also be favored in the presence of biofilms due to the protection given by the glycocalyx matrix and genetic changes. Therefore, this review aimed to show the main microbial resistance mechanisms to sanitizers, including genetic modifications, biofilm formation, and permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Miranda Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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31
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Martini MC, Hicks ND, Xiao J, Alonso MN, Barbier T, Sixsmith J, Fortune SM, Shell SS. Loss of RNase J leads to multi-drug tolerance and accumulation of highly structured mRNA fragments in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010705. [PMID: 35830479 PMCID: PMC9312406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of well-characterized, canonical mutations that confer high-level drug resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), there is evidence that drug resistance mechanisms are more complex than simple acquisition of such mutations. Recent studies have shown that Mtb can acquire non-canonical resistance-associated mutations that confer survival advantages in the presence of certain drugs, likely acting as stepping-stones for acquisition of high-level resistance. Rv2752c/rnj, encoding RNase J, is disproportionately mutated in drug-resistant clinical Mtb isolates. Here we show that deletion of rnj confers increased tolerance to lethal concentrations of several drugs. RNAseq revealed that RNase J affects expression of a subset of genes enriched for PE/PPE genes and stable RNAs and is key for proper 23S rRNA maturation. Gene expression differences implicated two sRNAs and ppe50-ppe51 as important contributors to the drug tolerance phenotype. In addition, we found that in the absence of RNase J, many short RNA fragments accumulate because they are degraded at slower rates. We show that the accumulated transcript fragments are targets of RNase J and are characterized by strong secondary structure and high G+C content, indicating that RNase J has a rate-limiting role in degradation of highly structured RNAs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RNase J indirectly affects drug tolerance, as well as reveal the endogenous roles of RNase J in mycobacterial RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Martini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Junpei Xiao
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Natalia Alonso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thibault Barbier
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaimie Sixsmith
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMF); (SSS)
| | - Scarlet S. Shell
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMF); (SSS)
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Sivaranjani M, McCarthy MC, Sniatynski MK, Wu L, Dillon JAR, Rubin JE, White AP. Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of E. coli Associated With Colibacillosis Outbreaks in Broiler Chickens From Saskatchewan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841516. [PMID: 35783405 PMCID: PMC9247541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global poultry industry has grown to the extent that the number of chickens now well exceeds the number of humans on Earth. Escherichia coli infections in poultry cause significant morbidity and economic losses for producers each year. We obtained 94 E. coli isolates from 12 colibacillosis outbreaks on Saskatchewan farms and screened them for antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Fifty-six isolates were from broilers with confirmed colibacillosis, and 38 isolates were from healthy broilers in the same flocks (cecal E. coli). Resistance to penicillins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides was common in isolates from all 12 outbreaks, while cephalosporin resistance varied by outbreak. Most E. coli were able to form biofilms in at least one of three growth media (1/2 TSB, M63, and BHI broth). There was an overall trend that disease-causing E. coli had more antibiotic resistance and were more likely to form biofilms in nutrient-rich media (BHI) as compared to cecal strains. However, on an individual strain basis, there was no correlation between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. The 21 strongest biofilm forming strains consisted of both disease-causing and cecal isolates that were either drug resistant or susceptible. Draft whole genome sequencing indicated that many known antimicrobial resistance genes were present on plasmids, with disease-causing E. coli having more plasmids on average than their cecal counterparts. We tested four common disinfectants for their ability to kill 12 of the best biofilm forming strains. All disinfectants killed single cells effectively, but biofilm cells were more resistant, although the difference was less pronounced for the disinfectants that have multiple modes of action. Our results indicate that there is significant diversity and complexity in E. coli poultry isolates, with different lifestyle pressures affecting disease-causing and cecal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sivaranjani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Madeline C. McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michelle K. Sniatynski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne R. Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Aaron P. White,
