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Jung YH, Lee HY, Lee BK, Choi BK, Kim TH, Kim JW, Kim HC, Kim HJ, Jeung KW. Feasibility of Magnetic Resonance-Based Conductivity Imaging as a Tool to Estimate the Severity of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in the First Hours After Cardiac Arrest. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:538-550. [PMID: 37353670 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of the severity of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) after cardiac arrest can be used to help plan appropriate subsequent therapy. We evaluated whether conductivity of cerebral tissue measured using magnetic resonance-based conductivity imaging (MRCI), which provides contrast derived from the concentration and mobility of ions within the imaged tissue, can reflect the severity of HIBI in the early hours after cardiac arrest. METHODS Fourteen minipigs were resuscitated after 5 min or 12 min of untreated cardiac arrest. MRCI was performed at baseline and at 1 h and 3.5 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS In both groups, the conductivity of cerebral tissue significantly increased at 1 h after ROSC compared with that at baseline (P = 0.031 and 0.016 in the 5-min and 12-min groups, respectively). The increase was greater in the 12-min group, resulting in significantly higher conductivity values in the 12-min group (P = 0.030). At 3.5 h after ROSC, the conductivity of cerebral tissue in the 12-min group remained increased (P = 0.022), whereas that in the 5-min group returned to its baseline level. CONCLUSIONS The conductivity of cerebral tissue was increased in the first hours after ROSC, and the increase was more prominent and lasted longer in the 12-min group than in the 5-min group. Our findings suggest the promising potential of MRCI as a tool to estimate the severity of HIBI in the early hours after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Donggu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Youn Lee
- Trauma Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Donggu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bup Kyung Choi
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Medical Convergence Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woon Jeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Donggu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Hasan GM, Anwar S, Shamsi A, Sohal SS, Hassan MI. The neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals in traumatic brain injury: mechanistic insights and pharmacological implications. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1330098. [PMID: 38239205 PMCID: PMC10794744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1330098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to brain damage, comprising both immediate primary damage and a subsequent cascade of secondary injury mechanisms. The primary injury results in localized brain damage, while the secondary damage initiates inflammatory responses, followed by the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, infiltration of peripheral blood cells, brain edema, and the release of various immune mediators, including chemotactic factors and interleukins. TBI disrupts molecular signaling, cell structures, and functions. In addition to physical tissue damage, such as axonal injuries, contusions, and haemorrhages, TBI interferes with brain functioning, impacting cognition, decision-making, memory, attention, and speech capabilities. Despite a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, an intensive effort to evaluate the underlying mechanisms with effective therapeutic interventions is imperative to manage the repercussions of TBI. Studies have commenced to explore the potential of employing natural compounds as therapeutic interventions for TBI. These compounds are characterized by their low toxicity and limited interactions with conventional drugs. Moreover, many natural compounds demonstrate the capacity to target various aspects of the secondary injury process. While our understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic interventions to mitigate its consequences. Here, we aimed to summarize the mechanism of action and the role of phytochemicals against TBI progression. This review discusses the therapeutic implications of various phytonutrients and addresses primary and secondary consequences of TBI. In addition, we highlighted the roles of emerging phytochemicals as promising candidates for therapeutic intervention of TBI. The review highlights the neuroprotective roles of phytochemicals against TBI and the mechanistic approach. Furthermore, our efforts focused on the underlying mechanisms, providing a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in TBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Curl CC, Leija RG, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Duong JJ, Kaufer D, Horning MA, Brooks GA. Underfeeding Alters Brain Tissue Synthesis Rate in a Rat Brain Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13195. [PMID: 37686002 PMCID: PMC10487942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries (BI) are highly disruptive, often having long lasting effects. Inadequate standard of care (SOC) energy support in the hospital leads to dietary energy deficiencies in BI patients. However, it is unclear how underfeeding (UF) affects protein synthesis post-BI. Therefore, in a rat model, we addressed the issue of UF on the protein fractional synthesis rate (fSR) post-BI. Compared to ad libitum (AL)-fed animals, we found that UF decreased protein synthesis in hind-limb skeletal muscle and cortical mitochondrial and structural proteins (p ≤ 0.05). BI significantly increased protein synthesis in the left and right cortices (p ≤ 0.05), but suppressed protein synthesis in the cerebellum (p ≤ 0.05) as compared to non-injured sham animals. Compared to underfeeding alone, UF in conjunction with BI (UF+BI) caused increased protein synthesis rates in mitochondrial, cytosolic, and whole-tissue proteins of the cortical brain regions. The increased rates of protein synthesis found in the UF+BI group were mitigated by AL feeding, demonstrating that caloric adequacy alleviates the effects of BI on protein dynamics in cortical and cerebellar brain regions. This research provides evidence that underfeeding has a negative impact on brain healing post-BI and that protein reserves in uninjured tissues are mobilized to support cortical tissue repair following BI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George A. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (C.C.C.); (R.G.L.); (J.A.A.); (A.D.O.); (D.K.)
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Reshamwala R, Shah M. Regenerative Approaches in the Nervous System. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Szczygielski J, Kopańska M, Wysocka A, Oertel J. Cerebral Microcirculation, Perivascular Unit, and Glymphatic System: Role of Aquaporin-4 as the Gatekeeper for Water Homeostasis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:767470. [PMID: 34966347 PMCID: PMC8710539 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.767470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, water homeostasis of the brain was understood as a certain quantitative equilibrium of water content between intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular spaces governed mostly by hydrostatic effects i.e., strictly by physical laws. The recent achievements in molecular bioscience have led to substantial changes in this regard. Some new concepts elaborate the idea that all compartments involved in cerebral fluid homeostasis create a functional continuum with an active and precise regulation of fluid exchange between them rather than only serving as separate fluid receptacles with mere passive diffusion mechanisms, based on hydrostatic pressure. According to these concepts, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays the central role in cerebral fluid homeostasis, acting as a water channel protein. The AQP4 not only enables water permeability through the blood-brain barrier but also regulates water exchange between perivascular spaces and the rest of the glymphatic system, described as pan-cerebral fluid pathway interlacing macroscopic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces with the interstitial fluid of brain tissue. With regards to this, AQP4 makes water shift strongly dependent on active processes including changes in cerebral microcirculation and autoregulation of brain vessels capacity. In this paper, the role of the AQP4 as the gatekeeper, regulating the water exchange between intracellular space, glymphatic system (including the so-called neurovascular units), and intravascular compartment is reviewed. In addition, the new concepts of brain edema as a misbalance in water homeostasis are critically appraised based on the newly described role of AQP4 for fluid permeation. Finally, the relevance of these hypotheses for clinical conditions (including brain trauma and stroke) and for both new and old therapy concepts are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Szczygielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marta Kopańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Wysocka
- Chair of Internal Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Association between ion shift index and prognosis in severe trauma patients without isolated head injury. Injury 2021; 52:1151-1157. [PMID: 33745698 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the ion shift index (ISI) as a prognostic factor of severe trauma. We hypothesized that the initial ISI measured in the emergency department (ED) is associated with discharge survival in severe non-isolated head injury (IHI) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational study included severe trauma patients with available medical records from January 2017 to December 2018 but excluded those with IHI. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for mortality in non-IHI patients, and adjustments were performed for relevant covariates. An area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) analysis was performed to examine the primary outcome of our study, which was mortality at hospital discharge in severe non-IHI trauma patients. RESULTS Of the 483 severe non-IHI trauma patients included in the study, 86 patients (17.8 %) died. The multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated ISI (odds ratio [OR], 2.300; 95% CI, 1.183-4.470) was significantly associated with mortality in the non-IHI group. Additionally, trauma and injury severity score (TRISS; OR, 0.538; 95% CI, 0.447-0.649), lactate (OR, 1.410; 95% CI, 1.252-1.588), creatinine (OR, 1.554; 95% CI, 1.221-1.979), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; OR, 1.050; 95% CI, 1.021-1.080) were independently associated with mortality at hospital discharge. The AUROC values for TRISS, lactate, aPTT, creatinine, and ISI were as follows: 0.892 (95% CI, 0.861-0.918), 0.838 (95% CI, 0.803-0.870), 0.754 (95% CI, 0.712-0.792), 0.650 (95% CI, 0.606-0.693), and 0.848 (95% CI, 0.813-0.879), respectively. The AUROC for the multiple logistic regression model with ISI was 0.942 (95% CI, 0.917-0.962). In a model in which TRISS was omitted, the addition of ISI to other predictors significantly improved the AUROC to 0.900 (95% CI, 0.869-0.925) (p=0.039). CONCLUSION The initial ISI in the ED after trauma was associated with mortality in severe non-IHI trauma patients. In conjunction with other prognostic indicators, it could be used as an early prognostic marker, particularly if TRISS is unavailable.
