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Kutsuna S, Ohbe H, Kanda N, Matsui H, Yasunaga H. Epidemiological Analysis of Legionella Pneumonia in Japan: A National Inpatient Database Study. J Epidemiol 2024; 34:365-371. [PMID: 38105002 PMCID: PMC11230878 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20230178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella pneumonia, a severe form of pneumonia, is caused by Legionella bacteria. The epidemiology of Legionnaires' disease in Japan, including seasonal trends, risk factors for severe disease, and fatality rates, is unclear. This study examined the epidemiology of Legionella pneumonia in Japan. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included data of adult patients hospitalized for Legionella pneumonia (identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code, A481) in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database, from April 2011 to March 2021. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to explore the prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of 7,370 enrolled hospitalized patients from 1,140 hospitals (male, 84.4%; aged >50 years, 87.9%), 469 (6.4%) died during hospitalization. The number of hospitalized patients increased yearly, from 658 in 2016 to 975 in 2020. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that higher in-hospital mortality was associated with older age, male sex, lower body mass index, worsened level of consciousness, comorbidities (congestive heart failure, chronic renal diseases, and metastasis), hospitalization from November to May, and ambulance use. However, lower in-hospital mortality was associated with comorbidity (liver diseases), hospitalization after 2013, and hospitalization in hospitals with higher case volume. CONCLUSION The characterized epidemiology of Legionella pneumonia in Japan revealed a high mortality rate of 6.4%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a higher mortality rate in winter and in patients with congestive heart failure and metastasis. Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay between the prognostic factors of Legionella pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kutsuna
- Department of Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohbe
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanda
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Seidel D, Wurster S, Jenks JD, Sati H, Gangneux JP, Egger M, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Ford NP, Chowdhary A, Sprute R, Cornely O, Thompson GR, Hoenigl M, Kontoyiannis DP. Impact of climate change and natural disasters on fungal infections. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e594-e605. [PMID: 38518791 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The effects of climate change and natural disasters on fungal pathogens and the risks for fungal diseases remain incompletely understood. In this literature review, we examined how fungi are adapting to an increase in the Earth's temperature and are becoming more thermotolerant, which is enhancing fungal fitness and virulence. Climate change is creating conditions conducive to the emergence of new fungal pathogens and is priming fungi to adapt to previously inhospitable environments, such as polluted habitats and urban areas, leading to the geographical spread of some fungi to traditionally non-endemic areas. Climate change is also contributing to increases in the frequency and severity of natural disasters, which can trigger outbreaks of fungal diseases and increase the spread of fungal pathogens. The populations mostly affected are the socially vulnerable. More awareness, research, funding, and policies on the part of key stakeholders are needed to mitigate the effects of climate change and disaster-related fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Seidel
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center of Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Jenks
- Durham County Department of Public Health, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hatim Sati
- Department of Global Coordination and Partnership on Antimicrobial Resistance, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Centre National de Référence des Mycoses et Antifongiques LA-AspC Aspergilloses Chroniques, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Matthias Egger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathan P Ford
- Department of HIV/AIDS and Global Hepatitis Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rosanne Sprute
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center of Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Cornely
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center of Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Koln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - George R Thompson
- University of California Davis Center for Valley Fever, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Division of Internal Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Williams RC, Farkas K, Garcia-Delgado A, Adwan L, Kevill JL, Cross G, Weightman AJ, Jones DL. Simultaneous detection and characterization of common respiratory pathogens in wastewater through genomic sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121612. [PMID: 38642537 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has given insight into the evolution and epidemiology of the virus and its variant lineages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expanding this approach to include a range of respiratory pathogens can better inform public health preparedness for potential outbreaks and epidemics. Here, we simultaneously sequenced 38 pathogens including influenza viruses, coronaviruses and bocaviruses, to examine the abundance and seasonality of respiratory pathogens in urban wastewater. We deployed a targeted bait capture method and short-read sequencing (Illumina Respiratory Virus Oligos Panel; RVOP) on composite wastewater samples from 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and one associated hospital site. By combining seasonal sampling with whole genome sequencing, we were able to concurrently detect and characterise a range of common respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus. We demonstrated that 38 respiratory pathogens can be detected at low abundances year-round, that hospital pathogen diversity is higher in winter vs. summer sampling events, and that significantly more viruses are detected in raw influent compared to treated effluent samples. Finally, we compared detection sensitivity of RT-qPCR vs. next generation sequencing for SARS-CoV-2, enteroviruses, influenza A/B, and respiratory syncytial viruses. We conclude that both should be used in combination; RT-qPCR allowed accurate quantification, whilst genomic sequencing detected pathogens at lower abundance. We demonstrate the valuable role of wastewater genomic surveillance and its contribution to the field of wastewater-based epidemiology, gaining rapid understanding of the seasonal presence and persistence for common respiratory pathogens. By simultaneously monitoring seasonal trends and early warning signs of many viruses circulating in communities, public health agencies can implement targeted prevention and rapid response plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Williams
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Alvaro Garcia-Delgado
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Latifah Adwan
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jessica L Kevill
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gareth Cross
- Science Evidence Advice Division, Health and Social Services Group, Welsh Government, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Weightman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
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Krishnan P, Malik A, Isath A, Bandyopadhyay D, Goel A, Parton L, Chandrasekharan P, Singh M. Nationwide Analysis of the Outcomes and Mortality of Hospitalized Infants with Concomitant Diagnosis of COVID-19. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e2727-e2734. [PMID: 37549883 DOI: 10.1055/a-2149-8810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generally causes milder illness in the pediatric population. However, infants represent a higher-risk population with evolving symptomatology and severity. There is a paucity of large population-based data on the impact of COVID-19 on hospitalized infants. STUDY DESIGN In this large cohort study, the National Inpatient Sample database was queried for all infant hospital admissions between January and December 2020 in the United States, with and without a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on ICD-10-CM U07. The mortality and morbidity of infants with and without COVID-19 were evaluated. Parent-reported race and outcomes were also analyzed. RESULTS A weighted total of 3,754,236 infants who were hospitalized were identified, of which 4,265 patients (0.11%) had a concomitant diagnosis of COVID-19. Infants with COVID-19 had similar mortality and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilization. Infants with concomitant COVID-19 had a higher rate of respiratory failure, congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury, and coagulopathy. Compared with Caucasian infants and Asian infants, Hispanic and African American infants were more likely to have COVID-19 hospital admissions than hospitalizations without COVID-19 diagnosis. Patients with lower median household income represented the majority of the COVID-19 hospitalization. The infants with COVID-19 were more likely to have Medicaid or Medicare insurance and less likely to have private insurance. CONCLUSION In this large cohort of hospitalized infants with COVID-19, the infection was associated with complications, including respiratory failure and endotracheal intubations but not associated with a higher risk for mortality. Infants from racial minorities and lower socioeconomic strata carry the highest burden of COVID-19 infection. KEY POINTS · Infants with COVID-19 represent a higher-risk group with evolving symptomatology and severity.. · Infants with COVID-19 had similar mortality rates and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilization as those without COVID-19.. · Racial minorities and lower socioeconomic strata carry the highest burden of COVID-19 infection..