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Meirelles LA, Newman DK. Phenazines and toxoflavin act as interspecies modulators of resilience to diverse antibiotics. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1384-1404. [PMID: 35510686 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial opportunistic pathogens make diverse secondary metabolites both in the natural environment and when causing infections, yet how these molecules mediate microbial interactions and their consequences for antibiotic treatment are still poorly understood. Here, we explore the role of three redox-active secondary metabolites, pyocyanin, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and toxoflavin, as interspecies modulators of antibiotic resilience. We find that these molecules dramatically change susceptibility levels of diverse bacteria to clinical antibiotics. Pyocyanin and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid are made by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while toxoflavin is made by Burkholderia gladioli, organisms that infect cystic fibrosis and other immunocompromised patients. All molecules alter the susceptibility profile of pathogenic species within the "Burkholderia cepacia complex" to different antibiotics, either antagonizing or potentiating their effects, depending on the drug's class. Defense responses regulated by the redox-sensitive transcription factor SoxR potentiate the antagonistic effects these metabolites have against fluoroquinolones, and the presence of genes encoding SoxR and the efflux systems it regulates can be used to predict how these metabolites will affect antibiotic susceptibility of different bacteria. Finally, we demonstrate that inclusion of secondary metabolites in standard protocols used to assess antibiotic resistance can dramatically alter the results, motivating the development of new tests for more accurate clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Meirelles
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA.,Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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Elgrail MM, Chen E, Shaffer MG, Srinivasa V, Griffith MP, Mustapha MM, Shields RK, Van Tyne D, Culyba MJ. Convergent Evolution of Antibiotic Tolerance in Patients with Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0000122. [PMID: 35285704 PMCID: PMC9022596 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00001-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are often complicated by persistent bacteremia (PB) despite active antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic resistance rarely contributes to MRSA-PB, suggesting an important role for antibiotic tolerance pathways. To identify bacterial factors associated with PB, we sequenced the whole genomes of 206 MRSA isolates derived from 20 patients with PB and looked for genetic signatures of adaptive within-host evolution. We found that genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citZ and odhA) and stringent response (rel) bore repeated, independent, protein-altering mutations across multiple infections, indicative of convergent evolution. Both pathways have been linked previously to antibiotic tolerance. Mutations in citZ were identified most frequently, and further study showed they caused antibiotic tolerance through the loss of citrate synthase activity. Isolates harboring mutant alleles (citZ, odhA, and rel) were sampled at a low frequency from each patient but were detected in 10 (50%) of the patients. These results suggest that subpopulations of antibiotic-tolerant mutants emerge commonly during MRSA-PB. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infection. In severe cases, bacteria invade the bloodstream and cause bacteremia, a condition associated with high mortality. We analyzed the genomes of serial MRSA isolates derived from patients with bacteremia that persisted through active antibiotic therapy and found a frequent evolution of pathways leading to antibiotic tolerance. Antibiotic tolerance is distinct from antibiotic resistance, and the role of tolerance in clinical failure of antibiotic therapy is defined poorly. Our results show genetic evidence that perturbation of specific metabolic pathways plays an important role in the ability of MRSA to evade antibiotics during severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra M. Elgrail
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marla G. Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vatsala Srinivasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marissa P. Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mustapha M. Mustapha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan K. Shields