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Ibrahim O, Sutherland HG, Maksemous N, Smith R, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Exploring Neuronal Vulnerability to Head Trauma Using a Whole Exome Approach. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1870-1879. [PMID: 32233732 PMCID: PMC7462038 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries are associated with oxidative stress and a need to restore neuronal homeostasis. Mutations in ion channel genes, in particular CACNA1A, have been implicated in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and in the development of concussion-related symptoms in response to trivial head trauma. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of variants in other ion channel genes in the development of such responses. We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) on16 individuals who developed a range of neurological and concussion-related symptoms following minor or trivial head injuries. All individuals were initially tested and shown to be negative for mutations in known FHM genes. Variants identified from the WES results were filtered to identify rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.01) in genes related to neural processes as well as genes highly expressed in the brain using a combination of in silico prediction tools (SIFT, PolyPhen, PredictSNP, Mutation Taster, and Mutation Assessor). Rare (MAF <0.001) or novel heterozygous variants in 7 ion channel genes were identified in 37.5% (6/16) of the cases (CACNA1I, CACNA1C, ATP10A, ATP7B, KCNAB1, KCNJ10, and SLC26A4), rare variants in neurotransmitter genes were found in 2 cases (GABRG1 and GRIK1), and rare variants in 3 ubiquitin-related genes identified in 4 cases (SQSTM1, TRIM2, and HECTD1). In this study, the largest proportion of potentially pathogenic variants in individuals with severe responses to minor head trauma were identified in genes previously implicated in migraine and seizure-related autosomal recessive neurological disorders. Together with results implicating variants in the hemiplegic migraine genes, CACNA1A and ATP1A2, in severe head trauma response, our results support a role for heterozygous deleterious mutations in genes implicated in neurological dysfunction and potentially increasing the risk of poor response to trivial head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ibrahim
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi G Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neven Maksemous
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Smith
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Goyal N, Kumar P, Chaturvedi J, Siddiqui SA, Agrawal D. Basal Cisternostomy in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Idea whose Time has Come? INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1696865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraumatic brain injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of decompressive craniectomy more than a century ago, no major surgical advancement has been introduced in this field in spite of neurosurgery having seen a sea change in general. Basal cisternostomy, introduced recently, is said to have great promise. In this regard, neurosurgeons need to understand the theory behind the recently introduced basal cisternostomy and whether it holds any merit or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Goyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Punit Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jitender Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saquib Azad Siddiqui
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Dehghanian F, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Can Mesenchymal Stem Cells Act Multipotential in Traumatic Brain Injury? J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:677-688. [PMID: 31897971 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, will probably become the third cause of death in the world by the year 2020. Lack of effective treatments approved for TBI is a major health problem. TBI is a heterogeneous disease due to the different mechanisms of injury. Therefore, it requires combination therapies or multipotential therapy that can affect multiple targets. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has considered one of the most promising therapeutic strategies to repair of brain injuries including TBI. In these studies, it has been shown that MSCs can migrate to the site of injury and differentiate into the cells secreting growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The reduction in brain edema, neuroinflammation, microglia accumulation, apoptosis, ischemia, the improvement of motor and cognitive function, and the enhancement in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neural stem cells survival, proliferation, and differentiation have been indicated in these studies. However, translation of MSCs research in TBI into a clinical setting will require additional preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghanian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ion shift index as a promising prognostic indicator in adult patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 137:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Glushakova OY, Glushakov AV, Yang L, Hayes RL, Valadka AB. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Clinical Management. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:2401-2413. [PMID: 30595079 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with long-term disability and chronic neurological sequelae. One common contributor to unfavorable outcomes is secondary brain injury, which is potentially treatable and preventable through appropriate management of patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is currently the predominant neurological-specific physiological parameter used to direct the care of severe TBI (sTBI) patients. However, recent clinical evidence has called into question the association of ICP monitoring with improved clinical outcome. The detailed cellular and molecular derangements associated with intracranial hypertension (IC-HTN) and their relationship to injury phenotype and neurological outcomes are not completely understood. Various animal models of TBI have been developed, but the clinical applicability of ICP monitoring in the pre-clinical setting has not been well-characterized. Linking basic mechanistic studies in translational TBI models with investigation of ICP monitoring that more faithfully replicates the clinical setting will provide clinical investigators with a more informed understanding of the pathophysiology of IC-HTN, thus facilitating development of improved therapies for sTBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Y Glushakova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Likun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 101st Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA
| | - Alex B Valadka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Pavlova V, Filipova E, Uzunova K, Kalinov K, Vekov T. Pioglitazone Therapy and Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 18:502-507. [PMID: 29683100 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180423121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiazolidinediones are a group of synthetic medications used in type 2 diabetes treatment. Among available thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone is gaining increased attention due to its lower cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers and seems a promising future therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetic patients may exert bone fractures due to such treatments. Simultaneously, the female population is thought to be at greater risk. Still, the safety outcomes of pioglitazone treatment especially in terms of fractures are questionable and need to be clarified. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, PsyInfo, eLIBRARY.ru electronic databases and clinical trial registries for studies reporting an association between pioglitazone and bone fractures in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients published before Feb 15, 2016. Among 1536 sources that were initially identified, six studies including 3172 patients proved relevant for further analysis. RESULT Pooled analysis of the included studies demonstrated that after treatment with pioglitazone patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had no significant increase in fracture risk [odds ratio (OR): 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82 to 1.71, p=0.38] compared to other antidiabetic drugs or placebo. Additionally, no association was found between the risk of fractures and pioglitazone therapy duration. The gender of the patients involved was not relevant to the risk of fractures, too. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone treatment in diabetic patients does not increase the incidence of bone fractures. Moreover, there is no significant association between patients' fractures, their gender and the period of exposure to pioglitazone. Additional longitudinal studies need to be undertaken to obtain more detailed information on bone fragility and pioglitazone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velichka Pavlova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Filipova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katya Uzunova
- Science Department, Tchaikapharma High-Quality Medicines, Inc., 1 G.M. Dimitrov Blvd, 1172 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimir Kalinov
- Department of Informatics, New Bulgarian University, 21 Montevideo Street, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Toni Vekov
- Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dean, Pleven, Bulgaria
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Martin-Jiménez C, Gaitán-Vaca DM, Areiza N, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, González J, Sahebkar A, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Astrocytes Mediate Protective Actions of Estrogenic Compounds after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 108:142-160. [PMID: 30391959 DOI: 10.1159/000495078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem. It may result in severe neurological disabilities and in a variety of cellular metabolic alterations for which available therapeutic strategies are limited. In the last decade, the use of estrogenic compounds, which activate protective mechanisms in astrocytes, has been explored as a potential experimental therapeutic approach. Previous works have suggested estradiol (E2) as a neuroprotective hormone that acts in the brain by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Several steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogenic compounds can imitate the effects of estradiol on ERs. These include hormonal estrogens, phytoestrogens and synthetic estrogens, such as selective ER modulators or tibolone. Current evidence of the role of astrocytes in mediating protective actions of estrogenic compounds after TBI is reviewed in this paper. We conclude that the use of estrogenic compounds to modulate astrocytic properties is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Martin-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Milena Gaitán-Vaca
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Areiza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Concepción, Chile
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida, USA
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia,