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Krishnan
- Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Aaqib Malik
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Ameesh Isath
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Akshay Goel
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Lance Parton
- Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Praveen Chandrasekharan
- Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, UBMD Pediatrics, Buffalo, New York
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Vanalli C, Mari L, Casagrandi R, Gatto M, Cattadori IM. Helminth ecological requirements shape the impact of climate change on the hazard of infection. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14386. [PMID: 38403295 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks and spread of infectious diseases are often associated with seasonality and environmental changes, including global warming. Free-living stages of soil-transmitted helminths are highly susceptible to climatic drivers; however, how multiple climatic variables affect helminth species, and the long-term consequences of these interactions, is poorly understood. We used experiments on nine trichostrongylid species of herbivores to develop a temperature- and humidity-dependent model of infection hazard, which was then implemented at the European scale under climate change scenarios. Intestinal and stomach helminths exhibited contrasting climatic responses, with the former group strongly affected by temperature while the latter primarily impacted by humidity. Among the demographic traits, larval survival heavily modulated the infection hazard. According to the specific climatic responses of the two groups, climate change is expected to generate differences in the seasonal and spatial shifts of the infection hazard and group co-circulation. In the future, an intensification of these trends could create new opportunities for species range expansion and co-occurrence at European central-northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vanalli
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Fan G, Zhou Y, Zhou F, Yu Z, Gu X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhou M, Cao B. The mortality and years of life lost for community-acquired pneumonia before and during COVID-19 pandemic in China. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 42:100968. [PMID: 38022712 PMCID: PMC10679495 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, but disease burden of CAP is not clear so far. We aim to explore the spatial and temporal trends of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) due to CAP during 2013-2021 in mainland China, especially the mortality changes before and during COVID-19 pandemic due to COVID-19 related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Methods We used data from the National Mortality Surveillance System to estimate the age-standardized rates of death and YLL of CAP at national and provincial level in China during 2013-2021. Monthly and provincial NPIs data were obtained from Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. The Average annual percentage change (AAPC) and mortality reduction were estimated by log-linear regression and interrupted time series, respectively. Findings In China, most CAP that caused deaths had no clear etiology, and bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia were the leading 2 causes among CAP deaths with determined etiology before and during COVID-19 pandemic. The age-standardized CAP mortality rate decreased from 11.18 per 100,000 in 2013 to 8.76 per 100,000 in 2019, and to 5.74 per 100,000 in 2021 (AAPC -4.51% vs -7.89%). Trends were similar in age-standardized rate of YLL. Both rates declined more for viral pneumonia, compared with bacterial pneumonia. After adjusting for NPIs at provincial level after 2020, the NPIs for COVID-19 was associated with significant reductions in CAP mortality (-0.34 per 100,000, -0.41 to -0.27; p < 0.0001), and provinces that economically developed and conducted strict regular NPIs against COVID-19 contributed the most reduction. Interpretation We observed a decreasing trend of age-standardized CAP mortality from 2013 to 2019, and a dramatical reduction during COVID-19 pandemic, especially for viral pneumonia. Our study provided the evidence for the effectiveness of regular NPIs on the significant reductions in CAP mortality. Funding This work has been supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project Z191100006619101, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2021-I2M-1-048), CAMS Institute of Respiratory Medicine Grant for Young Scholars (2023-ZF-8) and the New Cornerstone Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Fan
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongguang Yu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Viertel K, Feles E, Schulte M, Annecke T, Mattner F. Serum concentration of continuously administered vancomycin influences efficacy and safety in critically ill adults: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:107005. [PMID: 37839714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vancomycin is used to treat Gram-positive infections in critically ill adults. For vancomycin administered by continuous infusion (CI), various target ranges have been used, ranging from 15-20 mg/L to 30-40 mg/L. This systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the impact of steady-state serum concentration (Css) of CI on safety and efficacy of therapy in critically ill adults. METHODS Relevant literature was identified by searching two electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library) and Google Scholar from inception until July 2023, focusing on studies reporting measured Css and treatment outcomes (e.g. mortality, nephrotoxicity) with CI. Due to study heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis of the evidence was performed. RESULTS Twenty-one publications were included with a total of 2949 patients. Mortality was higher (two studies, n = 388 patients) and clinical cure was lower (one study, n = 40 patients) with Css < 15 mg/L measured 24 h after initiation of CI (C24). An adequate loading dose appeared most important for maintaining higher C24. Generally, higher Css was associated with higher rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) (15 studies, n = 2331 patients). It was calculated that Css < 25 mg/L (versus ≥25 mg/L) was preferable for reducing nephrotoxicity (three studies, n = 515 patients). CONCLUSIONS Despite sparse data availability, the target range of 15-25 mg/L in CI may increase clinical cure and reduce mortality and AKI. In future research, vancomycin Css cohorts should be formed to allow evaluation of the impact of Css of CI on treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Viertel
- Central Pharmacy, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Hygiene, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany; Division of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Feles
- Central Pharmacy, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Hygiene, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany; Division of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Melanie Schulte
- Central Pharmacy, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Annecke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frauke Mattner
- Institute of Hygiene, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany; Division of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany
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8
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Murari A, Gelfusa M, Craciunescu T, Gelfusa C, Gaudio P, Bovesecchi G, Rossi R. Effects of environmental conditions on COVID-19 morbidity as an example of multicausality: a multi-city case study in Italy. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1222389. [PMID: 37965519 PMCID: PMC10642182 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1222389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan city, in the Hubei province of China. Since then, it has spread practically all over the world, disrupting many human activities. In temperate climates overwhelming evidence indicates that its incidence increases significantly during the cold season. Italy was one of the first nations, in which COVID-19 reached epidemic proportions, already at the beginning of 2020. There is therefore enough data to perform a systematic investigation of the correlation between the spread of the virus and the environmental conditions. The objective of this study is the investigation of the relationship between the virus diffusion and the weather, including temperature, wind, humidity and air quality, before the rollout of any vaccine and including rapid variation of the pollutants (not only their long term effects as reported in the literature). Regarding them methodology, given the complexity of the problem and the sparse data, robust statistical tools based on ranking (Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients) and innovative dynamical system analysis techniques (recurrence plots) have been deployed to disentangle the different influences. In terms of results, the evidence indicates that, even if temperature plays a fundamental role, the morbidity of COVID-19 depends also on other factors. At the aggregate level of major cities, air pollution and the environmental quantities affecting it, particularly the wind intensity, have no negligible effect. This evidence should motivate a rethinking of the public policies related to the containment of this type of airborne infectious diseases, particularly information gathering and traffic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Murari
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Università di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Padua, Italy
- Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi, CNR, Padua, Italy
| | - Michela Gelfusa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Teddy Craciunescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Claudio Gelfusa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gaudio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bovesecchi
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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9
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Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Keppeler EC, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endoparasite Communities of Fish at Different Trophic Levels in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Human, Environmental and Seasonal Influence. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:612-636. [PMID: 37395992 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The composition of the fish parasite community depends on several factors related to the environment, the host and its biology. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental factors in anthropized and conserved areas on the endoparasite community structure in fish at different trophic levels, in addition to verifying that some species of Digenea are indicators of conserved environments. METHODS The study was carried out in the Upper Juruá River region, Western Amazon, Brazil. Six sampling sites were selected in this region and grouped in conserved and degraded environments. Fish were caught from periods of drought and flood, using passive and active sampling methods. Fish collected were measured, weighed, necropsied and the parasites found were counted, fixed, and subjected to morphological analysis. Physical and chemical variables and environmental characteristics were measured in all sites. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that environmental variables in a floodplain system can influence the richness, diversity, composition and abundance of endoparasites in hosts at different trophic levels. In addition, anthropized environments may favor the abundance of some generalist parasites and present a more homogeneous biota between seasonal periods compared to conserved environments. CONCLUSION Study contributed with information supporting the importance of conservation of aquatic environments, and demonstrated that fish parasites can be excellent indicators of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucena Rocha Virgilio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
| | - Fabricia da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Erlei Cassiano Keppeler
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Dionatas Ulises de Oliveira Meneguetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
