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Cheng C, Li G, Yang X, Zhao J, Liu J, Zheng A, Zhang Z. High diversity, close genetic relatedness, and favorable living conditions benefit species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in Brandt's vole. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1337402. [PMID: 38384265 PMCID: PMC10879610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1337402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Revealing factors and mechanisms in determining species co-existence are crucial to community ecology, but studies using gut microbiota data are still lacking. Methods Using gut microbiota data of 556 Brandt's voles from 37 treatments in eight experiments, we examined the relationship of species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) with genetic distance (or genetic relatedness), community diversity, and several environmental variables. Results We found that the species co-occurrence index (a larger index indicates a higher co-occurrence probability) of gut microbiota in Brandt's voles was negatively associated with the genetic distance between paired ASVs and the number of cohabitating voles in the experimental space (a larger number represents more crowding social stress), but positively with Shannon diversity index, grass diets (representing natural foods), and non-physical contact within an experimental space (representing less stress). Discussion Our study demonstrated that high diversity, close genetic relatedness, and favorable living conditions would benefit species co-occurrence of gut microbiota in hosts. Our results provide novel insights into factors and mechanisms that shape the community structure and function of gut microbiota and highlight the significance of preserving the biodiversity of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, School of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Umarje SC, Banerjee SK. Non-traditional approaches for control of antibiotic resistance. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1113-1135. [PMID: 38007617 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2279644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The drying up of antibiotic pipeline has necessitated the development of alternative therapeutic strategies to control the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is expected to kill 10-million people annually by 2050. Newer therapeutic approaches address the shortcomings of traditional small-molecule antibiotics - the lack of specificity, evolvability, and susceptibility to mutation-based resistance. These 'non-traditional' molecules are biologicals having a complex structure and mode(s) of action that makes them resilient to resistance. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide information about the non-traditional drug development approaches to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance, from the pre-antibiotic era to the latest developments. We have covered the molecules under development in the clinic with literature sourced from reviewed scholarly articles, official company websites involved in innovation of concerned therapeutics, press releases from the regulatory bodies, and clinical trial databases. EXPERT OPINION Formal introduction of non-traditional therapies in general practice can be quick and feasible only if supported with companion diagnostics and used in conjunction with established therapies. Owing to relatively higher development costs, non-traditional therapeutics require more funding as well as well as clarity in regulatory and clinical path. We are hopeful these issues are adequately addressed before AMR develops into a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth C Umarje
- Department of Proteomics, AbGenics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
- AbGenics Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
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Khatoon S, Kalam N, Rashid S, Bano G. Effects of gut microbiota on neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1145241. [PMID: 37323141 PMCID: PMC10268008 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A progressive degradation of the brain's structure and function, which results in a reduction in cognitive and motor skills, characterizes neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). The morbidity linked to NDs is growing, which poses a severe threat to human being's mental and physical ability to live well. The gut-brain axis (GBA) is now known to have a crucial role in the emergence of NDs. The gut microbiota is a conduit for the GBA, a two-way communication system between the gut and the brain. The myriad microorganisms that make up the gut microbiota can affect brain physiology by transmitting numerous microbial chemicals from the gut to the brain via the GBA or neurological system. The synthesis of neurotransmitters, the immunological response, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose have all been demonstrated to be impacted by alterations in the gut microbiota, such as an imbalance of helpful and harmful bacteria. In order to develop innovative interventions and clinical therapies for NDs, it is crucial to comprehend the participation of the gut microbiota in these conditions. In addition to using antibiotics and other drugs to target particular bacterial species that may be a factor in NDs, this also includes using probiotics and other fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain a healthy gut microbiota. In conclusion, the examination of the GBA can aid in understanding the etiology and development of NDs, which may benefit the improvement of clinical treatments for these disorders and ND interventions. This review indicates existing knowledge about the involvement of microbiota present in the gut in NDs and potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khatoon
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nida Kalam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulnaz Bano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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van Praagh J, Havenga K. What Is the Microbiome? A Description of a Social Network. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2023; 36:91-97. [PMID: 36844706 PMCID: PMC9946720 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1760863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has coevolved with its hosts over the years, forming a complex and symbiotic relationship. It is formed by what we do, what we eat, where we live, and with whom we live. The microbiome is known to influence our health by training our immune system and providing nutrients for the human body. However, when the microbiome becomes out of balance and dysbiosis occurs, the microorganisms within can cause or contribute to diseases. This major influencer on our health is studied intensively, but it is unfortunately often overlooked by the surgeon and in surgical practice. Because of that, there is not much literature about the microbiome and its influence on surgical patients or procedures. However, there is evidence that it plays a major role, showing that it needs to be a topic of interest for the surgeon. This review is written to show the surgeon the importance of the microbiome and why it should be taken into consideration when preparing or treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.B. van Praagh
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Havenga
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Shim H. Three Innovations of Next-Generation Antibiotics: Evolvability, Specificity, and Non-Immunogenicity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020204. [PMID: 36830114 PMCID: PMC9952447 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a silent pandemic exacerbated by the uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Since the discovery of penicillin, we have been largely dependent on microbe-derived small molecules to treat bacterial infections. However, the golden era of antibiotics is coming to an end, as the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance against these antibacterial compounds are outpacing the discovery and development of new antibiotics. The current antibiotic market suffers from various shortcomings, including the absence of profitability and investment. The most important underlying issue of traditional antibiotics arises from the inherent properties of these small molecules being mostly broad-spectrum and non-programmable. As the scientific knowledge of microbes progresses, the scientific community is starting to explore entirely novel approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance. One of the most prominent approaches is to develop next-generation antibiotics. In this review, we discuss three innovations of next-generation antibiotics compared to traditional antibiotics as specificity, evolvability, and non-immunogenicity. We present a number of potential antimicrobial agents, including bacteriophage-based therapy, CRISPR-Cas-based antimicrobials, and microbiome-derived antimicrobial agents. These alternative antimicrobial agents possess innovative properties that may overcome the inherent shortcomings of traditional antibiotics, and some of these next-generation antibiotics are not merely far-fetched ideas but are currently in clinical development. We further discuss some related issues and challenges such as infection diagnostics and regulatory frameworks that still need to be addressed to bring these next-generation antibiotics to the antibiotic market as viable products to combat antimicrobial resistance using a diversified set of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Shim
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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6