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15
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Bellapart J, Cuthbertson K, Dunster K, Diab S, Platts DG, Raffel C, Gabrielian L, Barnett A, Paratz J, Boots R, Fraser JF. The effects of normovolemic anemia and blood transfusion on cerebral microcirculation after severe head injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2018; 6:46. [PMID: 30411308 PMCID: PMC6223395 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral regional microcirculation is altered following severe head injury. In addition to tissue disruption, partial pressure of tissue oxygenation is impaired due to an increase in the oxygen tissue gradient. The heterogenic distribution of cerebral microcirculation is multifactorial, and acute anemia challenges further the delivery of oxygen to tissues. Currently, a restrictive transfusion threshold is globally applied; however, it is unclear how anemia modifies regional cerebral microcirculation; hence, it is unclear if by aiming to a global endpoint, specific anatomical regions undergo ischemia. This study aims to quantify the temporal changes in cerebral microcirculation after severe head injury, under the effect of anemia and transfusion. It also aims to assess its effects specifically at the ischemic penumbra compared to contralateral regions and its interactions with axonal integrity in real time. Twelve ovine models were subjected to a severe contusion and acceleration-deceleration injury. Normovolemic anemia to a restrictive threshold was maintained after injury, followed by autologous transfusion. Direct quantification of cerebral microcirculation used cytometric count of color-coded microspheres. Axonal injury was assessed using amyloid precursor protein staining. RESULTS A mixed-effect regression model from pre-transfusion to post-transfusion times with a random intercept for each sheep was used. Cerebral microcirculation amongst subjects with normal intracranial pressure was maintained from baseline and increased further after transfusion. Subjects with high intracranial pressure had a consistent reduction of their microcirculation to ischemic thresholds (20-30 ml/100 g/min) without an improvement after transfusion. Cerebral PtiO2 was reduced when exposed to anemia but increased in a 9.6-fold with transfusion 95% CI 5.6 to 13.6 (p value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS After severe head injury, the exposure to normovolemic anemia to a restrictive transfusion threshold, leads to a consistent reduction on cerebral microcirculation below ischemic thresholds, independent of cerebral perfusion pressure. Amongst subjects with raised intracranial pressure, microcirculation does not improve after transfusion. Cerebral oxymetry is impaired during anemia with a statistically significant increase after transfusion. Current transfusion practices in neurocritical care are based on a rigid hemoglobin threshold, a view that excludes cerebral metabolic demands and specific needs. An RCT exploring these concepts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bellapart
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Intensive Care Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD, 4025, Australia.
| | - Kylie Cuthbertson
- Histopathology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4025, Australia
| | - Kimble Dunster
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Stafford Heights, QLD, 4053, Australia
| | - Sara Diab
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Stafford Heights, QLD, 4053, Australia
| | - David G Platts
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - Christopher Raffel
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
| | - Levon Gabrielian
- Medical School Research Centre, Frome road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Adrian Barnett
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Jennifer Paratz
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4025, Australia.,Griffith University, Parkland Drive, Southport, 4215, Australia
| | - Rob Boots
- Intensive Care Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD, 4025, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Intensive Care Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode road, Chermside, QLD, 4032, Australia
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16
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Szczygielski J, Glameanu C, Müller A, Klotz M, Sippl C, Hubertus V, Schäfer KH, Mautes AE, Schwerdtfeger K, Oertel J. Changes in Posttraumatic Brain Edema in Craniectomy-Selective Brain Hypothermia Model Are Associated With Modulation of Aquaporin-4 Level. Front Neurol 2018; 9:799. [PMID: 30333785 PMCID: PMC6176780 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypothermia and decompressive craniectomy have been considered as a treatment for traumatic brain injury. In previous experiments we established a murine model of decompressive craniectomy and we presented attenuated edema formation due to focal brain cooling. Since edema development is regulated via function of water channel proteins, our hypothesis was that the effects of decompressive craniectomy and of hypothermia are associated with a change in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) concentration. Male CD-1 mice were assigned into following groups (n = 5): sham, decompressive craniectomy, trauma, trauma followed by decompressive craniectomy and trauma + decompressive craniectomy followed by focal hypothermia. After 24 h, magnetic resonance imaging with volumetric evaluation of edema and contusion were performed, followed by ELISA analysis of AQP4 concentration in brain homogenates. Additional histopathological analysis of AQP4 immunoreactivity has been performed at more remote time point of 28d. Correlation analysis revealed a relationship between AQP4 level and both volume of edema (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.01, **) and contusion (r2 = 0.41, p < 0.01, **) 24 h after injury. Aggregated analysis of AQP4 level (mean ± SEM) presented increased AQP4 concentration in animals subjected to trauma and decompressive craniectomy (52.1 ± 5.2 pg/mL, p = 0.01; *), but not to trauma, decompressive craniectomy and hypothermia (45.3 ± 3.6 pg/mL, p > 0.05; ns) as compared with animals subjected to decompressive craniectomy only (32.8 ± 2.4 pg/mL). However, semiquantitative histopathological analysis at remote time point revealed no significant difference in AQP4 immunoreactivity across the experimental groups. This suggests that AQP4 is involved in early stages of brain edema formation after surgical decompression. The protective effect of selective brain cooling may be related to change in AQP4 response after decompressive craniectomy. The therapeutic potential of this interaction should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Szczygielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Cosmin Glameanu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Klotz
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System (AGENS), University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christoph Sippl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System (AGENS), University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Angelika E Mautes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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17
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Jha RM, Molyneaux BJ, Jackson TC, Wallisch JS, Park SY, Poloyac S, Vagni VA, Janesko-Feldman KL, Hoshitsuki K, Minnigh MB, Kochanek PM. Glibenclamide Produces Region-Dependent Effects on Cerebral Edema in a Combined Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2125-2135. [PMID: 29648981 PMCID: PMC6098411 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is critical to morbidity/mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is worsened by hypotension. Glibenclamide may reduce cerebral edema by inhibiting sulfonylurea receptor-1 (Sur1); its effect on diffuse cerebral edema exacerbated by hypotension/resuscitation is unknown. We aimed to determine if glibenclamide improves pericontusional and/or diffuse edema in controlled cortical impact (CCI) (5m/sec, 1 mm depth) plus hemorrhagic shock (HS) (35 min), and compare its effects in CCI alone. C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): naïve, CCI+vehicle, CCI+glibenclamide, CCI+HS+vehicle, and CCI+HS+glibenclamide. Intravenous glibenclamide (10 min post-injury) was followed by a subcutaneous infusion for 24 h. Brain edema in injured and contralateral hemispheres was subsequently quantified (wet-dry weight). This protocol brain water (BW) = 80.4% vehicle vs. 78.3% naïve, p < 0.01) but was not reduced by glibenclamide (I%BW = 80.4%). Ipsilateral edema also developed in CCI alone (I%BW = 80.2% vehicle vs. 78.3% naïve, p < 0.01); again unaffected by glibenclamide (I%BW = 80.5%). Contralateral (C) %BW in CCI+HS was increased in vehicle (78.6%) versus naive (78.3%, p = 0.02) but unchanged in CCI (78.3%). At 24 h, glibenclamide treatment in CCI+HS eliminated contralateral cerebral edema (C%BW = 78.3%) with no difference versus naïve. By 72 h, contralateral cerebral edema had resolved (C%BW = 78.5 ± 0.09% vehicle vs. 78.3 ± 0.05% naïve). Glibenclamide decreased 24 h contralateral cerebral edema in CCI+HS. This beneficial effect merits additional exploration in the important setting of TBI with polytrauma, shock, and resuscitation. Contralateral edema did not develop in CCI alone. Surprisingly, 24 h of glibenclamide treatment failed to decrease ipsilateral edema in either model. Interspecies dosing differences versus prior studies may play an important role in these findings. Mechanisms underlying brain edema may differ regionally, with pericontusional/osmolar swelling refractory to glibenclamide but diffuse edema (via Sur1) from combined injury and/or resuscitation responsive to this therapy. TBI phenotype may mandate precision medicine approaches to treat brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley J. Molyneaux
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis C. Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica S. Wallisch
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Poloyac
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent A. Vagni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keri L. Janesko-Feldman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keito Hoshitsuki
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - M. Beth Minnigh
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a significant public healthcare concern, accounting for the majority of all head injuries. While symptoms are generally transient, some patients go on to experience long-term cognitive impairments and additional mild impacts can result in exacerbated and persisting negative outcomes. To date, studies using a range of experimental models have reported chronic behavioral deficits in the presence of axonal injury and inflammation following repeated mTBI; assessments of oxidative stress and myelin pathology have thus far been limited. However, some models employed induced acute focal damage more suggestive of moderate–severe brain injury and are therefore not relevant to repeated mTBI. Given that the nature of mechanical loading in TBI is implicated in downstream pathophysiological changes, the mechanisms of damage and chronic consequences of single and repeated closed-head mTBI remain to be fully elucidated. This review covers literature on potential mechanisms of damage following repeated mTBI, integrating known mechanisms of pathology underlying moderate–severe TBIs, with recent studies on adult rodent models relevant to direct impact injuries rather than blast-induced damage. Pathology associated with excitotoxicity and cerebral blood flow-metabolism uncoupling, oxidative stress, cell death, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrocyte reactivity, microglial activation, diffuse axonal injury, and dysmyelination is discussed, followed by a summary of functional deficits and preclinical assessments of therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive characterization of the pathology underlying delayed and persisting deficits following repeated mTBI is likely to facilitate further development of therapeutic strategies to limit long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Fehily