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Han Y, Hellgren O, Wu Q, Liu J, Jin T, Bensch S, Ding P. Seasonal variations of intensity of avian malaria infection in the Thousand Island Lake System, China. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:218. [PMID: 37403099 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migratory birds play an important part in the spread of parasites, with more or less impact on resident birds. Previous studies focus on the prevalence of parasites, but changes in infection intensity over time have rarely been studied. As infection intensity can be quantified by qPCR, we measured infection intensity during different seasons, which is important for our understanding of parasite transmission mechanisms. METHODS Wild birds were captured at the Thousand Island Lake with mist nets and tested for avian hemosporidiosis infections using nested PCR. Parasites were identified using the MalAvi database. Then, we used qPCR to quantify the infection intensity. We analyzed the monthly trends of intensity for all species and for different migratory status, parasite genera and sexes. RESULTS Of 1101 individuals, 407 were infected (37.0%) of which 95 were newly identified and mainly from the genus Leucocytozoon. The total intensity trend shows peaks at the start of summer, during the breeding season of hosts and during the over-winter season. Different parasite genera show different monthly trends. Plasmodium causes high prevalence and infection intensity of winter visitors. Female hosts show significant seasonal trends of infection intensity. CONCLUSIONS The seasonal changes of infection intensity is consistent with the prevalence. Peaks occur early and during the breeding season and then there is a downward trend. Spring relapses and avian immunity are possible reasons that could explain this phenomenon. In our study, winter visitors have a higher prevalence and infection intensity, but they rarely share parasites with resident birds. This shows that they were infected with Plasmodium during their departure or migration and rarely transmit the disease to resident birds. The different infection patterns of different parasite species may be due to vectors or other ecological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Olof Hellgren
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Qiang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tinghao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Staffan Bensch
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ping Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
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Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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12
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Ellebaek E, Schina A, Schmidt H, Haslund CA, Bastholt L, Svane IM, Donia M. Seasonal variation in effect of anti-PD-1 initiation on overall survival among patients with advanced melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:224-231. [PMID: 36263468 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly immunogenic cancer, and circannual rhythms influence the activity of the immune system. We retrospectively collected information on all cases with metastatic melanoma (ocular melanoma excluded) that initiated treatment with BRAF-inhibitor-based therapy (BRAFi) or anti-PD-1 monotherapy (PD-1). Cases were divided in two groups based on treatment initiation in the summer half-year (April to September) or winter half-year (October to March). We collected a total of 1054 (BRAF-i) and 1205 (PD-1) patient cases. Median follow-up was 39.7 (BRAFi) and 47.5 (PD-1) months. We did not observe differences in outcomes across patients who were treated in summer versus winter in the BRAFi cohort. Furthermore, we did not observe significant differences in ORR, CRR, and PFS in the PD-1 cohort. However, in patients with BRAF wild-type disease of the PD-1 cohort, treatment initiation in summer was associated with an improved OS (mOS 39.7 months [summer] versus 21.3 months [winter]; HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.86, p = .0007). This result remained robust to multivariable proportional hazards adjustment (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.87, p = .001). Initiation of immunotherapy in summer is associated with prolonged survival in patients with BRAF wild-type melanoma living in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ellebaek
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Aimilia Schina
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Rawson T, Doohan P, Hauck K, Murray KA, Ferguson N. Climate change and communicable diseases in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Epidemics 2023; 42:100667. [PMID: 36652872 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of the extant literature reveals the extent to which the spread of communicable diseases will be significantly impacted by climate change. Specific research into how this will likely be observed in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is, however, greatly lacking. This report summarises the unique public health challenges faced by the GCC countries in the coming century, and outlines the need for greater investment in public health research and disease surveillance to better forecast the imminent epidemiological landscape. Significant data gaps currently exist regarding vector occurrence, spatial climate measures, and communicable disease case counts in the GCC - presenting an immediate research priority for the region. We outline policy work necessary to strengthen public health interventions, and to facilitate evidence-driven mitigation strategies. Such research will require a transdisciplinary approach, utilising existing cross-border public health initiatives, to ensure that such investigations are well-targeted and effectively communicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rawson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Patrick Doohan
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharina Hauck
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kris A Murray
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Neil Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Martel J, Chang SH, Chevalier G, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Influence of electromagnetic fields on the circadian rhythm: Implications for human health and disease. Biomed J 2023; 46:48-59. [PMID: 36681118 PMCID: PMC10105029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved within the natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of the earth which comprise the global atmospheric electrical circuit, Schumann resonances (SRs) and the geomagnetic field. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm, which controls several physiological functions in the human body, can be influenced by light but also by the earth's EMFs. Cyclic solar disturbances, including sunspots and seasonal weakening of the geomagnetic field, can affect human health, possibly by disrupting the circadian rhythm and downstream physiological functions. Severe disruption of the circadian rhythm increases inflammation which can induce fatigue, fever and flu-like symptoms in a fraction of the population and worsen existing symptoms in old and diseased individuals, leading to periodic spikes of infectious and chronic diseases. Possible mechanisms underlying sensing of the earth's EMFs involve entrainment via electrons and electromagnetic waves, light-dependent radical pair formation in retina cryptochromes, and paramagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Factors such as electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices, base antennas and low orbit internet satellites, shielding by non-conductive materials used in shoes and buildings, and local geomagnetic anomalies may also affect sensing of the earth's EMFs by the human body and contribute to circadian rhythm disruption and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gaétan Chevalier
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John D Young
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yin J, Liu T, Tang F, Chen D, Sun L, Song S, Zhang S, Wu J, Li Z, Xing W, Wang X, Ding G. Effects of ambient temperature on influenza-like illness: A multicity analysis in Shandong Province, China, 2014-2017. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1095436. [PMID: 36699880 PMCID: PMC9868675 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1095436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The associations between ambient temperature and influenza-like illness (ILI) have been investigated in previous studies. However, they have inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of ambient temperature on ILI in Shandong Province, China. Methods Weekly ILI surveillance and meteorological data over 2014-2017 of the Shandong Province were collected from the Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the China Meteorological Data Service Center, respectively. A distributed lag non-linear model was adopted to estimate the city-specific temperature-ILI relationships, which were used to pool the regional-level and provincial-level estimates through a multivariate meta-analysis. Results There were 911,743 ILI cases reported in the study area between 2014 and 2017. The risk of ILI increased with decreasing weekly ambient temperature at the provincial level, and the effect was statistically significant when the temperature was <-1.5°C (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.00-1.54). We found that the relationship between temperature and ILI showed an L-shaped curve at the regional level, except for Southern Shandong (S-shaped). The risk of ILI was influenced by cold, with significant lags from 2.5 to 3 weeks, and no significant effect of heat on ILI was found. Conclusion Our findings confirm that low temperatures significantly increased the risk of ILI in the study area. In addition, the cold effect of ambient temperature may cause more risk of ILI than the hot effect. The findings have significant implications for developing strategies to control ILI and respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Center for Big Data Research in Health and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ti Liu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Center for Big Data Research in Health and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongzhen Chen
- Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Liaocheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoxia Song
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengyang Zhang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Julong Wu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weijia Xing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Weijia Xing ✉
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China,Xianjun Wang ✉
| | - Guoyong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Guoyong Ding ✉
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Scholkmann F, Zohdi H, Wolf M, Wolf U. Infradian Rhythms in Cerebrovascular Oxygenation and Blood Volume in Humans at Rest: A 5-Year Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1438:37-44. [PMID: 37845437 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42003-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All parameters of human physiology show chronobiological variability. While circadian (cycle length ~ 24 h) rhythms of the neuronal, hemodynamic and metabolic aspects of human brain activity are increasingly being explored, infradian (cycle length > 24 h) rhythms are largely unexplored. AIM We investigated if cerebrovascular oxygen saturation (StO2) and blood volume ([tHb]) values measured over many years in many subjects during resting show infradian rhythmicity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Absolute StO2 and [tHb] values (median over a 5 min resting-phase while sitting) were measured in 220 healthy subjects (age: 24.7 ± 3.6 years, 87 males, 133 females) 2-4 times on different days over the right and left frontal lobe (FL) and occipital lobe (OL) by employing frequency-domain NIRS as part of different systemic physiology augmented functional near-infrared spectroscopy, SPA-fNIRS, studies. The data set consisted of 708 single measurements performed over a timespan of 5 years (2017-2021). General additive models (GAM) and cosinor modelling were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The GAM analysis revealed (i) a non-linear trend in the StO2 and [tHb] values over the 5-year span, (ii) a circannual (cycle length ~ 12 months) rhythm in StO2 at the FL (amplitude (A): 3.4%, acrophase (φ): June) and OL (A: 1.5%, φ: May) as well as in [tHb] at the OL (A: 1.2 μM, bathyphase (θ): June), and (iii) a circasemiannual (cycle length ~ 6 months) rhythm in [tHb] at the FL (A: 2.7 μM, φ: March and September, respectively). Furthermore, the circannual oscillations of StO2 (at the FL) and [tHb] (at the OL) were statistically significantly correlated with the day length, outdoor temperature, humidity and air pressure. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We conclude that absolute values of StO2 and [tHb] show chronobiological variability on the group-level with a long-term nonlinear trend as well as circannual/circasemiannual rhythmicity. These rhythms need to be taken into account when defining reference values for StO2 and [tHb] and may correlate with the variability of cerebrovascular disease incidents over the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholkmann
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hamoon Zohdi