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Gaskell C, Sarada P, Aleem E, Bendriss G. Identifying lifestyle factors associated to co-morbidity of obesity and psychiatric disorders, a pilot study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1132994. [PMID: 37206863 PMCID: PMC10188954 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and psychiatric disorders are linked through a bidirectional association. Obesity rates have tripled globally in the past decades, and it is predicted that by 2025, one billion people will be affected by obesity, often with a co-morbidity such as depression. While this co-morbidity seems to be a global health issue, lifestyle factors associated to it differ between countries and are often attributed to more than one factor. Prior obesity studies were performed in Western populations; this is the first study that investigates lifestyle factors relating to obesity and mental health of the diverse population in Qatar, a country that has witnessed tremendous lifestyle change in a short time. In this pilot study, we surveyed 379 respondents to assess and compare the lifestyles of Qatar residents to the global population. However due to the high proportion of responses from the United Kingdom (UK) residents, we have made comparisons between Qatar residents and UK residents. We used chi-square analysis, spearman rank correlation and logistic regression to compare the lifestyle factors of individuals suffering from both increased BMI and mental health conditions. The types of food consumed, stress, exercise frequency and duration, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and sleep duration, were explored and results argue that different lifestyle factors can contribute to the same health condition, suggesting different mechanisms involved. We found that both groups reported similar sleep durations (p = 0.800), but that perception of sleep (p = 0.011), consumption of alcohol (p = 0.001), consumption of takeaway food (p = 0.007), and physical activity significantly varied between the groups (p = 0.0001). The study examined the predictors of comorbidity in Qatar as well as UK populations using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The result of the study showed no statistical association between comorbidity and the predictors drinking habit, smoking, physical activity, vegetable consumption, eat outs, and sleep perception for the Qatar population, and for the combined population. This study, however showed a significant association (p = 0.033) between sleep perception and comorbidity for the UK population. We conclude that further analysis is needed to understand the relationship between specific lifestyle factors and multimorbidity in each country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eiman Aleem
- Biomedical Science, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ghizlane Bendriss
- Premedical Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ghizlane Bendriss,
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7
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Asadi A, Shadab Mehr N, Mohamadi MH, Shokri F, Heidary M, Sadeghifard N, Khoshnood S. Obesity and gut-microbiota-brain axis: A narrative review. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24420. [PMID: 35421277 PMCID: PMC9102524 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a major health problem that is associated with many physiological and mental disorders, such as diabetes, stroke, and depression. Gut microbiota has been affirmed to interact with various organs, including the brain. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites might target the brain directly via vagal stimulation or indirectly through immune‐neuroendocrine mechanisms, and they can regulate metabolism, adiposity, homoeostasis and energy balance, and central appetite and food reward signaling, which together have crucial roles in obesity. Studies support the concept of bidirectional signaling within the gut–brain axis (GBA) in the pathophysiology of obesity, mediated by metabolic, endocrine, neural, and immune system mechanisms. Materials and methods Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched to find relevant studies. Results The gut–brain axis (GBA), a bidirectional connection between the gut microbiota and brain, influences physiological function and behavior through three different pathways. Neural pathway mainly consists of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve. Endocrine pathway, however, affects the neuroendocrine system of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and immunological pathway. Several alterations in the gut microbiome can lead to obesity, by modulating metabolic pathways and eating behaviors of the host through GBA. Therefore, novel therapies targeting the gut microbiome, i.e., fecal microbiota transplantation and supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, can be a potential treatment for obesity. Conclusion This study corroborates the effect of gut microbiome on physiological function and body weight. The results show that the gut microbiota is becoming a target for new antiobesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Shadab Mehr
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Fazlollah Shokri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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8
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Farooq RK, Alamoudi W, Alhibshi A, Rehman S, Sharma AR, Abdulla FA. Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040705. [PMID: 35456757 PMCID: PMC9032006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Rahim MS, Kumar V, Mishra A, Fandade V, Kumar V, Kiran kondepudi K, Bishnoi M, Roy J. High resistant starch mutant wheat ‘TAC 35’ reduced glycemia and ameliorated high fat diet induced metabolic dysregulation in mice. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Xie G, Liu M, Yuan B, Chai H, Wang W, Cheng P. Implications of Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:785644. [PMID: 35237258 PMCID: PMC8882587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.785644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is increasing, posing a threat to the mental and physical quality of life of humans. The crucial effect of microbiota on brain physiological processes is mediated through a bidirectional interaction, termed as the gut–brain axis (GBA), which is being investigated in studies. Many clinical and laboratory trials have indicated the importance of microbiota in the development of NDs via various microbial molecules that transmit from the gut to the brain across the GBA or nervous system. In this review, we summarize the implications of gut microbiota in ND, which will be beneficial for understanding the etiology and progression of NDs that may in turn help in developing ND interventions and clinical treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Chen
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Chai
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Ping Cheng,
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Ping Cheng,
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Hang J, Wang J, Lu M, Xue Y, Qiao J, Tao L. Protein O-mannosylation across kingdoms and related diseases: From glycobiology to glycopathology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112685. [PMID: 35149389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of proteins by O-linked α-mannose is conserved from bacteria to humans. Due to advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based approaches, a variety of glycoproteins are identified to be O-mannosylated. Various proteins with O-mannosylation are involved in biological processes, providing essential necessity for proper growth and development. In this review, we summarize the process and regulation of O-mannosylation. The multi-step O-mannosylation procedures are quite dynamic and complex, especially when considering the structural and functional inspection of the involved enzymes. The widely studied O-mannosylated proteins in human include α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), cadherins, protocadherins, and plexin, and their aberrant O-mannosylation are associated with many diseases. In addition, O-mannosylation also contributes to diverse functions in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Finally, we present the relationship between O-mannosylation and gut microbiota (GM), and elucidate that O-mannosylation in microbiome is of great importance in the dynamic balance of GM. Our study provides an overview of the processes of O-mannosylation in mammalian cells and other organisms, and also associated regulated enzymes and biological functions, which could contribute to the understanding of newly discovered O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Minzhen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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12
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Differential Effect of Light and Dark Period Sleep Fragmentation on Composition of Gut Microbiome and Inflammation in Mice. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121283. [PMID: 34947814 PMCID: PMC8709399 DOI: 10.3390/life11121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-directional interactions amongst the gut microbiota, immune system, and brain function are thought to be critical mediators of health and disease. The role sleep plays in mediating these interactions is not known. We assessed the effects of sleep fragmentation (SF) on the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Male C57BL/6NCrl mice (4 to 5 per cage, fed standard lab chow) experienced SF via mechanical stimulation at 2 min intervals during the light (SF) and dark (DD, dark disturbances) periods. Home cage (HC) controls were undisturbed. After 10 days, fecal samples were collected at light onset, midday, light offset, and midnight. Samples were also collected after 10 days without SF. Subsequently, the mice were randomized across groups and allowed 20 additional days of recovery followed by 10 days of SF or DD. To assess effects on the microbiota, 16S rRNA sequencing was used, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and cortex and medial prefrontal cortex were analyzed using cytokine arrays. SF and DD produced significant alterations in the microbiota compared to HC, and DD had greater impact than SF on some organisms. SF produced marked suppression in MLNs of chemokines that regulate inflammation (CCL3, CCL4 and their receptor CCR5) and maintain the immune mucosal barrier (Cxcl13) at the same time that cortical cytokines (IL-33) indicated neuroinflammation. DD effects on immune responses were similar to HC. These data suggest that SF alters the microbiome and suppresses mucosal immunity at the same time that mediators of brain inflammation are upregulated. The translational implications for potential application to clinical care are compelling.