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,3 Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Wu J, Vogel T, Gao X, Lin B, Kulwin C, Chen J. Neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4935. [PMID: 29563509 PMCID: PMC5862953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
No FDA approved pharmacological therapy is available that would reduce cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective agonist of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in hippocampal slice cultures undergoing direct impact. However, no one has tested whether Dex, in addition to its sedative action, has neuroprotective effects in an animal model of TBI. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of Dex on an animal model of TBI. Mice received different doses of Dex (1, 10, or 100 µg/kg bodyweight, n = 10 each group) or saline as control at 1 hour and 12 hours following TBI. The mice treated with Dex lost less cortical tissue than the control mice. Further analysis found that Dex treatment reduced cell death in the cortex and the hippocampus measured by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, prevented axonal degeneration detected by immunostaining with antibody against β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), and protected synapses from elimination with synaptophysin staining. Taken together, in an in vivo murine model of TBI, Dex at the dose of 100 µg/kg not only prevented tissue lesion and cell death, but also reduced axonal injury and synaptic degeneration caused by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Todd Vogel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Charles Kulwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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20
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Cherian I, Beltran M, Landi A, Alafaci C, Torregrossa F, Grasso G. Introducing the concept of “CSF-shift edema” in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:744-752. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iype Cherian
- Department of Neurosurgery; College of Medical Sciences; Bharatpur Nepal
| | - Margarita Beltran
- Servicio de Radiología; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet; Zaragoza España
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Italy
| | - Concetta Alafaci
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Fabio Torregrossa
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Experimental Biomedicine & Clinical Neurosciences; University of Palermo; Italy
| | - Giovanni Grasso
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Experimental Biomedicine & Clinical Neurosciences; University of Palermo; Italy
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21
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Effects of Dimeric PSD-95 Inhibition on Excitotoxic Cell Death and Outcome After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3401-3413. [PMID: 28828633 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of PSD-95 inhibition have been demonstrated in numerous studies of stroke; however only few studies have assessed the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in traumatic brain injury (TBI). As the pathophysiology of TBI partially overlaps with that of stroke, PSD-95 inhibition may also be an effective therapeutic strategy in TBI. The objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of a dimeric inhibitor of PSD-95, UCCB01-144, on excitotoxic cell death in vitro and outcome after experimental TBI in rats in vivo. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters of UCCB01-144 were investigated in order to assess uptake of the drug into the central nervous system of rats. After a controlled cortical impact rats were randomized to receive a single injection of either saline or two different doses of UCCB01-144 (10 or 20 mg/kg IV) immediately after injury. Spatial learning and memory were assessed in a water maze at 2 weeks post-trauma, and at 4 weeks lesion volumes were estimated. Overall, UCCB01-144 did not protect against NMDA-toxicity in neuronal cultures or experimental TBI in rats. Important factors that should be investigated further in future studies assessing the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in TBI are discussed.
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22
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Kawoos U, McCarron RM, Chavko M. Protective Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Amide on Blast-Induced Increase in Intracranial Pressure in Rats. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28634463 PMCID: PMC5459930 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury is associated with acute and possibly chronic elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). The outcome after TBI is dependent on the progression of complex processes which are mediated by oxidative stress. So far, no effective pharmacological protection against TBI exists. In this study, rats were exposed to a single or repetitive blast overpressure (BOP) at moderate intensities of 72 or 110 kPa in a compressed air-driven shock tube. The degree and duration of the increase in ICP were proportional to the intensity and frequency of the blast exposure(s). In most cases, a single dose of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) (500 mg/kg) administered intravenously 2 h after exposure to BOP significantly attenuated blast-induced increase in ICP. A single dose of NACA was not effective in improving the outcome in the group of animals that were subjected to repetitive blast exposures at 110 kPa on the same day. In this group, two treatments with NACA at 2 and 4 h post-BOP exposure resulted in significant attenuation of elevated ICP. Treatment with NACA prior to BOP exposure completely prevented the elevation of ICP. The findings indicate that oxidative stress plays an important role in blast-induced elevated ICP as treatment with NACA-ameliorated ICP increase, which is frequently related to poor functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Richard M McCarron
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mikulas Chavko
- Department of Neurotrauma, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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23
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a physical insult (a bump, jolt, or blow) to the brain that results in temporary or permanent impairment of normal brain function. TBI describes a heterogeneous group of disorders. The resulting secondary injury, namely brain swelling and its sequelae, is the reason why patients with these vastly different initial insults are homogenously treated. Much of the evidence for the management of TBI is poor or conflicting, and thus definitive guidelines are largely unavailable for clinicians at this time. A substantial portion of this article focuses on discussing the controversies in the management of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Jinadasa
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Dustin Boone
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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24
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Scheff SW, Ansari MA. Natural Compounds as a Therapeutic Intervention following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Phytochemicals. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1491-1510. [PMID: 27846772 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a tremendous focus on the discovery and development of neuroprotective agents that might have clinical relevance following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This type of brain injury is very complex and is divided into two major components. The first component, a primary injury, occurs at the time of impact and is the result of the mechanical insult itself. This primary injury is thought to be irreversible and resistant to most treatments. A second component or secondary brain injury, is defined as cellular damage that is not immediately obvious after trauma, but that develops after a delay of minutes, hours, or even days. This injury appears to be amenable to treatment. Because of the complexity of the secondary injury, any type of therapeutic intervention needs to be multi-faceted and have the ability to simultaneously modulate different cellular changes. Because of diverse pharmaceutical interactions, combinations of different drugs do not work well in concert and result in adverse physiological conditions. Research has begun to investigate the possibility of using natural compounds as a therapeutic intervention following TBI. These compounds normally have very low toxicity and have reduced interactions with other pharmaceuticals. In addition, many natural compounds have the potential to target numerous different components of the secondary injury. Here, we review 33 different plant-derived natural compounds, phytochemicals, which have been investigated in experimental animal models of TBI. Some of these phytochemicals appear to have potential as possible therapeutic interventions to offset key components of the secondary injury cascade. However, not all studies have used the same scientific rigor, and one should be cautious in the interpretation of studies using naturally occurring phytochemical in TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mubeen A Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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25
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Winkler EA, Minter D, Yue JK, Manley GT. Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016; 27:473-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in children are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Severe TBIs account for 15,000 admissions annually and a mortality rate of 24% in children in the United States. The purpose of this article is to explore pathophysiologic events, examine monitoring techniques, and explain current treatment modalities and nursing care related to caring for children with severe TBI. The primary injury of a TBI is because of direct trauma from an external force, a penetrating object, blast waves, or a jolt to the head. Secondary injury occurs because of alterations in cerebral blood flow, and the development of cerebral edema leads to necrotic and apoptotic cellular death after TBI. Monitoring focuses on intracranial pressure, cerebral oxygenation, cerebral edema, and cerebrovascular injuries. If abnormalities are identified, treatments are available to manage the negative effects caused to the cerebral tissue. The mainstay treatments are hyperosmolar therapy; temperature control; cerebrospinal fluid drainage; barbiturate therapy; decompressive craniectomy; analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade; and antiseizure prophylaxis.