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bandopadhyay S, Gupta AD, Banerjee A, Gupta P. Bitesize Epidemiology for General Awareness of All Students - I. RESONANCE 2023; 28. [PMCID: PMC10030195 DOI: 10.1007/s12045-023-1563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first part of a two-part series article. Recently, we have been in the middle of a difficult time due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Pandemics or global epidemics are not new to humankind; they have occurred many times in history. The discourse of epidemiology describes mainly the causal factors which need to be mitigated to prevent or combat the effects of epidemics. In epidemiology, we are not concerned for a person, but rather every individual globally, to make life healthier for all. In this article, we will discuss the basics of epidemiological practice that scientists have used for centuries to prevent epidemics with great results. Overall, we plan for better global health aided by epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini Bandopadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Angana Das Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Asesh Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
| | - Prabuddha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajarhat Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 135 India
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Rittweger J, Gilardi L, Baltruweit M, Dally S, Erbertseder T, Mittag U, Naeem M, Schmid M, Schmitz MT, Wüst S, Dech S, Jordan J, Antoni T, Bittner M. Temperature and particulate matter as environmental factors associated with seasonality of influenza incidence - an approach using Earth observation-based modeling in a health insurance cohort study from Baden-Württemberg (Germany). Environ Health 2022; 21:131. [PMID: 36527040 PMCID: PMC9755806 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza seasonality has been frequently studied, but its mechanisms are not clear. Urban in-situ studies have linked influenza to meteorological or pollutant stressors. Few studies have investigated rural and less polluted areas in temperate climate zones. OBJECTIVES We examined influences of medium-term residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NO2, SO2, air temperature and precipitation on influenza incidence. METHODS To obtain complete spatial coverage of Baden-Württemberg, we modeled environmental exposure from data of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and of the Copernicus Climate Change Service. We computed spatiotemporal aggregates to reflect quarterly mean values at post-code level. Moreover, we prepared health insurance data to yield influenza incidence between January 2010 and December 2018. We used generalized additive models, with Gaussian Markov random field smoothers for spatial input, whilst using or not using quarter as temporal input. RESULTS In the 3.85 million cohort, 513,404 influenza cases occurred over the 9-year period, with 53.6% occurring in quarter 1 (January to March), and 10.2%, 9.4% and 26.8% in quarters 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Statistical modeling yielded highly significant effects of air temperature, precipitation, PM2.5 and NO2. Computation of stressor-specific gains revealed up to 3499 infections per 100,000 AOK clients per year that are attributable to lowering ambient mean air temperature from 18.71 °C to 2.01 °C. Stressor specific gains were also substantial for fine particulate matter, yielding up to 502 attributable infections per 100,000 clients per year for an increase from 7.49 μg/m3 to 15.98 μg/m3. CONCLUSIONS Whilst strong statistical association of temperature with other stressors makes it difficult to distinguish between direct and mediated temperature effects, results confirm genuine effects by fine particulate matter on influenza infections for both rural and urban areas in a temperate climate. Future studies should attempt to further establish the mediating mechanisms to inform public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lorenza Gilardi
- German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Maxana Baltruweit
- Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Baden-Württemberg (AOK-BW), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Dally
- Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Baden-Württemberg (AOK-BW), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thilo Erbertseder
- German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Schmitz
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Wüst
- German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Stefan Dech
- German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147, Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Antoni
- Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Baden-Württemberg (AOK-BW), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Bittner
- German Remote Sensing Data Center, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
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Li J, Lau C, Anderson N, Burrows F, Mirdad F, Carlos L, Pitman AJ, Muthiah K, Darley DR, Andresen D, Macdonald P, Marriott D, Dharan NJ. Multispecies Outbreak of Nocardia Infections in Heart Transplant Recipients and Association with Climate Conditions, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2155-2164. [PMID: 36287030 PMCID: PMC9622252 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.220262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme weather conditions, coupled with greater susceptibility to opportunistic infection, could explain this outbreak. A multispecies outbreak of Nocardia occurred among heart transplant recipients (HTR), but not lung transplant recipients (LTR), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, during 2018–2019. We performed a retrospective review of 23 HTR and LTR who had Nocardia spp. infections during June 2015–March 2021, compared risk factors for Nocardia infection, and evaluated climate conditions before, during, and after the period of the 2018–2019 outbreak. Compared with LTR, HTR had a shorter median time from transplant to Nocardia diagnosis, higher prevalence of diabetes, greater use of induction immunosuppression with basiliximab, and increased rates of cellular rejection before Nocardia diagnosis. During the outbreak, Sydney experienced the lowest monthly precipitation and driest surface levels compared with time periods directly before and after the outbreak. Increased immunosuppression of HTR compared with LTR, coupled with extreme weather conditions during 2018–2019, may explain this outbreak of Nocardia infections in HTR.
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20
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Ng H, Li Y, Zhang T, Lu Y, Wong C, Ni J, Zhao Q. Association between multiple meteorological variables and seasonal influenza A and B virus transmission in Macau. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Beckley MA, Shrestha S, Singh KK, Portman MA. The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017401. [PMID: 36300112 PMCID: PMC9592088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis, especially of the coronary arteries, affecting children. Despite extensive research, much is still unknown about the principal driver behind the amplified inflammatory response. We propose mitochondria may play a critical role. Mitochondria serve as a central hub, influencing energy generation, cell proliferation, and bioenergetics. Regulation of these biological processes, however, comes at a price. Release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm acts as damage-associated molecular patterns, initiating the development of inflammation. As a source of reactive oxygen species, they facilitate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Kawasaki disease involves many of these inflammatory pathways. Progressive mitochondrial dysfunction alters the activity of immune cells and may play a role in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Because they contain their own genome, mitochondria are susceptible to mutation which can propagate their dysfunction and immunostimulatory potential. Population-specific variants in mitochondrial DNA have also been linked to racial disparities in disease risk and treatment response. Our objective is to critically examine the current literature of mitochondria’s role in coordinating proinflammatory signaling pathways, focusing on potential mitochondrial dysfunction in Kawasaki disease. No association between impaired mitochondrial function and Kawasaki disease exists, but we suggest a relationship between the two. We hypothesize a framework of mitochondrial determinants that may contribute to ethnic/racial disparities in the progression of Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla A. Beckley
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mikayla A. Beckley,
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael A. Portman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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22
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Molinari PC, Dahl GE, Sheldon IM, Bromfield JJ. Effect of calving season on metritis incidence and bacterial content of the vagina in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2022; 191:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Rosa GM, Perez R, Richards LA, Richards‐Zawacki CL, Smilanich AM, Reinert LK, Rollins‐Smith LA, Wetzel DP, Voyles J. Seasonality of host immunity in a tropical disease system. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rachel Perez
- Department of Biology New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | | | | | - Laura K. Reinert
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Louise A. Rollins‐Smith
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Daniel P. Wetzel
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
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24
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Kaye AR, Hart WS, Bromiley J, Iwami S, Thompson RN. A direct comparison of methods for assessing the threat from emerging infectious diseases in seasonally varying environments. J Theor Biol 2022; 548:111195. [PMID: 35716723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in environmental conditions lead to changing infectious disease epidemic risks at different times of year. The probability that early cases initiate a major epidemic depends on the season in which the pathogen enters the population. The instantaneous epidemic risk (IER) can be tracked. This quantity is straightforward to calculate, and corresponds to the probability of a major epidemic starting from a single case introduced at time t=t0, assuming that environmental conditions remain identical from that time onwards (i.e. for all t≥t0). However, the threat when a pathogen enters the population in fact depends on changes in environmental conditions occurring within the timescale of the initial phase of the outbreak. For that reason, we compare the IER with a different metric: the case epidemic risk (CER). The CER corresponds to the probability of a major epidemic starting from a single case entering the population at time t=t0, accounting for changes in environmental conditions after that time. We show how the IER and CER can be calculated using different epidemiological models (the stochastic Susceptible-Infectious-Removed model and a stochastic host-vector model that is parameterised using temperature data for Miami) in which transmission parameters vary temporally. While the IER is always easy to calculate numerically, the adaptable method we provide for calculating the CER for the host-vector model can also be applied easily and solved using widely available software tools. In line with previous research, we demonstrate that if a pathogen is likely to either invade the population or fade out on a fast timescale compared to changes in environmental conditions, the IER closely matches the CER. However, if this is not the case, the IER and the CER can be significantly different, and so the CER should be used. This demonstrates the need to consider future changes in environmental conditions carefully when assessing the risk posed by emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kaye
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - W S Hart
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Bromiley
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Iwami
- Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - R N Thompson
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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25