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Daliry A, Pereira ENGDS. Role of Maternal Microbiota and Nutrition in Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103533. [PMID: 34684534 PMCID: PMC8540774 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in the prevalence of obesity and other related metabolic diseases has been paralleled by an increase in the frequency of neurodevelopmental problems, which has raised the likelihood of a link between these two phenomena. In this scenario, maternal microbiota is a possible linking mechanistic pathway. According to the “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” paradigm, environmental exposures (in utero and early life) can permanently alter the body’s structure, physiology, and metabolism, increasing illness risk and/or speeding up disease progression in offspring, adults, and even generations. Nutritional exposure during early developmental stages may induce susceptibility to the later development of human diseases via interactions in the microbiome, including alterations in brain function and behavior of offspring, as explained by the gut–brain axis theory. This review provides an overview of the implications of maternal nutrition on neurodevelopmental disorders and the establishment and maturation of gut microbiota in the offspring.
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Bhandari R, Kaur J, Kaur S, Kuhad A. The Nrf2 pathway in psychiatric disorders: pathophysiological role and potential targeting. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:115-139. [PMID: 33557652 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1887141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: All psychiatric disorders exhibit excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neural damage as their common characteristic. The endogenous nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is implicated in the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and has a significant role in psychiatric disorders.Areas covered: We explore the role of Nrf2 pathway and its modulators in psychiatric disorders. The literature was searched utilizing various databases such as Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Pub-Med, and Google Scholar from 2010 to 2020. The search included research articles, clinical reports, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.Expert opinion: Environmental factors and genetic predisposition can be a trigger for the development of psychiatric disorders. Nrf2 downregulates certain inflammatory pathways and upregulates various antioxidant enzymes to maintain a balance. However, its intricate balance with NF-Kβ (Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells) and its crosstalk with the transcription factor Nrf2 is critical in severe oxidative stress. Several Nrf2 modulators are now in clinical trials and can help reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. There are immense potential opportunities for these modulators to become a novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Bhandari
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Simerpreet Kaur
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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15
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Żebrowska P, Łaczmańska I, Łaczmański Ł. Future Directions in Reducing Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children With ASD Using Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:630052. [PMID: 33718277 PMCID: PMC7952982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.630052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of disorders related to digestive system ailments in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is a new attempt in a therapeutic approach. There are very little scientific evidences available on this emerging alternative method. However, it appears to be interesting not only because of its primary outcome, relieving the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but also secondary therapeutic effect of alleviating autistic behavioral symptoms. FMT seems to be also promising method in the treatment of another group of pediatric patients, children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study is to discuss the potential use of FMT and modified protocols (MTT, microbiota transfer therapy) in the treatment of GI disorders in ASD children supported by reports on another disease, IBD concerning pediatric patients. Due to the few reports of the use of FMT in the treatment of children, these two patients groups were selected, although suffering from distant health conditions: neurodevelopmental disorder and gastrointestinal tract diseases, because of the the fact that they seem related in aspects of the presence of GI symptoms, disturbed intestinal microbiota, unexplained etiology of the condition and age range of patients. Although the outcomes for all are promising, this type of therapy is still an under-researched topic, studies in the group of pediatric patients are sparse, also there is a high risk of transmission of infectious and noninfectious elements during the procedure and no long-term effects on global health are known. For those reasons all obtained results should be taken with a great caution. However, in the context of future therapeutic directions for GI observed in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, the topic seems worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żebrowska
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Rafei H, Jenq RR. Microbiome-intestine cross talk during acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2020; 136:401-409. [PMID: 32526029 PMCID: PMC7378453 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) offers cure for a variety of conditions, in particular, but not limited to, hematologic malignancies. However, it can be associated with life-threatening complications, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections, which are factors limiting its widespread use. Technical advances in the field of microbiome research have allowed for a better understanding of the microbial flora of the human intestine, as well as dissection of their interactions with the host immune system in allo-SCT and posttransplant complications. There is growing evidence that the commensal microbiome is frequently dysregulated following allo-SCT and that this dysbiosis can predispose to adverse clinical outcomes, especially including acute intestinal GVHD and reduced overall survival. In this review, we discuss the interactions between the microbiome and the components of the immune system that play a major role in the pathways leading to the inflammatory state of acute intestinal GVHD. We also discuss the microbiome-centered strategies that have been devised or are actively being investigated to improve the outcomes of allo-SCT patients in regard to acute intestinal GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, and
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, Houston, TX
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17
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Hermes GDA, Eckermann HA, de Vos WM, de Weerth C. Does entry to center-based childcare affect gut microbial colonization in young infants? Sci Rep 2020; 10:10235. [PMID: 32581284 PMCID: PMC7314774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry to center-based childcare (CC) at three months of life can be an important challenge for infants as it includes major stressors such as long maternal separations and frequently changing caregivers. Stress and the new environment may in turn alter the composition of the gut microbiota with possible implications for future health outcomes. As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, we investigated whether CC, as compared to being cared for by the parents at home, alters the composition of the gut microbiota, while accounting for known covariates of the infant gut microbiota. Stool samples of infants who entered CC (n = 49) and control infants (n = 49) were obtained before and four weeks after CC entrance. Using Redundancy analysis, Random Forests and Bayesian linear models we found that infant gut microbiota was not affected in a uniform way by entry to CC. In line with the literature, breastfeeding, birth mode, age, and the presence of siblings were shown to significantly impact the microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben D A Hermes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik A Eckermann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Czajeczny D, Kabzińska K, Wójciak RW. FROM GREAT GENETICS TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGY – OUTLINE OF THE RESEARCH ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MICROBIOTA AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. POSTĘPY MIKROBIOLOGII - ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2020.59.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Keshavarzian A, Engen P, Bonvegna S, Cilia R. The gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: A culprit or a bystander? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:357-450. [PMID: 32247371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale metagenomics projects such as the Human Microbiome Project placed the gut microbiota under the spotlight of research on its role in health and in the pathogenesis several diseases, as it can be a target for novel therapeutical approaches. The emerging concept of a microbiota modulation of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored in several studies in animal models, as well as in human subjects. Particularly, research on changes in the composition of gut microbiota as a potential trigger for alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing interest. In the present review, we first provide the basis to the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in healthy subjects and the molecular basis of the gut-brain interaction, focusing on metabolic and neuroinflammatory factors that could trigger the alpha-synuclein conformational changes and aggregation. Then, we critically explored preclinical and clinical studies reporting on the changes in gut microbiota in PD, as compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiota and PD clinical features, discussing data consistently reported across studies, as well as the potential sources of inconsistencies. As a further step toward understanding the effects of gut microbiota on PD, we discussed the relationship between dysbiosis and response to dopamine replacement therapy, focusing on Levodopa metabolism. We conclude that further studies are needed to determine whether the gut microbiota changes observed so far in PD patients is the cause or, instead, it is merely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Regardless, studies so far strongly suggest that changes in microbiota appears to be impactful in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Thus, dysbiotic microbiota in PD could influence the disease course and response to medication, especially Levodopa. Future research will assess the impact of microbiota-directed therapeutic intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Movement Disorders Unit, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Liu YW, Hui HY, Tan ZJ. Progress in research of syndrome of diarrhea with Ganqi Chengpi. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:898-902. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i14.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea with Ganqi Chengpi syndrome is currently common. Traditional Chinese medicine has a significant clinical effect through syndrome differentiation and treatment, while Western medicine often only gives supportive treatment. Studying the mechanism of diarrhea and Ganqi Chengpi syndrome has an important guiding role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea. This article explores the understanding of diarrhea and Ganqi Chengpi syndrome, the pathogenic factors, the clinical application of classical prescriptions, and the micro-ecology of the intestinal tract, with an aim to provide a reference for the mechanism research, prevention, and treatment of diarrhea and Ganqi Chengpi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Liu