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Badeli H, Shahrokhi N, KhoshNazar M, Asadi-Shekaari M, Shabani M, Eftekhar Vaghefi H, Khaksari M, Basiri M. Aqueous Date Fruit Efficiency as Preventing Traumatic Brain Deterioration and Improving Pathological Parameters after Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:416-24. [PMID: 27602324 PMCID: PMC5011330 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Following traumatic brain injury, disruption of blood-brain-barrier and consequent brain edema are critical events which might lead to increasing intracranial
pressure (ICP), and nerve damage. The current study assessed the effects of aqueous
date fruit extract (ADFE) on the aforementioned parameters.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, diffused traumatic brain injury (TBI)
was generated in adult male rats using Marmarou’s method. Experimental groups include
two pre-treatment (oral ADFE, 4 and 8 mL/kg for 14 days), vehicle (distilled water, for 14
days) and sham groups. Brain edema and neuronal injury were measured 72 hours after
TBI. Veterinary coma scale (VCS) and ICP were determined at -1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours
after TBI. Differences among multiple groups were assessed using ANOVA. Turkey’s test
was employed for the ANOVA post-hoc analysis. The criterion of statistical significance
was sign at P<0.05.
Results Brain water content in ADFE-treated groups was decreased in comparison
with the TBI+vehicle group. VCS at 24, 48 and 72 hours after TBI showed a significant
increase in ADFE groups in comparison with the TBI+vehicle group. ICP at 24, 48 and
72 hours after TBI, was decreased in ADFE groups, compared to the TBI+vehicle. Brain
edema, ICP and neuronal injury were also decreased in ADFE group, but VCS was
increased following on TBI.
Conclusion ADFE pre-treatment demonstrated an efficient method for preventing
traumatic brain deterioration and improving pathological parameters after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamze Badeli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzali Pour Medical Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahdieosadat KhoshNazar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzali Pour Medical Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hassan Eftekhar Vaghefi
- Physiology Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Department of Physiology, Afzali Pour Medical Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Yousuf MA, Tan C, Torres-Altoro MI, Lu FM, Plautz E, Zhang S, Takahashi M, Hernandez A, Kernie SG, Plattner F, Bibb JA. Involvement of aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p25 activity in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2016; 138:317-27. [PMID: 26998748 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with adverse effects on brain functions, including sensation, language, emotions and/or cognition. Therapies for improving outcomes following TBI are limited. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI may suggest novel treatment strategies to facilitate recovery and improve treatment outcome. Aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been implicated in neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. Cdk5 is a neuronal protein kinase activated via interaction with its cofactor p35 that regulates numerous neuronal functions, including synaptic remodeling and cognition. However, conversion of p35 to p25 via Ca(2+) -dependent activation of calpain results in an aberrantly active Cdk5/p25 complex that is associated with neuronal damage and cell death. Here, we show that mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI), a well-established experimental TBI model, exhibit increased p25 levels and consistently elevated Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in hippocampal lysates. Moreover, CCI-induced neuroinflammation as indicated by increased astrocytic activation and number of reactive microglia. Brain-wide conditional Cdk5 knockout mice (Cdk5 cKO) subjected to CCI exhibited significantly reduced edema, ventricular dilation, and injury area. Finally, neurophysiological recordings revealed that CCI attenuated excitatory post-synaptic potential field responses in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway 24 h after injury. This neurophysiological deficit was attenuated in Cdk5 cKO mice. Thus, TBI induces increased levels of p25 generation and aberrant Cdk5 activity, which contributes to pathophysiological processes underlying TBI progression. Hence, selectively preventing aberrant Cdk5 activity may be an effective acute strategy to improve recovery from TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases astrogliosis and microglial activation. Moreover, TBI deregulates Ca(2+) -homeostasis triggering p25 production. The protein kinase Cdk5 is aberrantly activated by p25 leading to phosphorylation of substrates including tau and Rb protein. Loss of Cdk5 attenuates TBI lesion size, indicating that Cdk5 is a critical player in TBI pathogenesis and thus may be a suitable therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Yousuf
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa I Torres-Altoro
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Fang-Min Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erik Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Adan Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Plattner
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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29
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Cisternostomy for Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Surgical Technical Notes. World Neurosurg 2016; 89:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hsu Y, Tran M, Linninger AA. Dynamic regulation of aquaporin-4 water channels in neurological disorders. Croat Med J 2016; 56:401-21. [PMID: 26526878 PMCID: PMC4655926 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 water channels play a central role in brain water regulation in neurological disorders. Aquaporin-4 is abundantly expressed at the astroglial endfeet facing the cerebral vasculature and the pial membrane, and both its expression level and subcellular localization significantly influence brain water transport. However, measurements of aquaporin-4 levels in animal models of brain injury often report opposite trends of change at the injury core and the penumbra. Furthermore, aquaporin-4 channels play a beneficial role in brain water clearance in vasogenic edema, but a detrimental role in cytotoxic edema and exacerbate cell swelling. In light of current evidence, we still do not have a complete understanding of the role of aquaporin-4 in brain water transport. In this review, we propose that the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporin-4 at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels jointly regulate water permeability in the short and long time scale after injury. Furthermore, in order to understand why aquaporin-4 channels play opposing roles in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, we discuss experimental evidence on the dynamically changing osmotic gradients between blood, extracellular space, and the cytosol during the formation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. We conclude with an emerging picture of the distinct osmotic environments in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, and propose that the directions of aquaporin-4-mediated water clearance in these two types of edema are distinct. The difference in water clearance pathways may provide an explanation for the conflicting observations of the roles of aquaporin-4 in edema resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas A Linninger
- Andreas Linninger, 851 S Morgan St., SEO 218, MC 063, Chicago, IL 60607, USA,
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31
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Bellapart J, Cuthbertson K, Dunster K, Diab S, Platts DG, Raffel OC, Gabrielian L, Barnett A, Paratz J, Boots R, Fraser JF. Cerebral Microcirculation during Experimental Normovolaemic Anemia. Front Neurol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26869986 PMCID: PMC4735869 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is accepted among critically ill patients as an alternative to elective blood transfusion. This practice has been extrapolated to head injury patients with only one study comparing the effects of mild anemia on neurological outcome. There are no studies quantifying microcirculation during anemia. Experimental studies suggest that anemia leads to cerebral hypoxia and increased rates of infarction, but the lack of clinical equipoise, when testing the cerebral effects of transfusion among critically injured patients, supports the need of experimental studies. The aim of this study was to quantify cerebral microcirculation and the potential presence of axonal damage in an experimental model exposed to normovolaemic anemia, with the intention of describing possible limitations within management practices in critically ill patients. Under non-recovered anesthesia, six Merino sheep were instrumented using an intracardiac transeptal catheter to inject coded microspheres into the left atrium to ensure systemic and non-chaotic distribution. Cytometric analyses quantified cerebral microcirculation at specific regions of the brain. Amyloid precursor protein staining was used as an indicator of axonal damage. Animals were exposed to normovolaemic anemia by blood extractions from the indwelling arterial catheter with simultaneous fluid replacement through a venous central catheter. Simultaneous data recording from cerebral tissue oxygenation, intracranial pressure, and cardiac output was monitored. A regression model was used to examine the effects of anemia on microcirculation with a mixed model to control for repeated measures. Homogeneous and normal cerebral microcirculation with no evidence of axonal damage was present in all cerebral regions, with no temporal variability, concluding that acute normovolaemic anemia does not result in short-term effects on cerebral microcirculation in the ovine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bellapart
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Kylie Cuthbertson
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Kimble Dunster
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sara Diab
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David G Platts
- Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia
| | - O Christopher Raffel
- Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Cardiology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia
| | - Levon Gabrielian
- Medical Research Centre, Medical School, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Adrian Barnett
- Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenifer Paratz
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Rob Boots
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Intensive Care, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia
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Hellewell SC, Ziebell JM, Lifshitz J, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Impact Acceleration Model of Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:253-266. [PMID: 27604723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact acceleration (I/A) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was developed to reliably induce diffuse traumatic axonal injury in rats in the absence of skull fractures and parenchymal focal lesions. This model replicates a pathophysiology that is commonly observed in humans with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) caused by acceleration-deceleration forces. Such injuries are typical consequences of motor vehicle accidents and falls, which do not necessarily require a direct impact to the closed skull. There are several desirable characteristics of the I/A model, including the extensive axonal injury produced in the absence of a focal contusion, the suitability for secondary insult modeling, and the adaptability for mild/moderate injury through alteration of height and/or weight. Furthermore, the trauma device is inexpensive and readily manufactured in any laboratory, and the induction of injury is rapid (~45 min per animal from weighing to post-injury recovery) allowing multiple animal experiments per day. In this chapter, we describe in detail the methodology and materials required to produce the rat model of I/A in the laboratory. We also review current adaptations to the model to alter injury severity, discuss frequent complications and technical issues encountered using this model, and provide recommendations to ensure technically sound injury induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hellewell
- Canadian Military and Veterans' Clinical Rehabilitation Research Program, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 3-48, Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2G4.