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Sapounas S, Bistaraki A, Jahaj E, Kotanidou A, Lagiou P, Magiorkinis G. Cold-Season Epidemic Dynamics of COVID-19 in Two Major Metropolitan Areas in Greece: Hypotheses and Implications for Public Health Interventions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:861185. [PMID: 35707523 PMCID: PMC9189356 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.861185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, follow seasonal transmission dynamics. Analyzing the social and environmental mechanics of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 over the first cold season provides insight into designing targeted interventions. We analyzed all fully anonymized SARS-CoV-2 case data in two metropolitan areas, Attika and Thessaloniki, diagnosed between September 1st and December 31st, 2020. The emergence of the second wave in Greece occurred in October-November. SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses in Thessaloniki increased quasi-exponentially in mid-October, coinciding with the increase in the proportion of diagnoses in young people aged 18–39. The same pattern was observed in Attika with an almost 2-week delay, even though Attika had a higher prevalence of cases throughout summer until the second wave. Crucially, the nighttime temperature in Thessaloniki dropped below 18°C 3 weeks earlier than that in Attika. Epidemic growth was independently associated with the proportion of cases attributed to the 18–39 age group as well as with the drop in nighttime temperature below 18°C in both metropolitan areas but with a time difference. This pattern can be explained by a shift of nighttime entertainment activities from open-air to closed spaces, which occurs as nighttime temperature drops. Vaccination of young individuals can be crucial in decelerating the cold-season dynamics of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeliki Bistaraki
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece
| | - Edison Jahaj
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services - Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services - Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Gkikas Magiorkinis
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26
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Lofgren E, Naumova EN, Gorski J, Naumov Y, Fefferman NH. How Drivers of Seasonality in Respiratory Infections May Impact Vaccine Strategy: A Case Study in How Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) May Help Us Solve One of Influenza's Biggest Challenges. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S121-S129. [PMID: 35607766 PMCID: PMC9213832 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against seasonal infections like influenza offer a recurring testbed, encompassing challenges in design, implementation, and uptake to combat a both familiar and ever-shifting threat. One of the pervading mysteries of influenza epidemiology is what causes the distinctive seasonal outbreak pattern. Proposed theories each suggest different paths forward in being able to tailor precision vaccines and/or deploy them most effectively. One of the greatest challenges in contrasting and supporting these theories is, of course, that there is no means by which to actually test them. In this communication we revisit theories and explore how the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic might provide a unique opportunity to better understand the global circulation of respiratory infections. We discuss how vaccine strategies may be targeted and improved by both isolating drivers and understanding the immunological consequences of seasonality, and how these insights about influenza vaccines may generalize to vaccines for other seasonal respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lofgren
- WSU Paul G. Allen School for Global Health Allen Center PO Box 647090 240 SE Ott Road Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Elena N. Naumova
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Jaharis Family Center for Biomedical and Nutrition Sciences Tufts University 150 Harrison Avenue Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jack Gorski
- Blood Research Institute Versiti Milwaukee WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yuri Naumov
- Chief Science Officer Back Bay Group 10 Post Office Square – Suite 1300N Boston, MA 02109, USA
| | - Nina H. Fefferman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis University of Tennessee 447 Hesler Biology Building Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA,Corresponding Author: Nina H. Fefferman
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27
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Blanco JR, Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Amiama A, Muñoz-Galván S. The circadian rhythm of viruses and its implications on susceptibility to infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1109-1117. [PMID: 35546444 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2072296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circadian genes have an impact on multiple hormonal, metabolic, and immunological pathways and have recently been implicated in some infectious diseases. AREAS COVERED We review aspects related to the current knowledge about circadian rhythm and viral infections, their consequences, and the potential therapeutic options. EXPERT OPINION Expert opinion: In order to address a problem, it is necessary to know the topic in depth. Although in recent years there has been a growing interest in the role of circadian rhythms, many relevant questions remain to be resolved. Thus, the mechanisms linking the circadian machinery against viral infections are poorly understood. In a clear approach to personalized precision medicine, in order to treat a disease in the most appropriate phase of the circadian rhythm, and in order to achieve the optimal efficacy, it is highly recommended to carry out studies that improve the knowledge about the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Ramon Blanco
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Logroño, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Eva M Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Amiama
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galván
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Ali ST, Cowling BJ, Wong JY, Chen D, Shan S, Lau EHY, He D, Tian L, Li Z, Wu P. Influenza seasonality and its environmental driving factors in mainland China and Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151724. [PMID: 34800462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza epidemics occur during winter in temperate zones, but have less regular seasonality in the subtropics and tropics. Here we quantified the role of environmental drivers of influenza seasonality in temperate and subtropical China. METHODS We used weekly surveillance data on influenza virus activity in mainland China and Hong Kong from 2005 through 2016. We estimated the transmissibility via the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt), a real-time measure of transmissibility, and examined its relationship with different climactic drivers and allowed for the timing of school holidays and the decline in susceptibility in the population as an epidemic progressed. We developed a multivariable regression model for Rt to quantify the contribution of various potential environmental drivers of transmission. FINDINGS We found that absolute humidity is a potential driver of influenza seasonality and had a U-shaped association with transmissibility and hence can predict the pattern of influenza virus transmission across different climate zones. Absolute humidity was able to explain up to 15% of the variance in Rt, and was a stronger predictor of Rt across the latitudes. Other climatic drivers including mean daily temperature explained up to 13% of variance in Rt and limited to the locations where the indoor measures of these factors have better indicators of outdoor measures. The non-climatic driver, holiday-related school closures could explain up to 7% of variance in Rt. INTERPRETATION A U-shaped association of absolute humidity with influenza transmissibility was able to predict seasonal patterns of influenza virus epidemics in temperate and subtropical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Taslim Ali
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Jessica Y Wong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dongxuan Chen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Songwei Shan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Linwei Tian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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29
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Han Y, Zhao W, Pereira P. Global COVID-19 pandemic trends and their relationship with meteorological variables, air pollutants and socioeconomic aspects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112249. [PMID: 34740619 PMCID: PMC8563087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Meteorological variables, air pollutants, and socioeconomic factors are associated with COVID-19 transmission. However, it is unclear what impact their interactions have on COVID-19 transmission, whether their impact on COVID-19 transmission is linear or non-linear, and where the inflexion points are. This study examined 1) the spatial and temporal trends in COVID-19 monthly infection rate of new confirmed cases per 100,000 people (Rn) in 188 countries/regions worldwide from March to November 2020; 2) the linear correlation between meteorological variables (temperature (T), rainfall (R), wind speed (WS), relative humidity (RH), air pressure (AP)), air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3)) and socioeconomic aspects (population density (PD), gross domestic product per capita (GDP), domestic general government health expenditure per capita (GHE)) and Rn, and 3) the interaction and non-linear effects of the different variables on Rn, based on GeoDetector and Boosted regression tree. The results showed that the global Rn had was spatially clustered, and the average Rn increased From March to November 2020. Global Rn was negatively correlated with meteorological variables (T, R, WS, AP) and positively correlated with air pollutants (NO2, SO2, O3) and socioeconomic aspects (GDP, GHE). The interaction of SO2 and O3, SO2 and RH, and O3 and T strongly affected Rn. The variables effect on COVID-19 transmission was non-linear, with one or more inflexion points. The findings of this work can provide a basis for developing a global response to COVID-19 for global sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wenwu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Center, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities g. 20, LT-08303, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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30
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Sassine S, Savoie Robichaud M, Lin YF, Djani L, Cambron-Asselin C, Qaddouri M, Zekhnine S, Grzywacz K, Groleau V, Dirks M, Drouin É, Halac U, Marchand V, Girard C, Courbette O, Patey N, Dal Soglio D, Deslandres C, Jantchou P. Changes in the clinical phenotype and behavior of pediatric luminal Crohn's disease at diagnosis in the last decade. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:343-351. [PMID: 34756526 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims of this study were to describe the trends in the behavior of pediatric CD during the last decade and to describe the seasonal variation of disease presentation. METHODS Patients under 18 years old and diagnosed between 2009 and 2019 were included. The clinical, endoscopic, histological, and laboratory data were collected from the medical records. We analyzed the trends of these parameters according to the year and season of diagnosis. RESULTS 654 patients were included in the study. The number of incident CD cases increased yearly. Patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2019 were younger at diagnosis (OR 2.53, p = 0.02), had more perianal diseases (OR: 2.30, p < 0.0001) and more granulomas (OR: 1.61, p = 0.003), but fewer eosinophils (OR: 0.35, p < 0.0001) and less chronic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (OR: 0.56, p = 0.008) as compared to the 2009-2014 cohort. There was fewer CD diagnosis during winter. Patients diagnosed in the fall had lower PCDAIs, less failure to thrive and less extensive digestive involvement. Colonic disease was significantly more frequent during summer and fall. CONCLUSION The clinical and histological phenotype of CD has changed over time and there are important seasonal trends in the frequency and severity on disease behavior suggesting possible disease triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sassine
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Savoie Robichaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yi Fan Lin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lisa Djani
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Cambron-Asselin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marwa Qaddouri
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Souhila Zekhnine
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kelly Grzywacz
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Groleau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martha Dirks
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Drouin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ugur Halac
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marchand
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Girard
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Courbette
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Patey
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dorothée Dal Soglio
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colette Deslandres
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prévost Jantchou
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada.