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J. Culyba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abundant Species Diversity and Essential Functions of Bacterial Communities Associated with Dinoflagellates as Revealed from Metabarcoding Sequencing for Laboratory-Raised Clonal Cultures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084446. [PMID: 35457312 PMCID: PMC9024509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between algae and bacteria represent an important inter-organism association in aquatic environments, which often have cascading bottom-up influences on ecosystem-scale processes. Despite the increasing recognition of linkages between bacterioplankton and dynamics of dinoflagellate blooms in the field, knowledge about the forms and functions of dinoflagellate-bacteria associations remains elusive, mainly due to the ephemeral and variable conditions in the field. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community associated with laboratory cultures of 144 harmful algal strains, including 130 dinoflagellates (covering all major taxonomic orders of dinoflagellates) and 14 non-dinoflagellates, via high-throughput sequencing for 16S rRNA gene amplicons. A total of 4577 features belonging to bacteria kingdom comprising of 24 phyla, 55 classes, 134 orders, 273 families, 716 genera, and 1104 species were recovered from the algal culture collection, and 3 phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes) were universally present in all the culture samples. Bacterial communities in dinoflagellates cultures exhibited remarkable conservation across different algal strains, which were dominated by a relatively small number of taxa, most notably the γ-proteobacteria Methylophaga, Marinobacter and Alteromonas. Although the bacterial community composition between dinoflagellates and non-dinoflagellate groups did not show significant difference in general, dinoflagellates harbored a large number of unique features (up to 3811) with relatively low individual abundance and enriched in the potential methylotrophs Methylophaga. While the bacterial assemblages associated with thecate and athecate dinoflagellates displayed no general difference in species composition and functional groups, athecate dinoflagellates appeared to accommodate more aerobic cellulolytic members of Actinobacteria, implying a more possible reliance on cellulose utilization as energy source. The extensive co-occurrence discovered here implied that the relationships between these algal species and the bacterial consortia could be viewed as either bilaterally beneficial (i.e., mutualism) or unilaterally beneficial at least to one party but virtually harmless to the other party (i.e., commensalism), whereas both scenarios support a long-term and stable co-existence rather than an exclusion of one or the other. Our results demonstrated that dinoflagellates-associated bacterial communities were similar in composition, with enrichment of potential uncultured methylotrophs to one-carbon compounds. This work enriches the knowledge about the fundamental functions of bacteria consortia associated with the phycospheres of dinoflagellates and other HABs-forming microalgae.
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Evaluating approved and alternative treatments against an oxytetracycline-resistant bacterium responsible for European foulbrood disease in honey bees. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5906. [PMID: 35393467 PMCID: PMC8991240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
European foulbrood (EFB) is a disease of honey bee larvae caused by Melissococcus plutonius. In North America, oxytetracycline (OTC) is approved to combat EFB disease though tylosin (TYL) and lincomycin (LMC) are also registered for use against American foulbrood disease. Herein, we report and characterize an OTC-resistant M. plutonius isolate from British Columbia, Canada, providing an antimicrobial sensitivity to the three approved antibiotics and studying their abilities to alter larval survival in an in vitro infection model. Specifically, we investigated OTC, TYL, and LMC as potential treatment options for EFB disease using laboratory-reared larvae infected with M. plutonius. The utility of the three antibiotics were compared through an experimental design that either mimicked metaphylaxis or antimicrobial intervention. At varying concentrations, all three antibiotics prevented clinical signs of EFB disease following infection with M. plutonius 2019BC1 in vitro. This included treatment with 100 μg/mL of OTC, a concentration that was ~ 3× the minimum inhibitory concentration measured to inhibit the strain in nutrient broth. Additionally, we noted high larval mortality in groups treated with doses of OTC corresponding to ~ 30× the dose required to eliminate bacterial growth in vitro. In contrast, TYL and LMC were not toxic to larvae at concentrations that exceed field use. As we continue to investigate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of M. plutonius from known EFB outbreaks, we expect a range of AMR phenotypes, reiterating the importance of expanding current therapeutic options along with alternative management practices to suppress this disease.