| | - Jenna M Ziebell
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University and Australian New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Long J, Cai L, Li J, Zhang L, Yang H, Wang T. JNK3 involvement in nerve cell apoptosis and neurofunctional recovery after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1491-9. [PMID: 25206445 PMCID: PMC4107806 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.16.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that the activation of the JNK pathway participates in apoptosis of nerve cells and neurological function recovery after traumatic brain injury. However, which genes in the JNK family are activated and their role in traumatic brain injury remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, in situ end labeling, reverse transcription-PCR and neurological function assessment were adopted to investigate the alteration of JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 gene expression in cerebral injured rats, and their role in cell apoptosis and neurological function restoration. Results showed that JNK3 expression significantly decreased at 1 and 6 hours and 1 and 7 days post injury, but that JNK1 and JNK2 expression remained unchanged. In addition, the number of apoptotic nerve cells surrounding the injured cerebral cortex gradually reduced over time post injury. The Neurological Severity Scores gradually decreased over 1, 3, 5, 14 and 28 days post injury. These findings suggested that JNK3 expression was downregulated at early stages of brain injury, which may be associated with apoptosis of nerve cells. Downregulation of JNK3 expression may promote the recovery of neurological function following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Neuroscience Institute of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Haiyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Neuroscience Institute of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
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Filippidis AS, Liang X, Wang W, Parveen S, Baumgarten CM, Marmarou CR. Real-time monitoring of changes in brain extracellular sodium and potassium concentrations and intracranial pressure after selective vasopressin-1a receptor inhibition following focal traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1258-67. [PMID: 24635833 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) contribute to poor outcome. Vasopressin-1a receptors (V1aR) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) regulate water transport and brain edema formation, perhaps in part by modulating cation fluxes. After focal TBI, V1aR inhibitors diminish V1aR and AQP4, reduce astrocytic swelling and brain edema. We determined whether V1aR inhibition with SR49059 after lateral controlled-cortical-impact (CCI) injury affects extracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations ([Na(+)]e; [K(+)]e). Ion-selective Na(+) and K(+) electrodes (ISE) and an ICP probe were implanted in rat parietal cortex, and [Na(+)]e, [K(+)]e, and physiological parameters were monitored for 5 h post-CCI. Sham-vehicle-ISE, CCI-vehicle-ISE and CCI-SR49059-ISE groups were studied, and SR49059 was administered 5 min to 5 h post-injury. We found a significant injury-induced decrease in [Na(+)]e to 80.1 ± 15 and 87.9 ± 7.9 mM and increase in [K(+)]e to 20.9 ± 3.8 and 13.4 ± 3.4 mM at 5 min post-CCI in CCI-vehicle-ISE and CCI-SR49059-ISE groups, respectively (p<0.001 vs. baseline; ns between groups). Importantly, [Na(+)]e in CCI-SR49059-ISE was reduced 5-20 min post-injury and increased to baseline at 25 min, whereas recovery in CCI-vehicle-ISE required more than 1 hr, suggesting SR49059 accelerated [Na(+)]e recovery. In contrast, [K(+)]e recovery took 45 min in both groups. Further, ICP was lower in the CCI-SR49059-ISE group. Thus, selective V1aR inhibition allowed faster [Na(+)]e recovery and reduced ICP. By augmenting the [Na(+)]e recovery rate, SR49059 may reduce trauma-induced ionic imbalance, blunting cellular water influx and edema after TBI. These findings suggest SR49059 and V1aR inhibitors are potential tools for treating cellular edema post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis S Filippidis
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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35
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Mendes Arent A, de Souza LF, Walz R, Dafre AL. Perspectives on molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in traumatic brain injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:723060. [PMID: 24689052 PMCID: PMC3943200 DOI: 10.1155/2014/723060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function, resulting in the release of factors that can be used as molecular biomarkers of TBI, among them GFAP, UCH-L1, S100B, and NSE. Although many experimental studies have been conducted, clinical consolidation of these biomarkers is still needed to increase the predictive power and reduce the poor outcome of TBI. Interestingly, several of these TBI biomarkers are oxidatively modified to carbonyl groups, indicating that markers of oxidative stress could be of predictive value for the selection of therapeutic strategies. Some drugs such as corticosteroids and progesterone have already been investigated in TBI neuroprotection but failed to demonstrate clinical applicability in advanced phases of the studies. Dietary antioxidants, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane, have been shown to attenuate TBI-induced damage in preclinical studies. These dietary antioxidants can increase antioxidant defenses via transcriptional activation of NRF2 and are also known as carbonyl scavengers, two potential mechanisms for neuroprotection. This paper reviews the relevance of redox biology in TBI, highlighting perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mendes Arent
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), 88137-270 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
- Neurosurgery Service, São José Regional Hospital (HRSJ-HMG), 88103-901 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Applied Neurosciences Centre (CeNAp) and Department of Medical Clinics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Zhang YP, Cai J, Shields LBE, Liu N, Xu XM, Shields CB. Traumatic brain injury using mouse models. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:454-71. [PMID: 24493632 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of mouse models in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has several advantages compared to other animal models including low cost of breeding, easy maintenance, and innovative technology to create genetically modified strains. Studies using knockout and transgenic mice demonstrating functional gain or loss of molecules provide insight into basic mechanisms of TBI. Mouse models provide powerful tools to screen for putative therapeutic targets in TBI. This article reviews currently available mouse models that replicate several clinical features of TBI such as closed head injuries (CHI), penetrating head injuries, and a combination of both. CHI may be caused by direct trauma creating cerebral concussion or contusion. Sudden acceleration-deceleration injuries of the head without direct trauma may also cause intracranial injury by the transmission of shock waves to the brain. Recapitulation of temporary cavities that are induced by high-velocity penetrating objects in the mouse brain are difficult to produce, but slow brain penetration injuries in mice are reviewed. Synergistic damaging effects on the brain following systemic complications are also described. Advantages and disadvantages of CHI mouse models induced by weight drop, fluid percussion, and controlled cortical impact injuries are compared. Differences in the anatomy, biomechanics, and behavioral evaluations between mice and humans are discussed. Although the use of mouse models for TBI research is promising, further development of these techniques is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,
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Yin T, Lindley TE, Albert GW, Ahmed R, Schmeiser PB, Grady MS, Howard MA, Welsh MJ. Loss of Acid sensing ion channel-1a and bicarbonate administration attenuate the severity of traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72379. [PMID: 23991103 PMCID: PMC3753246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in people of all ages. Following the acute mechanical insult, TBI evolves over the ensuing minutes and days. Understanding the secondary factors that contribute to TBI might suggest therapeutic strategies to reduce the long-term consequences of brain trauma. To assess secondary factors that contribute to TBI, we studied a lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in mice. Following FPI, the brain cortex became acidic, consistent with data from humans following brain trauma. Administering HCO3− after FPI prevented the acidosis and reduced the extent of neurodegeneration. Because acidosis can activate acid sensing ion channels (ASICs), we also studied ASIC1a−/− mice and found reduced neurodegeneration after FPI. Both HCO3− administration and loss of ASIC1a also reduced functional deficits caused by FPI. These results suggest that FPI induces cerebral acidosis that activates ASIC channels and contributes to secondary injury in TBI. They also suggest a therapeutic strategy to attenuate the adverse consequences of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Lindley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Albert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Schmeiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - M. Sean Grady
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity both in civilian life and on the battlefield worldwide. Survivors of TBI frequently experience long-term disabling changes in cognition, sensorimotor function and personality. Over the past three decades, animal models have been developed to replicate the various aspects of human TBI, to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and to explore potential treatments. Nevertheless, promising neuroprotective drugs that were identified as being effective in animal TBI models have all failed in Phase II or Phase III clinical trials. This failure in clinical translation of preclinical studies highlights a compelling need to revisit the current status of animal models of TBI and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, E&R Building, Room 3096, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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39