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31
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Raven N, Klaassen M, Madsen T, Thomas F, Hamede R, Ujvari B. Transmissible cancer influences immune gene expression in an endangered marsupial, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2293-2311. [PMID: 35202488 PMCID: PMC9310804 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of wildlife diseases on populations requires insight into local environmental conditions, host defence mechanisms, host life‐history trade‐offs, pathogen population dynamics, and their interactions. The survival of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) is challenged by a novel, fitness limiting pathogen, Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), a clonally transmissible, contagious cancer. In order to understand the devils’ capacity to respond to DFTD, it is crucial to gain information on factors influencing the devils’ immune system. By using RT‐qPCR, we investigated how DFTD infection in association with intrinsic (sex and age) and environmental (season) factors influences the expression of 10 immune genes in Tasmanian devil blood. Our study showed that the expression of immune genes (both innate and adaptive) differed across seasons, a pattern that was altered when infected with DFTD. The expression of immunogbulins IgE and IgM:IgG showed downregulation in colder months in DFTD infected animals. We also observed strong positive association between the expression of an innate immune gene, CD16, and DFTD infection. Our results demonstrate that sampling across seasons, age groups and environmental conditions are beneficial when deciphering the complex ecoevolutionary interactions of not only conventional host‐parasite systems, but also of host and diseases with high mortality rates, such as transmissible cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raven
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - M Klaassen
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - T Madsen
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
| | - F Thomas
- CREEC/CANECEV (CREES), Montpellier, France.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - R Hamede
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - B Ujvari
- Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Waurn Ponds, Vic, 3216, Australia
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32
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Daniels RS, Galiano M, Ermetal B, Kwong J, Lau CS, Xiang Z, McCauley JW, Lo J. Temporal and Gene Reassortment Analysis of Influenza C Virus Outbreaks in Hong Kong, SAR, China. J Virol 2022; 96:e0192821. [PMID: 34787455 PMCID: PMC8826914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01928-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2014 to week 07/2020 the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong conducted screening for influenza C virus (ICV). A retrospective analysis of ICV detections to week 26/2019 revealed persistent low-level circulation with outbreaks occurring biennially in the winters of 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018 (R. S. Daniels et al., J Virol 94:e01051-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01051-20). Here, we report on an outbreak occurring in 2019 to 2020, reinforcing the observation of biennial seasonality in Hong Kong. All three outbreaks occurred in similar time frames, were subsequently dwarfed by seasonal epidemics of influenza types A and B, and were caused by similar proportions of C/Kanagawa/1/76 (K)-lineage and C/São Paulo/378/82 S1- and S2-sublineage viruses. Ongoing genetic drift was observed in all genes, with some evidence of amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein possibly associated with antigenic drift. A total of 61 ICV genomes covering the three outbreaks were analyzed for reassortment, and 9 different reassortant constellations were identified, 1 K-lineage, 4 S1-sublineage, and 4 S2-sublineage, with 6 of these being identified first in the 2019-1920 outbreak (2 S2-lineage and 4 S1-lineage). The roles that virus interference/enhancement, ICV persistent infection, genome evolution, and reassortment might play in the observed seasonality of ICV in Hong Kong are discussed. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus (ICV) infection of humans is common, with the great majority of people being infected during childhood, though reinfection can occur throughout life. While infection normally results in "cold-like" symptoms, severe disease cases have been reported in recent years. However, knowledge of ICV is limited due to poor systematic surveillance and an inability to propagate the virus in large amounts in the laboratory. Following recent systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China, and direct ICV gene sequencing from clinical specimens, a 2-year cycle of disease outbreaks (epidemics) has been identified, with gene mixing playing a significant role in ICV evolution. Studies like those reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans, notably where comorbidities exist and severe respiratory disease can develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S. Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Galiano
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Ermetal
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Kwong
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi S. Lau
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W. McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Lo
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nengminza Sangma RV, Rasania SK, Prasuna JG, Das R, Jais M. Seasonal variation of diarrheal diseases and drinking water quality in resettlement colony in Delhi, India: A community-based cross-sectional study. Indian J Public Health 2022; 65:387-390. [PMID: 34975084 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1214_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal variation plays an important role in the occurrence of diarrheal diseases and distinct seasonal occurrence of diarrheal diseases, with bacterial diarrhea occurring more during the warm seasons and viral diarrhea occurring during the drier cool months, has been observed due to seasonal variation. Time-series cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2018 among 553 under-five children to assess seasonal variation of diarrheal diseases and its association with the drinking water quality in a resettlement colony of Delhi. The prevalence of diarrhea was 40.7% and was highest during the rainy season (67.6%). Majority of the water samples were found to be unsatisfactory for human consumption during the rainy and summer seasons. Significant and moderate relationship was found between the seasonal variation and occurrence of diarrhea (r = 0.728, P < 0.05) and most probable number count (r = 0.50, P < 0.05), respectively. Understanding the environmental factors that influences the occurrence of diarrheal diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S K Rasania
- Director Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - J G Prasuna
- Director Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Das
- Director Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Jais
- Director Professor, Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Costa TDSO, Nogueira-Filho SLG, De Vleeschouwer KM, Coutinho LA, Nogueira SSDC. Relationships between food shortages, endoparasite loads and health status of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Both anthropogenic actions and abiotic parameters, such as rainfall, temperature and photoperiod, can affect fruit and flower availability for animals, which consequently affects nutritional status and thus animals’ health. Herein, we investigated whether abiotic factors are related to changes in fruit availability that can lead to changes in feeding behavior and, consequently, in endoparasite load and general health status in two groups of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) living in degraded fragments of Atlantic forest in Southern Bahia, Brazil. We detected that there was a high variation in availability of ripe fruits throughout the year, with lower availability occurring at the end of spring and beginning of summer. Despite this, there was no difference in tamarins’ general health status, body mass and blood counts between seasons. This is probably because during native fruit scarcity, the tamarins eat cultivated species, such as banana (Musa spp.) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Temperature and daylength were negatively correlated with golden-headed lion tamarin endoparasite loads. Contrary to our expectations, endoparasite loads are not linked to fruit scarcity and consequent changes in feeding behavior. Nevertheless, we found higher parasite diversity in the group of golden-headed lion tamarins that occupied the smallest home range. The smaller the area available, the greater the contact with parasites the animal will have, as they are forced to travel constantly along the same routes in the forest, increasing infection risk and re-infection rates. Our results highlight how animals’ health is associated with environmental health as well as the need for constant monitoring to ensure the effective conservation of endangered species, such as the golden-headed lion tamarin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (INCT IN-TREE), Brasil
| | | | | | - Selene Siqueira da Cunha Nogueira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (INCT IN-TREE), Brasil
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35
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Aune KT, Davis MF, Smith GS. Extreme Precipitation Events and Infectious Disease Risk: A Scoping Review and Framework for Infectious Respiratory Viruses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:165. [PMID: 35010425 PMCID: PMC8751052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extreme precipitation events (EPE) change the natural and built environments and alter human behavior in ways that facilitate infectious disease transmission. EPEs are expected with high confidence to increase in frequency and are thus of great public health importance. This scoping review seeks to summarize the mechanisms and severity of impacts of EPEs on infectious diseases, to provide a conceptual framework for the influence of EPEs on infectious respiratory diseases, and to define areas of future study currently lacking in this field. The effects of EPEs are well-studied with respect to enteric, vector-borne, and allergic illness where they are shown to moderately increase risk of illness, but not well-understood in relation to infectious respiratory illness. We propose a framework for a similar influence of EPEs on infectious respiratory viruses through several plausible pathways: decreased UV radiation, increased ambient relative humidity, and changes to human behavior (increased time indoors and use of heating and cooling systems). However, limited work has evaluated meteorologic risk factors for infectious respiratory diseases. Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of EPEs on infectious respiratory diseases using individual-level case surveillance, fine spatial scales, and lag periods suited to the incubation periods of the disease under study, as well as a full characterization of susceptible, vulnerable, and sensitive population characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Aune
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Genee S. Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections are common in people of all ages. Epidemics occur in the winter months in temperate locations and at varying times of the year in subtropical and tropical locations. Most influenza virus infections cause mild and self-limiting disease, and around one-half of all infections occur with a fever. Only a small minority of infections lead to serious disease requiring hospitalization. During epidemics, the rates of influenza virus infections are typically highest in school-age children. The clinical severity of infections tends to increase at the extremes of age and with the presence of underlying medical conditions, and impact of epidemics is greatest in these groups. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infections, and in recent years influenza vaccines have become the most frequently used vaccines in the world. Nonpharmaceutical public health measures can also be effective in reducing transmission, allowing suppression or mitigation of influenza epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhyun Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, South Korea
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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37