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Perry EK, Meirelles LA, Newman DK. From the soil to the clinic: the impact of microbial secondary metabolites on antibiotic tolerance and resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:129-142. [PMID: 34531577 PMCID: PMC8857043 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites profoundly affect microbial physiology, metabolism and stress responses. Increasing evidence suggests that these molecules can modulate microbial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics; however, secondary metabolites are typically excluded from standard antimicrobial susceptibility assays. This may in part account for why infections by diverse opportunistic bacteria that produce secondary metabolites often exhibit discrepancies between clinical antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and clinical treatment outcomes. In this Review, we explore which types of secondary metabolite alter antimicrobial susceptibility, as well as how and why this phenomenon occurs. We discuss examples of molecules that opportunistic and enteric pathogens either generate themselves or are exposed to from their neighbours, and the nuanced impacts these molecules can have on tolerance and resistance to certain antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K Perry
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucas A Meirelles
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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38
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Grakh K, Mittal D, Prakash A, Jindal N. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm-producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli from broiler chickens and their environment in India. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:537-548. [PMID: 35112272 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for colibacillosis in poultry. APEC remains a constant problem for the poultry industry, despite the use of antimicrobials and disinfectants in farms. The endemicity of APEC in poultry farms is associated with its biofilm-forming ability, which is further aggravated by various virulence factors and resistance to multiple drugs that help bacteria to thrive under different environmental conditions. To characterize APEC from affected broiler chickens and their environments, samples (n=114) from dead birds (heart, liver, lungs, and cloacal swab) and surrounding environments such as feeder, drinker, litter, PVC pipe, water tank wall, feed, and water were collected. The collected samples were subjected to microbial isolation using MacConkey Lactose agar (MLA) and Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB), which led to the isolation of 62 E. coli isolates. This was confirmed by uspA gene amplification and Vitek 2 Compact. These isolates were characterized using a set of five virulence genes (hlyF, ompT, iroN, iss, iutA), which yielded 47 (75.80%) isolates as APEC and the remaining as non-APEC. Furthermore, all the 62 isolates were subjected to microtiter plate assay for biofilm detection and the result showed that 36 (58.06%) isolates were able to form moderate to strong biofilms in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) at 72h of incubation. Of the 36 biofilm-producing isolates, 30 were APEC. Biofilm-related genes (crl, csgA, fimH, luxS, and papC) were also detected with higher prevalence among APEC isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using Vitek 2 Compact revealed 43 (91.48%) of 47 APEC isolates as multiple drug resistant (MDR) and 8 (17.02%) as ESBL positive. This study reveals that APEC with biofilm formation ability is present in poultry farms. Further studies are needed to understand the role of biofilms in the pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance of APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Grakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Dinesh Mittal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
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Iskandar K, Murugaiyan J, Hammoudi Halat D, Hage SE, Chibabhai V, Adukkadukkam S, Roques C, Molinier L, Salameh P, Van Dongen M. Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance: The Chase and the Race. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020182. [PMID: 35203785 PMCID: PMC8868473 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) evolution and the diversity of the environmental resistome indicate that AMR is an ancient natural phenomenon. Acquired resistance is a public health concern influenced by the anthropogenic use of antibiotics, leading to the selection of resistant genes. Data show that AMR is spreading globally at different rates, outpacing all efforts to mitigate this crisis. The search for new antibiotic classes is one of the key strategies in the fight against AMR. Since the 1980s, newly marketed antibiotics were either modifications or improvements of known molecules. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the current pipeline as bleak, and warns about the scarcity of new leads. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pre-clinical and clinical pipeline indicates that few antibiotics may reach the market in a few years, predominantly not those that fit the innovative requirements to tackle the challenging spread of AMR. Diversity and innovation are the mainstays to cope with the rapid evolution of AMR. The discovery and development of antibiotics must address resistance to old and novel antibiotics. Here, we review the history and challenges of antibiotics discovery and describe different innovative new leads mechanisms expected to replenish the pipeline, while maintaining a promising possibility to shift the chase and the race between the spread of AMR, preserving antibiotic effectiveness, and meeting innovative leads requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1295, 31000 Toulouse, France
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573, Lebanon;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (K.I.); (D.H.H.)
| | - Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University–AP, Amaravati 522502, India; (J.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalal Hammoudi Halat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Beirut 1103, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (K.I.); (D.H.H.)
| | - Said El Hage
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon;
| | - Vindana Chibabhai
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
- Microbiology Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Saranya Adukkadukkam
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University–AP, Amaravati 522502, India; (J.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Christine Roques
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Department of Bioprocédés et Systèmes Microbiens, Université Paul Sabtier, Toulouse III, UMR 5503, 31330 Toulouse, France;
| | - Laurent Molinier
- Department of Medical Information, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, INSERM, UMR 1295, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573, Lebanon;
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon;
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus
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Wet-dry cycles protect surface-colonizing bacteria from major antibiotic classes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:91-100. [PMID: 34253853 PMCID: PMC8692528 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse antibiotic compounds are abundant in microbial habitats undergoing recurrent wet-dry cycles, such as soil, root and leaf surfaces, and the built environment. These antibiotics play a central role in microbial warfare and competition, thus affecting population dynamics and the composition of natural microbial communities. Yet, the impact of wet-dry cycles on bacterial response to antibiotics has been scarcely explored. Using the bacterium E. coli as a model organism, we show through a combination of experiments and computational modeling, that wet-dry cycles protect bacteria from beta-lactams. This is due to the combined effect of several mechanisms including tolerance induced by high salt concentrations and slow cell-growth, which are inherently associated with microscopic surface wetness-a hydration state typical to 'dry' periods. Moreover, we find evidence for a cross-protection effect, where lethal doses of antibiotic considerably increase bacterial survival during the dry periods. This work focuses on beta-lactams, yet similar protection was observed for additional major antibiotic classes. Our findings shed new light on how we understand bacterial response to antibiotics, with broad implications for population dynamics, interspecies interactions, and the evolution of antibiotic resistance in vast terrestrial microbial habitats.