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Hemerka JN, Wu X, Dixon CE, Garman RH, Exo JL, Shellington DK, Blasiole B, Vagni VA, Janesko-Feldman K, Xu M, Wisniewski SR, Bayır H, Jenkins LW, Clark RSB, Tisherman SA, Kochanek PM. Severe brief pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock after traumatic brain injury exacerbates functional deficits and long-term neuropathological damage in mice. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2192-208. [PMID: 22738159 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotension after traumatic brain injury (TBI) worsens outcome. We published the first report of TBI plus hemorrhagic shock (HS) in mice using a volume-controlled approach and noted increased neuronal death. To rigorously control blood pressure during HS, a pressure-controlled HS model is required. Our hypothesis was that a brief, severe period of pressure-controlled HS after TBI in mice will exacerbate functional deficits and neuropathology versus TBI or HS alone. C57BL6 male mice were randomized into four groups (n=10/group): sham, HS, controlled cortical impact (CCI), and CCI+HS. We used a pressure-controlled shock phase (mean arterial pressure [MAP]=25-27 mm Hg for 35 min) and its treatment after mild to moderate CCI including, a 90 min pre-hospital phase, during which lactated Ringer's solution was given to maintain MAP >70 mm Hg, and a hospital phase, when the shed blood was re-infused. On days 14-20, the mice were evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM, hidden platform paradigm). On day 21, the lesion and hemispheric volumes were quantified. Neuropathology and hippocampal neuron counts (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], Fluoro-Jade B, and NeuN) were evaluated in the mice (n=60) at 24 h, 7 days, or 21 days (n=5/group/time point). HS reduced MAP during the shock phase in the HS and CCI+HS groups (p<0.05). Fluid requirements during the pre-hospital phase were greatest in the CCI+HS group (p<0.05), and were increased in HS versus sham and CCI animals (p<0.05). MWM latency was increased on days 14 and 15 after CCI+HS (p<0.05). Swim speed and visible platform latency were impaired in the CCI+HS group (p<0.05). CCI+HS animals had increased contusion volume versus the CCI group (p<0.05). Hemispheric volume loss was increased 33.3% in the CCI+HS versus CCI group (p<0.05). CA1 cell loss was seen in CCI+HS and CCI animals at 24 h and 7 days (p<0.05). CA3 cell loss was seen after CCI+HS (p<0.05 at 24 h and 7 days). CA1 cell loss at 21 days was seen only in CCI+HS animals (p<0.05). Brief, severe, pressure-controlled HS after CCI produces robust functional deficits and exacerbates neuropathology versus CCI or HS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Hemerka
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:19-31. [PMID: 21988198 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of damage to cerebral tissues following head trauma is determined by the primary injury, caused by the kinetic energy delivered at the time of impact, plus numerous secondary injury responses that almost inevitably worsen the primary injury. When head trauma results in a cerebral contusion, the hemorrhagic lesion often progresses during the first several hours after impact, either expanding or developing new, non-contiguous hemorrhagic lesions, a phenomenon termed hemorrhagic progression of a contusion (HPC). Because a hemorrhagic contusion marks tissues with essentially total unrecoverable loss of function, and because blood is one of the most toxic substances to which the brain can be exposed, HPC is one of the most severe types of secondary injury encountered following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Historically, HPC has been attributed to continued bleeding of microvessels fractured at the time of primary injury. This concept has given rise to the notion that continued bleeding might be due to overt or latent coagulopathy, prompting attempts to normalize coagulation with agents such as recombinant factor VIIa. Recently, a novel mechanism was postulated to account for HPC that involves delayed, progressive microvascular failure initiated by the impact. Here we review the topic of HPC, we examine data relevant to the concept of a coagulopathy, and we detail emerging data elucidating the mechanism of progressive microvascular failure that predisposes to HPC after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kurland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA
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Li Y, Zhang L, Kallakuri S, Zhou R, Cavanaugh JM. Injury predictors for traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head impact acceleration model. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2011; 55:25-47. [PMID: 22869303 DOI: 10.4271/2011-22-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A modified Marmarou impact acceleration injury model was developed to study the kinematics of the rat head to quantify traumatic axonal injury (TAI) in the corpus callosum (CC) and brainstem pyramidal tract (Py), to determine injury predictors and to establish injury thresholds for severe TAI. Thirty-one anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (392±13 grams) were impacted using a modified impact acceleration injury device from 2.25 m and 1.25 m heights. Beta-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) immunocytochemistry was used to assess and quantify axonal changes in CC and Py. Over 600 injury maps in CC and Py were constructed in the 31 impacted rats. TAI distribution along the rostro-caudal direction in CC and Py was determined. Linear and angular responses of the rat head were monitored and measured in vivo with an attached accelerometer and angular rate sensor, and were correlated to TAI data. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the occurrence of severe TAI in CC was best predicted by average linear acceleration, followed by power and time to surface righting. The combination of average linear acceleration and time to surface righting showed an improved predictive result. In Py, severe TAI was best predicted by time to surface righting, followed by peak and average angular velocity. When both CC and Py were combined, power was the best predictor, and the combined average linear acceleration and average angular velocity was also found to have good injury predictive ability. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive power of individual and paired injury predictors. TAI tolerance curves were also proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Marklund N, Hillered L. Animal modelling of traumatic brain injury in preclinical drug development: where do we go from here? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1207-29. [PMID: 21175576 PMCID: PMC3229758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. Survivors of TBI frequently suffer from long-term personality changes and deficits in cognitive and motor performance, urgently calling for novel pharmacological treatment options. To date, all clinical trials evaluating neuroprotective compounds have failed in demonstrating clinical efficacy in cohorts of severely injured TBI patients. The purpose of the present review is to describe the utility of animal models of TBI for preclinical evaluation of pharmacological compounds. No single animal model can adequately mimic all aspects of human TBI owing to the heterogeneity of clinical TBI. To successfully develop compounds for clinical TBI, a thorough evaluation in several TBI models and injury severities is crucial. Additionally, brain pharmacokinetics and the time window must be carefully evaluated. Although the search for a single-compound, 'silver bullet' therapy is ongoing, a combination of drugs targeting various aspects of neuroprotection, neuroinflammation and regeneration may be needed. In summary, finding drugs and prove clinical efficacy in TBI is a major challenge ahead for the research community and the drug industry. For a successful translation of basic science knowledge to the clinic to occur we believe that a further refinement of animal models and functional outcome methods is important. In the clinical setting, improved patient classification, more homogenous patient cohorts in clinical trials, standardized treatment strategies, improved central nervous system drug delivery systems and monitoring of target drug levels and drug effects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Head injury is one of the major causes of trauma-related morbidity and mortality in all age groups in the United Kingdom, and anaesthetists encounter this problem in many areas of their work. Despite a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes following traumatic brain injury and a wealth of research, there is currently no specific treatment. Outcome remains dependant on basic clinical care: management of the patient's airway with particular attention to preventing hypoxia; avoidance of the extremes of lung ventilation; and the maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion, in an attempt to avoid exacerbating any secondary injury. Hypertonic fluids show promise in the management of patients with raised intracranial pressure. Computed tomography scanning has had a major impact on the early identification of lesions amenable to surgery, and recent guidelines have rationalised its use in those with less severe injuries. Within critical care, the importance of controlling blood glucose is becoming clearer, along with the potential beneficial effects of hyperoxia. The major improvement in outcome reflects the use of protocols to guide resuscitation, investigation and treatment and the role of specialist neurosciences centres in caring for these patients. Finally, certain groups are now recognised as being at greater risk, in particular the elderly, anticoagulated patient.