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hua-Ying Hui
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou-Jin Tan
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
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21
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The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092115. [PMID: 31035684 PMCID: PMC6539237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New research points to a possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the gut microbiota as many autistic children have co-occurring gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on specific alterations of gut microbiota mostly observed in autistic patients. Particularly, the mechanisms through which such alterations may trigger the production of the bacterial metabolites, or leaky gut in autistic people are described. Various altered metabolite levels were observed in the blood and urine of autistic children, many of which were of bacterial origin such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A less integrative gut-blood-barrier is abundant in autistic individuals. This explains the leakage of bacterial metabolites into the patients, triggering new body responses or an altered metabolism. Some other co-occurring symptoms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress in cells, altered tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier and structural changes in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum were also detected. Moreover, this paper suggests that ASD is associated with an unbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between ASD and gut microbiota is not yet well established, the consumption of specific probiotics may represent a side-effect free tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of bacterial-derived compounds as new possible biomarkers, associated with perturbation in the phenylalanine metabolism, as well as potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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22
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Brett BE, de Weerth C. The microbiota-gut-brain axis: A promising avenue to foster healthy developmental outcomes. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:772-782. [PMID: 30640409 PMCID: PMC6617777 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fostering healthy developmental growth in the first years of life is associated with numerous favorable cognitive, social, and economic outcomes. Funding and promoting research aimed at identifying potential targets for early intervention should be a top priority for lawmakers and funders. One promising avenue of research and potential early intervention is the microbiota–gut–brain axis. In this report, we briefly examine the role of the gut microbiota in human life, focusing on links with health, cognition, and behavior. We then discuss the development of the gut microbiota and the critical early window in which colonization occurs. Then, we review current nonnutritive means of influencing the gut microbiota in early life. Finally, we discuss the implications this work has for early intervention in low‐income communities and end with recommendations regarding further research and research funding priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie E Brett
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Chavira A, Belda-Ferre P, Kosciolek T, Ali F, Dorrestein PC, Knight R. The Microbiome and Its Potential for Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 260:301-326. [PMID: 31820171 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota (the microscopic organisms that inhabit us) and microbiome (their genes) hold considerable potential for improving pharmacological practice. Recent advances in multi-"omics" techniques have dramatically improved our understanding of the constituents of the microbiome and their functions. The implications of this research for human health, including microbiome links to obesity, drug metabolism, neurological diseases, cancer, and many other health conditions, have sparked considerable interest in exploiting the microbiome for targeted therapeutics. Links between microbial pathways and disease states further highlight a rich potential for companion diagnostics and precision medicine approaches. For example, the success of fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection has already started to redefine standard of care with a microbiome-directed therapy. In this review we briefly discuss the nature of human microbial ecosystems and with pathologies and biological processes linked to the microbiome. We then review emerging computational metagenomic, metabolomic, and wet lab techniques researchers are using today to learn about the roles host-microbial interactions have with respect to pharmacological purposes and vice versa. Finally, we describe how drugs affect the microbiome, how the microbiome can impact drug response in different people, and the potential of the microbiome itself as a source of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aries Chavira
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Belda-Ferre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Farhana Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Huitzil S, Sandoval-Motta S, Frank A, Aldana M. Modeling the Role of the Microbiome in Evolution. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1836. [PMID: 30618841 PMCID: PMC6307544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is undeniable evidence showing that bacteria have strongly influenced the evolution and biological functions of multicellular organisms. It has been hypothesized that many host-microbial interactions have emerged so as to increase the adaptive fitness of the holobiont (the host plus its microbiota). Although this association has been corroborated for many specific cases, general mechanisms explaining the role of the microbiota in the evolution of the host are yet to be understood. Here we present an evolutionary model in which a network representing the host adapts in order to perform a predefined function. During its adaptation, the host network (HN) can interact with other networks representing its microbiota. We show that this interaction greatly accelerates and improves the adaptability of the HN without decreasing the adaptation of the microbial networks. Furthermore, the adaptation of the HN to perform several functions is possible only when it interacts with many different bacterial networks in a specialized way (each bacterial network participating in the adaptation of one function). Disrupting these interactions often leads to non-adaptive states, reminiscent of dysbiosis, where none of the networks the holobiont consists of can perform their respective functions. By considering the holobiont as a unit of selection and focusing on the adaptation of the host to predefined but arbitrary functions, our model predicts the need for specialized diversity in the microbiota. This structural and dynamical complexity in the holobiont facilitates its adaptation, whereas a homogeneous (non-specialized) microbiota is inconsequential or even detrimental to the holobiont's evolution. To our knowledge, this is the first model in which symbiotic interactions, diversity, specialization and dysbiosis in an ecosystem emerge as a result of coevolution. It also helps us understand the emergence of complex organisms, as they adapt more easily to perform multiple tasks than non-complex ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Huitzil
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Santiago Sandoval-Motta
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Cátedras CONACyT, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Frank
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Member of El Colegio Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maximino Aldana
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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25
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Celiberto LS, Pinto RA, Rossi EA, Vallance BA, Cavallini DCU. Isolation and Characterization of Potentially Probiotic Bacterial Strains from Mice: Proof of Concept for Personalized Probiotics. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111684. [PMID: 30400640 PMCID: PMC6266017 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota through the use of probiotics has been widely used to treat or prevent several intestinal diseases. However, inconsistent results have compromised the efficacy of this approach, especially in severe conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of our study was to develop a personalized probiotic strategy and assess its efficacy in a murine model of intestinal inflammation. Commensal bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of healthy mice and then administered back to the host as a personalized treatment in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Colonic tissues were collected for histological analysis and to investigate inflammatory markers such as Il-1β, Il-6, TGF-β, and Il-10, and the enzyme myeloperoxidase as a neutrophil marker. The group that received the personalized probiotic showed reduced susceptibility to DSS-colitis as compared to a commercial probiotic. This protection was characterized by a lower disease activity index and reduced histopathological damage in the colon. Moreover, the personalized probiotic was more effective in modulating the host immune response, leading to decreased Il-1β and Il-6 and increased TGF-β and Il-10 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that personalized probiotics may possess an advantage over commercial probiotics in treating dysbiotic-related conditions, possibly because they are derived directly from the host's own microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Celiberto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Roseli Aparecida Pinto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizeu Antonio Rossi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Daniela C U Cavallini