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Tapia-Muñoz T, González-Santa Cruz A, Clarke H, Morris W, Palmeiro-Silva Y, Allel K. COVID-19 attributed mortality and ambient temperature: a global ecological study using a two-stage regression model. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 116:319-329. [PMID: 34842049 PMCID: PMC9248943 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.2007336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A negative correlation between ambient temperature and COVID-19 mortality has been observed. However, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has reinforced the importance of government interventions and warned countries against relaxing control measures due to warmer temperatures. Further understanding of this relationship is needed to help plan vaccination campaigns opportunely. Using a two-stage regression model, we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to evaluate the association between monthly ambient temperature lagged by one month with the COVID-19 number of deaths and the probability of high-level of COVID-19 mortality in 150 countries during time t = 60, 90, and 120 days since the onset. First, we computed a log-linear regression to predict the pre-COVID-19 respiratory disease mortality to homogenize the baseline disease burden within countries. Second, we employed negative binomial and logistic regressions to analyze the linkage between the ambient temperature and our outcomes, adjusting by pre-COVID-19 respiratory disease mortality rate, among other factors. The increase of one Celsius degree in ambient temperature decreases the incidence of COVID-19 deaths (IRR = 0.93; SE: 0.026, p-value<0.001) and the probability of high-level COVID-19 mortality (OR = 0.96; SE: 0.019; p-value<0.001) over time. High-income countries from the northern hemisphere had lower temperatures and were most affected by pre-COVID respiratory disease mortality and COVID-19 mortality. This study provides a global perspective corroborating the negative association between COVID-19 mortality and ambient temperature. Our longitudinal findings support the statement made by the WMO. Effective, opportune, and sustained reaction from countries can help capitalize on higher temperatures’ protective role including the timely rollout of vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Tapia-Muñoz
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Harrison Clarke
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Walter Morris
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kasim Allel
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Hou C, Hu Y, Yang H, Chen W, Zeng Y, Ying Z, Hu Y, Sun Y, Qu Y, Gottfreðsson M, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Song H. COVID-19 and risk of subsequent life-threatening secondary infections: a matched cohort study in UK Biobank. BMC Med 2021; 19:301. [PMID: 34781951 PMCID: PMC8592806 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing number of people infected with and recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the extent of major health consequences of COVID-19 is unclear, including risks of severe secondary infections. METHODS Based on 445,845 UK Biobank participants registered in England, we conducted a matched cohort study where 5151 individuals with a positive test result or hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the exposed group. We then randomly selected up to 10 matched individuals without COVID-19 diagnosis for each exposed individual (n = 51,402). The life-threatening secondary infections were defined as diagnoses of severe secondary infections with high mortality rates (i.e., sepsis, endocarditis, and central nervous system infections) from the UK Biobank inpatient hospital data, or deaths from these infections from mortality data. The follow-up period was limited to 3 months after the initial COVID-19 diagnosis. Using a similar study design, we additionally constructed a matched cohort where exposed individuals were diagnosed with seasonal influenza from either inpatient hospital or primary care data between 2010 and 2019 (6169 exposed and 61,555 unexposed individuals). After controlling for multiple confounders, Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of life-threatening secondary infections after COVID-19 or seasonal influenza. RESULTS In the matched cohort for COVID-19, 50.22% of participants were male, and the median age at the index date was 66 years. During a median follow-up of 12.71 weeks, the incidence rate of life-threatening secondary infections was 2.23 (123/55.15) and 0.25 (151/600.55) per 1000 person-weeks for all patients with COVID-19 and their matched individuals, respectively, which corresponded to a fully adjusted HR of 8.19 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.33-10.59). The corresponding HR of life-threatening secondary infections among all patients with seasonal influenza diagnosis was 4.50, 95% CI 3.34-6.08 (p for difference < 0.01). Also, elevated HRs were observed among hospitalized individuals for life-threatening secondary infections following hospital discharge, both in the COVID-19 (HR = 6.28 [95% CI 4.05-9.75]) and seasonal influenza (6.01 [95% CI 3.53-10.26], p for difference = 0.902) cohorts. CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients have increased subsequent risks of life-threatening secondary infections, to an equal extent or beyond risk elevations observed for patients with seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hou
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huazhen Yang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiye Ying
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Magnús Gottfreðsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huan Song
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Lane 37#, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Caetano-Anollés K, Hernandez N, Mughal F, Tomaszewski T, Caetano-Anollés G. The seasonal behaviour of COVID-19 and its galectin-like culprit of the viral spike. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 50:27-81. [PMID: 38620818 PMCID: PMC8590929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal behaviour is an attribute of many viral diseases. Like other 'winter' RNA viruses, infections caused by the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, appear to exhibit significant seasonal changes. Here we discuss the seasonal behaviour of COVID-19, emerging viral phenotypes, viral evolution, and how the mutational landscape of the virus affects the seasonal attributes of the disease. We propose that the multiple seasonal drivers behind infectious disease spread (and the spread of COVID-19 specifically) are in 'trade-off' relationships and can be better described within a framework of a 'triangle of viral persistence' modulated by the environment, physiology, and behaviour. This 'trade-off' exists as one trait cannot increase without a decrease in another. We also propose that molecular components of the virus can act as sensors of environment and physiology, and could represent molecular culprits of seasonality. We searched for flexible protein structures capable of being modulated by the environment and identified a galectin-like fold within the N-terminal domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential candidate. Tracking the prevalence of mutations in this structure resulted in the identification of a hemisphere-dependent seasonal pattern driven by mutational bursts. We propose that the galectin-like structure is a frequent target of mutations because it helps the virus evade or modulate the physiological responses of the host to further its spread and survival. The flexible regions of the N-terminal domain should now become a focus for mitigation through vaccines and therapeutics and for prediction and informed public health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Hernandez
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Fizza Mughal
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tre Tomaszewski
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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40
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Koju P, Liu X, Zachariah R, Bhattachan M, Maharjan B, Madhup S, Shewade HD, Abrahamyan A, Shah P, Shrestha S, Li H, Shrestha R. Incidence of healthcare-associated infections with invasive devices and surgical procedures in Nepal. Public Health Action 2021; 11:32-37. [PMID: 34778013 PMCID: PMC8575378 DOI: 10.5588/pha.21.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. OBJECTIVES 1) To report the incidence of health-care-associated infections (HAIs), 2) to compare demographic, clinical characteristics and hospital outcomes in those with and without HAIs; and 3) to verify bacterial types in HAI and community-acquired infections (CAIs) among inpatients with invasive devices and/or surgical procedures. DESIGN This was a cohort study using secondary data (December 2017 to April 2018). RESULTS Of 1,310 inpatients, 908 (69.3%) had surgical procedures, 125 (9.5%) had invasive devices and 277 (21.1%) both. Sixty-six developed HAIs (incidence = 5/100 patient admissions, 95% CI 3.9-6.3). Individuals with HAIs had a 5.5-fold higher risk of longer hospital stays (⩾7 days) and a 6.9-fold risk of being in intensive care compared to the surgical ward. Unfavourable hospital exit outcomes were higher in those with HAIs (4.5%) than in those without (0.9%, P = 0.02). The most common HAI bacteria (n = 70) were Escherichia coli (44.3%), Enterococcus spp. (22.9%) and Klebsiella spp. (11.4%). Of 98 CAIs with 41 isolates, E. coli (36.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.0%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (14.6%) were common. CONCLUSION We found relatively low incidence of HAIs, which reflects good infection prevention and control standards. This study serves as a baseline for future monitoring and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koju
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - X Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Zachariah
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Bhattachan
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - B Maharjan
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - S Madhup
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - H D Shewade
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, France
- The Union South East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - A Abrahamyan
- Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Centre, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - P Shah
- School of Health Sciences, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - S Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - H Li
- School of Health Sciences, Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - R Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Memtombi Chanu C, Gupta S, Gupta A. Seasonal variations in the life cycle and morphology of Anisops breddini (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1961884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susmita Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Abhik Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India
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42
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Seasonal Dynamics and Diversity of Haemosporidians in a Natural Woodland Bird Community in Slovakia. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of disease seasonality, mechanisms behind the fluctuations in seasonal diseases are still poorly understood. Avian hemosporidiosis is increasingly used as a model for ecological and evolutionary studies on disease dynamics, but the results are complex, depending on the focus (hosts, parasites, vectors) and scale (individuals, community, populations) of the study. Here, we examine the local diversity of haemosporidian parasites and the seasonal patterns of infections, parasite richness, and diversity in a natural woodland bird community in Slovakia. In 35 avian species, we detected 111, including 19 novel, haemosporidian cytochrome b lineages. The highest numbers of lineages were detected during spring and autumn, corresponding with higher avian species richness and infection prevalence in the avian community during these periods of time. Nevertheless, the haemosporidian community in the local breeders in summer was relatively stable, Haemoproteus lineages dominated in the local avian haemosporidian community, and only few parasite lineages were abundant within each genus. While prevailing Leucocytozoon infections in spring suggest that the majority of sampled birds wintered in the Mediterranean region, Plasmodium infections in spring can be due to relapses in reproductively active short-distance migrants. Multiple haemosporidian infections, both intra- and inter-generic ones, were common in the local avian community. Infection intensity peaked during summer and tended to be higher in older birds, pointing to the role of supressed immunity in reproductively active birds.