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Hellewell SC, Yan EB, Agyapomaa DA, Bye N, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Post-Traumatic Hypoxia Exacerbates Brain Tissue Damage: Analysis of Axonal Injury and Glial Responses. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1997-2010. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Hellewell
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin B. Yan
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Doreen A. Agyapomaa
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Bye
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kumaria A, Tolias CM. Normobaric hyperoxia therapy for traumatic brain injury and stroke: a review. Br J Neurosurg 2010; 23:576-84. [PMID: 19922270 DOI: 10.3109/02688690903050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and acute ischaemic stroke are major causes of mortality and morbidity and there is an urgent demand for new neuroprotective strategies following the translational failure of neuroprotective drug trials. Oxygen therapy--especially normobaric, may offer a simple and effective therapeutic strategy which we review in this paper. Firstly we review mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of hyperoxia (both normobaric and hyperbaric) including mitochondrial rescue, stabilisation of intracranial pressure, attenuation of cortical spreading depression and inducing favourable endothelial-leukocyte interactions, all effects of which are postulated to decrease secondary injury. Next we survey studies using hyperbaric oxygen therapy for TBI and stroke, which formed the basis for early studies on normobaric hyperoxia. Thirdly, we present clinical studies of the efficacy of normobaric hyperoxia on TBI and stroke, emphasising their safety, efficacy and practicality. Finally we consider safety concerns and side effects, particularly pulmonary pathology, respiratory failure and theoretical risks in paediatric patients. A neuroprotective role of normobaric hyperoxia is extremely promising and further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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DeWitt DS, Prough DS. Blast-induced brain injury and posttraumatic hypotension and hypoxemia. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:877-87. [PMID: 18447627 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive munitions account for more than 50% of all wounds sustained in military combat, and the proportion of civilian casualties due to explosives is increasing as well. But there has been only limited research on the pathophysiology of blast-induced brain injury, and the contributions of alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) or cerebral vascular reactivity to blast-induced brain injury have not been investigated. Although secondary hypotension and hypoxemia are associated with increased mortality and morbidity after closed head injury, the effects of secondary insults on outcome after blast injury are unknown. Hemorrhage accounted for approximately 50% of combat deaths, and the lungs are one of the primary organs damaged by blast overpressure. Thus, it is likely that blast-induced lung injury and/or hemorrhage leads to hypotensive and hypoxemic secondary injury in a significant number of combatants exposed to blast overpressure injury. Although the effects of blast injury on CBF and cerebral vascular reactivity are unknown, blast injury may be associated with impaired cerebral vascular function. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as the superoxide anion radical and other ROS, likely major contributors to traumatic cerebral vascular injury, are produced by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Superoxide radicals combine with nitric oxide (NO), another ROS produced by blast injury as well as other types of TBI, to form peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant that impairs cerebral vascular responses to reduced intravascular pressure and other cerebral vascular responses. While current research suggests that blast injury impairs cerebral vascular compensatory responses, thereby leaving the brain vulnerable to secondary insults, the effects of blast injury on the cerebral vascular reactivity have not been investigated. It is clear that further research is necessary to address these critical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S DeWitt
- Moody Center for Traumatic Brain & Spinal Cord Injury Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0830, USA.
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Relationship between maximum intracranial pressure and traumatic lesions detected by T2*-weighted imaging in diffuse axonal injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:162-5. [PMID: 19131819 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181469857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We prospectively investigated whether the number of traumatic lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging correlated with the level of intracranial pressure (ICP) and outcome among patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI). MATERIALS We prospectively studied 19 patients with closed head injuries who were admitted to the Critical Care and Trauma Services at our medical center and who fulfilled the following criteria: did not recover to a Glasgow Coma Scale score greater than 8 after impact, without fixed dilated pupils, and with initial computed tomography findings compatible with DAI. All subjects (n = 19) underwent ICP monitoring for at least 4 days, and T2*-gradient echo imaging was performed within 4 weeks of the impact. RESULTS A significantly positive correlation was found between the number of lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging and maximum ICP. The average Glasgow Coma Scale in the good outcome group (Glasgow Outcome Scale IV and V, n = 8) was significantly greater than that in the poor outcome group (Glasgow Outcome Scale I-III, n = 11). The average maximum ICP and the number of lesions in the good outcome group were significantly less than those in the poor outcome group. CONCLUSION The number of lesions detected by T2*-gradient echo imaging correlates with the degree of intracranial hypertension and outcome in DAI.
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Xu ZY, Liu HD, Lau LT, Yingge Z, Zhao R, Tong GL, Chan PH, Yu ACH. Responses of astrocyte to simultaneous glutamate and arachidonic acid treatment. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex organ in nature, composed of ten trillion cells forming complex neural networks using a quadrillion synaptic connections. Proteins, their modifications, and their interactions are integral to CNS function. The emerging field of neuroproteomics provides us with a wide-scope view of posttranslation protein dynamics within the CNS to better our understanding of its function, and more often, its dysfunction consequent to neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter reviews methodology employed in the neurosciences to study the neuroproteome in health and disease. The chapter layout parallels this volume's four parts. Part I focuses on modeling human neuropathology in animals as surrogate, accessible, and controllable platforms in our research. Part II discusses methodology used to focus analysis onto a subneuroproteome. Part III reviews analytical and bioinformatic technologies applied in neuroproteomics. Part IV discusses clinical neuroproteomics, from processing of human biofluids to translation in biomarkers research. Neuroproteomics continues to mature as a discipline, confronting the extreme complexity of the CNS proteome and its dynamics, and providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying how our nervous system works and how it is compromised by injury and disease.
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Abstract
Modeling traumatic brain injury represents a major challenge for neuroscientists - to represent extremely complex pathobiological processes kept under close surveillance in the most complex organ of a laboratory animal. To ensure that such models also reflect those alterations evoked by and/or associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in man, well-defined, graded, simple injury paradigms should be used with clear endpoints that also enable us to assess the relevance of our findings to human observations. It is of particular importance that our endpoints should harbor clinical significance, and to this end, biological markers ultimately associated with the pathological processes operant in TBI are considered the best candidate. This chapter provides protocols for relevant experimental models of TBI and clinical materials for neuroproteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Büki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary.
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