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Sandgren AM, Brummer RJ. ADHD-originating in the gut? The emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The microbiota, which is comprised of the collective of all microbes inhabiting the gut and its effect on the human host in which it resides, has become a growing field of interest. Various parameters of health and disease have been found to be associated with the variation in the human gut microbiome. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated an important role of gut microbes in the development of various illnesses including autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Although the mechanism of the disease involves both genetic and environmental factors, lupus has been found to be affected by the composition of the microbes lining the intestines. Several recent studies have suggested that alterations of the gut microbial composition may be correlated with SLE disease manifestations, while the exact roles of either symbiotic or pathogenic microbes in this disease have yet to be explored. Elucidation of the roles of gut microbes in SLE will shed light on how this autoimmune disorder develops and provide opportunities for improved biomarkers of the disease and the potential to probe new therapies. This new knowledge, along with that enabling alteration in composition of the gut microbiome, via diet modification, antibiotic, and probiotics, may bring forward a new era in the future of lupus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Katz-Agranov
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Houston, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gisele Zandman-Goddard
- Department of Medicine C, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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28
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Luies L, Reenen MV, Ronacher K, Walzl G, Loots DT. Predicting tuberculosis treatment outcome using metabolomics. Biomark Med 2017; 11:1057-1067. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laneke Luies
- School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Mari van Reenen
- School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, Human Metabolomics, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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29
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A Perspective on Brain-Gut Communication: The American Gastroenterology Association and American Psychosomatic Society Joint Symposium on Brain-Gut Interactions and the Intestinal Microenvironment. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:847-856. [PMID: 27922565 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in brain-gut communication and the intestinal microenvironment have been implicated in a variety of medical and neuropsychiatric diseases. Three central areas require basic and clinical research: (1) how the intestinal microenvironment interacts with the host immune system, central nervous system, and enteric nervous system; (2) the role of the intestinal microenvironment in the pathogenesis of medical and neuropsychiatric disease; and (3) the effects of diet, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation on the intestinal microenvironment and the treatment of disease. METHODS This review article is based on a symposium convened by the American Gastroenterology Association and the American Psychosomatic Society to foster interest in the role of the intestinal microenvironment in brain-gut communication and pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and biopsychosocial disorders. The aims were to define the state of the art of the current scientific knowledge base and to identify guidelines and future directions for new research in this area. RESULTS This review provides a characterization of the intestinal microbial composition and function. We also provide evidence for the interactions between the intestinal microbiome, the host, and the environment. The role of the intestinal microbiome in medical and neuropsychiatric diseases is reviewed as well as the treatment effects of manipulation of the intestinal microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Based on this review, opportunities and challenges for conducting research in the field are described, leading to potential avenues for future research.
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Do bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:458-471. [PMID: 28918360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human body contains as many bacteria in the intestine as the total number of human body cells. These bacteria have a central position in human health and disease, and would also play a role in the regulation of emotions, behavior, and even higher cognitive functions. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) is a major physiological stress system that produces cortisol. This hormone is involved in responding to environmental stress and also shapes many aspects of brain development. Both the HPA axis and the intestinal microbiota show rapid and profound developmental changes during the first years of life. Early environmental disturbances can affect the development of both systems. Early adversity, for example, is known to lead to later unbalances in both, as well as to psychopathological behavior and emotions. The goal of this theoretical review is to summarize current knowledge on the developmental crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the HPA axis, providing a basis for understanding the development and bidirectional communication between these two essential systems in human functioning.
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Liang X, FitzGerald GA. Timing the Microbes: The Circadian Rhythm of the Gut Microbiome. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:505-515. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730417729066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories Cambridge Exploratory Science Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Garret A. FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
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Ly V, Bottelier M, Hoekstra PJ, Arias Vasquez A, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NN. Elimination diets' efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1067-1079. [PMID: 28190137 PMCID: PMC5591346 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in neurodevelopment. This insight has led to increasing research into the efficacy of nutrition-related interventions for treating neurodevelopmental disorders. This review discusses an elimination diet as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, with a focus on the efficacy of the food additives exclusion diet, gluten-free/casein-free diet and oligoantigenic diet. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms of elimination diets' effects in these neurodevelopmental disorders. The main candidate mechanism is the microbiome-gut-brain axis possibly involving complex interactions between multiple systems, including the metabolic, immune, endocrine, and neural system. We conclude with practical implications and future directions into the investigation of an elimination diet's efficacy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Ly
- Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Bottelier
- Triversum, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N Rommelse
- Karakter, Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gong H, Shi Y, Xiao X, Cao P, Wu C, Tao L, Hou D, Wang Y, Zhou L. Alterations of microbiota structure in the larynx relevant to laryngeal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5507. [PMID: 28710395 PMCID: PMC5511217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities that inhabit the laryngeal mucosa build stable microenvironments and have the potential to influence the health of the human throat. However, the associations between the microbiota structure and laryngeal carcinoma remain uncertain. Here, we explored this question by comparing the laryngeal microbiota structure in laryngeal cancer patients with that in control subjects with vocal cord polyps through high-throughput pyrosequencing. Overall, the genera Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella were prevalent bacterial populations in the laryngeal niche. Tumor tissue samples and normal tissues adjacent to the tumor sites (NATs) were collected from 31 laryngeal cancer patients, and the bacterial communities in laryngeal cancer patients were compared with control samples from 32 subjects. A comparison of the laryngeal communities in the tumor tissues and the NATs showed higher α-diversity in cancer patients than in control subjects, and the relative abundances of seven bacterial genera differed among the three groups of samples. Furthermore, the relative abundances of ten bacterial genera in laryngeal cancer patients differed substantially from those in control subjects. These findings indicate that the laryngeal microbiota profiles are altered in laryngeal cancer patients, suggesting that a disturbance of the microbiota structure might be relevant to laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gong
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| | - Xiyan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pengyu Cao