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Iron Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Targeting Iron Acquisition and Storage as an Antimicrobial Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:29-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang M, Chan EWC, Xu C, Chen K, Yang C, Chen S. Econazole as adjuvant to conventional antibiotics is able to eradicate starvation-induced tolerant bacteria by causing proton motive force dissipation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:425-432. [PMID: 34747463 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacterial antibiotic tolerance is responsible for the recalcitrance of chronic infections. This study aims to investigate a potential drug that can effectively kill antibiotic-tolerant bacteria and evaluate the ability of this drug on the eradication of tolerant cells both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The in vitro effect of econazole on eradicating starvation-induced tolerant bacterial populations was studied by testing the amount of survival bacteria in the presence of econazole combining conventional antibiotics. Proton motive force (PMF) was determined after econazole treatment by DiOC2(3). Finally, mouse infection models were used to detect the ability of econazole on killing the tolerant populations in vivo. RESULTS Econazole eradicated starvation-induced tolerant cells of various bacterial species within 24 or 96 h when used in combination with conventional antibiotics. Moreover, mouse survival rate drastically increased along with the decrease of in vivo bacterial count after treatment of infected mice with the econazole and ceftazidime combination for 72 h. PMF was found to have dissipated almost completely in econazole-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Econazole could act in combination with conventional antibiotics to effectively eradicate bacterial tolerant cells. The combined use of econazole and ceftazidime was shown to be effective for eradicating tolerant cells in a mouse infection model. The ability of econazole to eradicate tolerant cells was due to its ability to cause dissipation of bacterial transmembrane PMF. Econazole-mediated PMF disruption is a feasible strategy for the treatment of chronic and recurrent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Mohiuddin SG, Ghosh S, Ngo HG, Sensenbach S, Karki P, Dewangan NK, Angardi V, Orman MA. Cellular Self-Digestion and Persistence in Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2269. [PMID: 34835393 PMCID: PMC8626048 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular self-digestion is an evolutionarily conserved process occurring in prokaryotic cells that enables survival under stressful conditions by recycling essential energy molecules. Self-digestion, which is triggered by extracellular stress conditions, such as nutrient depletion and overpopulation, induces degradation of intracellular components. This self-inflicted damage renders the bacterium less fit to produce building blocks and resume growth upon exposure to fresh nutrients. However, self-digestion may also provide temporary protection from antibiotics until the self-digestion-mediated damage is repaired. In fact, many persistence mechanisms identified to date may be directly or indirectly related to self-digestion, as these processes are also mediated by many degradative enzymes, including proteases and ribonucleases (RNases). In this review article, we will discuss the potential roles of self-digestion in bacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mehmet A. Orman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (S.G.M.); (S.G.); (H.G.N.); (S.S.); (P.K.); (N.K.D.); (V.A.)