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43
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Park YE, Sung H, Oh YM. Respiratory Viruses in Acute Exacerbations of Bronchiectasis. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e217. [PMID: 34463061 PMCID: PMC8405402 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections are well known factors underlying acute exacerbations in bronchiectasis. However, viral infections may also contribute to acute exacerbations. We aimed to assess the rate of viral detection in acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis, and the associated clinical factors. METHODS Diagnostic tests for viral and bacterial etiologies were performed in 792 patients with bronchiectasis who visited the emergency room or the respiratory care inpatient unit in a tertiary referral center in South Korea. All patients were diagnosed with bronchiectasis by chest computerized tomography and were prescribed antibiotics for a minimum of 3 days. RESULTS Viral pathogens were detected in 202 of the 792 enrolled patients (25.5%). The most common viral pathogen isolated was influenza A virus (24.8%), followed by rhinovirus (22.4%), influenza B virus (9.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (8.9%), and human metapneumovirus (6.1%). In 145 patients, a viral, but not bacterial, pathogen was detected, whereas no pathogens were found in 443 patients with exacerbations. Multivariable analysis revealed that female sex and chronic heart disease as a comorbidity were positively associated with viral detection in acute exacerbations of patients with bronchiectasis, whereas the presence of radiographic infiltration was negatively associated. CONCLUSION Respiratory viruses were identified in approximately 25% of the acute exacerbations observed among patients with bronchiectasis. Of the viruses detected, influenza viruses and rhinovirus made up over 50%. More attention to viruses as possible causative pathogens for acute deteriorating symptoms in patients with bronchiectasis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Eun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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44
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Siddons SR, Searle CL. Exposure to a fungal pathogen increases the critical thermal minimum of two frog species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9589-9598. [PMID: 34306645 PMCID: PMC8293773 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an organism to tolerate seasonal temperature changes, such as extremely cold temperatures during the winter, can be influenced by their pathogens. We tested how exposure to a virulent fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), affected the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) of two frog species, Hyla versicolor (gray treefrog) and Lithobates palustris (pickerel frog). The CTmin is the minimum thermal performance point of an organism, which we estimated via righting response trials. For both frog species, we compared the righting response of Bd-exposed and Bd-unexposed individuals in either a constant (15ºC) environment or with decreasing temperatures (-1°C/2.5 min) starting from 15°C. The CTmin for both species was higher for Bd-exposed frogs than unexposed frogs, and the CTmin of H. versicolor was higher than L. palustris. We also found that Bd-exposed frogs of both species righted themselves significantly fewer times in both decreasing and constant temperature trials. Our findings show that pathogen exposure can reduce cold tolerance and limit the thermal performance range of hosts, which may lead to increased overwintering mortality.
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45
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Sehirli AÖ, Chukwunyere U, Aksoy U, Sayiner S, Abacioglu N. The circadian clock gene Bmal1: Role in COVID-19 and periodontitis. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:779-784. [PMID: 33792447 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1895198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological processes of most living organisms follow a rhythmic pattern, which is controlled by the interaction between environmental cues and the internal circadian timing system. Different regulatory circadian genes are expressed in most cells and tissues, and disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle affect these genes, which may result in metabolic disorders and cause alterations of the immune system. The manifestations of these disrupted genes are evident in inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis and some viral diseases, including COVID-19. The brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1 (Bmal1), an important circadian regulatory gene, decreases when the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted. Circadian genes have been linked to different events, including cytokine storm in inflammatory conditions and virus invasion. The evaluation of the effects of these regulatory circadian genes, especially Bmal1, in periodontitis and viral infection suggests that both diseases may have a common pathogenesis via the NF-κB pathway. This brief review highlights the role and importance of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 in the disease process of periodontitis and suggests its role and importance in viral infections, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özer Sehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ugochukwu Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Umut Aksoy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Serkan Sayiner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nurettin Abacioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kyrenia University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
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46
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Duarte P, Riveros-Perez E. Understanding the cycles of COVID-19 incidence: Principal Component Analysis and interaction of biological and socio-economic factors. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 66:102437. [PMID: 34094532 PMCID: PMC8168336 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence curve of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) shows cyclical patterns over time. We examine the cyclical properties of the incidence curves in various countries and use principal components analysis to shed light on the underlying dynamics that are common to all countries. We find that the cyclical series of 37 countries can be summarized in four principal components which explain over 90% of the variation. We also discuss the influence of complex interactions between biological viral natural history and socio-political reactions and measures adopted by different countries on the cyclical patterns exhibited by COVID-19 around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Flossbach von Storch Research Institute, Germany
| | - Efrain Riveros-Perez
- Medical College of Georgia, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, USA
- Outcomes Research Consortium. Cleveland Clinic, USA
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47
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Lindner-Cendrowska K, Bröde P. Impact of biometeorological conditions and air pollution on influenza-like illnesses incidence in Warsaw. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:929-944. [PMID: 33454853 PMCID: PMC8149351 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the influence of atmospheric conditions and particulate matter (PM) on the seasonally varying incidence of influenza-like illnesses (ILI) in the capital of Poland-Warsaw, we analysed time series of ILI reported for the about 1.75 million residents in total and for different age groups in 288 approximately weekly periods, covering 6 years 2013-2018. Using Poisson regression, we predicted ILI by the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) as biometeorological indicator, and by PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, as air quality measures accounting for lagged effects spanning up to 3 weeks. Excess ILI incidence after adjusting for seasonal and annual trends was calculated by fitting generalized additive models. ILI morbidity increased with rising PM concentrations, for both PM2.5 and PM10, and with cooler atmospheric conditions as indicated by decreasing UTCI. While the PM effect focused on the actual reporting period, the atmospheric influence exhibited a more evenly distributed lagged effect pattern over the considered 3-week period. Though ILI incidence adjusted for population size significantly declined with age, age did not significantly modify the effect sizes of both PM and UTCI. These findings contribute to better understanding environmental conditionings of influenza seasonality in a temperate climate. This will be beneficial to forecasting future dynamics of ILI and to planning clinical and public health resources under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lindner-Cendrowska
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Bröde
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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48
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Byun WS, Heo SW, Jo G, Kim JW, Kim S, Lee S, Park HE, Baek JH. Is coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seasonal? A critical analysis of empirical and epidemiological studies at global and local scales. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110972. [PMID: 33705770 PMCID: PMC7941024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has infected more than 50 million people and killed more than one million, worldwide, during less than a year course. COVID-19, which has already become the worst pandemic in the last 100 years, is still spreading worldwide. Since the beginning of the outbreak, it has been of particular interest to understand whether COVID-19 is seasonal; the finding might help for better planning and preparation for the fight against the disease. Over the past 12 months, numerous empirical and epidemiological studies have been performed to define the distinct diffusion patterns of COVID-19. Thereby, a wealth of data has accumulated on the relationship between various seasonal meteorological factors and COVID-19 transmissibility at global and local scales. In this review, we aimed to discuss whether COVID-19 exhibits any seasonal features in a global and local perspective by collecting and providing summaries of the findings from empirical and epidemiological studies on the COVID-19 pandemic during its first seasonal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Byun
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Woo Heo
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Jo
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarang Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujie Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Park
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea-Hyun Baek
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
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Wyse C, O'Malley G, Coogan AN, McConkey S, Smith DJ. Seasonal and daytime variation in multiple immune parameters in humans: Evidence from 329,261 participants of the UK Biobank cohort. iScience 2021; 24:102255. [PMID: 33817568 PMCID: PMC8010467 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal disease outbreaks are perennial features of human infectious disease but the factors generating these patterns are unclear. Here we investigate seasonal and daytime variability in multiple immune parameters in 329,261 participants in UK Biobank and test for associations with a wide range of environmental and lifestyle factors, including changes in day length, outdoor temperature and vitamin D at the time the blood sample was collected. Seasonal patterns were evident in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, and C-reactive protein CRP, but not monocytes, and these were independent of lifestyle, demographic, and environmental factors. All the immune parameters assessed demonstrated significant daytime variation that was independent of confounding factors. At a population level, human immune parameters vary across season and across time of day, independent of multiple confounding factors. Both season and time of day are fundamental dimensions of immune function that should be considered in all studies of immuno-prophylaxis and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Wyse
- School of Physiotherapy, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaux Lane House, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace O'Malley
- School of Physiotherapy, Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaux Lane House, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew N. Coogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sam McConkey
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland: University of Medicine and Health Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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50
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Stochastic models of infectious diseases in a periodic environment with application to cholera epidemics. J Math Biol 2021; 82:48. [PMID: 33830353 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variation affects the dynamics of many infectious diseases including influenza, cholera and malaria. The time when infectious individuals are first introduced into a population is crucial in predicting whether a major disease outbreak occurs. In this investigation, we apply a time-nonhomogeneous stochastic process for a cholera epidemic with seasonal periodicity and a multitype branching process approximation to obtain an analytical estimate for the probability of an outbreak. In particular, an analytic estimate of the probability of disease extinction is shown to satisfy a system of ordinary differential equations which follows from the backward Kolmogorov differential equation. An explicit expression for the mean (resp. variance) of the first extinction time given an extinction occurs is derived based on the analytic estimate for the extinction probability. Our results indicate that the probability of a disease outbreak, and mean and standard derivation of the first time to disease extinction are periodic in time and depend on the time when the infectious individuals or free-living pathogens are introduced. Numerical simulations are then carried out to validate the analytical predictions using two examples of the general cholera model. At the end, the developed theoretical results are extended to more general models of infectious diseases.
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