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dongsheng Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuezhu Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Sequencing Centre, 250 Bibo Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Bruce-Keller AJ, Fernandez-Kim SO, Townsend RL, Kruger C, Carmouche R, Newman S, Salbaum JM, Berthoud HR. Maternal obese-type gut microbiota differentially impact cognition, anxiety and compulsive behavior in male and female offspring in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175577. [PMID: 28441394 PMCID: PMC5404786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is known to predispose offspring to metabolic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. While the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are unclear, high fat diets dramatically alter intestinal microbiota, and gut microbiota can impact physiological function. To determine if maternal diet-induced gut dysbiosis can disrupt offspring neurobehavioral function, we transplanted high fat diet- (HFD) or control low fat diet-associated (CD) gut microbiota to conventionally-housed female mice. Recipient mice were then bred and the behavioral phenotype of male and female offspring was tracked. While maternal behavior was unaffected, neonatal offspring from HFD dams vocalized less upon maternal separation than pups from CD dams. Furthermore, weaned male offspring from HFD dams had significant and selective disruptions in exploratory, cognitive, and stereotypical/compulsive behavior compared to male offspring from CD dams; while female offspring from HFD dams had increases in body weight and adiposity. 16S metagenomic analyses confirmed establishment of divergent microbiota in CD and HFD dams, with alterations in diversity and taxonomic distribution throughout pregnancy and lactation. Likewise, significant alterations in gut microbial diversity and distribution were noted in offspring from HFD dams compared to CD dams, and in males compared to females. Regression analyses of behavioral performance against differentially represented taxa suggest that decreased representation of specific members of the Firmicutes phylum predict behavioral decline in male offspring. Collectively, these data establish that high fat diet-induced maternal dysbiosis is sufficient to disrupt behavioral function in murine offspring in a sex-specific manner. Thus these data reinforce the essential link between maternal diet and neurologic programming in offspring and suggest that intestinal dysbiosis could link unhealthy modern diets to the increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental and childhood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Sun-Ok Fernandez-Kim
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - R. Leigh Townsend
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Kruger
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Richard Carmouche
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Susan Newman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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Tao JH, Zhao M, Ling Y, Jiang S, Qiu WQ. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based Metabolic Profiles of Bioactive Components in Rehmannia glutinosa and Cornus officinalis Herb Pair by Rat Intestinal Bacteria. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Remote Sensing between Liver and Intestine: Importance of Microbial Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:101-113. [PMID: 28983453 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements including metagenomics sequencing and metabolomics have allowed the discovery of critical functions of gut microbiota in obesity, malnutrition, neurological disorders, asthma, and xenobiotic metabolism. Classification of the human gut microbiome into distinct "enterotypes" has been proposed to serve as a new paradigm for understanding the interplay between microbial variation and human disease phenotypes, as many organs are affected by gut microbiota modifications during the pathogenesis of diseases. Gut microbiota remotely interacts with liver and other metabolic organs of the host through various microbial metabolites that are absorbed into the systemic circulation. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes recent literature regarding the importance of gut microbiota in modulating the physiological and pathological responses of various host organs, and describes the functions of the known microbial metabolites that are involved in this remote sensing process, with a primary focus on the gut microbiota-liver axis. RECENT FINDINGS Under physiological conditions, gut microbiota modulates the hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, most notably down-regulating cytochrome P450 3a mediated xenobiotic metabolism. Gut microbiome also modulates the rhythmicity in liver gene expression, likely through microbial metabolites, such as butyrate and propionate that serve as epigenetic modifiers. Additionally, the production of host hormones such as primary bile acids and glucagon like peptide 1 is altered by gut microbiota to modify intermediary metabolism of the host. SUMMARY Dysregulation of gut microbiota is implicated in various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholangitis, and liver cancer. Gut microbiota modifiers such as probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly recognized as novel therapeutic modalities for liver and other types of human diseases.
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Tonob D, Melby MK. Broadening our perspectives on complementary and alternative medicine for menopause: A narrative review. Maturitas 2017; 99:79-85. [PMID: 28364873 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used for menopause, although not all women disclose use to their healthcare providers. This narrative review aims to expand providers' understanding of cross-cultural approaches to treating and managing menopause by providing an overarching framework and perspective on CAM treatments. Increased provider understanding and awareness may improve not only provider-patient communication but also effectiveness of treatments. The distinction between illness (what patients suffer) and disease (what physicians treat) highlights the gap between what patients seek and doctors provide, and may help clarify why many women seek CAM at menopause. For example, CAM is often sought by women for whom biomedicine has been unsuccessful or inaccessible. We review the relevance to menopause of three CAM categories: natural products, mind-body practices including meditation, and other complementary health approaches including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo. Assessing the effectiveness of CAM is challenging because of the individualized nature of illness patterns and associated treatments, which complicate the design of randomized controlled trials. Because many women seek CAM due to inefficacy of biomedical treatments, or cultural or economic marginalization, biomedical practitioners who make an effort to learn about CAM and ask patients about their CAM use or interest may dramatically improve the patient-provider relationship and rapport, as well as harnessing the 'meaning response' (Moerman, 2002) imbued in the clinical encounter. By working with women to integrate their CAM-related health-seeking behaviors and treatments, providers may also boost the efficacy of their own biomedical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Tonob
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Melissa K Melby
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, USA; College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
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Halpin AL, de Man TJB, Kraft CS, Perry KA, Chan AW, Lieu S, Mikell J, Limbago BM, McDonald LC. Intestinal microbiome disruption in patients in a long-term acute care hospital: A case for development of microbiome disruption indices to improve infection prevention. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:830-6. [PMID: 26905790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Composition and diversity of intestinal microbial communities (microbiota) are generally accepted as a risk factor for poor outcomes; however, we cannot yet use this information to prevent adverse outcomes. METHODS Stool was collected from 8 long-term acute care hospital patients experiencing diarrhea and 2 fecal microbiota transplant donors; 16S rDNA V1-V2 hypervariable regions were sequenced. Composition and diversity of each sample were described. Stool was also tested for Clostridium difficile, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Associations between microbiota diversity and demographic and clinical characteristics, including antibiotic use, were analyzed. RESULTS Antibiotic exposure and Charlson Comorbidity Index were inversely correlated with diversity (Spearman = -0.7). Two patients were positive for VRE; both had microbiomes dominated by Enterococcus faecium, accounting for 67%-84% of their microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic exposure correlated with diversity; however, other environmental and host factors not easily obtainable in a clinical setting are also known to impact the microbiota. Therefore, direct measurement of microbiome disruption by sequencing, rather than reliance on surrogate markers, might be most predictive of adverse outcomes. If and when microbiome characterization becomes a standard diagnostic test, improving our understanding of microbiome dynamics will allow for interpretation of results to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Tom J B de Man
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Colleen S Kraft
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - K Allison Perry
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Austin W Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Sung Lieu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Brandi M Limbago
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - L Clifford McDonald
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Abstract
The hologenome concept of evolution postulates that the holobiont (host plus symbionts) with its hologenome (host genome plus microbiome) is a level of selection in evolution. Multicellular organisms can no longer be considered individuals by the classical definitions of the term. Every natural animal and plant is a holobiont consisting of the host and diverse symbiotic microbes and viruses. Microbial symbionts can be transmitted from parent to offspring by a variety of methods, including via cytoplasmic inheritance, coprophagy, direct contact during and after birth, and the environment. A large number of studies have demonstrated that these symbionts contribute to the anatomy, physiology, development, innate and adaptive immunity, and behavior and finally also to genetic variation and to the origin and evolution of species. Acquisition of microbes and microbial genes is a powerful mechanism for driving the evolution of complexity. Evolution proceeds both via cooperation and competition, working in parallel.