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44
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Assessing antibiotic tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus derived directly from patients by the Replica Plating Tolerance Isolation System - REPTIS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0096721. [PMID: 34694884 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00967-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerant Staphylococcus aureus pose a great challenge to clinicians as well as to microbiological laboratories and are one reason for treatment failure. Antibiotic tolerant strains survive transient antibiotic exposure despite being fully susceptible in vitro. Thus, fast and reliable methods to detect tolerance in the routine microbiology laboratory are urgently required. We therefore evaluated the feasibility of the replica plating tolerance isolation system (REPTIS) to detect antibiotic tolerance in S. aureus isolates derived directly from patients suffering from different types of infections and investigated possible connections to clinical presentations and patient characteristics. One hundred twenty-five S. aureus isolates were included. Replica plating of the original resistance testing plate was used to assess regrowth in the zones of inhibition, indicating antibiotic tolerance. Bacterial regrowth was assessed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation and an overall regrowth score (ORS) was assigned. Regrowth scores were compared to the clinical presentation. Bacterial regrowth was high for most antibiotics targeting protein synthesis and relatively low for antibiotics targeting other cellular functions such as DNA-replication, transcription and cell wall synthesis, with the exception of rifampicin. Isolates with a blaZ penicillinase had lower regrowth in penicillin and ampicillin. Low ORSs were more prevalent among isolates recovered from patients with immunosuppression or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. In conclusion, REPTIS is useful to detect antibiotic tolerance in clinical microbiological routine diagnostics. Further studies should evaluate the impact of rapid detection of antibiotic tolerance as a clinical decision-making tool for tailored antibiotic treatments.
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45
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Active maintenance of proton motive force mediates starvation-induced bacterial antibiotic tolerance in Escherichia coli. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1068. [PMID: 34521984 PMCID: PMC8440630 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that metabolic shutdown alone does not fully explain how bacteria exhibit phenotypic antibiotic tolerance. In an attempt to investigate the range of starvation-induced physiological responses underlying tolerance development, we found that active maintenance of the transmembrane proton motive force (PMF) is essential for prolonged expression of antibiotic tolerance in bacteria. Eradication of tolerant sub-population could be achieved by disruption of PMF using the ionophore CCCP, or through suppression of PMF maintenance mechanisms by simultaneous inhibition of the phage shock protein (Psp) response and electron transport chain (ETC) complex activities. We consider disruption of bacterial PMF a feasible strategy for treatment of chronic and recurrent bacterial infections. The proton motive force (PMF) is a critical electrochemical gradient involved in bacterial energy metabolism. Here, Miaomiao Wang, Edward Wai Chi Chan et al. demonstrate that the PMF plays a key role in starvation-induced antibiotic tolerance in E. coli, suggesting that PMF disruption could be a future strategy to treat bacterial infection.
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46
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Evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus Antibiotic Tolerance Using Kill Curve Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34264460 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1550-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
This chapter describes the use of antibiotic kill curves to examine the tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus to any antibiotic of interest. This is done by treating cultures with a super-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic and measuring viability over time by colony-forming units (CFUs). Kill curves provide a unique insight into S. aureus antibiotic tolerance and death patterns that may not be clear from other experiments, such as traditional MIC or Kirby-Bauer assays.
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47
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Pan Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Ma Q, Gong T, Yu S, Zhang Q, Zou J, Li Y. The Adc regulon mediates zinc homeostasis in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:278-290. [PMID: 34351080 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+ ) is an essential divalent trace metal for living cells. Intracellular zinc homeostasis is critical to the survival and virulence of bacteria. Thus, the frequent fluctuations of salivary zinc, caused by the low physiological level and the frequent exogenous zinc introduction, present a serious challenge for bacteria colonizing the oral cavity. However, the regulation strategies to keep intracellular Zn2+ homeostasis in Streptococcus mutans, an important causative pathogen of dental caries, are unknown. Because zinc uptake is primarily mediated by an ATP-binding ABC transporter AdcABC in Streptococcus strains, we examined the function of AdcABC and transcription factor AdcR in S. mutans in this study. The results demonstrated that deletion of either adcA or adcCB gene impaired the growth but enhanced the extracellular polymeric matrix production in S. mutans, both of which could be relieved after excessive Zn2+ supplementation. Using RNA sequencing analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction examination, LacZ-reporter studies, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we showed that a MarR (multiple antibiotic resistance regulator) family transcription factor, AdcR, negatively regulates the expression of the genes adcR, adcC, adcB, and adcA by acting on the adcRCB and adcA promoters in response to Zn2+ concentration in their environmental niches. The deletion of adcR increases the sensitivity of S. mutans to excessive Zn2+ supply. Taken together, our findings suggest that Adc regulon, which consists of a Zn2+ uptake transporter AdcCBA and a Zn2+ -responsive repressor AdcR, plays a prominent role in the maintenance of intracellular zinc homeostasis of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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48
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Tasse J, Dieppois G, Peyrane F, Tesse N. Improving the ability of antimicrobial susceptibility tests to predict clinical outcome accurately: Adding metabolic evasion to the equation. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2182-2189. [PMID: 34119667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) are based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), the method used worldwide to guide antimicrobial therapy. Despite its relevance in correctly predicting clinical outcome for most acute infections, this approach is misleading for multiple clinical cases in which pathogens do not grow rapidly, uniformly or with physical protection. This behaviour, named 'metabolic evasion' (ME), enables bacteria to survive antimicrobials. ME can result from different, and sometimes combined, bacterial mechanisms such as biofilms, intracellular growth, persisters or dormancy. We discuss how ME can influence the MIC-based probability of target attainment. We identify clinical cases in which this approach is undermined by ME and propose a new approach that takes ME into account in order to improve patient management and the evaluation of innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tasse
- BTF-E Group, BEAM Alliance, Le Dorian Bât B1 C/O Da Volterra, 172 Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France; Biofilm Pharma, 307 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Guennaëlle Dieppois
- BTF-E Group, BEAM Alliance, Le Dorian Bât B1 C/O Da Volterra, 172 Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France; Debiopharm, Chemin Messidor 5-7, Case postale 5911, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Peyrane
- BTF-E Group, BEAM Alliance, Le Dorian Bât B1 C/O Da Volterra, 172 Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tesse
- BTF-E Group, BEAM Alliance, Le Dorian Bât B1 C/O Da Volterra, 172 Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France; Septeos, 12 Avenue de la Grande Armée, 75017 Paris, France.
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49
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Chebotar' IV, Emelyanova MA, Bocharova JA, Mayansky NA, Kopantseva EE, Mikhailovich VM. The classification of bacterial survival strategies in the presence of antimicrobials. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104901. [PMID: 33930413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The survival of bacteria under antibiotic therapy varies in nature and is based on the bacterial ability to employ a wide range of fundamentally different resistance mechanisms. This great diversity requires a disambiguation of the term 'resistance' and the development of a more precise classification of bacterial survival strategies during contact with antibiotics. The absence of a unified definition for the terms 'resistance', 'tolerance' and 'persistence' further aggravates the imperfections of the current classification system. This review suggests a number of original classification criteria that will take into account (1) the bacterial ability to replicate in the presence of antimicrobial agents, (2) existing evolutionary stability of a trait within a species, and (3) the presence or absence of specialized genes that determine the ability of a microorganism to decrease its own metabolism or switch it completely off. This review describes potential advantages of the suggested classification system, which include a better understanding of the relationship between bacterial survival in the presence of antibiotics and molecular mechanisms of cellular metabolism suppression, the opportunity to pinpoint targets to identify a true bacterial resistance profile. The true resistance profile in turn, could be used to develop effective diagnostic and antimicrobial therapy methods, while taking into consideration specific bacterial survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Chebotar'
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Emelyanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Julia A Bocharova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Mayansky
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Elena E Kopantseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir M Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
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50
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Alharthi S, Alavi SE, Moyle PM, Ziora ZM. Sortase A (SrtA) inhibitors as an alternative treatment for superbug infections. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2164-2172. [PMID: 33781954 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virulence factor, sortase A (SrtA), has crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Gram-positive superbugs. SrtA is a bacterial cell membrane enzyme that anchors crucial virulence factors to the cell wall surface of Gram-positive bacteria. SrtA is not necessary for bacterial growth and viability and is conveniently accessible in the cell membrane; therefore, it is an ideal target for antivirulence drug development. In this review, we focus on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-expressing bacteria and SrtA as a potential target for overcoming AMR. The mechanism of action of SrtA and its inhibition by various types of inhibitors, such as synthetic small molecules, peptides, and natural products, are provided. Future SrtA research perspectives for alternative drug development to antibiotics are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alharthi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia.
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
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