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Wang L, Zeng B, Zhang X, Liao Z, Gu L, Liu Z, Zhong Q, Wei H, Fang X. The effect of green tea polyphenols on gut microbial diversity and fat deposition in C57BL/6J HFA mice. Food Funct 2016; 7:4956-4966. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01150k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbial composition have been linked to obesity and obesity-related complications, and eating pattern has been shown to significantly impact the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 40038
- China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Lihui Gu
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 40038
- China
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
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Fond G, Chevalier G, Eberl G, Leboyer M. [The potential role of microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: Mechanisms, preclinical data, gastro-intestinal comorbidities and therapeutic options]. Presse Med 2015; 45:7-19. [PMID: 26653939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While forecasts predict an increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders in the worldwide general population, the response rate to classical psychiatric treatment remains unsatisfactory. Resistance to psychotropic drugs can be due to clinical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic factors. Among these factors, recent animal findings suggest that microbiota may have an underestimated influence on its host's behavior and on drug metabolism that may explain ineffectiveness or increased side effects of psychiatric medications such as weight gain. The following issues were identified in the present review: (i) microbiota dysbiosis and putative consequences on central nervous system functioning; (ii) chronic microbiota dysbiosis-associated illnesses in humans; (iii) microbiota-oriented treatments and their potential therapeutic applications in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Inserm U955, équipe 15, université Paris-Est, fondation FondaMental, fondation de coopération scientifique, AP-HP, groupe hospitalo-universitaire Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, hôpital A.-Chenevier, pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - Grégoire Chevalier
- Institut Pasteur, unité de développement du tissu lymphoïde, 25, rue du Dr-Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, unité de développement du tissu lymphoïde, 25, rue du Dr-Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Inserm U955, équipe 15, université Paris-Est, fondation FondaMental, fondation de coopération scientifique, AP-HP, groupe hospitalo-universitaire Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, hôpital A.-Chenevier, pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
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Hu C, Wong FS, Wen L. Type 1 diabetes and gut microbiota: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Res 2015; 98:9-15. [PMID: 25747961 PMCID: PMC4469505 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Environmental factors play an important role in the initiation of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. With the improved control of infectious disease, the incidence of autoimmune diseases, particularly type 1 diabetes, has dramatically increased in developed countries. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Here we focus on recent advances in this field and provide a rationale for novel therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Muszer M, Noszczyńska M, Kasperkiewicz K, Skurnik M. Human Microbiome: When a Friend Becomes an Enemy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:287-98. [PMID: 25682593 PMCID: PMC4499106 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The microorganisms that inhabit humans are very diverse on different body sites and tracts. Each specific niche contains a unique composition of the microorganisms that are important for a balanced human physiology. Microbial cells outnumber human cells by tenfold and they function as an invisible organ that is called the microbiome. Excessive use of antibiotics and unhealthy diets pose a serious danger to the composition of the microbiome. An imbalance in the microbial community may cause pathological conditions of the digestive system such as obesity, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease; of the skin such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne and of the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis. An unbalanced microbiome has also been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and multiple sclerosis. While the microbiome has a strong impact on the development of the host immune system, it is suspected that it can also be the cause of certain autoimmune diseases, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the enormous progress in the field, the interactions between the human body and its microbiome still remain largely unknown. A better characterization of the interactions may allow for a deeper understanding of human disease states and help to elucidate a possible association between the composition of the microbiome and certain pathologies. This review focuses on general findings that are related to the area and provides no detailed information about the case of study. The aim is to give some initial insight on the studies of the microbiome and its connection with human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Muszer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
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Trotti LM, Saini P, Bliwise DL, Freeman AA, Jenkins A, Rye DB. Clarithromycin in γ-aminobutyric acid-Related hypersomnolence: A randomized, crossover trial. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:454-65. [PMID: 26094838 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some central hypersomnolence syndromes are associated with a positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors in cerebrospinal fluid. Negative allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, including clarithromycin, have been reported to reduce sleepiness in these patients. We sought to systematically assess the effects of clarithromycin on objective vigilance and subjective sleepiness. METHODS This was a 5-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial of clarithromycin 500mg with breakfast and lunch, in patients with hypersomnolence syndromes (excluding narcolepsy with cataplexy) and evidence for abnormal cerebrospinal fluid potentiation of GABA-A receptors. The study occurred at a university-affiliated medical center. The primary outcome measure was median reaction time on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) at week 2 in each condition. Secondary outcomes included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SF-36, and additional PVT measures. RESULTS Twenty-three patients began treatment. Three patients dropped out, and final analyses were performed on 20 complete cases. Median reaction time was not significantly different between clarithromycin and placebo. Subjective measures of sleepiness were significantly improved on clarithromycin versus placebo. Altered taste perception occurred, but was the only side effect more common on clarithromycin than placebo. No serious adverse events occurred. INTERPRETATION Subjective sleepiness, but not psychomotor vigilance, improved during a 2-week course of clarithromycin. Although additional studies are needed, this suggests that clarithromycin may be a reasonable treatment option in patients with treatment-refractory hypersomnolence. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01146600) and supported by the American Sleep Medicine Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Jenkins
- Department of Anesthesia, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David B Rye
- Department of Neurology and Emory Sleep Center
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Potgieter M, Bester J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:567-91. [PMID: 25940667 PMCID: PMC4487407 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a ‘sterile’ environment: it lacks proliferating microbes. Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, as intracellular dormancy is well established. We highlight here that a great many pathogens can survive in blood and inside erythrocytes. ‘Non-culturability’, reflected by discrepancies between plate counts and total counts, is commonplace in environmental microbiology. It is overcome by improved culturing methods, and we asked how common this would be in blood. A number of recent, sequence-based and ultramicroscopic studies have uncovered an authentic blood microbiome in a number of non-communicable diseases. The chief origin of these microbes is the gut microbiome (especially when it shifts composition to a pathogenic state, known as ‘dysbiosis’). Another source is microbes translocated from the oral cavity. ‘Dysbiosis’ is also used to describe translocation of cells into blood or other tissues. To avoid ambiguity, we here use the term ‘atopobiosis’ for microbes that appear in places other than their normal location. Atopobiosis may contribute to the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Overall, it seems that many more chronic, non-communicable, inflammatory diseases may have a microbial component than are presently considered, and may be treatable using bactericidal antibiotics or vaccines. Atopobiosis of microbes (the term describing microbes that appear in places other than where they should be), as well as the products of their metabolism, seems to correlate with, and may contribute to, the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
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Cresci GA. The gut microbiome: a new frontier for alcohol investigation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:947-9. [PMID: 25912525 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Cresci
- Department of Pathobiology and Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota regulation of the Mammalian gut-brain axis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:1-62. [PMID: 25911232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The realization that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in health and disease has emerged over the past decade. The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. Regulation of the microbiota-brain-gut axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, including that of the CNS. The routes of this communication are not fully elucidated but include neural, humoral, immune, and metabolic pathways. A number of approaches have been used to interrogate this axis including the use of germ-free animals, probiotic agents, antibiotics, or animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections. Together, it is clear that the gut microbiota can be a key regulator of mood, cognition, pain, and obesity. Understanding microbiota-brain interactions is an exciting area of research which may contribute new insights into individual variations in cognition, personality, mood, sleep, and eating behavior, and how they contribute to a range of neuropsychiatric diseases ranging from affective disorders to autism and schizophrenia. Finally, the concept of psychobiotics, bacterial-based interventions with mental health benefit, is also emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelijus Burokas
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rachel D Moloney
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tralau T, Sowada J, Luch A. Insights on the human microbiome and its xenobiotic metabolism: what is known about its effects on human physiology? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:411-25. [PMID: 25476418 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.990437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our microbiome harbours a metabolic capacity far beyond our own. Moreover, its gene pool is highly adaptable and subject to selective pressure, including host exposure to xenobiotics. Yet, the resulting adaptations do not necessarily follow host well-being and can therefore contribute to disease or unfavourable metabolite production. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of our host-microbiome relationship in light of bacterial (xenobiotic) metabolism, community dynamics, entero-endocrine crosstalk, dysbiosis and potential therapeutic targets. In addition, it will highlight the need for a systematic analysis of the microbiome's potential for substance toxification. EXPERT OPINION The influence of our microbiota reaches from primary metabolites to secondary effects such as substrate competition or the activation of eukaryotic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Further on it plays a hitherto underestimated role in drug metabolism, toxicity and pathogenesis. These effects are partly caused by entero-endocrine crosstalk and interference with eukaryotic regulatory networks. On first sight, the resulting concept of a metabolically competent microbiome adds enormous complexity to human physiology. Yet, the potential specificity of microbial targets harbours therapeutic promise for diseases such as diabetes, cancer and psychiatric disorders. A better physiological and biochemical understanding of the microbiome is thus of high priority for academia and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin , Germany
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Tennoune N, Legrand R, Ouelaa W, Breton J, Lucas N, Bole-Feysot C, do Rego JC, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Sex-related effects of nutritional supplementation of Escherichia coli: relevance to eating disorders. Nutrition 2014; 31:498-507. [PMID: 25701341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The biological background of sex-related differences in the development of eating disorders (EDs) is unknown. Recent data showed that gut bacteria Escherichia coli induce autoantibodies against anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) associated with psychopathology in ED. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of E. coli on feeding and autoantibodies against α-MSH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), between female and male rats. METHODS Commensal E. coli K12 were given in a culture medium daily to adult Wistar rats by intragastric gavage over a 3-wk period; control rats received culture medium only. RESULTS Before gavage, E. coli K12 DNA was detected in feces of female but not male rats. E. coli provision was accompanied by an increase in body weight gain in females, but a decrease in body weight gain and food intake in males. Independent of E. coli treatment, plasma levels of anti-α-MSH and ACTH immunoglobulin (Ig)G were higher in female than male rats. Females responded to E. coli by increasing α-MSH IgG levels and affinity, but males by increasing α-MSH IgM levels. Affinity of IgG for ACTH was increased in both E. coli-treated females and males, although with different kinetics. IgG from females stimulated more efficiently α-MSH-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by melanocortin 4 receptor-expressing cells compared with IgG from males. DISCUSSION Sex-related response to how E. coli affects feeding and anti-melanocortin hormone antibody production may depend on the presence of these bacteria in the gut before E. coli supplementation. These data suggest that sex-related presence of certain gut bacteria may represent a risk factor for ED development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Tennoune
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Wassila Ouelaa
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Animal behavior platform (SCAC), Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France.
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Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G, Regnault A, Eberl G, Hamdani N, Dickerson F, Macgregor A, Boyer L, Dargel A, Oliveira J, Tamouza R, Leboyer M. The "psychomicrobiotic": Targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 63:35-42. [PMID: 25468489 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly considered as a symbiotic partner in the maintenance of good health. Metagenomic approaches could help to discover how the complex gut microbial ecosystem participates in the control of the host's brain development and function, and could be relevant for future therapeutic developments, such as probiotics, prebiotics and nutritional approaches for psychiatric disorders. Previous reviews focused on the effects of microbiota on the central nervous system in in vitro and animal studies. The aim of the present review is to synthetize the current data on the association between microbiota dysbiosis and onset and/or maintenance of major psychiatric disorders, and to explore potential therapeutic opportunities targeting microbiota dysbiosis in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fond
- Inserm U955, FondaMental Foundation, Paris-Est university, Chenevier Hospital, AP-HP, GHU Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France.
| | - W Boukouaci
- Jean-Dausset Laboratory & Inserm, UMRS 940, Saint-Louis hospital, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - G Chevalier
- Unité de développement du tissu lymphoïde, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - A Regnault
- Inserm, Institut Pasteur, aviesan/institut multi-organismes immunologie, hématologie et pneumologie (ITMO IHP), bâtiment Biopark, 8, rue de la Croix Jarry 1(er) étage, 75013 Paris, France
| | - G Eberl
- Unité de développement du tissu lymphoïde, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - N Hamdani
- Inserm U955, FondaMental Foundation, Paris-Est university, Chenevier Hospital, AP-HP, GHU Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - F Dickerson
- Stanley Research Program, Sheppard Pratt Health System, 6501N, Charles Street, MD 21204 Baltimore, United States
| | - A Macgregor
- Inserm U1061, academic adult psychiatry department, Montpellier 1 university, La Colombière hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 191, avenue du doyen Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - L Boyer
- EA 3279-Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, School of Medicine, La Timone University, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - A Dargel
- Inserm U955, FondaMental Foundation, Paris-Est university, Chenevier Hospital, AP-HP, GHU Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - J Oliveira
- Jean-Dausset Laboratory & Inserm, UMRS 940, Saint-Louis hospital, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - R Tamouza
- Jean-Dausset Laboratory & Inserm, UMRS 940, Saint-Louis hospital, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - M Leboyer
- Inserm U955, FondaMental Foundation, Paris-Est university, Chenevier Hospital, AP-HP, GHU Mondor, DHU Pe-Psy, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, rue Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
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